An open-pit slope fissure water pumping system and method under high-cold freeze-thaw environment

Abstract

This invention provides a drainage system and method for fissure water on open-pit slopes in high-altitude freeze-thaw environments, relating to the field of open-pit mine slope hydrogeological management technology. It reconstructs the traditionally perceived adverse factor of blasting vibrations on slopes into a positive driving force for the directional migration of fissure water, constructing a closed-loop drainage mechanism of vibration release – enhanced fissure connectivity – water migration downhill – pit bottom collection – centralized drainage. This invention overcomes the limitations of traditional static drainage measures that rely on gravity seepage, solving the problem of low drainage efficiency caused by frequent fissure opening and closing and spatiotemporal fluctuations in water conductivity in high-altitude freeze-thaw environments. It significantly improves drainage efficiency while reducing the risk of slope instability caused by water, achieving an organic integration of mine production and slope management.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] This invention relates to the field of hydrogeological treatment technology for open-pit mine slopes, and to a drainage system and method for fissure water in open-pit slopes under high-altitude freeze-thaw conditions. Specifically, it relates to a drainage system and method for fissure water in open-pit slopes under high-altitude freeze-thaw conditions that migrates and concentrates at the bottom of the pit under the drive of production blasting vibration. Background Technology

[0002] In open-pit mining, slope stability is a key factor affecting mine safety and economic benefits. The presence of fissure water reduces the effective stress of the rock mass and the shear strength of structural surfaces, and may cause pore water pressure concentration in local areas, thus adversely affecting slope stability. In high-altitude and cold regions, the problem of slope fissure water is even more complex. In the freeze-thaw environment of high-altitude and cold regions, the occurrence and movement of fissure water are more complex. In winter, fissure water freezes to form ice filling or ice wedges, keeping the fissures in a closed or semi-closed state. When the temperature rises in spring, the ice melts, the fissures reopen, often accompanied by concentrated seepage, and even sudden water inrush or enhanced seepage. The repeated effects of freeze-thaw cycles continuously change the structural characteristics of fissures, resulting in significant spatiotemporal variations in fissure connectivity and permeability, greatly increasing the uncertainty of slope hydrogeological conditions.

[0003] Currently, the management of fissure water in open-pit slopes mainly relies on measures such as slope top intercepting drainage ditches, slope surface diversion facilities, horizontal or inclined drainage holes, deep dewatering wells, and local grouting and sealing. Among these, drainage holes are widely used for draining shallow to medium-sized fissure water due to their ease of construction and adaptability. However, due to the heterogeneity and discontinuity of fissures, many fissures are in a closed or semi-connected state, making it difficult to form effective hydraulic communication between drainage holes and water-rich fissures. This often results in low water output, rapid attenuation, or even no water output, leading to low drainage efficiency. In high-altitude freeze-thaw environments, fissure freezing further reduces water conductivity, severely limiting the effectiveness of the aforementioned traditional drainage measures. On the other hand, open-pit mines commonly use blasting operations. When blasting vibration waves propagate in the rock mass, they disturb the fissure structure, causing micro-opening, closed loops, and changes in local connectivity of the fissures. Under certain conditions, such vibration disturbances may alter the fissure seepage characteristics, thereby affecting their water conductivity. However, in current engineering practice, blasting vibration is mostly regarded as an adverse factor. Related research and control mainly focus on reducing its impact on slope stability, while systematic engineering application research on its role in improving the water conduction conditions of fissures has not been carried out, nor has a technical system combined with slope drainage measures been formed.

[0004] In summary, in high-altitude freeze-thaw environments, existing methods for managing fissure water on slopes mainly rely on static drainage measures, which are insufficient to effectively address the problems of insufficient fissure connectivity and limited water conductivity. Furthermore, the potential of blasting vibration to improve fissure seepage characteristics has not been effectively utilized. Therefore, it is necessary to research a drainage system and method for fissure water (migrating and concentrating at the bottom of the pit under the drive of production blasting vibration) on open-pit slopes in high-altitude freeze-thaw environments, in order to improve fissure water drainage efficiency and improve the hydrogeological conditions of the slope. Summary of the Invention

[0005] In view of the technical problems existing in the background art, the present invention provides a drainage system and method for fissure water in open-pit slopes under high-altitude freeze-thaw environments. This method constructs auxiliary drainage nodes at the upper part of the slope and utilizes production blasting vibrations to enhance fissure connectivity. Under the combined action of vibration disturbance and gravitational potential energy difference, fissure water migrates along the fissure network towards the low-potential area at the bottom of the pit. Efficient drainage is achieved through centralized pumping, thereby improving the hydrogeological conditions of the slope and reducing the risk of water-induced instability.

[0006] In a first aspect, embodiments of the present invention provide a drainage system for fissure water on an open slope in a high-altitude freeze-thaw environment, which includes an upper drainage unit, a disturbance unit, and a pit bottom water collection and drainage unit. The upper drainage unit is arranged in the upper part or slope area of ​​the water-rich fissure target area of ​​the drainage target area. It is used to receive the blasting vibration disturbance of the disturbance unit to form a dynamic conductive relationship with the natural fissure network, so that the fissure water migrates to the bottom of the pit under the combined action of blasting vibration disturbance and gravitational potential energy difference. The disturbance unit uses the vibration waves generated by open-pit mine blasting to apply dynamic disturbance to the water-rich target area of ​​the fracture. The pit bottom water collection and drainage unit is constructed at the bottom of the open-pit mine and is used to collect and drain fissure water that has migrated to the low-potential area at the bottom of the pit. The upper drainage unit and the bottom water collection and pumping unit form a multi-level fissure water migration channel through a natural fissure network, and the fissure water migrates to the bottom water collection and pumping unit along the multi-level fissure water migration channel.

[0007] As a further improvement of the present invention, the upper drainage unit includes drainage channels arranged in stages along the slope steps. Under the disturbance of blasting vibration, the drainage channels of adjacent steps form a relay drainage relationship through the natural fracture network, and are combined to form a multi-level fracture water migration channel, so that the fracture water of the upper level migrates to the lower level step area step by step.

