A segmented monitoring system for precipitation acidity in-cloud and sub-cloud contribution and a monitoring method thereof

Abstract

The present application relates to the field of atmospheric environment monitoring, and discloses a segmented monitoring system for the contribution of cloud-in and cloud-under to precipitation acidity and a monitoring method thereof, which comprises: a sensor module for collecting rainfall signals and particulate matter concentration changes, and recording cumulative rainfall signals; a detection unit for detecting the pH and conductivity of samples in different stages respectively; a detector protection unit for automatically performing pure water flushing, protective agent soaking and re-flushing processes in the non-sampling stage to maintain the stability of the pH and conductivity electrodes; a waste liquid collection unit for identifying the properties of the flushing waste liquid and guiding it to the external discharge channel or the waste liquid container according to the type, and having liquid level monitoring and alarm functions; and a numerical control unit for controlling the segmented determination and sample switching. The present application can quantitatively distinguish the contribution of cloud-in and cloud-under processes to precipitation acidity, and provides a scientific basis for acid rain cause analysis and regional pollution control.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] This invention relates to the field of atmospheric environment monitoring technology, and in particular to a segmented monitoring system and method for the contribution of precipitation acidity within and below clouds. Background Technology

[0002] Precipitation acidity (usually characterized by pH, conductivity, and the concentrations of major anions and cations) is an important indicator for studying the formation mechanism of acid rain, regional acid-base balance, and atmospheric pollution transport. Existing wet deposition or acid rain monitoring systems mostly employ traditional devices that collect a complete sample of rainfall during a single event for laboratory chemical analysis. While this method can reflect the average chemical properties of a single rainfall event, it is difficult to identify the sources and components contributing to acidity formation.

[0003] On the one hand, intracloud liquid-phase chemical reactions determine regional background acidity; on the other hand, the undercloud scavenging effect of precipitation on atmospheric particulate matter during its descent carries acidic or alkaline soluble components into the rain sample, thus altering the actual acidity of raindrops upon reaching the surface. Relying solely on overall sample analysis makes it difficult to distinguish the relative contributions of "regional intracloud background" and "local undercloud scavenging" to precipitation acidity.

[0004] While existing studies occasionally employ manual segmented sampling (e.g., comparing initial / later samples) combined with post-hoc analysis to infer the impact of cloud clearing, these methods rely on manual operation, lacking real-time responsiveness and automation, making it difficult to generate long-term, continuous, and comparable observational data. Furthermore, current precipitation sampling devices typically lack segmented triggering mechanisms linked to changes in atmospheric particulate matter concentration, and also lack online synchronous measurements of parameters such as pH, conductivity, and rainfall in segmented samples, hindering quantitative analysis of acid rain formation processes. Summary of the Invention

[0005] To address the aforementioned problems, the purpose of this invention is to provide a segmented monitoring system and method for the contribution of precipitation acidity within and below clouds. This system can quantitatively distinguish the contributions of within and below clouds to precipitation acidity, providing a scientific basis for analyzing the causes of acid rain and controlling regional pollution.

[0006] To achieve the above objectives, the present invention adopts the following technical solution: a segmented monitoring system for the contribution of precipitation acidity within and below clouds, comprising: a sensor module, including a sensor unit, a sampling unit, and a filtering unit; the sensor unit is connected to the sampling unit via a pipeline, and the sampling unit is connected to the filtering unit via a pipeline, to collect rainfall signals and changes in particulate matter concentration, while simultaneously recording cumulative rainfall signals; a detection unit, connected to the filtering unit via a pipeline, for detecting pH and conductivity of samples at different stages; and a detector protection unit, connected to the detection unit, for automatically performing pure water rinsing, protective agent soaking, and re-rinsing processes during non-sampling stages to maintain pH. The system includes a stability measurement unit for conductivity electrodes; a waste liquid collection unit connected to the detection unit, used to identify the properties of rinsing waste liquid and guide it to the external discharge channel or waste liquid container according to type, while also having liquid level monitoring and alarm functions; and a numerical control unit electrically connected to the sensor module, detection unit, detector protection unit, and waste liquid collection unit to control segmented judgment and sample switching. Segmented judgment is used to automatically determine whether the current precipitation stage is the under-cloud clearing stage or the in-cloud stage based on the particulate matter concentration change rate. Sample switching is used to switch the sampling flow path between different stages and to export the transition sample through the drainage channel during the switching process. The numerical control unit 7 uniformly controls the segmented judgment, flow path switching, electrode protection, and waste liquid management operations, and records pH, conductivity, rainfall, and particulate matter concentration data, which are then uploaded to a remote server via wireless communication.

[0007] Furthermore, the sensor unit includes a rain gauge, a precipitation sensor, a particulate matter concentration sensor, and a stainless steel bracket; the rain gauge, precipitation sensor, and particulate matter concentration sensor are all mounted on the stainless steel bracket; the rain gauge is used to measure the rainfall intensity and amount in real time; the precipitation sensor is used to determine the start and end of rainfall; the particulate matter concentration sensor is used to monitor changes in atmospheric particulate matter concentration before and after rainfall, providing a basis for the system to distinguish between the in-cloud clearing and under-cloud clearing stages.

[0008] Furthermore, the sampling unit includes a stainless steel cabinet, a rainfall collection bucket, an automatic opening and closing bucket lid, a drive motor, a deionized water storage container, and a first solenoid valve; the stainless steel bracket in the sensor unit is located at one top corner of the stainless steel cabinet, and the deionized water storage container is located at the other top corner of the stainless steel cabinet; the drive motor is installed on the inner wall of the top of the stainless steel cabinet, and the output end of the drive motor is connected to the automatic opening and closing bucket lid located outside the top of the stainless steel cabinet through a transmission linkage, so as to drive the automatic opening and closing bucket lid to realize the automatic opening and closing of the rainfall collection bucket; the rainfall collection bucket is located on the right side of the automatic opening and closing bucket lid, adjacent to the deionized water storage container, and a first solenoid valve is installed between the deionized water storage container and the rainfall collection bucket.

[0009] Furthermore, a filtration unit is installed at the outlet of the rainfall collection bucket of the sampling unit to pre-treat the collected precipitation samples. The filtration unit includes a rubber tube with an inert inner wall, a membrane filter, and a peristaltic pump. The outlet of the rainfall collection bucket is introduced into the membrane filter through the rubber tube to remove particles larger than 0.6 μm. The filtered sample is stably transported by the peristaltic pump.

