A metal seawater fuel cell

Abstract

This invention discloses a full-ocean-depth metal-seawater fuel cell. The metal anode material mainly comprises one or more of the following components: Mg, Sn, B, La, Ce, Pr, Nd, Dy, Sm, Ti, and Ca, with the balance being Al. The electrolyte of this invention is a mixed aqueous solution of natural seawater, sodium stannate, zinc oxide, zinc sulfate, sodium carbonate, and cerium chloride, with the pH adjusted to between 12 and 14. The metal anode of this invention, in the above electrolyte, not only significantly reduces the hydrogen evolution corrosion rate but also directionally induces product formation, thereby improving electrochemical performance. The preparation method of this metal anode and electrolyte is simple, applicable to different temperature and pressure variations and operating current densities, and can be applied to metal-seawater fuel cells under various operating conditions at full ocean depth.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] This invention belongs to the field of metal seawater fuel cells, and specifically relates to a metal anode material, electrolyte and preparation method for metal seawater fuel cells. Background Technology

[0002] With the deepening of scientific exploration in the deep sea, marine intelligent equipment urgently needs safe and reliable underwater power sources. Metal-seawater fuel cells are a novel type of chemical power source that uses metal materials as the anode and natural seawater as the oxidant and electrolyte. They possess advantages such as high specific energy, good safety, low cost, and the ability to operate at all ocean depths, showing promising application prospects.

[0003] Metallic aluminum, as an anode material for metal-seawater fuel cells, possesses outstanding advantages such as high specific capacity and negative electrode potential. Furthermore, aluminum resources are abundant and relatively inexpensive. However, aluminum suffers from severe self-corrosion in natural seawater, leading to low utilization rates. Simultaneously, the dense oxide film on the aluminum surface causes severe discharge polarization, significantly reducing the battery discharge voltage, especially under low-temperature conditions. Therefore, it is difficult to apply to metal-seawater fuel cells operating at full ocean depth.

[0004] Researchers in this field primarily address these issues through alloying and the addition of electrolyte corrosion inhibitors. Commonly used alloying elements include Mg, Sn, Ga, Mn, Bi, In, Hg, and Pb, forming binary or multi-element alloys with aluminum. Electrolyte corrosion inhibitors mainly consist of combinations of organic and inorganic inhibitors, used to reduce the self-corrosion rate of metal anodes. However, high-performance metal anodes and electrolytes suitable for full-ocean-depth temperature and pressure variations, especially in low-temperature environments and under different operating conditions, remain a gap. Therefore, developing a metal anode material and electrolyte suitable for full-ocean-depth metal seawater fuel cells is of great significance. Summary of the Invention

[0005] The first objective of this invention is to provide a metal anode material for full-ocean-depth metal seawater fuel cells. This metal anode material contains the alloying elements Mg, Sn, B, La, Ce, Pr, Nd, Dy, Sm, Ti, and Ca, with the balance being Al. The specific contents are as follows:

[0006] The addition range of Mg is 0.1%-5%;

[0007] The addition range of Sn is 0.001%-0.05%;

[0008] The addition range for B is 0.01%-1%;

[0009] The addition range of La is 0.001-0.05%;

[0010] The addition range of Ce is 0.001-0.05%;

[0011] The addition range of Pr is 0.001-0.05%;

[0012] The addition range of Nd is 0.001-0.05%;

[0013] The addition range of Dy is 0.001-0.05%;

[0014] The addition range of Sm is 0.001-0.05%;

[0015] The addition range of Ti is 0.0-0.05%;

[0016] The addition range of Ca is 0.0-0.05%.

[0017] The second objective of this invention is to provide a method for preparing metal anode materials. Specifically, 99.99%-99.999% high-purity aluminum is placed in a graphite crucible and heated to 720-800℃ to melt. Pre-prepared alloying elements (except for magnesium, which is added in elemental form, and other alloying elements added as intermediate alloys) are added to the molten aluminum, stirred evenly, and then cast into a mold. Before rolling, the ingot is homogenized at 400-600℃ for 5-10 hours, air-cooled, and then hot-rolled at 350-450℃ to 5-10 mm, followed by cold rolling to 0.5-2 mm, yielding anode plates for metal seawater fuel cells. This preparation method is simple, easy to operate, and suitable for large-scale mass production.

