Unmanned aerial vehicle identity identification method and system based on WIFI broadcast

Abstract

The invention discloses an unmanned aerial vehicle identity identification method and system based on WIFI broadcast. The method comprises the following steps: arranging a beacon module on the unmanned aerial vehicle and enabling the beacon module to work in a WIFI frequency band; the control beacon module periodically broadcasts an SSID frame containing an unmanned aerial vehicle serial number and / or a personal identification code, position data, a CRC check code and a timestamp; and the ground equipment obtains the identity information of the unmanned aerial vehicle by scanning and analyzing the standard WIFI beacon frame. According to the invention, unmanned aerial vehicle identity broadcasting is realized through a general WIFI protocol, and the technical defects of high deployment cost and limited coverage range caused by dependence on special receiving equipment and signal blind areas and tampering hidden dangers caused by dependence on active network reporting in the prior art are overcome. A dynamic MAC address rotation and data encryption mechanism is adopted to ensure communication security, and low-power-consumption operation is realized through an optimized frame structure and an intermittent working mode, so that a common smart phone can complete identity recognition without a special APP, and the technical effects of low cost, wide coverage, high security and convenient supervision are achieved.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] This invention relates to the field of unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) communication technology, and in particular to a method and system for identifying UAVs based on WIFI broadcasting. Background Technology

[0002] The widespread use of drones in both civilian and commercial sectors poses significant challenges to their regulatory technology. Achieving drone identification and traceability is crucial for ensuring airspace safety and handling liability for infringements and accidents. Currently, there are two main regulatory technology approaches in the industry.

[0003] The first technological approach relies on deploying dedicated ground-based radio receivers to capture the identification signals emitted by drones. However, these dedicated receivers are expensive, and their high deployment and maintenance costs severely limit deployment density and coverage, resulting in regulatory blind spots in vast non-core areas. Consequently, even if the general public spots a drone within visual range, they cannot verify its identity using their personal electronic devices, making widespread, collaborative social oversight difficult. The second technological approach relies on drones proactively reporting their flight data to the monitoring center via mobile communication networks. While this method avoids the limitations of fixed ground receivers, its effectiveness is highly dependent on continuous mobile network coverage and communication quality. In areas with weak or completely interrupted signals, or when signals are subject to human interference, this approach risks disruption of the monitoring link, leading to information loss.

[0004] In summary, the existing technological system faces a dilemma: either it relies on high-cost dedicated ground facilities leading to insufficient coverage, or it relies on unstable network reporting resulting in poor reliability. Neither of these approaches can achieve a low-cost, wide-coverage, and easily accessible drone identification solution, which has become a long-term technological bottleneck restricting the further development of the drone industry. Summary of the Invention

[0005] The purpose of this invention is to overcome the limitations of the prior art and provide a method for drone identification based on WIFI broadcasting. Its core objective is to break the dual dependence on dedicated receiving equipment and unstable network reporting, and to utilize the ubiquitous universal WIFI protocol to enable any ordinary ground device with standard WIFI functionality (such as a smartphone) to become an instant drone identification terminal, thereby constructing a low-cost, high-coverage, and widely applicable drone monitoring system.

[0006] To achieve the above objectives, a first aspect of the present invention provides a method for identifying unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) based on Wi-Fi broadcasting, comprising the following steps: Install a beacon module on the drone and make the beacon module work in the WIFI frequency band; The beacon module is controlled to periodically broadcast SSID frames, which contain the UAV's serial number and / or personal identification code, location data, CRC checksum and timestamp; Ground equipment scans and parses standard Wi-Fi beacon frames to obtain the drone's identity information from the SSID frame.

[0007] Furthermore, the SSID frame includes a frame structure with a length of 32 bytes and data content encoded in Base32 format.

[0008] Furthermore, the data structure of the SSID frame includes the following fields arranged in sequence: a unique identifier field for the drone, 8 bytes of longitude, 8 bytes of latitude, 4 bytes of elevation data, 4 bytes of CRC checksum, and 4 bytes of timestamp.

[0009] Furthermore, controlling the beacon module to periodically broadcast SSID frames includes: The beacon module is controlled to operate in an intermittent working mode, which includes transmitting the SSID frame at rated power during the broadcast window and switching to a deep sleep state during non-broadcast periods, so as to keep the average power consumption of the beacon module below 20mW.

[0010] Furthermore, the method also includes performing an anti-tracking operation, which includes controlling the beacon module to rotate the MAC address at a predetermined period, and retaining the last 24 bits of the original MAC address as a device identifier during rotation.

[0011] Furthermore, the anti-tracking operation also includes a security mechanism that generates the first 8 random bits of the MAC address using a hardware random number generator.

[0012] Furthermore, the method also includes performing a data encryption operation, which includes: The payload of the SSID frame is encrypted using the AES-128 algorithm.

[0013] Furthermore, the data encryption operation also includes: dynamically obtaining and updating the key used for AES-128 algorithm encryption from the Civil Aviation Administration's CA center via the NB-IoT communication channel.

[0014] Furthermore, the key includes the following management mechanism: A security protocol that uses a drone's serial number and / or personal identification number, along with the current timestamp, to generate a temporary token for two-way authentication.

[0015] A second aspect of the present invention provides a drone identification system based on WIFI broadcasting, comprising: A beacon module mounted on a drone, and a ground receiving terminal that communicates wirelessly with the beacon module; The beacon module includes: The control and processing unit is used to generate an SSID frame containing the UAV's serial number and / or personal identification code, location data, CRC checksum and timestamp; A WIFI radio frequency unit, connected to the control and processing unit, is used to periodically broadcast the SSID frame on a channel operating in the WIFI frequency band. The ground receiving terminal includes: A WIFI scanning unit is used to scan and receive standard WIFI beacon frames; The parsing unit, connected to the WIFI scanning unit, is used to parse the identity information of the drone from the received SSID frame.

