Device and method for acquiring user's emergent factors

Abstract

A device and method for measuring a plurality of data indicative of at least one emergent factor of a user are disclosed. In one aspect, an example device includes a circuit board wearable by a user and located within a housing, the circuit board having a first surface and a second surface opposite the first surface, a first sensor disposed on the first surface of the circuit board, and a second sensor disposed on the second surface of the circuit board, the first sensor and the second sensor being thermally insulated, and the first and second sensors measuring the at least one emergent factor of the user. In one embodiment, the example device is configured to simultaneously and continuously measure a skin surface temperature and an environmental temperature.

Description

[Technical Field]

[0001] CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS This application claims priority to U.S. Provisional Application No. 63 / 479671, filed January 12, 2023, U.S. Provisional Application No. 63 / 601909, filed November 22, 2023, and U.S. Provisional Application No. 63 / 612832, filed December 20, 2023, the contents of each of which are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety.

[0002] The disclosed technology generally relates to systems, wearable devices, and methods for capturing emergent properties of biological systems, living organisms, or complex adaptive systems, such as humans, or non-biological systems. More specifically, the disclosed technology relates to physiological assessment of a human user by capturing the user's emergent factors using a non-invasive wearable device to maintain or improve health. The disclosed technology also generally relates to an automatically or manually adjustable band. [Background technology]

[0003] Known health monitoring wearable devices may utilize digital temperature sensors to accurately measure a user's skin temperature and the temperature of the surrounding environment. However, such known devices for monitoring a user are insufficient. For example, there is a need for improved thermal designs to maximize thermal impedance or minimize thermal crosstalk between different temperature sensors in health monitoring wearable devices. Additionally, there is a need for health monitoring wearable devices that can acquire a user's emergent factors that are indicative of the user's homeostasis and health status. Further details regarding emergent factors indicative of a user's homeostasis and health status are described in International Patent Application No. PCT / US2021 / 048053, filed August 27, 2021, and entitled "Systems and Methods for Measuring, Learning, and Using Emergent Properties of Complex Adaptive Systems," the disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference.

[0004] A historical perspective sheds light on various advantages of the presently disclosed technology. Known devices and methods for monitoring biological systems, as well as known systems for maintaining or improving health, are inadequate. For example, known wearable devices generally exist in the off-the-shelf market, but many patients and users are excluded from that market. As yet another example, known wearable devices generally are "one size fits all," but many patients and users cannot accommodate such devices. Furthermore, wearable devices generally achieve their intended function only when worn as intended, and perform little or no function unless worn substantially continuously. While there are typically critical moments when a wearable device should be worn, off-the-shelf and one-size-fits-all devices have characteristics that may not be worn at those moments, often motivating patients and users to remove the wearable device. Summary of the Invention

[0005] Methods for designing, manufacturing, adjusting, and improving adjustable wearable devices for adaptive and extended use are disclosed. The disclosed technology provides a user-wearable device, the device comprising: a band configured to be worn in substantially full cross-sectional contact with a biological compartment of the user; a tensioning mechanism connected to the band, the tensioning mechanism configured to allow a circumference of the band to (i) expand to accommodate fluid inflow into the biological compartment, and (ii) contract to accommodate fluid outflow from the biological compartment, such that the band maintains substantially full cross-sectional contact with the biological compartment of the user; and a sensor connected to the band, the sensor configured to collect a plurality of patient data. Methods for collecting and distributing data collected via the device are also disclosed. In certain embodiments of the disclosed device and method, the data is related to the health performance of the user. In certain embodiments of the disclosed device and method, the data is related to the heat flux of the user. In certain embodiments of the disclosed device and method, the data is related to the heat flux of the user over a plurality of circadian cycles.

[0006] The present disclosure provides methods for designing and manufacturing a device for continuously and contextually characterizing an individual's metabolic state by measuring their thermal signature to assess what is referred to as their thermoregulatory phenotype. Changes to this phenotype are sensitive indicators of changes in health status. The device is designed and configured for human use to provide a general correlation between an individual's thermal signature and physiological reserve. The thermal signature contains additional information for practical assessment of readiness. Clinical studies are designed to collect data that will provide new vital signs of homeostasis and comprehensive health signatures applicable to the early detection of many disease states and the management of individual health and readiness.

[0007] In one aspect, the disclosed technology relates to a device configured to measure a plurality of data indicative of at least one emergent factor of a user, the device including: a circuit board located within a housing and having a first surface and a second surface opposite the first surface; a first sensor disposed on the first surface of the circuit board; and a second sensor disposed on the second surface of the circuit board, the first sensor and the second sensor being thermally insulated, and the first and second sensors measuring the at least one emergent factor of the user.

[0008] In some embodiments, the first sensor is a thermal sensor and the second sensor is a heat sensor. In some embodiments, the first sensor measures skin temperature. In some embodiments, the second sensor measures environmental temperature. In some embodiments, the device further includes a battery. In some embodiments, the battery is disposed between the first sensor and the second sensor. In some embodiments, the battery serves to thermally isolate the first sensor from the second sensor. In some embodiments, the second sensor is connected to a thermal ring. In some embodiments, the thermal ring is in contact with the user. In some embodiments, the device further includes a processor and firmware.

[0009] For example, one example of a device is configured to measure a plurality of data indicative of at least one emergent factor of a user, the device comprising: a circuit board; a first channel of the circuit board configured to measure an environmental temperature; and a second channel of the circuit board configured to measure a skin temperature of the user, the first channel and the second channel being separated. In some embodiments, the device further includes a battery, a processor, and firmware.

[0010] In some embodiments, the device is wearable by a user. In some embodiments, the device further includes a band configured to be worn in substantially complete cross-sectional contact with a user's biological compartment. The band may be automatically or manually adjusted, as described in U.S. Provisional Application No. 63 / 371,365, filed August 12, 2022, entitled "Non-Invasive Wearable for Physiological Assessment of Physical and Cognitive Readiness for Military Missions," the disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference. For example, a tensioning mechanism may be coupled to the band, configured to allow the circumference of the band to expand to accommodate fluid inflow into the biological compartment and contract to accommodate fluid outflow from the biological compartment, such that the band maintains substantially complete cross-sectional contact with the user's biological compartment. A sensor configured to collect user data may be coupled to the band.