[0008] As a further improvement of the present invention, the drainage channel is a plurality of drainage holes; the drainage holes are located above the seepage concentration area or at the intersection of fractures, and the axis of the holes is obliquely or nearly perpendicular to the main dominant fracture group, so as to penetrate or cut through the target fracture zone and form a local connection with the natural fracture network. The diameter of the drainage hole is 50mm~180mm, and the hole axis is set with a slope of 3°~10° along the drainage direction; The drainage hole adopts a sleeve wall protection, filter pipe support, screen pipe support or segmented wall protection structure, and a filter pipe or screen pipe is installed in the hole, and a reverse filter layer or flow guiding structure is configured.

[0009] As a further improvement of the present invention, the pit bottom water collection and drainage unit includes a water collection pit or water collection ditch arranged at the foot of the slope or in the low-lying area at the bottom of the pit, and a drainage device connected to the water collection pit or water collection ditch; the drainage device is a submersible pump or a slurry pump, which discharges the collected water through continuous or intermittent operation.

[0010] As a further improvement of the present invention, the system also includes a control unit, which determines the peak vibration velocity of the vibration particles acting on the water-rich fracture target area based on the hydraulic gradient, equivalent seepage path length, and equivalent flow guiding area between the water collection and drainage unit at the bottom of the pit and the water-rich fracture target area, as well as the target drainage volume; and designs the vibration parameters for the blasting of the disturbance unit in reverse using the vibration attenuation formula based on the peak vibration velocity of the vibration particles.

[0011] As a further improvement of the present invention, the vibration parameters include at least one of the following: single-stage charge amount, number of detonation stages, and spatial location of the detonation source.

[0012] As a further improvement of the present invention, the control unit determines the peak vibration velocity of the mass point based on the following equivalent permeability coefficient model: ; In the formula, denoted as the equivalent permeability coefficient after vibration, k0 as the original permeability coefficient of the rock mass, and PPV as the peak vibration velocity at a representative or controlling location within the water-rich fracture zone. , These are the regression parameters for the model.

[0013] As a further improvement of the present invention, the control unit determines the total permeability of fracture water based on the following permeability model: ; In the formula, For the target displacement, For hydraulic gradient, This represents the equivalent conductivity area during the migration of fracture water. For the water head of the upper fissure water-rich zone, For the water head of the catchment area at the bottom of the pit, It is the comprehensive equivalent seepage path length corresponding to the migration of fissure water along the dominant fissure network, inter-step drainage channels and local diversion nodes to the bottom water collection area.

[0014] As a further improvement of the present invention, the control unit sets the target drainage volume according to the drainage demand. By combining the seepage flow model and the equivalent permeability coefficient model expression, the correspondence between the peak vibration velocity (PPV) and the drainage capacity is established, thereby determining the range of values ​​for the peak vibration velocity that meets the target drainage capacity. The Sadovsky formula is used to achieve the quantitative design of vibration parameters. ; In the formula, This represents the maximum charge per segment. The distance between the explosion source and the control position of the water-rich target area in the fracture; It is the vibration attenuation coefficient related to rock mass conditions, topography, and blasting conditions.

[0015] As a further improvement of the present invention, the disturbance unit is activated during the melting period of the slope fissures or the freeze-thaw cycle, so as to improve drainage efficiency by taking advantage of the window period when the fissure connectivity is naturally enhanced. The control unit determines the freeze-thaw state of the crack based on changes in ambient temperature or the measured temperature of the crack. During the freezing period, the fissure water is in a frozen or semi-frozen state, the fissure water conductivity is low, and the control unit does not start or reduces the drainage intensity. During the thawing period and freeze-thaw cycle, the cracks gradually open, water is released, and the water conduction capacity is enhanced. The control unit starts or enhances the coordinated operation of the disturbance unit and the pit bottom water collection and pumping unit.

[0016] Secondly, embodiments of the present invention provide a method for pumping out fissure water on open slopes in a high-altitude freeze-thaw environment, which is based on the aforementioned system for pumping out fissure water on open slopes in a high-altitude freeze-thaw environment, and includes the following steps: S1. Based on the mining and stripping plan and the production blasting location, determine the current production area and the effective range of the blasting vibration in the production area; within the effective range, delineate the drainage target area according to the production priority principle, the drainage target area is a slope area with conditions for releasing fissure water and conditions for discharging to the low-potential area at the bottom of the pit; identify fissure water-rich target areas within the drainage target area. S2, construct an upper guide and drainage unit in the water-rich target area of ​​the slope fissure, which is used to form a dynamic conductive relationship with the natural fissure network under the vibration of the production blasting, so that the fissure water and the low potential area at the bottom of the pit form a potential energy migration path. S3, construct a pit bottom water collection and drainage unit in the low-lying area at the bottom of the pit; S4. Based on changes in ambient temperature, the freeze-thaw state of the fracture is determined. During the stage when the water conductivity of the fracture is enhanced, the vibration parameters for production blasting are designed according to the target drainage volume of the fracture water. S5, using the production blasting vibration in the production area to apply dynamic disturbance to the water-rich target area of ​​the fractures to enhance fracture connectivity; using the production blasting vibration to vibrate and disturb the water-rich target area of ​​the fractures, causing the fracture water to migrate along the natural fracture network and multi-level fracture water migration channels to the low-potential area at the bottom of the pit under the combined action of vibration disturbance and gravitational potential energy difference, and then be discharged centrally through the pit bottom water collection and pumping unit.

[0017] As a further improvement of the present invention, the methods for identifying the water-rich target area of ​​the slope fissure include at least one of: field investigation, wave velocity anomaly detection, borehole water return analysis, and simple geophysical exploration.

[0018] As a further improvement of the present invention, the dynamic disturbance is implemented when the fissure water is in a flowable state; in a high-altitude freeze-thaw environment, the dynamic disturbance is implemented when the fissure is in the thawing period or the freeze-thaw alternation stage, and is not implemented or the vibration intensity is reduced when the fissure is frozen.