[0016] Compared with existing technologies, the UAV identification method and system based on WIFI broadcasting provided by this invention has the following technical effects: By eliminating the need for expensive dedicated receivers, smart handheld terminals can directly identify drones via native Wi-Fi without any modification or dedicated app installation, significantly reducing the overall cost of social supervision. This method does not rely on the drone's active network connection, but rather operates through autonomous broadcasting and passive monitoring by ground equipment, effectively overcoming the monitoring failures caused by mobile network signal blind spots and instability, thus improving the robustness and reliability of supervision. When the public discovers a drone, they can instantly verify its identity using readily available devices without needing any pre-prepared professional tools; the seamless and convenient process enhances the timeliness of supervision and public participation. Optimized communication mechanisms and data structure design reduce system power consumption, improve reliability, and ensure long drone battery life and data transmission integrity. Attached Figure Description

[0017] Figure 1 A flowchart illustrating a method for identifying drones based on WIFI broadcasting, provided as an embodiment of the present invention; Figure 2 A schematic diagram of the SSID frame structure broadcast by a manufacturer for a standard unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) product provided as an embodiment of the present invention; Figure 3 This is a schematic diagram of the SSID frame structure for broadcasting a personal assembled drone product, provided as an embodiment of the present invention. Figure 4 A hardware composition diagram of a beacon module provided in an embodiment of the present invention; Figure 5 A structural block diagram of a drone identification system based on WIFI broadcasting provided in an embodiment of the present invention; Figure 6 A system architecture diagram of a drone identification method based on WIFI broadcasting provided in an embodiment of the present invention; Figure label: Beacon module-100, control and processing unit-101, WIFI radio frequency unit-102, ground receiving terminal-200, WIFI scanning unit-201, parsing unit-202. Detailed Implementation

[0018] The technical solutions of the embodiments of this application will be clearly and completely described below with reference to the accompanying drawings. Obviously, the described embodiments are only a part of the embodiments of this application, and not all of the embodiments. Based on the embodiments of this application, all other embodiments obtained by those of ordinary skill in the art without creative effort are within the scope of protection of this application.

[0019] In this document, the term "embodiment" means that a particular feature, structure, or characteristic described in connection with an embodiment may be included in at least one embodiment of this application. The appearance of this phrase in various places throughout the specification does not necessarily refer to the same embodiment, nor is it a mutually exclusive, independent, or alternative embodiment. It will be explicitly and implicitly understood by those skilled in the art that the embodiments described herein can be combined with other embodiments.

[0020] Example 1 To clearly demonstrate how the method of this invention achieves low-cost, wide-coverage, and secure identification of drones through a systematic process, particularly how it overcomes the dual dependence on dedicated receiving equipment and unstable network reporting, the following will provide a detailed explanation of each step of the method. See also... Figure 1 This embodiment provides a flowchart illustrating a method for identifying drones based on Wi-Fi broadcasting. The method includes: S100. Install the beacon module on the UAV: ​​Physically install and electrically connect the beacon module to the UAV platform. In one possible implementation, the beacon module is fixed to the top or upper side of the UAV fuselage using a riveting process to ensure the antenna is as unobstructed as possible. Specifically, a Φ2.5mm hole is drilled at a pre-set mounting position on the top cover of the UAV, and then aluminum alloy rivets are inserted and riveted using a rivet gun. This process provides a strong connection and can withstand the vibration environment during long-term flight. As an alternative, M2.5 stainless steel bolts with lock nuts can be used for fixing, with the pre-tightening torque controlled at 0.4~0.6 N·m. This method is easier to maintain but slightly heavier and more complex; alternatively, industrial-grade double-sided tape (such as 3M VHB tape) can be used for adhesion, suitable for light, short-term missions but with limited long-term reliability. Electrical connections are made by soldering a 4-core shielded cable (AWG28 gauge) to the module's UART pins (TX, RX, GND, VCC), with the other end connected to the reserved UART port on the flight control system. Soldering parameters are: soldering iron temperature 320±10°C, lead-free solder wire (Sn96.5Ag3.0Cu0.5), and soldering time controlled within 3 seconds. The recommended installation height is ≥0.8 meters above the ground, cable length ≤0.5 meters, and operating voltage range is 3.0V~3.6V (typically 3.3V). This step ensures reliable integration of the beacon module with the UAV, laying the physical foundation for subsequent data broadcasting.

[0021] S200, Enable the beacon module to operate on the WIFI band: Complete hardware initialization and frequency band configuration to ensure the module enters the ready state.

[0022] In this invention, the WIFI band refers to the Industrial, Scientific, Medical (ISM) radio band that can be used without government permission. Specifically, it refers to the 2.4GHz or 5GHz band used for WIFI communication. The beacon module operates in this band to leverage its broad device compatibility, enabling terrestrial WIFI devices to receive signals without dedicated hardware. In one possible implementation, after the device powers on, the microprocessor (MCU) performs a startup self-test, checking the memory, RF front-end crystal oscillator, and power supply status. Upon successful self-test, firmware is loaded from ROM and the system clock (typically 40MHz) is initialized. Subsequently, the module is configured to operate in the IEEE 802.11ah band. For example, for the Espressif ESP32-C2 chip, the configuration register is written via the SPI interface to set the band to 2.4GHz (channel 1, center frequency 2412MHz). If a Wi-Fi chip without an integrated MCU (such as the TI CC3100) is used, an external MCU is required to send AT commands (such as "AT+CWMODE=3") via SPI for configuration. This method offers high flexibility but increases circuit complexity. The module startup time is controlled to ≤100ms, and the transmit power is configurable from +10dBm to +20dBm, with +20dBm being preferred to maximize coverage distance. This step provides a stable and compliant wireless communication foundation for subsequent periodic broadcasts.

[0023] The S300 and control beacon module periodically broadcast information such as the drone's identity: collect drone identity and location data, construct, encrypt and transmit SSID frames.

[0024] The SSID (Service Set Identifier) ​​frame is a data field in a Wi-Fi beacon frame used to announce the name of the wireless network. In this invention, this field is redefined as a dedicated data container carrying key information such as the drone's identity and location. A custom structure is used to encapsulate elements such as the drone's unique identifier and location data for broadcasting. The drone's unique identifier is a unique identification code assigned to each drone by aviation regulatory agencies such as the Civil Aviation Administration of China. This code typically includes information such as the drone model, owner, and serial number. In this invention, it serves as the core data of the SSID frame for drone identity tracing and legality verification. Location data refers to information describing the drone's real-time spatial coordinates, typically including longitude, latitude, and altitude. In this embodiment, this data originates from the drone's flight control system, uses the WGS84 coordinate system, and is embedded in the SSID frame in an integer encoding format to provide real-time geolocation of the drone. CRC (Cyclic Redundancy Check) is an error-checking code calculated using polynomial division. In this invention, a CRC-32 checksum is calculated for the valid data of the SSID frame and appended to the frame tail. This allows the receiver to verify the integrity of the data during transmission and prevent data errors caused by signal interference. A timestamp is a sequence information identifying the time when a data packet is generated. In this invention, a Unix timestamp format is used, which is the number of seconds elapsed since Coordinated Universal Time (UTC) January 1, 1970, accurate to the second. This timestamp is used to record the broadcast time of the SSID frame, aiding in determining the timeliness and freshness of the information.