[0011] In another aspect, the disclosed technology relates to a method for measuring a plurality of data indicative of at least one emergent factor of a user, the method comprising the steps of measuring an ambient temperature of the user via a first sensor and measuring a skin temperature of the user via a second sensor, the first sensor and the second sensor being separate.

[0012] In some embodiments, the method further includes estimating heat removal of the biological system over time based on environmental temperature difference, estimating heat production of the biological system over time based on skin temperature, and estimating a basal metabolic state of the biological system based on the temporal alignment of heat removal and heat production.

[0013] In some embodiments, the method further comprises obtaining a quasi-periodic rhythm of the biological system based on environmental temperature and skin temperature, wherein the quasi-periodic rhythm is second-, minute-, ultradian, circadian, circallunar, or yearly.

[0014] In some embodiments, the method further includes obtaining a variability of the quasi-periodic rhythm over a predetermined time period and determining health performance based on the variability of the quasi-periodic rhythm.

[0015] In some embodiments, the method further includes estimating heat removal of the biological system over time based on an environmental temperature difference, estimating heat production of the biological system over time based on skin temperature, estimating a basal metabolic state of the biological system based on the temporal alignment of heat removal and heat production, and determining health capacity by applying a time-dependent function to the estimated basal metabolic state, wherein the time-dependent function is derived from the quasi-periodic rhythm of the biological system.

[0016] In some embodiments, the data is related to the health performance of the user. In some embodiments, the plurality of data includes heat flux data. In some embodiments, the data is related to the heat flux of the user. In some embodiments, the data is related to the heat flux of the user over a plurality of circadian cycles. In some embodiments, at least one health performance is a basal metabolic state and at least one emergent factor is a temporal alignment of heat production and heat removal. In some embodiments, the temporal alignment is related to at least one quasi-periodic rhythm of a biological system. In some embodiments, the at least one quasi-periodic rhythm is a circadian rhythm.

[0017] In some embodiments, the device continuously and contextually characterizes a user's metabolic state by measuring the user's thermal signature and assessing the user's thermoregulatory status. Changes to the user's thermoregulatory status are sensitive indicators of changes in the user's health status. The device may be configured to determine a general association between a user's thermal signature and physiological reserve. The device may indicate a homeostatic vital sign or health signature of the user, which may be utilized for early detection of disease states and personal health management.

[0018] In another aspect, the disclosed technology relates to a device configured to measure a plurality of data indicative of at least one emergent factor of a user, the device comprising: a housing; a circuit board located within the housing and having a first surface and a second surface opposite the first surface; a first sensor disposed on the first surface of the circuit board and attached to a first thermal window portion; and a second sensor disposed on the second surface of the circuit board and attached to a second thermal window portion, the first sensor and the second sensor being separated, the first thermal window portion and the second thermal window portion being separated, and the second sensor being attached to the circuit board by a flexible connector.

[0019] In some embodiments, the first sensor is a thermal sensor and the second sensor is a thermal sensor.

[0020] In some embodiments, the first sensor measures skin temperature.

[0021] In some embodiments, the second sensor measures an environmental temperature.

[0022] In some embodiments, the first thermal window portion is in contact with the user and the second thermal window portion is in contact with ambient air.

[0023] In some embodiments, the first thermal window and the second thermal window are thermally conductive, allowing long-range Bluetooth signals to be transmitted through the device.

[0024] In some embodiments, the first thermal window portion and the second thermal window portion have thicknesses configured to allow for an efficient first sensor response and an efficient second sensor response.

[0025] In some embodiments, the first thermal window portion and the second thermal window portion are made of a dielectric material.

[0026] In some embodiments, the dielectric material is sapphire.

[0027] In some embodiments, the dielectric material is diamond.

[0028] In some embodiments, the dielectric material is synthetic sapphire or synthetic diamond.

[0029] In some embodiments, the device further comprises a battery.

[0030] In some embodiments, the first sensor and the second sensor are thermally isolated.

[0031] In some embodiments, the first sensor and the second sensor are configured to measure data indicative of the at least one emergent factor of the user.

[0032] In some embodiments, the battery is disposed between the first sensor and the second sensor.

[0033] In some embodiments, the battery serves to thermally isolate the first sensor from the second sensor.

[0034] In some embodiments, the device further includes a processor and firmware.

[0035] In another aspect, the disclosed technology relates to a device configured to measure a plurality of data indicative of at least one emergent factor of a user, the device comprising: a circuit board; a first channel of the circuit board configured to measure an ambient temperature; and a second channel of the circuit board configured to measure a skin temperature of the user, the first channel and the second channel being separated, the first channel being attached to a first thermal window portion that contacts the user, and the second channel being attached to a second thermal window portion that contacts ambient air.

[0036] In some embodiments, the device further includes a battery, a processor, and firmware.

[0037] In some embodiments, the first thermal window portion and the second thermal window portion are separated.

[0038] In some embodiments, the first thermal window portion and the second thermal window portion are made of a dielectric material.

[0039] In another aspect, the disclosed technology relates to a method for measuring a plurality of data indicative of at least one emergent factor of a user, the method comprising the steps of measuring the user's ambient temperature via a first sensor and measuring the user's skin temperature via a second sensor, the first sensor and the second sensor being separated, the first sensor being attached to a first thermal window portion, and the second sensor being attached to a second thermal window portion.

[0040] In some embodiments, the method further comprises estimating heat removal of the biological system over time based on environmental temperature difference, estimating heat production of the biological system over time based on skin temperature, and estimating a basal metabolic state of the biological system based on the temporal alignment of heat removal and heat production.

[0041] In some embodiments, the method further comprises obtaining a quasi-periodic rhythm of the biological system based on environmental temperature and skin temperature, wherein the quasi-periodic rhythm is second-, minute-, ultradian, circadian, circallunar, or yearly.

[0042] In some embodiments, the method further comprises obtaining a variability of the quasi-periodic rhythm over a predetermined time period and determining health performance based on the variability of the quasi-periodic rhythm.