[0010] Furthermore, the detection unit is housed within a stainless steel cabinet. The unit includes a solenoid four-way valve, an initial sample storage container, a subsequent sample storage container, an initial sample online conductivity measurement unit, an initial sample pH measurement unit, an initial sample peristaltic pump, and subsequent sample online conductivity measurement units, subsequent sample pH measurement units, and subsequent sample peristaltic pumps. The inlet of the solenoid four-way valve is connected to the outlet of the peristaltic pump in the filtration unit; the first outlet of the solenoid four-way valve is connected to the inlet of the initial sample storage container; and the second outlet of the solenoid four-way valve is connected to the inlet of the subsequent sample storage container. The outlet of the initial sample storage container is connected to the initial sample online conductivity measurement unit. The first inlet of the measurement unit is connected to the first inlet of the initial sample pH measurement unit. The outlet of the initial sample online conductivity measurement unit and the outlet of the initial sample pH measurement unit are connected to the initial sample peristaltic pump. The outlet of the subsequent sample temporary storage container is connected to the first inlet of the subsequent sample online conductivity measurement unit and the first inlet of the subsequent sample pH measurement unit. The outlet of the subsequent sample online conductivity measurement unit and the outlet of the subsequent sample pH measurement unit are connected to the subsequent sample peristaltic pump. The third outlet of the electromagnetic four-way valve serves as an emptying channel, connected to the waste liquid collection unit, for waste liquid discharge during stage switching and rinsing processes.

[0011] Furthermore, the detector protection unit is housed within a stainless steel cabinet; the detector protection unit includes a pure water storage container, a second solenoid valve, a saturated potassium chloride storage container, and a third solenoid valve; the outlet of the pure water storage container is connected to the second inlet of the online conductivity measurement unit of the detection unit or the online conductivity measurement unit for subsequent samples. Measurement unit The second inlet end is connected and driven by the initial sample peristaltic pump or the later sample peristaltic pump of the detection unit to realize automatic rinsing and wetting maintenance of the conductivity electrode; a second solenoid valve is set at the outlet end of the pure water storage container; the outlet end of the saturated potassium chloride storage container is connected to the second inlet end of the initial sample pH measurement unit or the second inlet end of the later sample pH measurement unit of the detection unit, and is driven by the initial sample peristaltic pump detection unit or the later sample peristaltic pump after sampling to realize the protective soaking of the pH electrode; a third solenoid valve is set at the outlet end of the saturated potassium chloride storage container.

[0012] Furthermore, the waste liquid collection unit is housed within a stainless steel cabinet. The waste liquid collection unit includes a waste liquid collection container, a solenoid three-way valve, a level sensor, and a leak-proof tray. The inlet of the solenoid three-way valve is connected to the outlets of the initial sample peristaltic pump and the subsequent sample peristaltic pump of the detection unit. The first outlet of the solenoid three-way valve is connected to the inlet of the waste liquid collection container. The second outlet of the solenoid three-way valve serves as an external discharge channel, connected via pipeline to the outside of the stainless steel cabinet for communication with the external environment. A level sensor connected to the CNC unit is installed on the top side wall of the waste liquid collection container, and a leak-proof tray is installed at the bottom of the waste liquid collection container, located at the bottom of the stainless steel cabinet.

[0013] Furthermore, the CNC unit is mounted on a stainless steel cabinet; the CNC unit includes a CPU processor, a data acquisition module, a wireless communication module, a power management module, and a display; the CPU processor is electrically connected to each sensor, solenoid valve, peristaltic pump, and detection unit to realize sampling start / stop, segment judgment, stage switching, automatic flushing, and electrode protection operations; the power management module provides stable power to each unit; the data acquisition module is used to record rainfall, particulate matter concentration, pH value, and conductivity monitoring data in real time; the wireless communication module connects to the backend server via a wireless network to upload synchronously recorded sampling start / end time, rainfall intensity, particulate matter concentration, pH value, conductivity, and sample volume at each stage to the backend database in real time; the display is used to locally display the precipitation acidity monitoring results and system operating status.

[0014] A segmented monitoring method for the contribution of precipitation acidity within and below clouds, based on the aforementioned segmented monitoring system for the contribution of precipitation acidity within and below clouds, includes: collecting rainfall signals and particulate matter concentration change data, and recording the cumulative rainfall signal; determining whether the current precipitation stage is the below-cloud clearing stage or the within-cloud stage based on the particulate matter concentration change rate; controlling the sample switching module to switch the flow path according to the determination result, guiding samples of different stages to corresponding channels, and discharging transition samples through the drainage channel; performing online pH and conductivity measurements on samples of each stage; automatically executing an electrode protection process of pure water rinsing, protective agent soaking, and re-rinsing during non-sampling stages; wherein the protective agent is a saturated potassium chloride solution; guiding pure water waste liquid and waste liquid containing protective agent to the external drainage channel or waste liquid container according to the waste liquid properties, and monitoring liquid level changes in real time to trigger an alarm; recording and storing rainfall intensity, particulate matter concentration, pH, conductivity, and segmented sample volume data throughout the sampling process, and uploading them to a remote database via a wireless communication module.

[0015] Furthermore, the current precipitation stage is determined to be either the under-cloud clearing stage or the cloud-in-cloud stage based on the particulate matter concentration change rate. Specifically, when the decrease in particulate matter concentration relative to the pre-rainfall average is less than a preset threshold after the start of rainfall, it is determined to be the cloud-in-cloud stage; when the decrease is equal to or exceeds the threshold, it is determined to be the under-cloud clearing stage.

[0016] The present invention has the following advantages due to the adoption of the above technical solutions:

[0017] 1. The sampling unit of the present invention automatically completes deionized water rinsing after each rainfall and discharges the rinsing liquid into the waste liquid collection unit, which can effectively eliminate the influence of the previous rainfall and dry sedimentation residue, avoid cross-contamination of samples, and improve the accuracy and comparability of monitoring results.

[0018] 2. This invention uses a sensor unit and a sampling unit for coordinated control, automatically determining the rainfall stage by combining changes in particulate matter concentration and rainfall intensity. A solenoid valve switches the flow path of the detection unit, enabling independent collection of samples below and within the cloud. Transitional samples are directed to the waste liquid collection unit via a drainage channel, preventing sample mixing between different stages.

[0019] 3. The detection unit of this invention uses an independent temporary storage container and an online pH and conductivity measurement module to analyze samples at each stage in real time, and calculates key parameters such as acidity, ionic strength and rainfall by combining rainfall data, providing reliable observational basis for studying the formation of precipitation and the evolution mechanism of acid rain.