[0018] A third objective of this invention is to provide an electrolyte for a metal-seawater fuel cell. This electrolyte comprises natural seawater, sodium stannate, zinc oxide, zinc sulfate, sodium carbonate, and cerium chloride, with the pH adjusted to between 12 and 14. Specific concentrations are as follows:

[0019] The concentration range for sodium stannate is 0.01-1M;

[0020] The concentration range for zinc oxide addition is 0.001-0.1M;

[0021] The concentration range for zinc sulfate addition is 0.001-0.1M;

[0022] The concentration range for sodium carbonate addition is 0.001-0.5M;

[0023] The concentration range for adding cerium chloride is 0.05-2M.

[0024] This electrolyte is suitable for working conditions at all ocean depths, is environmentally friendly, low in cost, and has excellent corrosion inhibition effects.

[0025] The metal anode of the present invention exhibits a low open-circuit hydrogen evolution corrosion rate in the provided electrolyte, below 0.0005 mL / cm. 2The system can achieve a current density of 0.1-10 mA / cm², simultaneously inducing product formation and enhancing electrochemical performance. The anode electrode potential is ≤-1.8V vs. SCE, and the utilization rate can reach over 75%. 2 It maintains good performance under varying temperature (0℃-30℃) and pressure (0.1-110MPa) conditions across the entire ocean depth range, significantly improving the specific energy of the metal seawater fuel cell and providing technical support for the development of long-endurance, high-capacity underwater power sources.

[0026] The metal anode of this invention can significantly reduce the hydrogen evolution corrosion rate in the above-mentioned electrolyte, and can also directionally induce product formation, thereby improving electrochemical performance. The preparation method of this metal anode and electrolyte is simple and applicable to different temperatures (0-30℃), pressure variations (0.1-110MPa), and operating current densities (0.1-10mA / cm²). 2 This technology can be applied to metal-seawater fuel cells under various operating conditions at all ocean depths. Detailed Implementation

[0027] The present invention will be further described below with reference to specific embodiments.

[0028] The open-circuit hydrogen evolution corrosion rate of the metal anode in the electrolyte was tested using the water displacement gas collection method. A metal anode plate with dimensions of 50 mm × 30 mm × 0.5 mm (reaction area S) was placed in a glass bottle containing 200 mL of electrolyte for 30 minutes, and hydrogen gas was collected (V). H2 The reaction time (T) was recorded, and the open-circuit hydrogen evolution corrosion rate of the metal anode was calculated (Formula 1).

[0029]

[0030] The electrochemical performance of the metal anode was tested using a three-electrode system. The working electrode was the metal anode, the auxiliary electrode was a nickel mesh, and the reference electrode was a saturated calomel electrode. An electrochemical workstation at 1 mA / cm² was used. 2 The electrode potential of a metal anode was tested under current density conditions.

[0031] The metal anode and foamed nickel cathode were assembled into a complete battery cell, and the battery discharge performance was tested using a Xinwei battery charge-discharge instrument. The utilization rate of the metal anode was calculated (Formula 2):

[0032]

[0033] Q—Battery discharge capacity, Ah;

[0034] m — mass of the metal anode, in grams.

[0035] Example 1

[0036] This includes metal anode materials, electrolytes, and their preparation methods suitable for full-ocean-depth metal seawater fuel cells.

[0037] The metal anode comprises the following components by weight percentage: Mg 0.2%; Sn 0.002%; B 0.01%; La 0.0015%; Ce 0.001%; ​​Pr 0.001%; ​​Nd 0.001%; ​​Dy 0.001%; ​​Sm 0.001%; ​​with the balance being Al.

[0038] High-purity aluminum ingots (99.99%-99.999% purity, hereinafter the same) were melted in a graphite crucible at 760℃. The aforementioned alloying elements were added to the molten aluminum, with magnesium added in elemental form and other alloying elements added as aluminum master alloys. After all alloying elements melted, the mixture was thoroughly stirred and cast into a mold. The ingots were homogenized at 500℃ for 6 hours, hot-rolled to 3mm at 400℃, and then cold-rolled to 0.5mm for performance testing.

[0039] The electrolyte, at a molar concentration, comprises the following components: sodium stannate 0.03M; zinc oxide 0.01M; zinc sulfate 0.002M; sodium carbonate 0.1M; and cerium chloride 0.1M. Natural seawater is used as the solvent, and the pH is adjusted to 14 with sodium hydroxide.