[0043] In some embodiments, the method further comprises estimating heat removal of a biological system over time based on an environmental temperature difference, estimating heat production of the biological system over time based on skin temperature, estimating a basal metabolic state of the biological system based on the temporal alignment of heat removal and heat production, and determining health capacity by applying a time-dependent function to the estimated basal metabolic state, wherein the time-dependent function is derived from the quasi-periodic rhythm of the biological system.

[0044] In some embodiments, the plurality of data includes heat flux data.

[0045] In some embodiments, the at least one health capacity is basal metabolic state and the at least one emergent factor is the temporal alignment of heat production and heat removal.

[0046] In some embodiments, the temporal alignment is associated with at least one quasi-periodic rhythm of a biological system.

[0047] In some embodiments, the at least one quasi-periodic rhythm is a circadian rhythm.

[0048] In another aspect, the disclosed technology relates to a device configured to measure a plurality of data indicative of at least one emergent factor of a user, the device including: a housing; a circuit board located within the housing and having a first surface and a second surface opposite the first surface; a first sensor disposed on the first surface of the circuit board; a second sensor disposed on the second surface of the circuit board; and a battery disposed between the first sensor and the second sensor, wherein the first sensor and / or the second sensor are thermally insulated from the circuit board and the battery by a first insulating material.

[0049] In some embodiments, the first sensor is attached to the first thermal window.

[0050] In some embodiments, the second sensor is attached to a second thermal window.

[0051] In some embodiments, the first thermal window portion and the second thermal window portion are separated.

[0052] In some embodiments, the first thermal window portion is in contact with the user and the second thermal window portion is in contact with ambient air.

[0053] In some embodiments, the first thermal window and the second thermal window are thermally conductive, allowing Bluetooth signals to be transmitted through the device.

[0054] In some embodiments, the first thermal window portion and the second thermal window portion have thicknesses configured to allow for an efficient first sensor response and an efficient second sensor response.

[0055] In some embodiments, the first thermal window portion and the second thermal window portion are made of a dielectric material.

[0056] In some embodiments, the dielectric material is sapphire.

[0057] In some embodiments, the dielectric material is diamond.

[0058] In some embodiments, the dielectric material is a composite.

[0059] In some embodiments, the first sensor is a thermal sensor and the second sensor is a thermal sensor.

[0060] In some embodiments, the first sensor and the second sensor are thermally isolated.

[0061] In some embodiments, the first sensor measures skin temperature.

[0062] In some embodiments, the second sensor measures an environmental temperature.

[0063] In some embodiments, the first sensor and the second sensor are configured to measure data indicative of the at least one emergent factor of the user.

[0064] In some embodiments, the device further includes a processor and firmware.

[0065] In some embodiments, the first insulating material is disposed on the first side of the circuit board and / or the second side of the circuit board.

[0066] In some embodiments, the first insulation comprises three-dimensional (3D) printed plastic insulation, a reflective foil, a reflective super-insulating material, or any combination thereof.

[0067] In some embodiments, the three-dimensional (3D) printed plastic insulation is configured to minimize heat transfer between the first sensor and / or the second sensor and the circuit board and the battery.

[0068] In some embodiments, the reflective foil and / or the reflective superinsulating material are configured to reflect radiant heat transfer between the first sensor and / or the second sensor and the circuit board and the battery.

[0069] In some embodiments, at least one surface of the housing comprises a second insulating material, a mesh of air pockets, or any combination thereof.

[0070] In some embodiments, the second insulating material and / or the mesh of the air pocket are configured to minimize heat transfer through the periphery of the device.

[0071] In some embodiments, the second insulation is a three-dimensionally printed plastic insulation.

[0072] In another aspect, the disclosed technology relates to a device configured to measure a plurality of data indicative of at least one emergent factor of a user, the device comprising: a housing; a circuit board located within the housing; a first channel on the circuit board configured to measure a skin temperature of the user; and a second channel on the circuit board configured to measure an environmental temperature, the first channel and the second channel being separated; and at least one surface of the housing comprising a thermal insulator, a mesh of air pockets, or any combination thereof.

[0073] In some embodiments, the insulation and / or mesh of the air pockets are configured to minimize heat transfer through the periphery of the device.

[0074] In some embodiments, the insulation is a three-dimensional printed plastic insulation.

[0075] In some embodiments, the device further comprises a battery, a processor, firmware, or any combination thereof.

[0076] In some embodiments, the first channel is attached to a first thermal window portion that contacts the user, and the second channel is attached to a second thermal window portion that contacts ambient air.

[0077] In some embodiments, the first thermal window portion and the second thermal window portion are separated.

[0078] In some embodiments, the first thermal window and the second thermal window are thermally conductive, allowing Bluetooth signals to be transmitted through the device.

[0079] In some embodiments, the first thermal window portion and the second thermal window portion have thicknesses configured to allow for an efficient first sensor response and an efficient second sensor response.

[0080] In some embodiments, the first thermal window portion and the second thermal window portion are made of a dielectric material.

[0081] In some embodiments, the dielectric material is sapphire.

[0082] In some embodiments, the dielectric material is diamond.

[0083] In some embodiments, the dielectric material is a composite.

[0084] In some embodiments, a first sensor is attached to the first thermal window.

[0085] In some embodiments, a second sensor is attached to the second thermal window.

[0086] In some embodiments, the first sensor is a thermal sensor and the second sensor is a thermal sensor.

[0087] In some embodiments, the first sensor and the second sensor are thermally isolated.

[0088] In some embodiments, the first sensor measures skin temperature.

[0089] In some embodiments, the second sensor measures an environmental temperature.

[0090] In some embodiments, the first sensor and the second sensor are configured to measure data indicative of the at least one emergent factor of the user.

[0091] In another aspect, the disclosed technology relates to a method for measuring a plurality of data indicative of at least one emergent factor of a user, the method comprising measuring an environmental temperature and a skin temperature of the user using any of the devices disclosed above.

[0092] In some embodiments, the method further includes estimating heat removal of the biological system over time based on environmental temperature difference, estimating heat production of the biological system over time based on skin temperature, and estimating a basal metabolic state of the biological system based on the temporal alignment of heat removal and heat production.