[0025] In one possible implementation, the beacon module performs the following operations every 5 seconds: First, the MCU sends a query command (e.g., "$GET_POS*") to the flight control system via the UART interface at a baud rate of 115200bps. It then parses the returned NMEA-0183 format data, extracting latitude and longitude (converted to WGS84 coordinate system integer values), elevation (in meters, integer), and a Unix timestamp (accurate to seconds, 4 bytes). Subsequently, this data is combined with a pre-stored UAV unique identifier (i.e., the serial number and / or personal identification code) and a CRC checksum (4 bytes, using the CRC-32 algorithm) to construct an SSID frame with a total length of 32 bytes. The UAV unique identifier uses a corresponding format depending on the UAV type: a 15-byte serial number for standard products manufactured by a manufacturer; and a 4-byte personal identification code for individually assembled products. Adaptive data compression techniques are used to adjust other fields (such as lossy compression of elevation data) to ensure the total frame length remains 32 bytes. The frame format is [UAV unique identifier + longitude (8B) + latitude (8B) + altitude (4B) + timestamp (4B) + CRC (4B)], and Base32 encoding is used to avoid interference from special characters. For security, the frame content is encrypted using the AES-128 algorithm before broadcasting, with ECB encryption mode, using a key dynamically distributed by the Civil Aviation Administration of China (CA) center (initial key and update mechanism are described in step S500). Finally, within the broadcast window (duration ≤ 10ms), the RF front-end transmits the encrypted SSID frame at +20dBm power; after transmission, the module immediately enters deep sleep mode (power consumption ≤ 5μA), keeping the average power consumption below 20mW. The broadcast period can be configured within the range of 1~10 seconds, with 5 seconds being preferred to balance real-time performance and power consumption. The operating temperature range is -20°C to +70°C. This step, through intermittent operation and data encryption, achieves efficient, secure, and low-power broadcasting of identity information.

[0026] S400 enables ground equipment to scan and parse standard Wi-Fi beacon frames: Ground receiving equipment captures and decrypts SSID frames to obtain the drone's identity.

[0027] The standard Wi-Fi beacon frame is a management frame that conforms to the IEEE 802.11 protocol and is periodically broadcast by the access point. In this invention, the ground equipment scans and receives frames that conform to this standard protocol format, but their SSID field carries proprietary information specific to this scheme, thus ensuring full compatibility with existing Wi-Fi protocol stacks. In one possible implementation, any smart device with standard Wi-Fi functionality (such as a smartphone) enables its native Wi-Fi function, operates in monitoring mode, and continuously scans the 2.4GHz or 5GHz frequency band at a scanning interval of ≤100ms, with a channel switching time of ≤50ms. The device captures all Wi-Fi beacon frames and selects frames with an SSID length of 32 bytes for further processing. After Base32 decoding of the captured frames, they are decrypted using the AES-128 algorithm (the decryption key is obtained by the device from the CA center through a secure channel or pre-set). After decryption, the CRC-32 value of the received data is calculated and compared with the CRC field in the frame. If the verification is successful, the UAV serial number and / or personal identification code, location, timestamp, and other information are extracted and displayed on the device interface. The device's receiving sensitivity must be ≤-110dBm, and the overall resolution time from capture to display must be ≤500ms. This step allows the public to instantly verify the identity of drones using their personal devices without the need for dedicated hardware or an app, achieving universal and convenient supervision.

[0028] This invention, through the coordinated execution of the above steps, forms a complete technical solution that effectively solves the technical problem that existing technologies cannot provide a low-cost, wide-coverage, and easily accessible drone identification solution for public participation. In S300 and S400, standard Wi-Fi protocols are used for broadcasting and parsing, completely eliminating the need for expensive dedicated receivers and increasing the identification distance to over 3000 meters in suburban line-of-sight conditions. Simultaneously, dynamic MAC address rotation (rotating the OUI segment every 200ms) and AES-128 encryption (with the key securely updated every 24 hours via the NB-IoT channel) ensure communication security, overcoming the technical biases of traditional broadcast schemes in terms of security and power consumption. Test data shows that in densely populated urban environments (average building height 60 meters, street width 20 meters), this method achieves a 92.3% success rate across 100 flights and 10,000 identification attempts, with an error rate of less than 0.1%.

[0029] Compared with existing technologies, this invention has at least the following technical advantages: First, it creates a drone identity broadcasting and identification path based on a universal WIFI protocol, breaking the limitation of dedicated receiving equipment; second, through a "data compression-encryption-intermittent broadcasting" mechanism, it achieves wide coverage and high security under low power consumption; third, it constructs a complete technical closed loop of "module setting-frequency band configuration-periodic broadcasting-device resolution," ensuring the feasibility and robustness of the method. The systematic solution provided by this invention provides a reliable technical foundation for building a low-cost, high-coverage, and widely applicable drone monitoring system.

[0030] Example 2 This embodiment, based on Embodiment 1, further provides several preferred implementation schemes to more completely demonstrate the diversity and feasibility of the technical solutions of the present invention. By combining the technical features of the following preferred embodiments, this embodiment will elaborate in detail on the specific implementation methods, technical effects, and roles of each technical solution in the overall technical solution, focusing on the reasons, advantages, and technical effects of each preferred embodiment. Those skilled in the art will understand that the following specific embodiments are only used to explain the present invention and are not intended to limit the scope of protection of the present invention.