[0020] 4. The waste liquid collection unit of the present invention centrally manages the residual liquid generated by calibration and electrode protection, and is equipped with liquid level monitoring and leak prevention devices to ensure safe and environmentally friendly waste liquid disposal.

[0021] 5. The CNC unit of the present invention realizes fully automated operation, and can complete actions such as sampling start and stop, stage switching, rinsing and electrode protection under unattended conditions. It supports remote real-time transmission and alarm functions and is suitable for long-term continuous operation.

[0022] 6. This invention adopts a modular structure and highly integrated design, which has automation, real-time performance and long-term stability. It is suitable for acid rain monitoring in urban areas, suburbs and ecologically sensitive areas. It is easy to maintain and can be expanded with ion monitoring or meteorological modules, and has good prospects for promotion and application. Attached Figure Description

[0023] Figure 1 This is a schematic diagram of the overall structure of the segmented monitoring system for the contribution of precipitation acidity inside and below the cloud in an embodiment of the present invention; Figure 2 This is a schematic diagram of the sensor unit structure in an embodiment of the present invention; Figure 3 This is a schematic diagram of the sampling unit structure in an embodiment of the present invention; Figure 4 This is a schematic diagram of the filter unit structure in an embodiment of the present invention; Figure 5 This is a schematic diagram of the detection unit structure in an embodiment of the present invention; Figure 6This is a schematic diagram of the detector protection unit structure in an embodiment of the present invention; Figure 7 This is a schematic diagram of the waste liquid collection unit structure in an embodiment of the present invention; Figure 8 This is a schematic diagram of the numerical control unit structure in an embodiment of the present invention; Figure label: 1-Sensor unit, 2-Sampling unit, 3-Filtering unit, 4-Detection unit, 5-Detector protection unit, 6-Waste liquid collection unit, 7-Numerical control unit; 11-Rain gauge, 12-Rainfall sensor, 13-Particulate matter concentration sensor, 14-Stainless steel bracket; 21-Stainless steel cabinet; 22-Rainfall collection tank; 23-Automatic opening and closing tank lid; 24-Drive motor; 25-Deionized water storage container; 26-First solenoid valve; 31-Rubber tubing, 32-Membrane filter, 33-Peristaltic pump; 41-Solenoid four-way valve; 42-Initial sample storage container; 43-Later sample storage container; 44 / 47-Conductivity measurement unit; 45 / 48-pH measurement unit; 46 / 49 Peristaltic pump; 51-Pure water storage container; 52-Second solenoid valve; 53-Saturated potassium chloride storage container; 54-Third solenoid valve; 61-Waste liquid collection container; 62-Solenoid three-way valve; 63-Level sensor; 64-Leak-proof tray; 71-CPU processor, 72-Data acquisition module, 73-Wireless communication module, 74-Power management module, 75-Display screen. Detailed Implementation

[0024] To address the problems existing in the prior art, this invention provides a segmented monitoring system and method for the contribution of precipitation acidity from within and beneath clouds. The system includes a sensor unit, a sampling unit, a filtering unit, a detection unit, a detector protection unit, a waste liquid collection unit, and a numerical control unit. The system automatically determines the cloud-inside or cloud-below stage based on a particulate matter concentration change rate threshold, and controls a sample switching module to achieve segmented data acquisition. The sampling unit automatically turns on when precipitation occurs and turns off after precipitation ends, and uses deionized water to rinse the sampling container. The detection unit performs online pH and conductivity measurements on samples from different stages, and discharges transitional samples through a drainage channel during the switching process. The detector protection unit performs pure water rinsing, protective agent soaking, and re-rinsing. The waste liquid collection unit collects the rinsing and protective liquids and monitors the liquid level. This invention can distinguish the relative contribution of cloud background and cloud-below scavenging to precipitation acidity, improving the accuracy and automation level of acid rain monitoring, and is suitable for research on the causes of acid rain and long-term unattended observation.

[0025] To make the objectives, technical solutions, and advantages of the embodiments of the present invention clearer, the technical solutions of the embodiments of the present invention will be clearly and completely described below with reference to the accompanying drawings. Obviously, the described embodiments are only some, not all, of the embodiments of the present invention. All other embodiments obtained by those skilled in the art based on the described embodiments of the present invention are within the scope of protection of the present invention.

[0026] It should be noted that the terminology used herein is for the purpose of describing particular embodiments only and is not intended to limit the scope of exemplary embodiments according to the invention. As used herein, the singular form is intended to include the plural form as well, unless the context clearly indicates otherwise. Furthermore, it should be understood that when the terms "comprising" and / or "including" are used in this specification, they indicate the presence of features, steps, operations, devices, components, and / or combinations thereof.

[0027] In one embodiment of the present invention, a segmented monitoring system for the contribution of precipitation acidity within and beneath clouds is provided. This system can automatically collect rain samples in segments and simultaneously conduct online acidity measurements during rainfall, linked with particulate matter information, to obtain structured information about precipitation and quantitatively distinguish the contributions of within and beneath clouds to precipitation acidity. This provides a scientific basis for analyzing the causes of acid rain and for regional pollution control. In this embodiment, as... Figure 1 As shown, the system includes: sensor unit 1, sampling unit 2, filtration unit 3, detection unit 4, detector protection unit 5, waste liquid collection unit 6, and numerical control unit 7. Each unit is connected via pipelines, valves, and electrical interfaces to form a complete integrated system for segmented collection of precipitation samples, real-time acidity detection, automatic rinsing, electrode protection, and centralized waste liquid collection.

[0028] The sensor module includes a sensor unit 1, a sampling unit 2, and a filtering unit 3. The sensor unit 1 is connected to the sampling unit 2 through a pipeline, and the sampling unit 2 is connected to the filtering unit 3 through a pipeline to collect rainfall signals and changes in particulate matter concentration, while recording the cumulative rainfall signal. The detection unit 4 is connected to the filter unit 3 through a pipeline and is used to detect the pH and conductivity of samples at different stages. The detector protection unit 5, connected to the detection unit 4, is used to automatically perform pure water rinsing, protective agent soaking and re-rinsing processes during non-sampling stages to maintain the stability of the pH and conductivity electrodes. Waste liquid collection unit 6 is connected to detection unit 4 and is used to identify the nature of rinsing waste liquid and guide it to the external discharge channel or waste liquid container according to type. It also has liquid level monitoring and alarm functions. The numerical control unit 7 is electrically connected to the sensor module, detection unit 4, detector protection unit 5, and waste liquid collection unit 6 respectively, to control segmented judgment and sample switching. Segmented judgment is used to automatically determine whether the current precipitation stage is the under-cloud clearing stage or the in-cloud stage based on the particulate matter concentration change rate. Sample switching is used to switch the sampling flow path between different stages and to export the transition sample through the venting channel during the switching process to avoid cross-contamination of stage samples and achieve physical separation. The numerical control unit 7 uniformly controls the segmented judgment, flow path switching, electrode protection, and waste liquid management operations, and records data such as pH, conductivity, rainfall, and particulate matter concentration, which are then uploaded to a remote server via wireless communication.