[0093] In some embodiments, the method further comprises obtaining a quasi-periodic rhythm of the biological system based on environmental temperature and skin temperature, wherein the quasi-periodic rhythm is second-, minute-, ultradian, circadian, circallunar, or yearly.

[0094] In some embodiments, the method further includes obtaining a variability of the quasi-periodic rhythm over a predetermined time period and determining health performance based on the variability of the quasi-periodic rhythm.

[0095] In some embodiments, the method further includes estimating heat removal of the biological system over time based on an environmental temperature difference, estimating heat production of the biological system over time based on skin temperature, estimating a basal metabolic state of the biological system based on the temporal alignment of heat removal and heat production, and determining health capacity by applying a time-dependent function to the estimated basal metabolic state, wherein the time-dependent function is derived from the quasi-periodic rhythm of the biological system.

[0096] In some embodiments, the plurality of data includes heat flux data.

[0097] In some embodiments, the at least one health capacity is basal metabolic state and the at least one emergent factor is the temporal alignment of heat production and heat removal.

[0098] In some embodiments, the temporal alignment is associated with at least one quasi-periodic rhythm of a biological system.

[0099] In some embodiments, the at least one quasi-periodic rhythm is a circadian rhythm. [Brief explanation of the drawings]

[0100] [Figure 1] FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram illustrating one example of how the disclosed devices can be used in a system for detecting, processing, communicating, and displaying user data and health information. [Figure 2] FIG. 2 is a diagram showing an example of a device of the disclosed technique, an electronic component of the example of the device, and a cross-sectional view of the example of the device. [Figure 3] FIG. 3 is a diagram showing a cross-sectional view of an example of a device of the disclosed technology and a signal measured by the example of the device. [Figure 4] FIG. 4 is a diagram showing a cross-sectional view of an example of a device according to the disclosed technique. [Figure 5]FIG. 5 is a diagram showing a plan view and a cross-sectional view of an example of a device according to the disclosed technique. [Figure 6] FIG. 6 is a diagram illustrating an embodiment of a device of the disclosed technology. [Figure 7] FIG. 7 is a diagram illustrating in simplified form certain components of an example device of the disclosed technology. [Figure 8] FIG. 8 is a diagram illustrating certain components of an example device of the disclosed technology. [Figure 9] FIG. 9 is a diagram illustrating a schematic of certain electronic components of an example device of the disclosed technology. [Figure 10] FIG. 10 is a diagram illustrating one embodiment of a device of the disclosed technology. [Figure 11] FIG. 11 is a diagram showing a plan view and a cross-sectional view of an example of a device according to the disclosed technique. [Figure 12] FIG. 12 is a diagram illustrating in simplified form certain components of an example device of the disclosed technology. [Figure 13] FIG. 13 is a schematic diagram illustrating certain components of an example device of the disclosed technology and how they are assembled. [Figure 14] FIG. 14 is a schematic diagram illustrating certain components of one example of a device of the disclosed technology and how they are assembled. [Figure 15] FIG. 15 is a diagram illustrating an example of a device according to the disclosed technique. [Figure 16] FIG. 16 is a diagram illustrating an example of a device according to the disclosed technique. [Figure 17] FIG. 17 is a diagram illustrating an example of a device according to the disclosed technique. [Figure 18] FIG. 18 is a diagram schematically illustrating a cross-sectional view of an example of a device according to the disclosed technique. [Figure 19] FIG. 19 is a schematic diagram illustrating certain components of one example of a device of the disclosed technology and how they are assembled. [Figure 20] FIG. 20 is a diagram illustrating in simplified form certain components of an example device of the disclosed technology. [Figure 21] FIG. 21 is a diagram illustrating in simplified form certain components of an example device of the disclosed technology. [Figure 22] FIG. 22 is a schematic diagram illustrating certain components of one example of a device of the disclosed technology and how they are assembled. [Figure 23] FIG. 23 is a schematic diagram illustrating certain components of one example of a device of the disclosed technology and how they are assembled. [Figure 24] FIG. 24 is a diagram illustrating in schematic form certain components and their specifications of an example device of the disclosed technology. [Figure 25] FIG. 25 is a diagram illustrating in schematic form certain components and their specifications of an example device of the disclosed technology. [Figure 26] FIG. 26 is a diagram illustrating in schematic form certain components and their specifications of an example device of the disclosed technology. [Figure 27] FIG. 27 shows a plan view and a cross-sectional view of an example of a device according to the disclosed technique. [Figure 28] FIG. 28 is a diagram showing a plan view and a cross-sectional view of an example of a device according to the disclosed technique. [Figure 29] FIG. 29 shows a plan view and a cross-sectional view of an example of a device according to the disclosed technique. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

[0101] All patents, patent applications, and other publications referenced herein, including all sequences disclosed in these references, are expressly incorporated herein by reference to the same extent as if each individual publication, patent, or patent application was specifically and individually indicated to be incorporated by reference. All documents cited are, in relevant part, incorporated herein by reference in their entirety, for the purposes indicated by the context of the citation herein. However, the citation of any document should not be construed as an admission that it is prior art with respect to the present disclosure.

[0102] Currently, there is no agreed upon measurement scale for health. Health is often defined as the absence of disease (symptoms). Disease indicators are lagging indicators of declining health and therefore do not reflect health in a positive sense and, as such, cannot be optimized for actual health (rather than disease) outcomes. For example, the challenge with molecular biomarkers is establishing their significance relative to known physiology and homeostasis.

[0103] The generation, analysis, and use of data related to the health status or health performance of a biological system (e.g., a human user) have been explored. More specifically, the use of sensors and combinations of sensors to obtain data related to the health performance of a biological system have also been explored. Health performance may refer to the resilience (adaptability) of a system, which is primarily expressed by its ability to sustain or achieve its primary function. To assess the health performance of a system, the system's emergent factors may be interpreted. Emergent factors may refer to directly or indirectly observable events, deviations from norms, or other time-dependent patterns in the system's measurable parameters. Furthermore, emergent factors or emergent properties may refer to properties of a biological system that cannot be easily predicted from the function of the system's components. Examples of emergent properties include amphotericity, electrical conductivity, solvation ability, ion mobility, redox potential, ligand binding, hydration, electrolysis, thermal conductivity, heat capacity, heat absorption, adhesion, cohesion, transparency, turbidity, incompressibility, polarity, dipolarity, dipole moment, diamagnetism, liquid phase voltage range, liquid phase temperature range, abundance, as well as speciation, energy, momentum, particle or other substance flux, and heat removal (either as an absolute static value or as a periodic function, e.g., the circadian period of heat removal).