[0019] As a further improvement of the present invention, the water-rich target area of ​​the fracture is identified by the following methods: on-site investigation of seepage points, wet patch distribution, joint fracture orientation and development density on the slope, combined with wave velocity anomaly, borehole water return or geophysical exploration methods, to determine the water-rich target area of ​​the fracture and its spatial distribution range, identify the dip and dip angle of the dominant fracture group, and determine the potential migration direction and collection path of fracture water.

[0020] Beneficial effects: 1. The method provided by this invention achieves a leapfrog improvement in drainage efficiency. The blasting vibration causes the originally closed or semi-connected fissures to periodically and dynamically open, continuously expanding the connected domain of the fissure network and resulting in an exponential increase in the equivalent permeability coefficient of the rock mass. Driven by the gravitational potential energy difference, fissure water efficiently converges towards the bottom of the pit along the dominant channels, completely overcoming the fundamental technical defects of traditional static drainage holes, such as low water output, rapid attenuation, or even no water at all, thus achieving a qualitative leap in drainage efficiency.

[0021] 2. The method provided by this invention significantly improves slope safety. After efficient drainage of fissure water, the pore water pressure in the rock mass is significantly reduced, effective stress is restored, and the shear strength of the structural surface is improved, thus eliminating the risk of water-induced slope instability at the root cause level. Simultaneously, by designing blasting vibration parameters with the dual objectives of drainage efficiency and slope stability in reverse, a self-consistent unity between vibration-driven drainage and slope protection is achieved. Furthermore, a quantitative relationship is established between the peak particle velocity of blasting vibration, the equivalent permeability coefficient, and the target drainage volume. This upgrades fissure water drainage from a passive operation dependent on experience to a scientific method oriented towards drainage objectives and capable of precise reverse design of blasting parameters.

[0022] 3. The method provided by this invention greatly optimizes engineering economics. It directly utilizes the vibration waves generated by normal blasting in adjacent mining areas, eliminating the need for additional dedicated vibration sources or large-scale drainage equipment. This organically integrates normal mine production activities with slope fissure water treatment, significantly reducing additional engineering investment, equipment energy consumption, and operating costs. Combined with precise timing of the freeze-thaw window, it further achieves maximum drainage benefits with minimal energy consumption, resulting in outstanding cost-effectiveness.

[0023] 4. The method provided by this invention discovers and utilizes the natural time-dependent characteristics of the natural opening of fissures during the thawing period and the freeze-thaw alternation period in high-altitude and cold mining areas. It adaptively matches the timing of external vibration energy application with the activatability state of the rock mass, thereby leveraging the maximum dynamic connectivity of the fissure network with minimal engineering cost. This fundamentally solves the problem of spatiotemporal fluctuations caused by the repeated opening and closing of fissures and the difficulty of traditional drainage holes to continuously and effectively guide water in high-altitude and cold freeze-thaw environments.

[0024] 5. The method provided by this invention constructs a new model for mine management, forming a new paradigm of mine safety and efficiency that promotes management through production and ensures safety through management. It is especially suitable for complex environments such as high altitude and high-altitude freeze-thaw cycles, and has broad application prospects and replicability.

[0025] The above description is merely an overview of the technical solution of the present invention. In order to better understand the technical means of the present invention and to implement it in accordance with the contents of the specification, and in order to make the above and other objects, features and advantages of the present invention more apparent and understandable, specific embodiments of the present invention are described below. Attached Figure Description

[0026] To more clearly illustrate the technical solution of the present invention, the accompanying drawings used in the present invention will be briefly described below. Obviously, the drawings described below are merely some embodiments of the present invention, and those skilled in the art can obtain other drawings based on these drawings without any creative effort.

[0027] Figure 1 This is a schematic flowchart of the method for pumping out fissure water on open slopes in a high-altitude freeze-thaw environment provided in Embodiment 1 of the present invention.

[0028] Figure 2 This is a schematic diagram of the drainage system for fissure water on open slopes in a high-altitude freeze-thaw environment, provided in Embodiment 2 of the present invention. Detailed Implementation

[0029] The embodiments of the technical solution of the present invention will now be described in detail with reference to the accompanying drawings. These embodiments are merely illustrative of the technical solution of the present invention and are therefore intended to limit the scope of protection of the present invention.

[0030] Unless otherwise defined, all technical and scientific terms used herein have the same meaning as commonly understood by one of ordinary skill in the art to which this invention pertains; the terminology used herein is for the purpose of describing particular embodiments only and is not intended to limit the invention; the terms “comprising” and “having”, and any variations thereof, in the specification, claims, and foregoing description of the invention, are intended to cover non-exclusive inclusion.

[0031] In the description of the embodiments of this invention, technical terms such as "first" and "second" are used only to distinguish different objects and should not be construed as indicating or implying relative importance or implicitly specifying the number, specific order, or primary and secondary relationship of the indicated technical features. In the description of the embodiments of this invention, "multiple" means two or more, unless otherwise explicitly defined.

[0032] In this document, the term "embodiment" means that a particular feature, structure, or characteristic described in connection with an embodiment may be included in at least one embodiment of the invention. The appearance of this phrase in various places throughout the specification does not necessarily refer to the same embodiment, nor is it a separate or alternative embodiment mutually exclusive with other embodiments. It will be explicitly and implicitly understood by those skilled in the art that the embodiments described herein can be combined with other embodiments.

[0033] In the description of the embodiments of this invention, the term "and / or" is merely a description of the relationship between related objects, indicating that three relationships can exist. For example, A and / or B can represent: A existing alone, A and B existing simultaneously, and B existing alone. Additionally, the character " / " in this document generally indicates that the preceding and following related objects have an "or" relationship.

[0034] In the description of the embodiments of the present invention, the term "multiple" refers to two or more (including two), similarly, "multiple groups" refers to two or more (including two groups), and "multiple pieces" refers to two or more (including two pieces).

[0035] In the description of the embodiments of the present invention, the technical terms "center," "longitudinal," "lateral," "length," "width," "thickness," "upper," "lower," "front," "rear," "left," "right," "vertical," "horizontal," "top," "bottom," "inner," "outer," "clockwise," "counterclockwise," "axial," "radial," and "circumferential" indicate the orientation or positional relationship based on the orientation or positional relationship shown in the accompanying drawings. They are only for the convenience of describing the embodiments of the present invention and simplifying the description, and are not intended to indicate or imply that the device or element referred to must have a specific orientation, or be constructed and operated in a specific orientation. Therefore, they should not be construed as limitations on the embodiments of the present invention.