[0029] In use, this invention can combine changes in atmospheric particulate matter concentration to automatically distinguish between segmented monitoring of the contribution of cloud background and under-cloud particulate matter removal to precipitation acidity.

[0030] In the above embodiments, such as Figure 2 As shown, sensor unit 1 includes a rain gauge 11, a precipitation sensor 12, a particulate matter concentration sensor 13, and a stainless steel bracket 14. The rain gauge 11, precipitation sensor 12, and particulate matter concentration sensor 13 are all mounted on the stainless steel bracket 14. The rain gauge 11 is used to measure rainfall intensity and amount in real time; the precipitation sensor 12 is used to determine the start and end of rainfall; the particulate matter concentration sensor 13 is used to monitor changes in atmospheric particulate matter concentration before and after rainfall, providing a basis for the system to distinguish between in-cloud clearing and under-cloud clearing stages. The stainless steel bracket 14 is used to securely mount various sensors and maintain them at appropriate ventilation and sampling heights to ensure the representativeness and stability of the monitoring data.

[0031] In the above embodiments, such as Figure 3 As shown, sampling unit 2 constitutes a precipitation collection module. Sampling unit 2 includes a stainless steel cabinet 21, a precipitation collection bucket 22, an automatic opening and closing bucket lid 23, a drive motor 24, a deionized water storage container 25, and a first solenoid valve 26. The stainless steel bracket 14 in sensor unit 1 is located at one top corner of the top of the stainless steel cabinet 21, and the deionized water storage container 25 is located at the other top corner of the top of the stainless steel cabinet 21. The drive motor 24 is installed on the inner wall of the top of the stainless steel cabinet 21. The output end of the drive motor 24 is connected to the automatic opening and closing bucket lid 23 located outside the top of the stainless steel cabinet 21 through a transmission link, so as to drive the automatic opening and closing bucket lid 23 to realize the automatic opening and closing of the precipitation collection bucket 22. The precipitation collection bucket 22 is located on the right side of the automatic opening and closing bucket lid 23, adjacent to the deionized water storage container 25, and the first solenoid valve 26 is set between the deionized water storage container 25 and the precipitation collection bucket 22.

[0032] The stainless steel cabinet 21 supports and protects the internal components, ensuring long-term stable operation of the system in outdoor environments. The rainfall sampling bucket 22 collects precipitation samples; the automatic opening and closing lid 23 is driven by the drive motor 24 to open at the start of rainfall and automatically closes after rainfall to prevent dry sedimentation particles or gaseous pollutants from entering the rainfall sampling bucket 22. The deionized water storage container 25 is connected to the rainfall sampling bucket 22 via a first solenoid valve 26. After each sampling, the solenoid valve 26 controls the deionized water rinsing to remove residues and prevent cross-contamination between samples. The rinsing waste liquid is discharged into the waste liquid collection unit 6 through the drainage channel of the solenoid four-way valve 41.

[0033] During use, the lid 23 automatically opens to collect samples when rainfall occurs and automatically closes after rainfall ends. After sampling, the rainfall collection bucket 22 and related pipelines are automatically rinsed with deionized water under the control of the first solenoid valve 26, and the rinsing solution is discharged into the waste liquid collection unit 6 through the pipeline.

[0034] In the above embodiments, such as Figure 4 As shown, the filtration unit 3 is located at the outlet of the rainfall collection tank 22 of the sampling unit 2, and is used to pre-treat the collected precipitation samples. The filtration unit 3 includes a rubber tube 31 with an inner wall coated with inert material, a membrane filter 32, and a peristaltic pump 33. The liquid from the outlet of the rainfall collection tank 22 is introduced into the membrane filter 32 through the rubber tube 31 to remove particles larger than 0.6 μm. The filtered sample is stably transported by the peristaltic pump 33, and the outlet of the peristaltic pump 33 is connected to the electromagnetic four-way valve 41 of the detection unit 4. This structure can effectively prevent particle blockage and sample contamination, ensuring the stability of the liquid transport process and the accuracy of the detection results.

[0035] During use, after large particles are removed from the outlet of the rainfall collection bucket 22 by the membrane filter 32, the sample is stably transported by the peristaltic pump 33 to the inlet of the electromagnetic four-way valve 41 of the detection unit 4, thus achieving stable sample delivery.

[0036] In the above embodiment, the detection unit 4 is installed inside the stainless steel cabinet 21, such as... Figure 5As shown, the detection unit 4 includes an electromagnetic four-way valve 41, an initial sample storage container 42, a subsequent sample storage container 43, an initial sample online conductivity measurement unit 44, an initial sample pH measurement unit 45, an initial sample peristaltic pump 46, a subsequent sample online conductivity measurement unit 47, a subsequent sample pH measurement unit 48, and a subsequent sample peristaltic pump 49. The inlet of the electromagnetic four-way valve 41 is connected to the outlet of the peristaltic pump 33, the first outlet of the electromagnetic four-way valve 41 is connected to the inlet of the initial sample storage container 42, and the second outlet of the electromagnetic four-way valve 41 is connected to the inlet of the subsequent sample storage container 43. The outlet of the initial sample storage container 42 is connected to the first inlet of the initial sample online conductivity measurement unit 44 and the first inlet of the initial sample pH measurement unit 45, respectively. The outlets of the initial sample online conductivity measurement unit 44 and the initial sample pH measurement unit 45 are connected to the initial sample peristaltic pump 46. The outlet of the temporary sample storage container 43 is connected to the first inlet of the online conductivity measurement unit 47 and the first inlet of the pH measurement unit 48, respectively. The outlets of the online conductivity measurement unit 47 and the pH measurement unit 48 are connected to the peristaltic pump 49. The third outlet of the electromagnetic four-way valve 41 serves as an emptying channel, connected to the waste liquid collection unit 6, for waste liquid discharge during stage switching and rinsing processes. The detection results are recorded in real time by the CNC unit 7 and uploaded to the background database via a wireless communication module for long-term continuous data analysis and research on the causes of acid rain.