[0104] Physicists have previously faced emergent causal problems (e.g., magnetism) and concluded that it may be advantageous to identify thermodynamic parameters that sum up order rather than attempting to directly measure the molecular details of that order. Indeed, all order is associated with lost energy (see, e.g., https: / / en.wikipedia.org / wiki / Latent_heat). For example, when studying complex materials, physicists look for anomalous specific heats as leading indicators of hidden organization. Landau defined order parameters (see, e.g., https: / / en.wikipedia.org / wiki / Landau_theory), which are useful mathematical tools for quantifying the thermodynamic properties and robustness of underlying order. Our insight is based, in part, on the notion that the organization of biological systems has associated thermodynamic signatures that are analogous to order parameters. And only these biological order parameters enable high-precision learning with small sample sizes. Furthermore, such thermal signatures are likely to suggest the robustness of biological order, physiological reserve, and health.

[0105] The underlying health status can be monitored or assessed through the use of a wearable device capable of collecting and / or monitoring the health capabilities of a biological system. The device can include at least one wearable thermodynamic sensor configured to measure a human emergent factor, where the emergent factor is the temporal alignment of the human's heat production and heat removal, the temporal alignment being related to the human's circadian rhythm. The device can generate measurement data including heat flux data over time based on the emergent factor. The wearable device can also acquire the heat flux data, where the at least one health capability is a basal metabolic state, and the at least one emergent factor is the temporal alignment of the biological system's heat production and heat removal. The wearable device can include a sensor array that records and acquires health metrics. The wearable device can continuously record selected "energy signature" metrics or health metrics for the subject. In some embodiments, the wearable device enables real-time accessibility and continuous data acquisition at low cost and low power consumption. In some embodiments, the wearable device comprises a multi-modality sensor system that measures electrochemical, mechanical, structural, thermal and / or energetic properties that reflect homeostasis and cellular physiology. The wearable device can comprise any number of sensors.

[0106] In some embodiments, the wearable device of the present disclosure is designed and configured to quantify physiological energy output (e.g., peripheral heat and physical activity). The device has been benchmarked against gold-standard physiological endpoints in multiple human studies. Such benchmark metrics include signals with high accuracy even with training sets as small as 25 samples. Human thermal signatures exhibit a robust structure, providing a direct measure of the autonomic processes underlying homeostasis (i.e., biological organization). Specifically, the device provides a means to noninvasively detect the thermal signature of the inflammatory cascade before any changes in core body temperature occur. This observation has implications for thermal physics and transformative biological applications.

[0107] In some embodiments, the wearable devices described herein utilize a physical model of thermal homeostasis, inspired by the function of the hypothalamus, to interpret the health significance of an individual's thermal signature. By measuring key data streams (heat and body temperature) integrated by the hypothalamus, the devices characterize the underpinnings of homeostasis and physiological reserve (including sex differences) and define gender-specific indicators important for trauma care. By continuously and contextually measuring these key data streams regulated by the hypothalamus and measuring the thermal signatures of individuals and gender groups, the wearable devices provide a means to characterize both and assess what is referred to as thermoregulatory phenotypes.

[0108] In some aspects, the disclosed technology is based, in part, on utilizing a novel physical model of temperature homeostasis, providing a means to understand and / or interpret the health significance of an individual's thermal signature (thermal phenotype) and act in various ways based on that interpretation. The non-invasive wearable device continuously detects the thermal signature of body heat in a manner distinct from and superior to simple skin temperature measurements, and does not require charging or battery replacement for extended periods of time, up to several months. Because the disclosed technology measures body heat, which is inherently related to temperature homeostasis, it avoids the challenges associated with using typical molecular biomarkers.

[0109] In some aspects, the present disclosure provides devices and methods for continuously and contextually characterizing an individual's metabolic state by measuring their thermal signature and assessing what is referred to as their thermoregulatory phenotype. Changes to this phenotype are sensitive indicators of changes in health status. The devices are designed and configured to provide a general correlation between an individual's thermal signature and physiological reserve for human use. The thermal signature contains additional information for practical assessment of health. Clinical studies are designed to collect data that will provide new vital signs of homeostasis and comprehensive health signatures applicable to the early detection of many disease states and personal health management.

[0110] For example, as shown in FIG. 1, a wearable device may include a wireless transmission module that transmits data for processing, analysis, and display on a smartphone, tablet, or personal computer, which may include memory for storing measurement data for periods of more than one week, one month, three months, or six months. Alternatively, the data may be processed, analyzed, and stored on a cloud server operably connected to the smartphone, tablet, or personal computer. The device may include a battery that lasts for approximately six months when operating with a wireless signal transmitted at intervals of one second, five seconds, ten seconds, thirty seconds, or one minute. The device may include a charging indicator for battery life. The device may transmit information about the battery life that is displayed on the smartphone, tablet, or personal computer. The device may be controlled by the smartphone, tablet, or personal computer through a user interface. For example, the signal transmission interval may be adjusted. The device may include LEDs that indicate communication status, operating status, or warnings and errors. The device may be water-resistant. The device may be wearable by a living body, such as a human, and may be attached to the arm, chest, leg, abdomen, or any part of the body.

[0111] Various embodiments of a wearable device are shown in Figures 2, 6, 10, 15, 16, and 17. As shown in these figures, the wearable device may include a band. In some embodiments, the band may include at least one strap. In some embodiments, the band may include two straps that may be parallel to one another. In some embodiments, the band may include a casing. In some embodiments, the band or the casing may be textured. In some embodiments, a user may insert a portion of the biological compartment into an opening formed in the band when the band is in a closed position. In some embodiments, the band may include a first portion and a second portion. In some embodiments, the first portion may include a receiving portion that may receive the second portion of the band.