[0036] In the description of the embodiments of the present invention, unless otherwise explicitly specified and limited, the technical terms such as "installation," "connection," "joining," and "fixing" should be interpreted broadly. For example, they can refer to a fixed connection, a detachable connection, or an integral part; they can refer to a mechanical connection or an electrical connection; they can refer to a direct connection or an indirect connection through an intermediate medium; they can refer to the internal communication of two components or the interaction between two components. Those skilled in the art can understand the specific meaning of the above terms in the embodiments of the present invention according to the specific circumstances.

[0037] To address the technical challenges of frequent fissure opening and closing and spatiotemporal fluctuations in water conductivity under high-altitude freeze-thaw environments, which hinder the effective connection of traditional drainage holes, this invention provides a system and method for pumping fissure water from open-pit slopes in high-altitude freeze-thaw environments. Specifically, it is a system and method for pumping fissure water from open-pit slopes under the influence of blasting vibrations in high-altitude freeze-thaw environments, migrating and concentrating at the bottom of the pit. This transforms blasting vibrations from an unfavorable disturbance factor to an active driving force for fissure water flow, constructing a closed-loop drainage mechanism of vibration release, enhanced fissure connectivity, water migration, pit bottom collection, and centralized pumping. In detail, this invention actively reconstructs the existing vibrations generated by normal mine blasting into a positive power source that enhances fissure connectivity and drives the directional migration of fissure water, turning a potential hazard into a beneficial one. Establishing a quantitative relationship between peak particle velocity of blasting vibration, equivalent permeability coefficient of rock mass, and target drainage volume upgrades fissure water drainage from a passive operation relying on experience to a scientific method oriented towards drainage targets and capable of reverse-engineering precise design of blasting parameters. This ensures that vibration energy falls precisely within a safe window that effectively activates fissure water conduction without causing slope instability. Utilizing the natural time-dependent characteristics of fissure opening during the thawing and freeze-thaw cycles in high-altitude mining areas, the timing of external vibration energy application is adaptively matched with the activatability state of the rock mass. This leverages the maximum dynamic connectivity of the fissure network with minimal engineering cost, fundamentally solving the spatiotemporal fluctuation problem of repeated fissure opening and closing and the inability of traditional drainage holes to continuously and effectively conduct water in high-altitude freeze-thaw environments.

[0038] Please refer to Figure 1 As shown, this invention provides a method for pumping out fissure water on open slopes in a high-altitude freeze-thaw environment, comprising the following steps: S1. First, the drainage target area is determined based on the production area. The relationship between the drainage area and the production area is determined according to the principle of production priority. First, the current or near-term production area is determined based on the mining and stripping plan, bench advance direction, production blasting location, and effective range of blasting vibration. Then, based on the production area, and combined with the fissure water occurrence conditions, hydraulic head difference, and migration conditions to the pit bottom, the drainage target area is delineated within the range where production blasting vibration can effectively act.

[0039] In other words, the drainage area is not determined independently and prioritized, but rather selected from the established production area and the area within the range of blasting vibration that has the conditions for releasing fissure water.

[0040] The target drainage area is delineated after the established production area is determined. Its location is not solely based on a fixed distance, but rather on the principle of "not interfering with production operations, being able to withstand the vibrations from production blasting, and having the conditions to discharge into the low-lying area at the bottom of the pit." Specifically, within the slope range surrounding the current production blasting area, drainage target areas should be avoided, including mining and transportation roads, blast pile areas, equipment operating platforms, and areas planned for stripping in the near future. Priority should be given to slope areas located within the range of blasting vibrations and having the conditions to discharge into the water collection area at the bottom of the pit.

[0041] After determining the target area, the distribution of seepage points, wet patches, joint fracture orientation and development density on the slope are investigated on-site. Combined with the characteristics of sections with obvious freeze-thaw effects, wave velocity anomalies, borehole water return or simple geophysical exploration methods are used when necessary to determine the water-rich target area of ​​the fracture and its spatial distribution range. The dip and inclination of the dominant fracture group are also identified to determine the potential migration direction and collection path of fracture water.

[0042] S2, one or more drainage holes are arranged in the upper part or slope area of ​​the water-rich fissure target area to form auxiliary drainage and pressure relief channels. Multiple drainage holes can be arranged in stages along the slope steps, and under the disturbance of blasting vibration, they gradually form a relay drainage channel through the fissure network, so that the upper fissure water migrates to the lower step area step by step, and finally collects in the pit bottom water collection system.

[0043] Drainage holes are preferably located above areas of concentrated seepage or at the intersection of fissures, with the hole axis intersecting or nearly perpendicular to the main dominant fissure group to improve the fissure penetration rate.

[0044] Furthermore, the drainage holes of adjacent steps are connected by a natural fracture network, allowing the fracture water to gradually migrate to the next level drainage hole or guide node under the disturbance of blasting vibration, thus constructing a multi-level fracture water migration system of upper release - graded guidance - lower collection - bottom pumping.

[0045] The drainage holes have a diameter of 50–180 mm, and the hole axis is sloped at 3°–10° along the drainage direction to facilitate natural water outflow. These drainage holes serve as channels for guiding and draining fractured water under the vibration of production blasting, and their structure should meet the requirements for continuous flow guidance under vibration conditions.

[0046] To prevent instability of the drainage hole wall, local collapse, or damage to the flow guiding structure, casing wall protection, filter pipe support, screen pipe support, or segmented wall protection structure can be used to improve the structural stability and flow guiding stability of the drainage hole under vibration conditions.

[0047] For areas with well-developed fissures or fractured rock masses, it is preferable to install perforated filter pipes inside the borehole and fill the outside of the filter pipes with reverse filter material to reduce the risk of borehole wall spalling, local borehole collapse, and fine particle blockage under blasting vibration.

[0048] Furthermore, the drainage holes are preferably connected to the natural fracture network at multiple points. Even if the local fracture connectivity changes or a local section of the hole is disturbed, the fracture water can still continue to migrate downwards through other drainage channels, thereby ensuring the continuous flow capacity of the overall drainage system under vibration conditions.