[0040] The test was conducted according to the test method provided in the instruction manual. In this embodiment, the open-circuit hydrogen evolution corrosion rate of the metal anode in the electrolyte is 0.00026 mL / cm. 2 / min, anode electrode potential of -1.89V vs. SCE, the anode utilization rate of the metal seawater fuel cell is 78%.

[0041] Example 2

[0042] This includes metal anode materials, electrolytes, and their preparation methods suitable for full-ocean-depth metal seawater fuel cells.

[0043] The metal anode comprises the following components by weight percentage: Mg 0.3%; Sn 0.002%; B 0.01%; La 0.0015%; Ce 0.001%; ​​Pr 0.001%; ​​Nd 0.001%; ​​Dy 0.001%; ​​Sm 0.001%; ​​with the balance being Al.

[0044] High-purity aluminum ingots (99.99%-99.999% purity, hereinafter the same) were melted in a graphite crucible at 760℃. The aforementioned alloying elements were added to the molten aluminum, with magnesium added in elemental form and other alloying elements added as aluminum master alloys. After all alloying elements melted, the mixture was thoroughly stirred and cast into a mold. The ingots were homogenized at 500℃ for 6 hours, hot-rolled to 3mm at 400℃, and then cold-rolled to 0.5mm for performance testing.

[0045] The electrolyte, at a molar concentration, comprises the following components: sodium stannate 0.03M; zinc oxide 0.01M; zinc sulfate 0.002M; sodium carbonate 0.1M; and cerium chloride 0.1M. Natural seawater is used as the solvent, and the pH is adjusted to 14 with sodium hydroxide.

[0046] The self-corrosion rate of the metal anode in the electrolyte in this embodiment was 0.00045 mL / cm², as tested according to the test methods provided in the instruction manual. 2 / min, anode electrode potential of -1.85V vs. SCE, the anode utilization rate of the metal seawater fuel cell is 75%.

[0047] Example 3

[0048] This includes metal anode materials, electrolytes, and their preparation methods suitable for full-ocean-depth metal seawater fuel cells.

[0049] The metal anode comprises the following components by weight percentage: Mg 0.3%; Sn 0.002%; B 0.01%; La 0.0015%; Ce 0.0015%; Pr 0.0015%; Nd 0.0015%; Dy 0.0015%; Sm 0.0015%; balance Al.

[0050] High-purity aluminum ingots (99.99%-99.999% purity, hereinafter the same) were melted in a graphite crucible at 760℃. The aforementioned alloying elements were added to the molten aluminum, with magnesium added in elemental form and other alloying elements added as aluminum master alloys. After all alloying elements melted, the mixture was thoroughly stirred and cast into a mold. The ingots were homogenized at 500℃ for 6 hours, hot-rolled to 3mm at 400℃, and then cold-rolled to 0.5mm for performance testing.

[0051] The electrolyte, at a molar concentration, comprises the following components: sodium stannate 0.03M; zinc oxide 0.01M; zinc sulfate 0.002M; sodium carbonate 0.1M; and cerium chloride 0.1M. Natural seawater is used as the solvent, and the pH is adjusted to 14 with sodium hydroxide.

[0052] The self-corrosion rate of the metal anode in the electrolyte in this embodiment was 0.00038 mL / cm², as tested according to the test methods provided in the instruction manual. 2 / min, anode electrode potential of -1.88V vs. SCE, the anode utilization rate of the metal seawater fuel cell is 76%.

[0053] Example 4

[0054] This includes metal anode materials, electrolytes, and their preparation methods suitable for full-ocean-depth metal seawater fuel cells.

[0055] The metal anode comprises the following components by weight percentage: Mg 0.2%; Sn 0.002%; B 0.01%; La 0.0015%; Ce 0.001%; ​​Pr 0.001%; ​​Nd 0.001%; ​​Dy 0.001%; ​​Sm 0.001%; ​​with the balance being Al.

[0056] High-purity aluminum ingots (99.99%-99.999% purity, hereinafter the same) were melted in a graphite crucible at 760℃. The aforementioned alloying elements were added to the molten aluminum, with magnesium added in elemental form and other alloying elements added as aluminum master alloys. After all alloying elements melted, the mixture was thoroughly stirred and cast into a mold. The ingots were homogenized at 500℃ for 6 hours, hot-rolled to 3mm at 400℃, and then cold-rolled to 0.5mm for performance testing.