[0112] In some embodiments, the band can be connected to a tensioning mechanism. In some embodiments, the tensioning mechanism can accept the band. The tensioning mechanism can include a first slot capable of accepting a first portion of the band and a second slot capable of accepting a second portion of the band. In some embodiments, the tensioning mechanism can implement a winding function to adjust the band. For example, the tensioning mechanism can be rotated to wrap the band around the tensioning mechanism, thereby tightening the band or decreasing its length. Similarly, the tensioning mechanism can be rotated in the opposite direction to unwind the band from the tensioning mechanism, thereby loosening the band or increasing its length. In some embodiments, the tensioning mechanism can be controlled automatically or manually. In some embodiments, the tensioning mechanism can be rounded. In some embodiments, the tensioning mechanism can be knurled to allow a user to grip the tensioning mechanism more firmly. In some embodiments, the tensioning mechanism can include a spring. In some embodiments, the spring can be incorporated into the band to allow the band to expand. For example, a user can stretch the spring by pulling on the band, thereby adjusting the length of the band, which can be at its smallest length or circumference when the spring is at its shortest length.

[0113] In some embodiments, a portion of the tensioning mechanism may be disposed within a fastener that may be directly connected to the band. The fastener allows the band to remain in a closed position when the user is wearing the wearable device. In some embodiments, the fastener may include at least one pulley. The pulley may include a channel that receives an intermediate portion of the band. For example, a first pulley may include a first channel that may receive a first intermediate portion of a first portion of the band. Similarly, a second pulley may include a second channel that may receive a second intermediate portion of a second portion of the band. The first and second intermediate portions of the band may be disposed within the first and second channels of the pulley, respectively. The second portion of the tensioning mechanism may be disposed parallel to the first portion of the tensioning mechanism. This parallel configuration may form an opening through which the user inserts the biological compartment. The second portion of the tensioning mechanism may include a first connection point and a second connection point. The first connection point may be disposed on a first side of the tensioning mechanism, and the second connection point may be disposed on a second side of the tensioning mechanism. These connection points may serve to connect the band to the tensioning mechanism. The tensioning mechanism may further include anchor points that stabilize the band within the tensioning mechanism. For example, a first end of a first portion of the band may be connected to a first connection point, and a second end of the first portion of the band may be connected to a first anchor point located on the opposite side of the tensioning mechanism from the first connection point. Similarly, a first end of a second portion of the band may be connected to a second connection point, and a second end of the second portion of the band may be connected to a second anchor point located on the opposite side of the tensioning mechanism from the second connection point. The tensioning mechanism may further include a knob that can be turned to tighten or loosen the band, thereby increasing or decreasing the circumference of the band.

[0114] Figures 2, 3, 4, 5, 7, 8, 9, 11, 12, 13, 14, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, and 26 show, in both plan and cross-sectional views, the electronics and other components of a wearable device and how they are assembled. The wearable device may include an array of sensors to measure user data to capture the user's emergent factors. In some embodiments, the sensors may record health indicators. In some embodiments, the wearable device continuously records selected energy signature indicators or health indicators for the user. In some embodiments, the wearable device captures emergent complexity at the cellular physiology scale. In some embodiments, the wearable device enables real-time accessibility and continuous data capture at low cost and low power consumption. In some embodiments, the wearable device comprises a multi-modality sensor system that measures electrochemical, mechanical, structural, thermal, and / or energetic properties that reflect homeostasis and cellular physiology. In some embodiments, the wearable device includes a sensor that controls and / or measures tension in the tensioning mechanism. In some embodiments, the sensor may be connected to the band and / or the tensioning mechanism. In some embodiments, a first sensor may dynamically measure tension in the band and / or the tensioning mechanism based on circumferential measurements. In some embodiments, a second sensor may dynamically measure various emergent factors of the biological compartment. For example, the second sensor may dynamically measure pressure, heat flux, volume, etc. of the biological compartment. In some embodiments, the sensor may measure various emergent factors non-invasively or minimally invasively. In some embodiments, the sensor may dynamically measure tension in the band and dynamically translate that tension into internal pressure in the biological compartment. In some embodiments, the sensor may include an implantable microneedle to minimally invasively and dynamically measure interstitial pressure. In some embodiments, the sensor may include a controller that may dynamically change the tension of the tensioning mechanism and / or band based on values ​​measured by the sensor.

[0115] For example, as shown in FIG. 5 , the wearable device includes a circuit board located within the housing and having a first side and a second side opposite the first side. The wearable device also includes a first sensor disposed on the first side of the circuit board and a second sensor disposed on the second side of the circuit board. The first and second sensors are thermally isolated, and the first and second sensors measure at least one emergent factor of the user. In some embodiments, the first and second sensors both utilize thermal sensors (e.g., a Silicon Labs Si7051 digital temperature sensor). The first sensor measures skin temperature, while the second sensor measures environmental temperature. The wearable device further includes a battery disposed between the first and second sensors. Thus, the battery serves to thermally isolate the first sensor from the second sensor. Furthermore, the second sensor is connected to a thermal ring or thermal disk that contacts the user's skin when the user is wearing the wearable device. In some embodiments, the device further includes a processor and firmware.

[0116] The wearable device shown in FIG. 5 can be used to measure multiple data indicative of at least one emergent factor of a biological system (e.g., a user). For example, a first sensor measures the user's environmental temperature, and a second sensor measures the user's skin temperature, where the first and second sensors are separated. Based on the environmental temperature difference, the user's heat removal over time can be estimated, and based on the measured skin temperature, the user's heat production over time can be estimated. Thus, based on the temporal alignment of heat removal and heat production, the user's basal metabolic state can be estimated.

[0117] Furthermore, the user's quasi-periodic rhythm can be obtained based on the measured environmental temperature and skin temperature. The quasi-periodic rhythm can be second-, minute-, ultradian, circadian, circalunar, or yearly. The variability of the quasi-periodic rhythm over a predetermined time period can be obtained, and the user's health performance can be determined based on the variability of the quasi-periodic rhythm.