[0049] S3. Construct a water collection and drainage system at the bottom of the open-pit mine. Based on the migration trend of fissure water on the slope, arrange collection pits or ditches in low-lying areas at the toe of the slope or the bottom of the pit, so that the fissure water driven by vibration can converge towards the low-lying area. The water collection system is connected to a drainage device, which is a submersible pump or a slurry pump. Through continuous or intermittent operation, the water collected at the bottom of the pit is discharged to a designated drainage system, thereby constructing a concentrated flow and regional pressure reduction drainage system for fissure water.

[0050] S4. In high-altitude freeze-thaw environments, the state of the fissures is determined based on temperature changes to select the appropriate drainage timing. During the freezing period, the fissure water is in a frozen or semi-frozen state, and the fissure's water conductivity is relatively low, resulting in limited drainage efficiency. During the thawing period and the freeze-thaw transition phase, the fissure connectivity is enhanced, the water release effect is significant, and the water conductivity is improved. This is the critical stage for implementing vibration-driven drainage.

[0051] Under dynamic disturbance conditions, the contact state between fracture walls changes, the fracture aperture and the connectivity of the fracture network increase, resulting in an increase in the overall equivalent permeability of the rock mass. This equivalent permeability can be expressed as: ; In the formula, Equivalent permeability coefficient after vibration k 0 The original permeability coefficient of the rock mass is given by , and PPV is the peak vibration velocity of a particle at a representative or controlling location within the water-rich fracture zone. , These are the regression parameters for the model.

[0052] Rock samples with lithology, fracture and joint characteristics consistent with the target fracture water-rich area were selected, and indoor permeability tests and dynamic disturbance joint calibration were carried out.

[0053] By cyclic loading tests, impact loading tests, or shaking table tests, the effects of dynamic disturbances of different intensities are simulated, and permeability tests are carried out under different disturbance conditions to obtain the equivalent permeability coefficient under the corresponding conditions. And record the initial permeability coefficient. .

[0054] Furthermore, a correspondence is established between indoor dynamic disturbance conditions and on-site blasting vibration peak particle velocity (PPV), realizing the mapping of indoor disturbance parameters to on-site blasting vibration parameters.

[0055] Peak vibration data under different test conditions and Data substitution: ; Using log-linear regression: ; Determine calibration parameters , .

[0056] For cases with multiple fractures and local isolation, this method does not calculate the hydraulic gradient and seepage flow of each individual fracture, but instead treats the target fracture water-rich target area as an overall seepage unit for equivalent processing.

[0057] For fracture networks that do not form effective interconnected channels, since there are no continuous seepage paths between fractures and they only exhibit a local stagnant state, the overall regional hydraulic gradient and seepage flow are not calculated.

[0058] Only after the drainage holes and the fracture network form an effective conductive relationship under the disturbance of blasting vibration, is the target fracture water-rich area treated as an overall equivalent seepage unit for hydraulic gradient and total seepage flow calculation.

[0059] In this method, the fracture zone is directionally cut through by drainage holes and combined with the disturbance effect of production blasting vibration, so that the original isolated or semi-through fractures gradually form an effective connecting channel.

[0060] During the propagation of blasting vibration waves in fractured rock masses, periodic relative displacement and local contact state changes can be caused between fracture walls, resulting in localized conduction of previously closed or semi-connected fractures and improving the hydraulic connectivity between fracture networks.

[0061] On an engineering scale, under the influence of vibration disturbance and the conduction of drainage holes, the fracture network gradually forms effective interconnected channels, and the migration of fracture water manifests as overall seepage. At this point, the sum of the seepage flows from each fracture can be uniformly represented as the total regional permeability (seepage flow model) satisfying: ; In the formula, For the target displacement, For hydraulic gradient, This represents the equivalent conductivity area during the migration of fracture water. For the water head of the upper fissure water-rich zone, For the water head of the catchment area at the bottom of the pit, It is the comprehensive equivalent seepage path length corresponding to the migration of fissure water along the dominant fissure network, inter-step drainage channels and local diversion nodes to the bottom water collection area.

[0062] Under the combined effects of vibration disturbance and gravitational potential energy difference, fissure water migrates from the high-head area to the low-head area and eventually converges into the water collection system at the bottom of the pit.

[0063] Set the target drainage volume based on drainage requirements. Combining the above seepage flow model and equivalent permeability coefficient expression, the correspondence between peak vibration velocity (PPV) and drainage capacity is established, thereby determining the range of peak vibration velocity values ​​to meet the target drainage capacity. The Sadovsky formula is used to achieve quantitative design of vibration parameters, and the calculation formula is as follows: ; In the formula, The peak particle velocity at the control position of the water-rich target area in the fracture; This represents the maximum charge per segment. The distance between the explosion source and the control position of the water-rich target area in the fracture; It is the vibration attenuation coefficient related to rock mass conditions, topography, and blasting conditions.

[0064] The parameters It can be obtained through regression analysis of on-site test blasting and vibration monitoring data.

[0065] The PPV is the peak particle velocity applied at a representative or control position in the water-rich target area of ​​the fracture.

[0066] The representative location is preferably set in the central area of ​​the water-rich fissure zone, the area where major fissures intersect, the area near the drainage hole, or the area of ​​the main channel for expected fissure water migration.

[0067] In obtaining the peak particle velocity of the target vibration Subsequently, considering the uncertainties of on-site blasting vibration, monitoring errors, and construction fluctuations, an allowable deviation range is set for the target vibration value. This deviation range is determined comprehensively based on the accuracy of the on-site vibration monitoring system, the volatility of blasting parameters, and safety control requirements, and is generally taken as follows: ; In the formula, For vibration control, an allowable deviation of approximately ±5 cm / s can be taken in engineering.

[0068] Furthermore, the PPV value should meet the requirements for slope stability control and be determined by the current blasting safety regulations to ensure that the slope rock mass does not experience significant instability, through-damage, or local collapse under the action of blasting vibration. When the calculated PPV value exceeds the slope vibration safety control range, the vibration-driven drainage method will not be adopted, but conventional drainage measures will be used for treatment.