[0031] In a preferred embodiment, the beacon module operates in the 802.11ah frequency band. In one possible implementation, the beacon module's RF front-end uses a chip supporting the 802.11ah protocol, such as the Espressif ESP32-C2 or TICC1352R. For hardware connectivity, the RF chip communicates with the microprocessor (MCU) via an SPI (Serial Peripheral Interface) bus. The SPI bus includes four signal lines: SCLK (clock), MOSI (master-output-slave-in), MISO (master-in-slave-output), and CS (chip select). The signal line impedance is controlled at 50Ω ± 10%, and the wiring length does not exceed 30mm to reduce signal integrity loss. The RF chip's VDD pin receives a 3.3V ± 5% DC voltage provided by the power management module. OUTThe pins are connected to a 50-ohm microstrip antenna via a π-type matching network (consisting of two capacitors and one inductor, typically 1pF, 2.2nH, and 1pF respectively). Frequency band configuration is accomplished by the MCU writing specific values ​​to the RF chip's configuration register during the initialization phase. For example, for the ESP32-C2, writing 0x01 to the register block starting at address 0x6000 via SPI sets the operating frequency band to 2.4GHz mode in 802.11ah. To ensure signal quality, the RF chip uses a 40MHz±10ppm temperature-compensated crystal oscillator (TCXO) with a 12pF load capacitance. This solution, by selecting the 802.11ah frequency band and optimizing the peripheral circuitry, effectively improves signal coverage and penetration. Actual measurements show a recognition distance ≥3000 meters under suburban line-of-sight conditions, while maintaining good power consumption control, with an average power consumption ≤20mW.

[0032] In a preferred embodiment, the SSID frame adopts a 32-byte frame structure and is encoded in Base32 format. In one possible implementation, the frame structure includes basic elements such as a unique identifier field, location data, a timestamp, and a checksum. Considering the identification requirements of drones from different sources, the length of the unique identifier field can vary between 4 and 15 bytes depending on the drone type.

[0033] To meet the fixed frame length requirement of 32 bytes and implement Base32 encoding, the system adopts an adaptive data simplification strategy: when the identifier field is short (such as the 4-byte identifier of a personal assembled drone), the complete position accuracy information is retained; when the identifier field is long (such as the 15-byte serial number of a standard product), lossy compression is applied to the elevation information in the position data, removing its redundant decimal places and compressing the elevation field from 4 bytes to 1 byte. Through this dynamic adjustment mechanism, it is ensured that the total amount of original data after Base32 encoding does not exceed the 32-byte limit.

[0034] The encoding process is implemented by the MCU firmware: The MCU first divides the raw data stream containing the variable-length identifier field into groups of 5 bits. If the last group is less than 5 bits, it is padded with 0 bits. Then, according to the Base32 encoding table, each 5-bit value is mapped to the corresponding ASCII character. To avoid parsing ambiguity that may be caused by vowels and easily confused characters, an optimized special character set is used. Specifically, “I”, “L”, “O”, and “U” in the standard Base32 character set (AZ, 2-7) are replaced with “X”, “Y”, “Z”, and “W”, forming a new encoding table “ABCDEFGHXYKMNOPQRSTVWZ234567”.

[0035] The encoded SSID string is set into the SSID field by calling the RF chip's API. Based on this description, those skilled in the art can write corresponding adaptive encoding functions to adapt to different scenarios through length detection and selective compression. This solution, through a fixed-length frame structure and adaptive data processing, ensures the standardization and reliability of various UAV identity data transmissions, with a measured bit error rate of less than 0.1%.

[0036] In a preferred embodiment, the SSID frame data structure includes the following fields arranged in sequence: a unique UAV identifier field, 8 bytes of longitude, 8 bytes of latitude, 4 bytes of elevation data, 4 bytes of CRC checksum, and 4 bytes of timestamp. For specific field definitions and connection relationships, please refer to [link to relevant documentation]. Figure 6 This diagram illustrates the basic structural framework of the broadcast data packet in this embodiment. During implementation, the generation and processing flow of each field is as follows: Location data (longitude, latitude) originates from GPS data (NMEA-0183 format) sent in real-time by the UAV flight control system via the UART interface. The microcontroller (MCU) parses the "$GPGGA" or "$GPRMC" statement, extracts the floating-point values ​​of longitude and latitude, and processes them using an integer conversion formula, where integer longitude = (floating-point longitude) × 10. 6 Integer latitude = (floating latitude) × 10 6 This encodes 145.0736°E as 145073600 (occupying 8 bytes). Elevation data, also derived from GPS information, is converted to a 32-bit signed integer for storage (unit: meters). The timestamp uses the Unix timestamp format, accurate to the second, and is provided by the MCU's RTC (Real-Time Clock) module, which is based on a 32.768kHz crystal oscillator and maintains an accuracy of ±20ppm. The CRC checksum uses the IEEE 802.3 standard CRC-32 algorithm, with a generator polynomial of 0x04C11DB7, calculating a 4-byte checksum for the unique identifier field, longitude, latitude, elevation, and timestamp data. All fields are stored consecutively in the MCU's RAM in a prescribed order and packaged into complete data frames using memory operation functions, providing a standardized data structure foundation for subsequent identity broadcasting.

[0037] In another preferred embodiment, the specific format of the unique identification field is dynamically determined based on the origin type of the drone, and is used to store corresponding identification information. In one possible implementation, the beacon module determines the drone's origin type during the power-on initialization phase by detecting hardware characteristics or reading preset configuration flags. See also... Figure 2This diagram illustrates the SSID frame structure for broadcasting a standard unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) product manufactured by a manufacturer, as provided in an embodiment of the present invention. When identified as a standard product manufactured by a manufacturer, the system automatically selects the first identification format, retrieving a globally unique 15-byte serial number from the flight control system or a dedicated storage area. When identified as a personally assembled product, the second identification format is used, reading or generating a 4-byte personal identification code from the user configuration area. This dynamic determination mechanism is implemented through conditional judgment logic in the MCU firmware, specifically including: firstly, detecting the hardware ID pin level or querying an identifier at a specific storage address; if a manufacturer code conforming to the ISO / IEC 7812 standard exists, it is determined to be a standard product; otherwise, it is determined to be a personally assembled product. This design ensures that different types of UAVs can obtain a suitable identification scheme, satisfying regulatory requirements while also considering the flexibility of use.

[0038] For standard products manufactured by the manufacturer, the unique identification field is specifically implemented as a 15-byte serial number. In one possible implementation, this serial number originates from a globally unique device identifier burned into the UAV during production, conforming to the GS1-128 encoding standard, and includes subfields such as manufacturer code, product model, and serial number. In terms of hardware connectivity, this serial number is stored in a dedicated EEPROM chip and connected to the MCU via an I2C bus at a communication rate of 100kHz. During the data structure construction phase, the MCU continuously reads 15 bytes of data from addresses 0x00-0x0E of the EEPROM by sending device address 0x50 and a read command, directly filling the unique identification field of the SSID frame. At the data processing level, to ensure compatibility, all alphanumeric characters in the serial number are uniformly converted to uppercase, and special symbols are replaced with underscores. This design ensures both the global uniqueness of the identifier and the standardization of data transmission, providing a technical foundation for large-scale supervision.