[0037] The electromagnetic four-way valve 41 automatically switches channels according to the rainfall stage, allowing samples to enter the initial sample storage container 42 and the later sample storage container 43 respectively. After temporary storage, the samples are introduced through corresponding pipelines to the initial sample online conductivity measurement unit 44 (or the later sample online conductivity measurement unit 47) and the initial sample pH measurement unit 45 (or the later sample pH measurement unit 48), respectively. The measured samples are then discharged into the waste liquid collection unit 6 by the initial sample peristaltic pump 46 (or the later sample peristaltic pump 49). The detection unit 4 enables independent detection of samples at different rainfall stages, ensuring the representativeness and timeliness of the measurement data.

[0038] In the above embodiment, the detector protection unit 5 is housed within the stainless steel cabinet 21. For example... Figure 6As shown, the detector protection unit 5 includes a pure water storage container (i.e., a deionized water container) 51, a second solenoid valve 52, a saturated potassium chloride storage container 53, and a third solenoid valve 54. The outlet of the pure water storage container 51 is connected to the second inlet of the online conductivity measurement unit 44 (or the second inlet of the subsequent sample online conductivity measurement unit 47), and is driven by the initial sample peristaltic pump 46 (or the subsequent sample peristaltic pump 49) to achieve automatic rinsing and wetting maintenance of the conductivity electrode; a second solenoid valve 52 is provided at the outlet of the pure water storage container 51. The outlet of the saturated potassium chloride storage container 53 is connected to the second inlet of the initial sample pH measurement unit 45 (or the second inlet of the subsequent sample pH measurement unit 48), and is driven by the initial sample peristaltic pump 46 (or the subsequent sample peristaltic pump 49) after sampling to achieve protective soaking of the pH electrode; a third solenoid valve 54 is provided at the outlet of the saturated potassium chloride storage container 53.

[0039] Before resampling, pure water can be introduced through the second solenoid valve 52 to rinse the pH measurement unit and remove residual potassium chloride solution from the electrode surface to ensure the accuracy and repeatability of the measurement.

[0040] In use, the pure water storage container 51 is connected to the second inlet of the online conductivity measurement unit 44 or the second inlet of the online conductivity measurement unit 47 for later samples via the second solenoid valve 52, for electrode rinsing after sampling and cleaning of residues before sampling; the saturated potassium chloride storage container 53 is connected to the second inlet of the initial sample pH measurement unit 45 or the second inlet of the later sample pH measurement unit 48 via the third solenoid valve 54, for electrode protection after sampling.

[0041] In the above embodiment, the waste liquid collection unit 6 is installed inside the stainless steel cabinet 21. For example... Figure 7 As shown, the waste liquid collection unit 6 includes a waste liquid collection container 61, a solenoid three-way valve 62, a liquid level sensor 63, and a leak-proof tray 64. The inlet end of the solenoid three-way valve 62 is connected to the outlet of the initial sample peristaltic pump 46 and the later sample peristaltic pump 49, and the first outlet end of the solenoid three-way valve 62 is connected to the inlet of the waste liquid collection container 61; the second outlet end of the solenoid three-way valve 62 serves as an external discharge channel, connected to the outside of the stainless steel cabinet 21 via a pipeline, and communicates with the external environment. A liquid level sensor 63 connected to the CNC unit 7 is installed on the top side wall of the waste liquid collection container 61, and a leak-proof tray 64 is installed at the bottom of the waste liquid collection container 61. The leak-proof tray 64 is located at the bottom of the stainless steel cabinet 21 to receive accidental leakage and provide safety protection.

[0042] Specifically, the electromagnetic three-way valve 62 is connected to the venting channel, rinsing drain channel of the detection unit 4, and the discharge channel of the detector protection unit 5, respectively, for the centralized collection of sample residue, rinsing waste liquid, and calibration waste liquid. When the cleaning waste liquid is pure water, the electromagnetic three-way valve 62 automatically switches to the external discharge channel; when the waste liquid contains acid or potassium chloride solution, the electromagnetic three-way valve 62 automatically switches to discharge into the waste liquid collection container 61. The liquid level sensor 63 is electrically connected to the CNC unit 7 for liquid level monitoring and overflow alarm.

[0043] In this embodiment, for environmental protection and to reduce the amount of waste liquid to be treated, the following measures are taken: External discharge channel: Primarily used for discharging precipitation samples after measurement. Because the "waste liquid" at this point is essentially natural rainwater, which is relatively clean, it is directly discharged back into the environment (external discharge). Waste liquid collection container 61: Specifically used to collect liquids containing chemical reagents, such as saturated potassium chloride solution (used to protect electrodes) or acid solutions for calibration; this portion must be recycled.

[0044] Specifically, the inlet of the electromagnetic three-way valve 62 is connected to the outlet of the initial sample peristaltic pump 46 and the later sample peristaltic pump 49 of the detection unit 4, and is used to receive the fluid flowing through the sensor. The numerical control unit 7 controls the switching of the electromagnetic three-way valve 62 according to the current stage of system operation: when the system is in the precipitation monitoring stage or the pure water rinsing stage, the fluid is mainly natural precipitation or pure water, and the electromagnetic three-way valve 62 switches to the external discharge channel to discharge the fluid directly into the environment; when the system is in the electrode protection stage or the calibration and maintenance stage, the fluid contains saturated potassium chloride protective solution or acidic calibration waste liquid, and the electromagnetic three-way valve 62 switches to the first outlet end to discharge the fluid into the waste liquid collection container 61 for centralized collection.

[0045] In this embodiment, from a hardware connection perspective, the detector protection unit 5 does not have a separate waste liquid outlet directly connected to the waste liquid valve. In fact, the liquid (such as potassium chloride) provided by the detector protection unit 5 first flows through the sensor of the detection unit 4, and is finally pumped out by the peristaltic pump (46 / 49) of the detection unit. Therefore, the physical inlet of the electromagnetic three-way valve (62) has only one source: the peristaltic pump outlet of the detection unit 4.

[0046] In use, the waste liquid collection unit 6 automatically identifies the type of waste liquid based on the conductivity or other physical properties of the waste liquid. Pure water waste liquid is discharged through the external discharge channel, while waste liquid containing preservatives is introduced into the waste liquid collection container 61. The liquid level sensor 63 monitors the liquid level change in real time and triggers an alarm signal when the liquid level reaches the preset upper limit.