[0069] S5, fissure water is released under the action of blasting vibration, and migrates to the bottom of the pit along the drainage hole through the enhanced connectivity of the fissure network. Finally, it enters the water collection system and is discharged through the pumping device, forming a drainage process of vibration release - enhanced fissure connectivity - water migration - pit bottom collection - centralized pumping.

[0070] Example 1: Embodiment 1 of this invention provides a method for draining fissure water from an open-pit slope in a high-altitude freeze-thaw environment. Taking an open-pit mine slope in a high-altitude region as an example, the mining area is located at an altitude of 3076-3540m, and the rock mass is mainly composed of limestone with well-developed joints and fissures, significantly affected by seasonal freeze-thaw cycles. Field investigation revealed multiple seepage points and wet patches in the upper and middle parts of the slope, with densely developed fissures and localized fissure water retention. This water is prone to concentrated seepage during the thawing period, adversely affecting slope stability. The method includes the following steps: S1. Identify the spatial distribution of fissure water on the slope. Through on-site investigation and recording of seepage point locations, fissure orientation and density characteristics, combined with borehole return water and wave velocity anomaly analysis, it was determined that the water-rich target area of ​​the fissures is mainly distributed in the middle and upper part of the slope, and the dominant fissure group tends to point towards the mining pit.

[0071] S2, drainage holes are arranged above the water-rich target area of ​​the fracture. The drainage holes are located above the seepage concentration zone and at the fracture intersection, with the hole axis nearly perpendicular to the dominant fracture group to improve the fracture penetration rate. In this embodiment, the drainage hole diameter is 140 mm, the single hole depth is approximately 10 m, and the equivalent length L from the final boundary area to the bottom of the pit is... e The borehole is 312m long, with an approximately 5° slope along the drainage direction. A perforated filter pipe is installed inside the borehole and filled with filter material to prevent clogging by fine particles.

[0072] S3 involves constructing a water collection and drainage system at the bottom of the pit, setting up a water collection pit in the low-lying area at the toe of the slope, and equipping it with a submersible pump for continuous drainage, so that the fissure water can be collected in the low-lying area and discharged in a timely manner.

[0073] S4 & S5, during the melting stage, utilize production blasting in adjacent mining areas to vibrate and disturb the water-rich areas of the fractures.

[0074] Set the target drainage volume based on drainage requirements. The initial permeability coefficient of the rock mass is 3.2 × 10⁻⁶. -4m / s, the head difference between the water-rich area of ​​the fissure and the bottom of the pit is 632m, based on the equivalent length L e =312m. Based on the spatial distribution range of the water-rich zone of the fractures, the influence range of the drainage holes, and the conductivity range of the fracture network, the diameter of the drainage holes was determined to be 0.14m, i.e. The hydraulic gradient i is then 0.7431. Empirical parameters were fitted from indoor rock mechanics experiments. The calculated PPV value is approximately 19.3 cm / s. This target point does not exceed the slope vibration safety control limit of 26.2 cm / s specified in the current blasting safety regulations, and is within the slope vibration safety control range. Therefore, it can be used as the control target value for vibration-driven drainage in this embodiment.

[0075] With the peak vibration velocity of approximately 19.3 cm / s obtained, the on-site blasting parameters were designed and controlled in reverse. Considering the vibration fluctuations, monitoring errors, and construction uncertainties, a control range of ±5 cm / s was set for the PPV. By adjusting the charge amount per segment, the peak vibration velocity at representative control locations within the water-rich fracture zone was stabilized within the range of 14.3–24.3 cm / s to ensure that the fracture network was sufficiently disturbed by vibration.

[0076] Under the action of blasting vibration, the original closed or semi-connected fractures are activated, the fracture connectivity is significantly enhanced, and the equivalent permeability coefficient of the rock mass is significantly increased. Under the combined effect of vibration disturbance and gravitational potential energy difference, fracture water migrates from the water-rich area in the middle and upper part along the direction of the dominant fractures to the low-potential area at the bottom of the pit, and gradually converges into the water collection pit.

[0077] Under the action of blasting vibration, the release of fissure water exhibits a phased enhancement characteristic, forming a connection with the drainage holes. This allows the water that was originally stagnant in the fissures in the upper part of the slope to be continuously released, and ultimately achieves concentrated collection and pumping to the bottom of the pit. This process establishes a drainage mechanism of vibration-induced connection - enhanced fissure connectivity - water migration to the bottom of the pit - collection at the bottom of the pit - concentrated pumping.

[0078] Compared with traditional methods that rely on gravity seepage or simple borehole drainage, this embodiment introduces blasting vibration as a driving means, which significantly improves the water conductivity of the fracture network and the efficiency of water migration. It is especially suitable for slope conditions with frequent fracture opening and closing and large fluctuations in water conductivity in high-altitude freeze-thaw environments, and has good engineering applicability and promotion value.

[0079] Monitoring results show that as the number of vibration cycles increases, the water output from the drainage hole and the water collection at the bottom of the pit both show a significant upward trend, indicating that the vibration driving effect effectively promotes the migration and release of fissure water.

[0080] Through the above measures, a stable fissure water discharge channel is gradually formed, allowing the water that was originally trapped in the fissures in the upper part of the slope to be continuously released and eventually concentrated and pumped out to the bottom of the pit. This process constructs a cyclical drainage mechanism of vibration-induced connectivity enhancement, fissure migration, pit bottom collection, and concentrated pumping out. Compared with traditional methods that rely on gravity seepage or simple borehole drainage, this embodiment introduces blasting vibration as a driving means, which significantly improves the water conductivity of the fissure network and the water migration efficiency. It is especially suitable for slope conditions with frequent fissure opening and closing and large fluctuations in water conductivity in high-altitude freeze-thaw environments, and has good engineering applicability and promotion value.

[0081] Example 2: Please see Figure 2 As shown, Embodiment 2 of the present invention provides a method for pumping out fissure water on an open slope in a high-altitude freeze-thaw environment, including an upper drainage unit, a disturbance unit, a pit bottom water collection and pumping unit, and a control unit.