[0057] The electrolyte, at a molar concentration, comprises the following components: sodium stannate 0.1M; zinc oxide 0.01M; zinc sulfate 0.002M; sodium carbonate 0.1M; and cerium chloride 0.2M. Natural seawater is used as the solvent, and the pH is adjusted to 14 with sodium hydroxide.

[0058] The self-corrosion rate of the metal anode in the electrolyte in this embodiment was 0.0002 mL / cm², as tested according to the test methods provided in the instruction manual. 2 / min, anode electrode potential of -1.91V vs. SCE, the anode utilization rate of the metal seawater fuel cell is 80%.

[0059] Example 5

[0060] This includes metal anode materials, electrolytes, and their preparation methods suitable for full-ocean-depth metal seawater fuel cells.

[0061] The metal anode comprises the following components by weight percentage: Mg 0.2%; Sn 0.002%; B 0.01%; La 0.0015%; Ce 0.001%; ​​Pr 0.001%; ​​Nd 0.001%; ​​Dy 0.001%; ​​Sm 0.001%; ​​with the balance being Al.

[0062] High-purity aluminum ingots (99.99%-99.999% purity, hereinafter the same) were melted in a graphite crucible at 760℃. The aforementioned alloying elements were added to the molten aluminum, with magnesium added in elemental form and other alloying elements added as aluminum master alloys. After all alloying elements melted, the mixture was thoroughly stirred and cast into a mold. The ingots were homogenized at 500℃ for 6 hours, hot-rolled to 3mm at 400℃, and then cold-rolled to 0.5mm for performance testing.

[0063] The electrolyte, at a molar concentration, comprises the following components: sodium stannate 0.05M; zinc oxide 0.01M; zinc sulfate 0.001M; sodium carbonate 0.3M; and cerium chloride 0.2M. Natural seawater is used as the solvent, and the pH is adjusted to 14 with sodium hydroxide.

[0064] The self-corrosion rate of the metal anode in the electrolyte in this embodiment was 0.00032 mL / cm², as tested according to the test methods provided in the instruction manual. 2 / min, anode electrode potential of -1.86V vs. SCE, the anode utilization rate of the metal seawater fuel cell is 77.5%.

[0065] Comparative Example 1

[0066] This includes metal anode materials, electrolytes, and their preparation methods suitable for full-ocean-depth metal seawater fuel cells.

[0067] The metal anode comprises the following components by weight percentage: Mg-free; Sn 0.002%; B 0.01%; La 0.0015%; Ce 0.001%; ​​Pr 0.001%; ​​Nd 0.001%; ​​Dy 0.001%; ​​Sm 0.001%; ​​balance Al.

[0068] High-purity aluminum ingots (99.99%-99.999% purity, hereinafter the same) were melted in a graphite crucible at 760℃. The aforementioned alloying elements were added to the molten aluminum as master alloys. After all alloying elements melted, the mixture was thoroughly stirred and cast into a mold. The ingots were homogenized at 500℃ for 6 hours, hot-rolled to 3mm at 400℃, and then cold-rolled to 0.5mm for performance testing.

[0069] The electrolyte, at a molar concentration, comprises the following components: sodium stannate 0.03M; zinc oxide 0.01M; zinc sulfate 0.002M; sodium carbonate 0.1M; and cerium chloride 0.1M. Natural seawater is used as the solvent, and the pH is adjusted to 14 with sodium hydroxide.

[0070] The self-corrosion rate of the metal anode in the electrolyte in this embodiment was 0.00082 mL / cm², as tested according to the test methods provided in the instruction manual. 2 / min, anode electrode potential of -1.81V vs. SCE, the anode utilization rate of the metal seawater fuel cell is 66%.

[0071] Comparative Example 2

[0072] This includes metal anode materials, electrolytes, and their preparation methods suitable for full-ocean-depth metal seawater fuel cells.

[0073] The metal anode comprises the following components by weight percentage: Mg 0.2%; Sn 0.002%; B 0.01%; with the balance being Al.