[0039] See Figure 3This is a schematic diagram of the SSID frame structure for broadcasting a personal-assembled drone product, provided by an embodiment of the present invention. For personal-assembled drones, the unique identification field is specifically implemented as a 4-byte personal identification code. In one possible implementation, this identification code is generated through a user configuration process: upon first use, the system receives a 4-digit PIN code sent by the user's mobile APP via Bluetooth, combines it with the drone MCU's unique chip ID (such as the 96-bit UID of STM32), and generates a 4-byte identification code using a hash algorithm (such as CRC-32), which is then stored in the user configuration area of ​​the Flash memory. In terms of hardware implementation, the STM32L4 series Flash emulates the EEPROM function, writing the identification code to a 4-byte address starting at 0x08080000. During data structure construction, the MCU directly reads the 4-byte data from this storage area and fills it into the identification field. To improve usability, the system supports an identification code update mechanism; the user can trigger a reconfiguration process by pressing and holding the configuration button for 5 seconds. This solution, while ensuring necessary identification functions, greatly compresses the length of the identification field, providing a convenient identity management solution for individual users.

[0040] In a preferred embodiment, the SSID frame data structure includes a fault-tolerant frame structure. In one possible implementation, fault tolerance processing occurs on the ground device side. When the ground device (such as a smartphone) obtains the SSID list through the native Wi-Fi scanning API, it first filters out SSIDs with a length of 32 bytes. Then, it performs Base32 decoding on the SSID string to restore 32 bytes of binary data. The CRC checksum is located in the last 4 bytes of this 32 bytes of data. The ground device determines the effective data payload range that needs to be checked according to preset frame format rules (i.e., unique identification field, longitude, latitude, elevation, timestamp), calculates the CRC-32 value of the payload data, and compares it with the CRC field of the last 4 bytes of the data packet. If the two do not match, it is determined that an error occurred during data transmission. At this time, the processing logic of the ground device is: immediately discard the current frame, do not perform any subsequent decryption or display operations, and maintain its Wi-Fi scanning state, waiting to receive a new frame transmitted in the next broadcast cycle (e.g., after 5 seconds). This processing flow can be implemented by setting a simple conditional statement in the device's background service. This "drop-and-wait" mechanism is simple and effective, avoiding misjudgments based on erroneous data and improving the overall robustness of the system. Tests show that in dense urban environments with significant signal quality fluctuations (high-rise building obstruction rate >60%), this mechanism can control the misjudgment rate caused by transmission errors to below 0.1%.

[0041] In a preferred embodiment, controlling the beacon module to periodically broadcast SSID frames includes controlling its operation in an intermittent mode. In one possible implementation, the specific implementation depth of this mode depends on the low-power characteristics of the MCU and precise timing control of the RF chip. See also Figure 4 This diagram illustrates the hardware composition of a beacon module as an example of an embodiment of the present invention. The core of the beacon module—a low-power MCU (such as STMicroelectronics' STM32L4 series)—is responsible for scheduling the entire workflow. The MCU internally uses a low-power timer (LPTIM), which can still be driven by an internal low-speed crystal oscillator (LSI, ~32kHz) even in deep sleep mode. The overflow time of LPTIM is set to the broadcast period, for example, 5 seconds. When the MCU is in deep sleep mode (such as STOP2 mode), the power consumption is only about 2μA. An interrupt generated by the LPTIM overflow wakes the MCU, which then performs the following operations: obtains the latest position and time information from the flight control system via UART; packages and encrypts the data; controls the RF chip (such as ESP32-C2) to power on and configure it to transmit mode via SPI; the RF chip transmits an SSID frame at a rated power of +20dBm within a very short broadcast window (typically 10ms); after transmission, the MCU immediately sends a command via SPI to put the RF chip into deep sleep mode (power consumption <1μA), and then the MCU itself also enters deep sleep mode again. By precisely controlling the ratio of the broadcast window (10ms) to the sleep duration (4990ms), the average power consumption of the beacon module can be calculated as follows: This is far below the target of 20mW. To further optimize energy efficiency, an adaptive mechanism that dynamically adjusts the broadcast cycle based on the UAV's flight status can be introduced. This mechanism relies on the MCU's parsing of flight control system data. For example, the MCU receives and parses flight status words sent by the flight control system via UART (e.g., specific byte bits indicating cruise, hover, or low battery status). When the status word indicates the UAV is in high-speed cruise (ground speed > 10m / s), the MCU dynamically adjusts the LPTIM overflow time to 3 seconds to improve real-time monitoring. When the status word indicates the UAV is hovering or the battery voltage is below 3.5V (low battery), the MCU extends the cycle to 8 seconds for further energy saving. This dynamic adjustment strategy is implemented through a state machine in the MCU firmware, and those skilled in the art can write corresponding parsing and decision-making code according to the specific flight control protocol.

[0042] In a preferred embodiment, the system further includes an anti-tracking operation, which involves controlling the beacon module to rotate the MAC address at a predetermined period, retaining the last 24 bits of the original MAC address as a device identifier during rotation. In one possible implementation, the MAC address rotation function is implemented by the MCU firmware. The beacon module is programmed with a unique 48-bit initial MAC address at the factory (e.g., 00:1B:63:XX:XX:XX). The rotation period is fixed at 200 milliseconds and is triggered by an interrupt from another general-purpose timer (TIM) of the MCU. The following rotation algorithm is executed in the timer interrupt service routine: .in, This is the device's unique initial MAC address. This is a randomly generated 8-bit value (range 0-255). To ensure the unpredictability of the random number and enhance security, it is preferable to use the chip's built-in hardware True Random Number Generator (TRNG) to generate this random value. For example, using the RNG peripheral built into the STM32L4 series MCU, the RNG is enabled during the initialization phase, and the RNG is directly read when a random number is needed. DR The register retrieves a 32-bit random number, and takes its lower 8 bits as... Subsequently, the MCU configures the new MAC address into the RF chip via the SPI or SDIO interface using specific AT commands (such as "AT+CIPMAC=") or by writing to registers. By retaining the last 24 bits (i.e., the XX:XX:XX part), it is ensured that during the same flight mission, the regulatory authority can still associate the same drone by parsing the unique identifier field in the SSID frame or listening to the last 24 bits of the MAC address. The constantly changing first 24 bits (OUI segment, i.e., the 00:1B:63 part) effectively avoid continuous device tracking based on the MAC address, solving the privacy leakage risk of traditional WIFI broadcasting. Based on the above description, those skilled in the art can write corresponding timer initialization, interrupt service routines, and RF chip MAC address configuration code.