[0047] In the above embodiment, the CNC unit 7 is mounted on the stainless steel cabinet 21. For example... Figure 8As shown, the numerical control unit 7 includes a CPU processor 71, a data acquisition module 72, a wireless communication module 73, a power management module 74, and a display 75. The CPU processor 71 is electrically connected to each sensor, solenoid valve, peristaltic pump, and detection unit, and is used to realize operations such as sampling start / stop, segment judgment, stage switching, automatic flushing, and electrode protection. The power management module 74 provides stable power to each unit. The data acquisition module 72 is used to record monitoring data such as rainfall, particulate matter concentration, pH value, and conductivity in real time. The wireless communication module 73 can connect to the backend server via 4G, LoRa, or WiFi networks, and upload synchronously recorded sampling start / end times, rainfall intensity, particulate matter concentration, pH value, conductivity, and sample volume at each stage to the backend database in real time, realizing remote data transmission, abnormal alarms, and unattended operation. The display 75 is used to locally display the precipitation acidity monitoring results and system operating status.

[0048] In this embodiment, the segmentation determination is based on the rate of change of particulate matter concentration: when rainfall begins, the decrease in particulate matter concentration relative to the baseline value before rainfall is less than a preset threshold ΔC. p0 When the concentration of particulate matter is 5%, it is determined that the cloud-based removal effect is weak, and the numerical control unit 7 automatically switches to cloud-based sampling. When the decrease in particulate matter concentration is equal to or exceeds the threshold, it is determined to be in the cloud-based removal stage.

[0049] In this embodiment, the stage switching involves automatically introducing the transition sample into the waste liquid collection unit 6 during the switching process to prevent mixing of samples from different stages.

[0050] In this embodiment, the electrode protection operates automatically in the following sequence: first, pure water rinsing is performed; second, a protective agent solution is injected for immersion; and finally, pure water rinsing is performed again to ensure long-term electrode stability and measurement accuracy.

[0051] In one embodiment of the present invention, a segmented monitoring method for the contribution of precipitation acidity within and below clouds is provided, thereby implementing the segmented monitoring system for the contribution of precipitation acidity within and below clouds in the above embodiments. In this embodiment, the segmented monitoring method includes the following steps: 1) Collect rainfall signals and particulate matter concentration change data, and record the cumulative rainfall signal.

[0052] Specifically, when the rainfall sensor 12 in sensor unit 1 detects a continuous precipitation signal, the numerical control unit 7 issues a command to drive the drive motor 24 of sampling unit 2 to open the automatic opening and closing bucket lid 23, allowing rainfall to enter the collection bucket 22. At the same time, the rain gauge 11 and the particulate matter concentration sensor 13 begin to synchronously monitor changes in rainfall intensity and atmospheric particulate matter concentration, providing a basis for subsequent sample segmentation.

[0053] 2) Determine whether the current precipitation stage is the under-cloud clearing stage or the in-cloud stage based on the particulate matter concentration change rate.

[0054] Specifically, the collected rainwater enters the filtration unit 3 through the outlet of the sampling unit 2, and is then introduced into the membrane filter 32 through the rubber tubing 31 coated with inert material, removing particles larger than 0.6 μm. The filtered sample is then stably delivered to the electromagnetic four-way valve 41 of the detection unit 4 under the constant flow drive of the peristaltic pump 33, ensuring a stable sample flow and a clean delivery path.

[0055] In this embodiment, the specific determination rule is as follows: When the decrease in particulate matter concentration relative to the pre-rainfall average after rainfall begins is less than the preset threshold ΔC p0 When the percentage decrease is 5%, it is determined to be in the cloud phase; when the decrease is equal to or exceeds the threshold, it is determined to be in the under-cloud clearing phase.

[0056] 3) Based on the judgment result, control the sample switching module to switch the flow path, guide the samples of different stages to the corresponding channels, and discharge the transition samples through the venting channel.

[0057] Specifically, the electromagnetic four-way valve 41 of the detection unit 4 automatically determines the rainfall stage and switches the flow path based on the particulate matter concentration change and rainfall intensity signals fed back by the sensor unit 1, respectively introducing samples from different stages into the initial sample storage container 42 or the later sample storage container 43. Transitional samples during the switching process are directly introduced into the waste liquid collection unit 6 through the drainage channel, effectively avoiding cross-mixing of samples from different stages.

[0058] 4) The pH and conductivity of the samples at each stage were measured online.

[0059] Specifically, samples from the initial sample storage container 42 and the later sample storage container 43 are introduced into the initial sample online conductivity measurement unit 44, the later sample online conductivity measurement unit 47, and the pH measurement unit (initial sample pH measurement unit 45 and later sample pH measurement unit 48) respectively through corresponding channels. A constant flow rate is provided by independent peristaltic pumps (initial sample peristaltic pump 46 and later sample peristaltic pump 49) to achieve online detection. The measured pH and conductivity values ​​are transmitted in real time to the data acquisition module 72 of the numerical control unit 7 and displayed synchronously on the display screen 75.

[0060] 5) The numerical control unit 7 synchronously collects, stores, and processes data such as rainfall, particulate matter concentration, pH, and conductivity, and automatically labels sample types based on rainfall time and stage information. The processed monitoring data is uploaded in real time to the background database via the wireless communication module 73 through 4G, LoRa, or WiFi networks for scientific research, acid rain cause analysis, and remote operation and maintenance management.

[0061] 6) During the non-sampling phase, the electrode protection process of rinsing with pure water, soaking in protective agent, and rinsing again is automatically executed. The protective agent is a saturated potassium chloride solution.

[0062] Specifically, when the rainfall sensor 12 determines that the rainfall has ended and the rain gauge 11 has no new readings, sampling is automatically terminated. The numerical control unit 7 controls the sampling unit 2 to close the lid 23 and starts the deionized water storage container 25. Under the control of the first solenoid valve 26, the rainfall collection container 22 and related pipelines are automatically flushed. The flushing waste liquid is discharged into the waste liquid collection unit 6 through the solenoid four-way valve 41. At the same time, the numerical control unit 7 controls the detector protection unit 5 to: open the second solenoid valve 52 of the pure water storage container 51 to flush the conductivity electrode with pure water; then open the third solenoid valve 54 of the saturated potassium chloride storage container 53 to inject potassium chloride solution into the pH electrode channel for protection. Before sampling again, the pH electrode channel can be automatically flushed with pure water to remove residual potassium chloride solution.

[0063] 7) Based on the properties of the waste liquid, pure water waste liquid and waste liquid containing preservatives are respectively directed to the external discharge channel or waste liquid container, and the liquid level changes are monitored in real time to trigger an alarm. Among them, the waste liquid management unit automatically determines the type of waste liquid based on the conductivity of the waste liquid and generates an alarm signal when the liquid level exceeds a preset threshold.