[0082] The upper drainage unit is arranged in the upper part or slope area of ​​the water-rich fissure target area of ​​the drainage target area. It is used to receive the blasting vibration disturbance of the disturbance unit to form a dynamic conductive relationship with the natural fissure network, so that the fissure water migrates to the bottom of the pit under the combined action of blasting vibration disturbance and gravitational potential energy difference. The disturbance unit uses the vibration waves generated by open-pit mine blasting to apply dynamic disturbance to the water-rich target area of ​​the fracture. The pit bottom water collection and drainage unit is constructed at the bottom of the open-pit mine and is used to collect and drain fissure water that has migrated to the low-potential area at the bottom of the pit. The upper drainage unit and the bottom water collection and pumping unit form a multi-level fissure water migration channel through a natural fissure network, and the fissure water migrates to the bottom water collection and pumping unit along the multi-level fissure water migration channel.

[0083] The upper drainage unit includes drainage channels arranged in stages along the slope steps. Under the disturbance of blasting vibration, the drainage channels of adjacent steps form a relay drainage relationship through the natural fracture network, and are combined to form a multi-level fracture water migration channel, so that the fracture water of the upper level migrates to the lower level step area step by step.

[0084] The drainage channel consists of multiple drainage holes; the drainage holes are located above the seepage concentration area or at the intersection of fractures, and the hole axis is obliquely or nearly perpendicular to the main dominant fracture group, so as to penetrate or cut through the target fracture zone and form a local connection with the natural fracture network; The diameter of the drainage hole is 50mm~180mm, and the hole axis is set with a slope of 3°~10° along the drainage direction; The drainage hole adopts a sleeve wall protection, filter pipe support, screen pipe support or segmented wall protection structure, and a filter pipe or screen pipe is installed in the hole, and a reverse filter layer or flow guiding structure is configured.

[0085] The pit bottom water collection and drainage unit includes a water collection pit or water collection ditch arranged at the foot of the slope or in a low-lying area at the bottom of the pit, and a drainage device connected to the water collection pit or water collection ditch; the drainage device is a submersible pump or a slurry pump, which discharges the collected water through continuous or intermittent operation.

[0086] The control unit determines the peak vibration velocity of the vibration point acting on the water-rich fracture target area based on the hydraulic gradient, equivalent seepage path length, and equivalent flow area between the water collection and drainage unit at the bottom of the pit and the water collection and drainage unit, as well as the target drainage volume; and uses the vibration attenuation formula to reverse-engineer the vibration parameters for the blasting produced by the disturbance unit based on the peak vibration velocity of the vibration point.

[0087] The disturbance unit is activated during the thawing period of the slope fissures or during the freeze-thaw cycle, in order to improve drainage efficiency by taking advantage of the window period when the fissure connectivity is naturally enhanced. The control unit determines the freeze-thaw state of the crack based on changes in ambient temperature or the measured temperature of the crack. During the freezing period, the fissure water is in a frozen or semi-frozen state, the fissure water conductivity is low, and the control unit does not start or reduces the drainage intensity. During the thawing period and freeze-thaw cycle, the cracks gradually open, water is released, and the water conduction capacity is enhanced. The control unit starts or enhances the coordinated operation of the disturbance unit and the pit bottom water collection and pumping unit.

[0088] In summary, this invention provides a drainage system and method for fissure water in open-pit slopes under high-altitude freeze-thaw conditions, relating to the field of open-pit mine slope hydrogeological management technology. This invention reconstructs blasting vibration from an unfavorable factor on the slope into a positive driving force for the directional migration of fissure water, constructing a closed-loop drainage mechanism of vibration release, enhanced fissure connectivity, water migration downwards, pit bottom collection, and centralized drainage. By establishing a quantitative relationship model between the peak particle velocity of blasting vibration and the equivalent permeability coefficient of the rock mass, reverse precision design of blasting parameters oriented towards drainage objectives is achieved. By identifying and utilizing the window period of natural fissure opening during the thawing period in high-altitude freeze-thaw environments, the maximum activation of the fissure network is achieved with minimal engineering cost. Through the spatial relay of the upper drainage hole guide node, the middle vibration-driven fissure network, and the pit bottom centralized drainage system, a complete potential energy-driven drainage path is formed. This invention breaks through the limitations of traditional static drainage measures that rely on gravity seepage, and solves the problem of low drainage efficiency caused by frequent crack opening and closing and spatiotemporal fluctuations in water conductivity in high-altitude freeze-thaw environments. While significantly improving drainage efficiency, it reduces the risk of slope instability caused by water, and realizes the organic integration of mining production and slope management.

[0089] It should be noted that the present invention is not limited to the above-described embodiments. The above embodiments are merely examples, and any embodiments that have the same structure and perform the same effects as the technical concept within the scope of the present invention are included within the scope of the present invention. Furthermore, various modifications that can be conceived by those skilled in the art to the embodiments, and other ways of constructing by combining some of the constituent elements of the embodiments, without departing from the spirit of the present invention, are also included within the scope of the present invention.

Claims

1. A drainage system for fissure water on open slopes in high-altitude freeze-thaw environments, characterized in that, It includes an upper drainage unit, a disturbance unit, and a pit bottom water collection and pumping unit; The upper drainage unit is arranged in the upper part or slope area of ​​the water-rich fissure target area of ​​the drainage target area. It is used to receive the blasting vibration disturbance of the disturbance unit to form a dynamic conductive relationship with the natural fissure network, so that the fissure water migrates to the bottom of the pit under the combined action of blasting vibration disturbance and gravitational potential energy difference. The disturbance unit uses the vibration waves generated by open-pit mine blasting to apply dynamic disturbance to the water-rich target area of ​​the fracture. The pit bottom water collection and drainage unit is constructed at the bottom of the open-pit mine and is used to collect and drain fissure water that has migrated to the low-potential area at the bottom of the pit. The upper drainage unit and the bottom water collection and pumping unit are connected by a natural fissure network to form a multi-level fissure water migration channel, and the fissure water migrates to the bottom water collection and pumping unit along the multi-level fissure water migration channel.