[0043] In a preferred embodiment, the method further includes performing data encryption, specifically encrypting the payload of the SSID frame (i.e., the valid data portion excluding the WIFI frame header) using the AES-128 algorithm. In one possible implementation, the encryption operation is performed within the MCU. Preferably, an embedded encryption hardware accelerator (such as the AES unit of an STM32L4) is utilized to improve efficiency and reduce power consumption. The encryption process is as follows: The MCU loads the packaged 32-byte SSID frame data (plaintext) into the data register of the AES peripheral. The AES key (128 bits, i.e., 16 bytes) is pre-stored in the secure area of ​​the MCU's Flash memory (read protection enabled). The AES peripheral is set to ECB (Electronic Codebook) mode, the encryption key is the currently valid key, and encryption is initiated. After encryption, 32 bytes of ciphertext are read from the data register and sent as the final SSID frame content. The encryption key is not fixed but dynamically obtained and updated from the Civil Aviation Administration of China (CA) center via the NB-IoT communication channel. The key update cycle is set to once every 24 hours, with the time recorded by the MCU's RTC module. In a more secure implementation, the key update process employs a secure protocol for two-way authentication, using a temporary token generated based on the drone's unique identifier and the current timestamp. The specific process is as follows: The NB-IoT module (e.g., Quectel BC95) within the beacon module is woken up by the MCU before the key expires (e.g., one hour before expiration). The MCU sends an AT command to the NB-IoT module via UART, attaching it to the network and establishing a CoAP (Restricted Application Protocol) connection with the CA center server (IP address and port number pre-configured). The MCU constructs a key update request message with the format: {"RegID":"Unique UAV Identifier","Timestamp":"Current Unix Timestamp","RequestType":"KeyUpdate"}. This message is sent to the CA center via a CoAP POST request. After verifying the validity of the drone's unique identifier and timestamp (to prevent replay attacks), the CA center uses the root key (Pre-shared Key, PSK) shared with the beacon module and the received timestamp to calculate a temporary token using the HMAC-SHA256 algorithm: Token = HMAC-SHA256(PSK, Timestamp || RegID). Subsequently, the CA center generates a new 128-bit AES working key and uses this temporary token as the encryption key, encrypting the new working key using AES-128-ECB to form a response message returned to the beacon module. Upon receiving the response, the beacon module decrypts it using a locally calculated token based on the same PSK and timestamp to obtain the new working key.Subsequently, the beacon module securely updates the AES working key stored in the Flash memory and shuts down the NB-IoT module to save power. This dynamic key management mechanism fundamentally defends against data tampering and eavesdropping, ensuring communication security.

[0044] In a preferred embodiment, the beacon module has an RF transmit power of 20 dBm and a receive sensitivity of -110 dBm. In one possible implementation, this is achieved by selecting a high-performance RF front-end chip (such as the TICC1352R) combined with optimized antenna design and impedance matching. The power amplifier (PA) of the RF chip is configured by adjusting its power control register (e.g., setting the TX register for the CC1352R). POWER The corresponding register bit adjusts the output power to +20dBm (approximately 100mW). The receiver sensitivity of -110dBm is an inherent characteristic of the chip at specific data rates (e.g., 1Mbps in 802.11ah mode). The antenna connects to the RF chip via a microstrip line with a characteristic impedance of 50 ohms. OUT The pins are connected. The antenna itself can be designed as a PCB antenna or an external ceramic antenna (such as 2450AT14A0100). Its resonant frequency needs to be tuned to the center frequency of 2.4GHz, and the voltage standing wave ratio (VSWR) should preferably be less than 2:1. The antenna should be installed on the top or side of the drone fuselage, with as little obstruction as possible. To cope with complex environments, the beacon module's working mechanism can also include an anti-interference strategy that dynamically increases the number of retransmissions to 3 in dense urban environments. Specifically, this is implemented by the MCU: the MCU can determine whether it has entered a preset "dense urban area" geofence area based on historical statistics of the Received Signal Strength Indication (RSSI) (e.g., average RSSI < -85dBm for 10 consecutive cycles) or based on GPS location information. When it is determined that it is currently in a dense urban environment, the MCU will continuously transmit the same frame of encrypted SSID data 3 times through the RF chip within the same broadcast cycle, with each transmission interval of 10ms. The ground equipment can deduplicate data through time windows or serial numbers, processing only one valid data. Test data shows that, in a typical urban environment (average building height 60 meters, street width 20 meters), this retransmission strategy can increase the recognition success rate of a single broadcast from approximately 85% to 92.3%.

[0045] In a preferred embodiment, the ground device includes a smartphone with native Wi-Fi scanning capabilities, and the smartphone can parse the SSID frame without installing a dedicated application. In one possible implementation, for the Android operating system, the smartphone periodically scans surrounding Wi-Fi networks using the `startScan()` method of the system-provided `WifiManager` class. Scan results are obtained by receiving the `SCAN_RESULTS_AVAILABLE_ACTION` broadcast intent via a `BroadcastReceiver`. After listening to the scan results, a system-level background service (which can be a configurable system service or a lightweight app) iterates through the `ScanResult` list, filtering out entries where the SSID length is exactly 32 bytes (or a specific length after Base32 encoding, such as 64 characters, if uncompressed). For the filtered SSIDs, the service first performs Base32 decoding (using the same optimized encoding table as the beacon module). Then, it performs CRC verification on the decoded 32-byte binary data. After successful verification, it decrypts the data using an AES key stored in the Android Keystore system (or securely retrieved from a CA center). Upon successful decryption, the drone's unique identifier, location, timestamp, and other information can be parsed. This information can be logged to the system logs or displayed to users via system notifications, such as "Drone detected, drone's unique identifier: XXXXXX" in the notification bar. Importantly, this entire process—from scanning, filtering, decoding, verification to decryption and display—can be encapsulated within an APK with system permissions. Alternatively, its core logic (such as scanning and initial filtering) can even be integrated into the system firmware, allowing users to access the functionality without installing an additional app. For iOS systems, APIs like NEBhotspotHelper can be used to perform similar scanning and parsing tasks in the background. This approach significantly lowers the barrier to entry for users, achieving true instant scanning and identification, and providing crucial technical support for mass-market regulatory oversight.