[0074] High-purity aluminum ingots (99.99%-99.999% purity, hereinafter the same) were melted in a graphite crucible at 760℃. The aforementioned alloying elements were added to the molten aluminum. Magnesium was added in elemental form, and the other alloying elements were added as aluminum master alloys. After all alloying elements melted, the mixture was thoroughly stirred and cast into a mold. The ingots were homogenized at 500℃ for 6 hours, hot-rolled to 3mm at 400℃, and then cold-rolled to 0.5mm for performance testing.

[0075] The electrolyte, at a molar concentration, comprises the following components: sodium stannate 0.03M; zinc oxide 0.01M; zinc sulfate 0.002M; sodium carbonate 0.1M; and cerium chloride 0.1M. Natural seawater is used as the solvent, and the pH is adjusted to 14 with sodium hydroxide.

[0076] The self-corrosion rate of the metal anode in the electrolyte in this embodiment was 0.00075 mL / cm², as tested according to the test methods provided in the instruction manual. 2 / min, anode electrode potential of -1.80V vs. SCE, the anode utilization rate of the metal seawater fuel cell is 68%.

[0077] Comparative Example 3

[0078] This includes metal anode materials, electrolytes, and their preparation methods suitable for full-ocean-depth metal seawater fuel cells.

[0079] The metal anode comprises the following components by weight percentage: Mg 0.2%; Sn 0.002%; B 0.01%; La 0.0015%; Ce 0.001%; ​​Pr 0.001%; ​​Nd 0.001%; ​​Dy 0.001%; ​​Sm 0.001%; ​​with the balance being Al.

[0080] High-purity aluminum ingots (99.99%-99.999% purity, hereinafter the same) were melted in a graphite crucible at 760℃. The aforementioned alloying elements were added to the molten aluminum. Magnesium was added in elemental form, and the other alloying elements were added as aluminum master alloys. After all alloying elements melted, the mixture was thoroughly stirred and cast into a mold. The ingots were homogenized at 500℃ for 6 hours, hot-rolled to 3mm at 400℃, and then cold-rolled to 0.5mm for performance testing.

[0081] The electrolyte, at a molar concentration, comprises the following components: sodium stannate; zinc oxide 0.01M; zinc sulfate 0.002M; sodium carbonate 0.1M; and cerium chloride 0.1M. Natural seawater is used as the solvent, and the pH is adjusted to 14 with sodium hydroxide.

[0082] The self-corrosion rate of the metal anode in the electrolyte in this embodiment was 0.0012 mL / cm², as tested according to the test method provided in the instruction manual. 2 / min, anode electrode potential of -1.83V vs. SCE, the anode utilization rate of the metal seawater fuel cell is 57%.

[0083] Comparative Example 4

[0084] This includes metal anode materials, electrolytes, and their preparation methods suitable for full-ocean-depth metal seawater fuel cells.

[0085] The metal anode comprises the following components by weight percentage: Mg 0.2%; Sn 0.002%; B 0.01%; La 0.0015%; Ce 0.001%; ​​Pr 0.001%; ​​Nd 0.001%; ​​Dy 0.001%; ​​Sm 0.001%; ​​with the balance being Al.

[0086] High-purity aluminum ingots (99.99%-99.999% purity, hereinafter the same) were melted in a graphite crucible at 760℃. The aforementioned alloying elements were added to the molten aluminum. Magnesium was added in elemental form, and the other alloying elements were added as aluminum master alloys. After all alloying elements melted, the mixture was thoroughly stirred and cast into a mold. The ingots were homogenized at 500℃ for 6 hours, hot-rolled to 3mm at 400℃, and then cold-rolled to 0.5mm for performance testing.

[0087] The electrolyte, at a molar concentration, contains the following components: sodium stannate 0.03M; zinc oxide 0.01M; zinc sulfate 0.002M; sodium carbonate-free; cerium chloride-free. Natural seawater is used as the solvent, and the pH is adjusted to 14 with sodium hydroxide.

[0088] The self-corrosion rate of the metal anode in the electrolyte in this embodiment was 0.001 mL / cm², as tested according to the test methods provided in the instruction manual. 2 / min, anode electrode potential of -1.80V vs. SCE, the anode utilization rate of the metal seawater fuel cell is 62%.

[0089] Comparative Example 5

[0090] This includes metal anode materials, electrolytes, and their preparation methods suitable for full-ocean-depth metal seawater fuel cells.