[0064] Specifically, the waste liquid collection unit 6 centrally collects waste liquid generated during sampling intervals, rinsing, and electrode protection processes, including electrode protection fluid and calibration residue. The waste liquid is diverted via a solenoid three-way valve 62: when it is pure water cleaning fluid, the external discharge channel is automatically opened; when it is acidic or contains potassium chloride, it is directed to the waste liquid collection container 61 for centralized storage. A level sensor 63 monitors the waste liquid level in real time and is linked with the CNC unit 7. When the level reaches a set threshold, an alarm is automatically triggered, prompting maintenance personnel to clean it promptly. A leak-proof tray 64 at the bottom of the cabinet is used to catch accidental leaks, ensuring operational safety and environmental friendliness.

[0065] 8) Record and store rainfall intensity, particulate matter concentration, pH, conductivity and segmented sample volume data throughout the sampling process, and upload them to a remote database via a wireless communication module.

[0066] Specifically, after completing rinsing and electrode protection, the CNC unit 7 shuts down all solenoid valves and peristaltic pumps, and the system returns to standby mode. At this time, all sampling channels are in sealed or protected mode to ensure a rapid response and re-entry into the automatic sampling process in the next rainfall event.

[0067] This invention achieves automatic segmented collection and real-time detection of precipitation samples through the coordinated operation of the above-mentioned units, avoiding cross-contamination of samples and significantly improving the representativeness and reliability of measurement data. At the same time, it sets up waste liquid collection and electrode protection mechanisms to ensure long-term stable operation of the system and prevent secondary environmental pollution. It is suitable for acid rain observation and regional atmospheric environment monitoring under different climatic and geographical conditions.

[0068] The system provided in this embodiment is used to execute the above-described method embodiments. For specific processes and details, please refer to the above embodiments, which will not be repeated here.

[0069] Finally, it should be noted that the above embodiments are only used to illustrate the technical solutions of the present invention, and not to limit them; although the present invention has been described in detail with reference to the foregoing embodiments, those skilled in the art should understand that modifications can still be made to the technical solutions described in the foregoing embodiments, or equivalent substitutions can be made to some of the technical features; and these modifications or substitutions do not cause the essence of the corresponding technical solutions to deviate from the spirit and scope of the technical solutions of the embodiments of the present invention.

Claims

1. A segmented monitoring system for the contribution of precipitation acidity within and below clouds, characterized in that, include: The sensor module includes a sensor unit (1), a sampling unit (2) and a filtering unit (3). The sensor unit (1) is connected to the sampling unit (2) through a pipeline, and the sampling unit (2) is connected to the filtering unit (3) through a pipeline to collect rainfall signals and particulate matter concentration changes, while recording the cumulative rainfall signal. The detection unit (4) is connected to the filter unit (3) through a pipeline and is used to detect the pH and conductivity of samples at different stages. The detector protection unit (5) is connected to the detection unit (4) and is used to automatically perform pure water rinsing, protective agent soaking and re-rinsing process during the non-sampling stage to maintain the stability of the pH and conductivity electrodes. Waste liquid collection unit (6) is connected to detection unit (4) to identify the nature of flushing waste liquid and guide it to the discharge channel or waste liquid container according to type. It also has liquid level monitoring and alarm functions. The numerical control unit (7) is electrically connected to the sensor module, the detection unit (4), the detector protection unit (5) and the waste liquid collection unit (6) respectively, so as to control the segment judgment and sample switching; The segmented determination function is used to automatically determine whether the current precipitation stage is the under-cloud clearing stage or the in-cloud stage based on the particulate matter concentration change rate; the sample switching function is used to switch the sampling flow path between different stages and to export the transition sample through the venting channel during the switching process; the CNC unit 7 uniformly controls the segmented determination, flow path switching, electrode protection and waste liquid management operations, and records pH, conductivity, rainfall and particulate matter concentration data, which are then uploaded to a remote server via wireless communication.

2. The segmented monitoring system for the contribution of precipitation acidity within and below clouds as described in claim 1, characterized in that, The sensor unit (1) includes a rain gauge (11), a rainfall sensor (12), a particulate matter concentration sensor (13), and a stainless steel bracket (14); the rain gauge (11), the rainfall sensor (12), and the particulate matter concentration sensor (13) are all mounted on the stainless steel bracket (14); The rain gauge (11) is used to measure the rainfall intensity and amount in real time; the rainfall sensor (12) is used to determine the start and end of rainfall; the particulate matter concentration sensor (13) is used to monitor the changes in atmospheric particulate matter concentration before and after rainfall, providing a basis for the system to distinguish between the cloud clearing and the under-cloud clearing stages.

3. The segmented monitoring system for the contribution of precipitation acidity within and below clouds as described in claim 1, characterized in that, The sampling unit (2) includes a stainless steel cabinet (21), a rainfall collection bucket (22), an automatic opening and closing bucket lid (23), a drive motor (24), a deionized water storage container (25), and a first solenoid valve (26). The stainless steel bracket (14) in the sensor unit (1) is set at one side corner of the top of the stainless steel cabinet (21), and the deionized water storage container (25) is set at the other side corner of the top of the stainless steel cabinet (21). The drive motor (24) is installed on the inner wall of the top of the stainless steel cabinet (21). The output end of the drive motor (24) is connected to the automatic opening and closing bucket cover (23) located outside the top of the stainless steel cabinet (21) through the transmission link, so as to drive the automatic opening and closing bucket cover (23) to realize the automatic opening and closing of the rainfall collection bucket (22). The rainfall collection bucket (22) is located on the right side of the automatic opening and closing bucket cover (23), adjacent to the deionized water storage container (25), and a first solenoid valve (26) is set between the deionized water storage container (25) and the rainfall collection bucket (22).

4. The segmented monitoring system for the contribution of precipitation acidity within and below clouds as described in claim 1, characterized in that, The filtration unit (3) is located at the outlet of the rainfall collection bucket (22) of the sampling unit (2) and is used to pre-process the collected precipitation samples. The filtration unit (3) includes a rubber tube (31) with an inner wall coated with inert material, a filter membrane (32) and a peristaltic pump (33). The liquid outlet of the rainfall collection bucket (22) is introduced into the filter membrane filter (32) through the rubber tube (31) to remove particles with a diameter greater than 0.6 μm; the filtered sample is stably transported by the peristaltic pump (33).