2. The drainage system for fissure water on an open slope in a high-altitude freeze-thaw environment according to claim 1, characterized in that, The upper drainage unit includes drainage channels arranged in stages along the slope steps. Under the disturbance of blasting vibration, the drainage channels of adjacent steps form a relay drainage relationship through the natural fracture network, and are combined to form a multi-level fracture water migration channel, so that the fracture water of the upper level migrates to the lower level step area step by step.

3. The drainage system for fissure water on an open slope in a high-altitude freeze-thaw environment according to claim 2, characterized in that, The drainage channel consists of multiple drainage holes; the drainage holes are located above the seepage concentration area or at the intersection of fractures, and the hole axis is obliquely or nearly perpendicular to the main dominant fracture group, so as to penetrate or cut through the target fracture zone and form a local connection with the natural fracture network; The diameter of the drainage hole is 50mm~180mm, and the hole axis is set with a slope of 3°~10° along the drainage direction; The drainage hole adopts a sleeve wall protection, filter pipe support, screen pipe support or segmented wall protection structure, and a filter pipe or screen pipe is installed in the hole, and a reverse filter layer or flow guiding structure is configured.

4. The drainage system for fissure water on an open slope in a high-altitude freeze-thaw environment according to claim 1, characterized in that, The pit bottom water collection and drainage unit includes a water collection pit or water collection ditch arranged at the toe of the slope or in the low-lying area at the bottom of the pit, and a drainage device connected to the water collection pit or water collection ditch; the drainage device is a submersible pump or a slurry pump, which discharges the collected water through continuous or intermittent operation.

5. The drainage system for fissure water on an open slope in a high-altitude freeze-thaw environment according to claim 1, characterized in that, The system also includes a control unit, which determines the peak vibration velocity of the vibration particles acting on the water-rich fracture target area based on the hydraulic gradient, equivalent seepage path length, and equivalent flow area between the water collection and drainage unit at the bottom of the pit and the target drainage volume; and uses the vibration attenuation formula to design the vibration parameters for the blasting of the disturbance unit based on the peak vibration velocity of the vibration particles.

6. The drainage system for fissure water on an open slope in a high-altitude freeze-thaw environment according to claim 5, characterized in that, The control unit determines the peak vibration velocity of the mass particles based on the following equivalent permeability coefficient model: ； In the formula, denoted as the equivalent permeability coefficient after vibration, k0 as the original permeability coefficient of the rock mass, and PPV as the peak vibration velocity at a representative or controlling location within the water-rich fracture zone. , These are the regression parameters for the model.

7. A drainage system for fissure water on an open slope in a high-altitude freeze-thaw environment, as described in claim 6, is characterized in that... The control unit determines the target drainage volume based on the following seepage flow model: ； In the formula, For the target displacement, For hydraulic gradient, This represents the equivalent conductivity area during the migration of fracture water. For the water head of the upper fissure water-rich zone, For the water head of the catchment area at the bottom of the pit, It is the comprehensive equivalent seepage path length corresponding to the migration of fissure water along the dominant fissure network, inter-step drainage channels and local diversion nodes to the bottom water collection area.

8. A drainage system for fissure water on an open slope in a high-altitude freeze-thaw environment, as described in claim 7, is characterized in that... The control unit sets the target drainage volume based on drainage demand. By combining the seepage flow model and the equivalent permeability coefficient model expression, the correspondence between the peak vibration velocity (PPV) and the drainage capacity is established, thereby determining the range of values ​​for the peak vibration velocity that meets the target drainage capacity. The Sadovsky formula is used to achieve the quantitative design of vibration parameters. ； In the formula, This represents the maximum charge per single segment; The distance between the explosion source and the control position of the water-rich target area in the fracture; It is the vibration attenuation coefficient related to rock mass conditions, topography, and blasting conditions.

9. A drainage system for fissure water on an open slope in a high-altitude freeze-thaw environment, as described in claim 5, is characterized in that... The disturbance unit is activated during the thawing period of the slope fissures or during the freeze-thaw cycle, in order to improve drainage efficiency by taking advantage of the window period when the fissure connectivity is naturally enhanced. The control unit determines the freeze-thaw state of the crack based on changes in ambient temperature or the measured temperature of the crack. During the freezing period, the fissure water is in a frozen or semi-frozen state, the fissure water conductivity is low, and the control unit does not start or reduces the drainage intensity. During the thawing period and freeze-thaw cycle, the cracks gradually open, water is released, and the water conduction capacity is enhanced. The control unit starts or enhances the coordinated operation of the disturbance unit and the pit bottom water collection and pumping unit.

10. A method for pumping out fissure water from open-air slopes in a high-altitude freeze-thaw environment, characterized in that, The system for pumping out fissure water on an open slope in a high-altitude freeze-thaw environment, based on any one of claims 1 to 9, comprises the following steps: S1. Based on the mining and stripping plan and the production blasting location, determine the current production area and the effective range of the blasting vibration in the production area; within the effective range, delineate the drainage target area according to the production priority principle, the drainage target area is a slope area with conditions for releasing fissure water and conditions for discharging to the low-potential area at the bottom of the pit; identify fissure water-rich target areas within the drainage target area. S2, construct an upper guide and drainage unit in the water-rich target area of ​​the slope fissure, which is used to form a dynamic conductive relationship with the natural fissure network under the action of production blasting vibration, so that the fissure water and the low potential area at the bottom of the pit form a potential energy migration path. S3, construct a pit bottom water collection and drainage unit in the low-lying area at the bottom of the pit; S4. Based on changes in ambient temperature, the freeze-thaw state of the fracture is determined. During the stage when the water conductivity of the fracture is enhanced, the vibration parameters for production blasting are designed according to the target drainage volume of the fracture water. S5, using the production blasting vibration in the production area to apply dynamic disturbance to the water-rich target area of ​​the fractures to enhance fracture connectivity; using the production blasting vibration to vibrate and disturb the water-rich target area of ​​the fractures, causing the fracture water to migrate along the natural fracture network and multi-level fracture water migration channels to the low-potential area at the bottom of the pit under the combined action of vibration disturbance and gravitational potential energy difference, and then be discharged centrally through the pit bottom water collection and pumping unit.

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