[0091] The metal anode comprises the following components by weight percentage: Mg 0.2%; Sn 0.002%; B 0.01%; La 0.0015%; Ce 0.001%; ​​Pr 0.001%; ​​Nd 0.001%; ​​Dy 0.001%; ​​Sm 0.001%; ​​with the balance being Al.

[0092] High-purity aluminum ingots (99.99%-99.999% purity, hereinafter the same) were melted in a graphite crucible at 760℃. The aforementioned alloying elements were added to the molten aluminum. Magnesium was added in elemental form, and the other alloying elements were added as aluminum master alloys. After all alloying elements melted, the mixture was thoroughly stirred and cast into a mold. The ingots were homogenized at 500℃ for 6 hours, hot-rolled to 3mm at 400℃, and then cold-rolled to 0.5mm for performance testing.

[0093] The electrolyte, at a molar concentration, comprises the following components: sodium stannate 0.03M; zinc oxide-free; zinc sulfate-free; sodium carbonate 0.1M; cerium chloride 0.1M. Natural seawater is used as the solvent, and the pH is adjusted to 14 with sodium hydroxide. Tests were conducted according to the methods provided in the instructions. In this embodiment, the self-corrosion rate of the metal anode in the electrolyte is 0.0009 mL / cm². 2 / min, anode electrode potential is -1.82V vs. SCE, and the anode utilization rate of the metal seawater fuel cell is 60%.

Claims

1. A metal seawater fuel cell, comprising a metal anode and an electrolyte, characterized in that, The specific composition of the metal anode material, by weight, is as follows: The addition range of Mg is 0.1%-5%; preferably 0.2%-1%, more preferably 0.2%-0.5%; The addition range of Sn is 0.001%-0.05%; preferably 0.001%-0.03%, more preferably 0.001%-0.01%; The addition range of B is 0.01%-1%; preferably 0.01%-0.8%, more preferably 0.01%-0.5%; The addition range of La is 0.001-0.05%; preferably 0.001-0.01%, more preferably 0.001-0.005%; The addition range of Ce is 0.001-0.05%; preferably 0.001-0.01%, more preferably 0.001-0.005%; The addition range of Pr is 0.001-0.05%; preferably 0.001-0.01%, more preferably 0.001-0.005%; The addition range of Nd is 0.001-0.05%; preferably 0.001-0.01%, more preferably 0.001-0.005%; The addition range of Dy is 0.001-0.05%; preferably 0.001-0.01%, more preferably 0.001-0.005%; The addition range of Sm is 0.001-0.05%; preferably 0.001-0.01%, more preferably 0.001-0.005%; The addition range of Ti is 0.0-0.05%; preferably 0.0-0.03%, more preferably 0.0-0.01%; The addition range of Ca is 0.0-0.05%; preferably 0.0-0.03%, more preferably 0.0-0.01%; The balance is Al; The electrolyte comprises natural seawater, to which sodium stannate, zinc oxide, zinc sulfate, sodium carbonate, and cerium chloride are added, and the pH is adjusted to between 12 and 14 with sodium hydroxide; the specific concentrations of each substance are as follows: The concentration range of sodium stannate is 0.01-1M; preferably 0.01-0.5M, more preferably 0.01-0.05M; The concentration range of zinc oxide addition is 0.001-0.1M; preferably 0.001-0.05M, more preferably 0.001-0.03M; The concentration range of zinc sulfate addition is 0.001-0.1M; preferably 0.001-0.05M, more preferably 0.001-0.03M; The concentration range of sodium carbonate added is 0.001-0.5M; preferably 0.001-0.3M, more preferably 0.001-0.2M; The concentration range of cerium chloride is 0.05-2M, preferably 0.05-1M, and more preferably 0.05-0.5M.

2. The metal-seawater fuel cell according to claim 1, characterized in that, Specifically, the preparation process of the aforementioned metal anode material is as follows: High-purity aluminum is placed in a graphite crucible and heated to 720-800℃ to melt. The prepared alloying elements (except for Mg, which is added in elemental form, and other alloying elements are added in intermediate alloy form) are pressed into the molten aluminum, stirred evenly, and cast into a mold. Before rolling, the ingot is homogenized at 400-600℃ for 5-10 hours, air-cooled, hot-rolled at 350-450℃ to 5-10 mm, and then cold-rolled to 0.5-2 mm to obtain a metal anode plate.

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