5. The segmented monitoring system for the contribution of precipitation acidity within and below clouds as described in claim 1, characterized in that, The detection unit (4) is set inside the stainless steel cabinet (21). The detection unit (4) includes an electromagnetic four-way valve (41), an initial sample temporary storage container (42), a later sample temporary storage container (43), an initial sample online conductivity measurement unit (44), an initial sample pH measurement unit (45), an initial sample peristaltic pump (46), a later sample online conductivity measurement unit (47), a later sample pH measurement unit (48), and a later sample peristaltic pump (49). The inlet of the electromagnetic four-way valve (41) is connected to the outlet of the peristaltic pump (33) of the filter unit (3), the first outlet of the electromagnetic four-way valve (41) is connected to the inlet of the initial sample storage container (42), and the second outlet of the electromagnetic four-way valve (41) is connected to the inlet of the later sample storage container (43). The outlet of the initial sample storage container (42) is connected to the first inlet of the initial sample online conductivity measurement unit (44) and the first inlet of the initial sample pH measurement unit (45), respectively. The outlet of the initial sample online conductivity measurement unit (44) and the outlet of the initial sample pH measurement unit (45) are connected to the initial sample peristaltic pump (46). The outlet of the temporary storage container (43) for the later sample is connected to the first inlet of the online conductivity measurement unit (47) for the later sample and the first inlet of the pH measurement unit (48) for the later sample, respectively. The outlet of the online conductivity measurement unit (47) for the later sample and the outlet of the pH measurement unit (48) for the later sample are connected to the peristaltic pump (49) for the later sample. The third outlet of the electromagnetic four-way valve (41) serves as an emptying channel and is connected to the waste liquid collection unit (6) for waste liquid discharge during stage switching and flushing processes.

6. The segmented monitoring system for the contribution of precipitation acidity within and below clouds as described in claim 1, characterized in that, The detector protection unit (5) is installed inside the stainless steel cabinet (21); the detector protection unit (5) includes a pure water storage container (51), a second solenoid valve (52), a saturated potassium chloride storage container (53) and a third solenoid valve (54). The outlet end of the pure water storage container (51) and the second inlet end of the online conductivity measurement unit (44) of the detection unit (4) or the online conductivity of the later sample. Measurement unit (47) is connected to the second inlet end and driven by the initial sample peristaltic pump (46) or the later sample peristaltic pump (49) of the detection unit (4) to realize automatic rinsing and wetting maintenance of the conductivity electrode; and a second solenoid valve (52) is provided at the outlet end of the pure water storage container (51). The outlet end of the saturated potassium chloride storage container (53) is connected to the second inlet end of the initial sample pH measurement unit (45) or the second inlet end of the later sample pH measurement unit (48) of the detection unit (4). After sampling, it is driven by the initial sample peristaltic pump detection unit (46) or the later sample peristaltic pump (49) to achieve the protective immersion of the pH electrode; and a third solenoid valve (54) is provided at the outlet end of the saturated potassium chloride storage container (53).

7. The segmented monitoring system for the contribution of precipitation acidity within and below clouds as described in claim 1, characterized in that, The waste liquid collection unit (6) is installed inside the stainless steel cabinet (21); the waste liquid collection unit (6) includes a waste liquid collection container (61), a solenoid three-way valve (62), a liquid level sensor (63) and a leak-proof tray (64). The inlet end of the electromagnetic three-way valve (62) is connected to the outlet of the initial sample peristaltic pump (46) and the later sample peristaltic pump (49) of the detection unit (4); The first outlet end of the electromagnetic three-way valve (62) is connected to the inlet of the waste liquid collection container (61); The second outlet of the electromagnetic three-way valve (62) serves as an external discharge channel, which is connected to the outside of the stainless steel cabinet (21) via a pipeline to communicate with the external environment. The top of the side wall of the waste liquid collection container (61) is equipped with a liquid level sensor (63) connected to the CNC unit (7), and the bottom of the waste liquid collection container (61) is equipped with a leak-proof tray (64), which is located at the bottom of the stainless steel cabinet (21).

8. The segmented monitoring system for the contribution of precipitation acidity within and below clouds as described in claim 1, characterized in that, The numerical control unit (7) is mounted on a stainless steel cabinet (21); the numerical control unit (7) includes a CPU processor (71), a data acquisition module (72), a wireless communication module (73), a power management module (74), and a display (75); The CPU processor (71) is electrically connected to each sensor, solenoid valve, peristaltic pump and detection unit to realize sampling start and stop, segment judgment, stage switching, automatic flushing and electrode protection operation. The power management module (74) provides stable power to each unit; the data acquisition module (72) is used to record rainfall, particulate matter concentration, pH value and conductivity monitoring data in real time; the wireless communication module (73) connects to the back-end server through the wireless network and uploads the synchronously recorded sampling start and end time, rainfall intensity, particulate matter concentration, pH value, conductivity and sample volume at each stage to the back-end database in real time. The display (75) is used to locally display the precipitation acidity monitoring results and the system operating status.

9. A segmented monitoring method for the contribution of precipitation acidity within and below clouds, implemented based on the segmented monitoring system for the contribution of precipitation acidity within and below clouds as described in any one of claims 1 to 8, characterized in that, include: Collect rainfall signals and particulate matter concentration change data, and record cumulative rainfall signals; Based on the rate of change in particulate matter concentration, the current precipitation stage can be determined as either the under-cloud clearing stage or the in-cloud stage. Based on the judgment result, the sample switching module is controlled to switch the flow path, guiding samples at different stages to the corresponding channels, and the transition sample is discharged through the emptying channel. Online pH and conductivity measurements were performed on samples from each stage. During the non-sampling phase, the electrode protection process automatically executes pure water rinsing, protective agent immersion, and re-rinsing; the protective agent is a saturated potassium chloride solution. Based on the properties of the waste liquid, pure water waste liquid and waste liquid containing preservatives are respectively directed to the external discharge channel or waste liquid container, and the liquid level changes are monitored in real time to trigger an alarm; The system records and stores rainfall intensity, particulate matter concentration, pH, conductivity, and segmented sample volume data throughout the sampling process, and uploads them to a remote database via a wireless communication module.

10. The segmented monitoring method for the contribution of precipitation acidity within and below clouds as described in claim 9, characterized in that, The current precipitation stage is determined based on the rate of change in particulate matter concentration, either as an in-cloud or sub-cloud clearing phase. When the decrease in particulate matter concentration relative to the pre-rain average after rainfall begins is less than a preset threshold, it is determined to be the cloud-in-cloud stage; when the decrease is equal to or exceeds the threshold, it is determined to be the under-cloud clearing stage.

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