[0118] In some embodiments, the user's heat removal over time can be estimated based on the environmental temperature difference, the user's heat production over time can be estimated based on the skin temperature, and the user's basal metabolic state can be estimated based on the temporal alignment of heat removal and heat production. Thus, fitness performance can be determined by applying a time-dependent function to the estimated basal metabolic state (e.g., the time-dependent function is derived from the user's quasi-periodic rhythm).

[0119] In some embodiments, the data is related to a fitness capability of the user. In some embodiments, the plurality of data includes heat flux data. In some embodiments, the data is related to the user's heat flux. In some embodiments, the data is related to the user's heat flux over multiple circadian cycles. In some embodiments, the at least one fitness capability is a basal metabolic state and the at least one emergent factor is a temporal alignment of heat production and heat removal. In some embodiments, the temporal alignment is related to at least one quasi-periodic rhythm of the user. In some embodiments, the at least one quasi-periodic rhythm is a circadian rhythm.

[0120] In some embodiments, the device continuously and contextually characterizes a user's metabolic state by measuring the user's thermal signature and assessing the user's thermoregulatory status. Changes to the user's thermoregulatory status are sensitive indicators of changes in the user's health status. The device may be configured to determine a general association between the user's thermal signature and physiological reserve. The device may indicate homeostatic vital signs or a user's health signature, which may be utilized for early detection of disease states and personal health management.

[0121] Additional Embodiments In some applications, the internal temperature sensor is designed and configured to measure the temperature outside the device. This is accomplished, for example, by a thermal window. In some embodiments, the thermal window is located on both sides of the device (one on the skin side and one on the environment side). In some embodiments, the thermal window is constructed of a material that allows heat to travel quickly and without degradation in both directions (e.g., from skin to device, from device to skin; from device to environment, from environment to device). In some embodiments, the sensors are separated so as not to interfere with each other. In some embodiments, the windows are separated so as not to interfere with each other. In some embodiments, the peripheries of the windows are configured to avoid bonding or contact.

[0122] Many metals are known to be classical thermal conductors and therefore can function as thermal windows (e.g., a sensor can be attached to a metal window with epoxy). Metals are also generally electrically conductive, blocking radio signals and limiting the range of Bluetooth signals used in devices. In preferred embodiments, the thermal window also functions as a long-range Bluetooth window. In some embodiments, the thermal window can be constructed of sapphire or diamond. These materials are dielectric materials, but are not electrically conductive and have high thermal conductivity.

[0123] In a preferred embodiment, the thermal window material also has a low thermal absorptivity. Therefore, preferred materials for the thermal window also have a high thermal diffusivity (the ratio of thermal conductivity to specific heat per mass, which is related to heat absorption). Therefore, diamond and sapphire, which are good thermal conductors and have low specific heat (i.e., high thermal diffusivity), are suitable candidates for the thermal window.

[0124] Sapphire is commonly used in optical applications, but optical grade sapphire is expensive, so in preferred embodiments the thermal window may be constructed of less expensive synthetic sapphire, for example unpolished synthetic sapphire.

[0125] In some embodiments, the thermal window can be a thin disk made of sapphire. Because sapphire is harder than metals, it can be made thinner. This thinning improves the sensor response and enhances the thermal window. Sapphire is also highly biocompatible and does not cause allergies when in contact with the skin. However, different types of metals can cause different types of allergies. Sapphire can also be manufactured in a wide range of colors. Similarly, hard dielectric materials (whose lattice structure efficiently dissipates heat) can also be good candidates for the thermal window. For example, diamond (the hardest known material) or other gemstones can be used.

[0126] FIG. 27 illustrates an example of a wearable device including a thermal window having the desired characteristics described above. The device includes a circuit board located within a housing and having a first side and a second side opposite the first side. The wearable device also includes a first sensor disposed on the first side of the circuit board and attached to the first thermal window, and a second sensor disposed on the second side of the circuit board and attached to the second thermal window. The first and second thermal windows are separated from each other. The first and second sensors are thermally insulated. The wearable device further includes a battery disposed between the first and second sensors. Thus, the battery serves to thermally insulate the first sensor from the second sensor. In some embodiments, the device further includes a processor and firmware. In some embodiments, the second sensor is attached to the circuit board by a flexible connector.

[0127] The wearable device shown in FIG. 27 can be used to measure multiple data indicative of at least one emergent factor of a biological system (e.g., a user). In some embodiments, the first and second sensors both utilize thermal sensors (e.g., Silicon Labs Si7051 digital temperature sensors). In a preferred embodiment, the first sensor measures skin temperature, while the second sensor measures environmental temperature. Based on the environmental temperature difference, the user's heat removal over time can be estimated, and based on the measured skin temperature, the user's heat production over time can be estimated. Thus, based on the temporal alignment of heat removal and heat production, the user's basal metabolic state can be estimated.

[0128] In some embodiments, to improve the thermal response time of the devices of the present disclosure, a reflective foil or a superinsulating material composed of a reflective material may be provided inside the device to reflect radiant heat transfer between the sensor plate and the battery / PCB circuit board. Some examples of superinsulating materials composed of a reflective material are described in National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) Publication No. NASA CR 2507, "Applications of Aerospace Technology: Reflective Superinsulating Materials," January 1975, available at https: / / ntrs.nasa.gov / citations / 19750006837, the disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. In some embodiments, to improve the thermal response time of the devices of the present disclosure, the device's housing may be designed to have inner and outer walls separated by a mesh of air pockets to minimize heat transfer through the walls of the device. In some examples, such designs may be achieved by three-dimensionally printed structures such as those described in "Grabowska, B. and Kasperski, J., 2020. The Thermal Conductivity of 3D Printed Plastic Insulation Materials—The Effect of Optimizing the Regular Structure of Closures, Materials, 13(19), p. 4400," the disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. Additionally or alternatively, such air pocket mesh / three-dimensionally printed structures may be used to minimize heat transfer between the sensor plate and the battery / PCB circuit board.