[0046] This invention, through the combination and refinement of the aforementioned preferred technical solutions, successfully constructs a complete, efficient, and secure UAV identification system. Laboratory and field test data fully verify the superior performance of this invention: the identification distance exceeds 3000 meters under suburban line-of-sight conditions; in dense urban environments, the success rate reaches 92.3% across 100 flights and 10,000 identification attempts; the system's average power consumption is less than 20mW; and the bit error rate is less than 0.1%. By constructing a collaborative security mechanism including dynamic key management, MAC address rotation, and intermittent working modes, the system significantly enhances the anti-tampering and anti-tracking capabilities of identity information. Combined with a compact frame structure and Base32 encoding optimization, it achieves highly reliable data transmission in complex electromagnetic environments and dense urban scenarios. Simultaneously, through low-power chip integration and a hardware-software collaborative power management strategy, the average power consumption of the module is controlled to less than a fraction of that of traditional solutions. Furthermore, relying on the native Wi-Fi function of smartphones, it achieves zero-configuration parsing, ultimately achieving a comprehensive technical effect that ensures communication security and privacy protection while simultaneously providing wide-area coverage, low-power operation, and convenient identification for the general public.

[0047] Example 3 This embodiment provides a drone identification device based on WIFI broadcasting. The device includes a beacon module 100 mounted on the drone and a ground receiving terminal 200 that wirelessly communicates with the beacon module 100. The various components, specific hardware connection methods, material selection, and functional implementation of this device will be described in detail below with reference to the accompanying drawings to ensure that those skilled in the art can understand and implement it. See also... Figure 5 The present invention provides a structural block diagram of a drone identification system based on WIFI broadcast, comprising: a beacon module 100 mounted on the drone, and a ground receiving terminal 200 that communicates wirelessly with the beacon module 100; The beacon module 100 includes: The control and processing unit 101 is used to generate an SSID frame containing the UAV's serial number and / or personal identification code, location data, CRC checksum and timestamp; The WIFI radio frequency unit 102 is connected to the control and processing unit 101 and is used to periodically broadcast the SSID frame on a channel operating in the WIFI frequency band. The ground receiving terminal 200 includes: The WIFI scanning unit 201 is used to scan and receive standard WIFI beacon frames; The parsing unit 202 is connected to the WIFI scanning unit 201 and is used to parse the identity information of the drone from the received SSID frame.

[0048] See Figure 6 This document provides a system architecture diagram for a UAV identification method based on WIFI broadcasting, illustrating the overall workflow of the UAV identification device. The UAV flight control system is wired to the beacon module 100 via a serial port / UART interface. The beacon module 100 periodically broadcasts SSID frames containing identification information. The ground receiving terminal 200 receives these frames via WIFI scanning and parses the identification information. If necessary, it can interact with the Civil Aviation Administration database to verify the authenticity of the information.

[0049] The beacon module 100 is the core component of the device, mainly including a control and processing unit 101, a WIFI radio frequency unit 102, and an optional NB-IoT communication unit. In one specific implementation, the control and processing unit 101 is implemented using an ultra-low power microcontroller (MCU), such as the STMicroelectronics STM32L4 series chip, with an operating voltage range of 3.0V to 3.6V, typically 3.3V. This MCU connects to the UAV flight control system via a UART interface, with UART communication parameters set to a baud rate of 115200bps, 8 data bits, no parity, and 1 stop bit. The MCU is responsible for obtaining the UAV's real-time position data (latitude, longitude, and altitude) and system timestamp from the flight control system and generating an SSID frame. The SSID frame data structure uses a fixed 32-byte format, including a 12-byte UAV unique identifier (stored in SPI Flash memory), 8 bytes of longitude (integer, WGS84 coordinate system), 8 bytes of latitude (integer, WGS84 coordinate system), 4 bytes of elevation data (integer, in meters), 4 bytes of Unix timestamp (accurate to the second), and 4 bytes of CRC checksum (using CRC-32 algorithm, generator polynomial 0x04C11DB7). The MCU packages the above fields consecutively through memory operations and calls the encryption program to process the frame data. In one implementation, the control and processing unit 101 performs AES-128 encryption through an internal hardware encryption engine (such as the AES unit of STM32L4), with the encryption mode being ECB. The encryption key is initially distributed by the Civil Aviation Administration of China (CA) center and supports dynamic updates.

[0050] The WIFI RF unit 102 is connected to the control and processing unit 101 via an SPI bus. The SPI bus includes four signal lines: SCLK, MOSI, MISO, and CS. The signal line impedance is controlled at 50Ω±10%, and the wiring length does not exceed 30mm to reduce signal attenuation. The WIFI RF unit 102 uses a chip that supports the 802.11ah band, such as the Espressif ESP32-C2 or TICC1352R. The VDD pin of the RF chip is provided with a stable voltage of 3.3V±5% by the power management module, and its RF_OUT pin is connected to a 50-ohm microstrip antenna through a π-type matching network (composed of two capacitors and one inductor, with typical values ​​of 1pF, 2.2nH, and 1pF, respectively). The antenna is preferably a PCB antenna or a ceramic antenna (such as the 2450AT14A0100), with its resonant frequency tuned at the center frequency of 2.4GHz and a voltage standing wave ratio (VSWR) of less than 2:1. It is installed on the top or side of the drone fuselage to ensure unobstructed operation. The RF chip is configured with its operating frequency band (e.g., 2.4GHz channel 1, center frequency 2412MHz), transmit power (+20dBm), and receive sensitivity (-110dBm) via configuration registers. The beacon module 100 operates in intermittent mode, with the broadcast period (typically 5 seconds) controlled by the MCU's low-power timer (LPTIM). Within the broadcast window (duration 10ms), it transmits SSID frames at rated power. During non-broadcast periods, the RF chip and MCU enter deep sleep mode, keeping the overall average power consumption below 20mW.

[0051] In a preferred implementation, the beacon module 100 further includes an NB-IoT communication unit for securely synchronizing encrypted keys from the Civil Aviation Administration of China (CA) center. The NB-IoT communication unit uses a module such as the Quectel BC95, operating in licensed frequency bands such as B3 / B5 / B8. This unit connects to the control and processing unit 101 via a UART interface, with UART communication parameters of 9600bps baud rate, 8 data bits, no parity, and 1 stop bit. The control and processing unit 101 controls the NB-IoT module to attach to the network and establishes a CoAP connection with the CA center server via AT commands (such as "AT+CGATT=1"). The key update process is performed every 24 hours, employing a two-way authentication security protocol based on the UAV's unique identifier and current timestamp: the beacon module 100 sends a request message (containing the unique identifier and timestamp), the CA center verifies it, generates a temporary token using the HMAC-SHA256 algorithm, and returns a new encrypted key; the beacon module 100 locally verifies the token and updates the key using the same algorithm. This mechanism ensures the security and timeliness of key distribution.

[0052] In a preferred embodiment, the control and processing unit 101 and the WIFI radio frequency unit 102 in the beacon module 100 can be integrated onto a single chip, such as the Espressif ESP32-C2 chip. This single-chip architecture integrates MCU and WIFI radio frequency functions, simplifying peripheral circuit design. The chip's standby current in deep sleep mode is less than 5μA, and it directly performs AES-128 encryption operations through its internal hardware encryption engine, eliminating the need for an external encryption chip and significantly reducing power consumption and size. The single chip stores firmware and initial parameters via SPI Flash, which is automatically loaded and initialized upon power-up.

[0053] The ground receiving terminal 200 is a smartphone with native Wi-Fi scanning capabilities, such as a device running Android or iOS. The ground receiving terminal 200 includes a Wi-Fi scanning unit 201 and a parsing unit 202. The Wi-Fi scanning unit 201 utilizes the smartphone's native Wi-Fi hardware and drivers to periodically scan surrounding Wi-Fi beacon frames. In the Android system, scanning can be initiated via the `startScan()` method of the `WifiManager` class, with a scanning interval set to 100ms, channel switching time controlled within 50ms, and a receiving sensitivity of -110dBm. Scanning results are obtained through system broadcast intents (such as `SCAN_RESULTS_AVAILABLE_ACTION`). The parsing unit 202 is software-integrated with the Wi-Fi scanning unit 201 and is used to process the received SSID frames. The parsing process includes: first, filtering frames with an SSID length of 32 bytes; then performing Base32 decoding using an optimized character set (replacing "I", "L", "O", and "U" in standard Base32 with "X", "Y", "Z", and "W"); next, calculating the CRC-32 value of the first 28 bytes of data and comparing it with the CRC field in the frame; after successful verification, performing AES-128 decryption, with the decryption key dynamically obtained from a system security area (such as the Android Keystore) or a CA center; finally, extracting unique identifiers, location, timestamps, and other information, and displaying this information to the user through system notifications or logs. The entire parsing process is completed in a background service, allowing users to identify drones without installing a dedicated application.

[0054] See Figure 4The diagram shown illustrates the beacon hardware composition and details the internal workflow of the beacon module 100: After the device is powered on, the firmware in the ROM chip is read, and the low-power MCU begins system initialization; positioning data is acquired by the GPS module and transmitted to the MCU; the MCU simplifies, packages, and encrypts the data; the processed data is sent to the RF front-end; the RF front-end converts the digital signal into an RF signal, which is then transmitted through the antenna; the power management module provides stable power to all units throughout the process and dynamically adjusts power consumption according to the task status.

[0055] This embodiment, through a detailed description of the hardware device described above, clarifies the connection method, material composition, and functional implementation of each unit, enabling those skilled in the art to clearly and completely understand and implement the device. The device features low power consumption, wide coverage, and high security, effectively supporting real-time identification and monitoring of drones.

[0056] The above description is merely a preferred embodiment of this application and does not limit the patent scope of this invention. Any equivalent structural or procedural transformations made based on the description and drawings of this invention, or direct or indirect applications in other related technical fields, are similarly included within the patent protection scope of this invention.

Claims

1. A method for identifying unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) based on WIFI broadcasting, characterized in that, Includes the following steps: A beacon module is installed on the drone, and the beacon module is made to operate in the WIFI frequency band; The beacon module is controlled to periodically broadcast SSID frames, which contain the UAV's serial number and / or personal identification code, location data, CRC checksum, and timestamp. Ground equipment scans and parses standard Wi-Fi beacon frames to obtain the drone's identity information from the SSID frame.

2. The method according to claim 1, characterized in that, The SSID frame includes a frame structure with a length of 32 bytes and data content encoded in Base32 format.

3. The method according to claim 2, characterized in that, The data structure of the SSID frame includes the following fields arranged in sequence: a unique identifier field for the UAV, 8 bytes of longitude, 8 bytes of latitude, 4 bytes of elevation data, 4 bytes of CRC checksum, and 4 bytes of timestamp.

4. The method according to claim 1, characterized in that, Controlling the beacon module to periodically broadcast SSID frames includes: The beacon module is controlled to operate in an intermittent working mode, which includes: transmitting the SSID frame at rated power during the broadcast window and switching to a deep sleep state during non-broadcast periods, so as to maintain the average power consumption of the beacon module below 20mW.

5. The method according to claim 1, characterized in that, It also includes performing anti-tracking operations, which include: The beacon module is controlled to rotate the MAC address at a predetermined period, and the last 24 bits of the original MAC address are retained as the device identifier during rotation.

6. The method according to claim 5, characterized in that, The anti-tracking operation also includes: A security mechanism that generates the first 8 random bits of a MAC address using a hardware random number generator.

7. The method according to claim 1, characterized in that, It also includes performing data encryption operations, which include: The payload of the SSID frame is encrypted using the AES-128 algorithm.

8. The method according to claim 7, characterized in that, The data encryption operation also includes: dynamically obtaining and updating the key used for AES-128 algorithm encryption from the Civil Aviation Administration of China (CA) center via the NB-IoT communication channel.

9. The method according to claim 8, characterized in that, The key employs the following management mechanism: A security protocol for two-way authentication is used to generate temporary tokens based on the drone's serial number and / or personal identification code and the current timestamp.

10. A drone identification device based on WIFI broadcasting, characterized in that, include: A beacon module mounted on a drone, and a ground receiving terminal that communicates wirelessly with the beacon module; The beacon module includes: The control and processing unit is used to generate an SSID frame containing the UAV's serial number and / or personal identification code, location data, CRC checksum and timestamp; A WIFI radio frequency unit, connected to the control and processing unit, is used to periodically broadcast the SSID frame on a channel operating in the WIFI frequency band. The ground receiving terminal includes: A WIFI scanning unit is used to scan and receive standard WIFI beacon frames; The parsing unit, connected to the WIFI scanning unit, is used to parse the identity information of the drone from the received SSID frame.

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