[0129] FIG. 28 illustrates an example of a wearable device having an insulating material designed to thermally insulate at least one sensor from a circuit board and a battery, as described above. In some embodiments, the wearable device includes a housing and a circuit board located within the housing and having a first side and a second side opposite the first side. In some embodiments, the wearable device includes a first sensor disposed on the first side of the circuit board, a second sensor disposed on the second side of the circuit board, and a battery disposed between the first and second sensors. In some embodiments, the first and second sensors both utilize thermal sensors (e.g., a Silicon Labs Si7051 digital temperature sensor). In some embodiments, the insulating material is capable of at least substantially thermally insulating the first sensor from the circuit board and the battery. In some embodiments, the insulating material substantially thermally insulates the second sensor from the circuit board and the battery. In some embodiments, the device further includes a processor and firmware. In some embodiments, the insulating material substantially thermally insulates the first and second sensors from the circuit board and the battery. In some embodiments, the thermal insulation is disposed on a first side of the circuit board. In some embodiments, the thermal insulation is disposed on a second side of the circuit board. In some embodiments, the thermal insulation is disposed on the first side of the circuit board and the second side of the circuit board. In some embodiments, the thermal insulation comprises a three-dimensionally printed plastic insulation, a reflective foil, or a reflective super-insulating material, as described above. In some embodiments, the three-dimensionally printed plastic insulation is configured to minimize heat transfer between the first sensor and / or the second sensor and the circuit board and the battery. In some embodiments, the reflective foil or reflective super-insulating material is configured to reflect radiant heat transfer between the first sensor and / or the second sensor and the circuit board and the battery.

[0130] FIG. 29 shows an example of a wearable device having insulation designed to include a mesh of air pockets that serve to minimize heat transfer through the walls of the device, as described above. In some embodiments, the wearable device includes a housing and a circuit board located within the housing. In some embodiments, the wearable device further includes a first channel on the circuit board configured to measure a user's skin temperature and a second channel on the circuit board configured to measure an environmental temperature, the first and second channels being separated. In some embodiments, the device further includes a battery, a processor, and firmware. In some embodiments, the insulation includes a mesh of air pockets configured to minimize heat transfer through the perimeter of the device. In some embodiments, the insulation is a three-dimensionally printed plastic insulation, as described above.

[0131] 28 and 29 can be used to measure multiple data indicative of at least one emergent factor of a biological system (e.g., a user). Based on the environmental temperature difference, the user's heat removal over time can be estimated, and based on the measured skin temperature, the user's heat production over time can be estimated. Thus, based on the temporal alignment of heat removal and heat production, the user's basal metabolic state can be estimated.

[0132] The embodiments described herein are illustrative. Various changes may be made to the above-described devices and methods without departing from the scope of the present invention. All matter set forth in this disclosure (including the accompanying drawings) is illustrative and not limiting.

[0133] All patents, patent applications, and other publications referenced herein, including all sequences disclosed in these references, are expressly incorporated herein by reference to the same extent as if each individual publication, patent, or patent application was specifically and individually indicated to be incorporated by reference. All documents cited are, in relevant part, incorporated herein by reference in their entirety, for the purposes indicated by the context of the citation herein. However, the citation of any document should not be construed as an admission that it is prior art with respect to the present disclosure.

[0134] Further embodiments of the disclosed technology Embodiment 1. A device configured to measure a plurality of data indicative of at least one emergent factor of a user, the device comprising: a housing; a circuit board located within the housing and having a first surface and a second surface opposite the first surface; a first sensor disposed on the first surface of the circuit board; and a second sensor disposed on the second surface of the circuit board, the first sensor and the second sensor being separated, and the second sensor being attached to the circuit board by a flexible connector.

[0135] Embodiment 2. 2. The device of embodiment 1, wherein the first sensor is a thermal sensor and the second sensor is a thermal sensor.

[0136] Embodiment 3. 2. The device of embodiment 1, wherein the first sensor measures skin temperature.

[0137] Embodiment 4. 2. The device of embodiment 1, wherein the second sensor measures an environmental temperature.

[0138] Embodiment 5. The device of embodiment 1, further comprising a battery.

[0139] Embodiment 6. 2. The device of embodiment 1, wherein the first sensor and the second sensor are thermally isolated.

[0140] Embodiment 7. 2. The device of embodiment 1, wherein the first sensor and the second sensor are configured to measure data indicative of the at least one emergent factor of the user.

[0141] Embodiment 8. 6. The device of embodiment 5, wherein the battery is disposed between the first sensor and the second sensor.

[0142] Embodiment 9. 6. The device of embodiment 5, wherein the battery serves to thermally isolate the first sensor from the second sensor.

[0143] Embodiment 10. 2. The device of embodiment 1, wherein the second sensor is connected to a thermal ring.

[0144] Embodiment 11. 11. The device of embodiment 10, wherein the thermal ring contacts the user.

[0145] Embodiment 12. The device of embodiment 1, further comprising a processor and firmware.

[0146] Embodiment 13. A device configured to measure a plurality of data indicative of at least one emergent factor of a user, the device comprising: a circuit board; a first channel of the circuit board configured to measure an environmental temperature; and a second channel of the circuit board configured to measure a skin temperature of the user, the first channel and the second channel being separated.

[0147] Embodiment 14. 14. The device of embodiment 13, further comprising a battery, a processor, and firmware.

[0148] Embodiment 15. A method for measuring a plurality of data indicative of at least one emergent factor of a user, the method comprising the steps of measuring the user's ambient temperature via a first sensor and measuring the user's skin temperature via a second sensor, the first sensor and the second sensor being separated.

[0149] Embodiment 16. The method of embodiment 15 further comprises the steps of estimating heat removal of the biological system over time based on the environmental temperature difference, estimating heat production of the biological system over time based on the skin temperature, and estimating the basal metabolic state of the biological system based on the temporal alignment of heat removal and heat production.

[0150] Embodiment 17. The method of embodiment 15 further comprises obtaining a quasi-periodic rhythm of a biological system based on environmental temperature and skin temperature, wherein the quasi-periodic rhythm is second-, minute-, ultradian, circadian, circalunar, or yearly.

[0151] Embodiment 18. The method of embodiment 17 further comprises obtaining a variability of the quasi-periodic rhythm over a predetermined time period, and determining health performance based on the variability of the quasi-periodic rhythm.

[0152] Embodiment 19. The method of embodiment 17 further comprises the steps of estimating heat removal of a biological system over time based on an environmental temperature difference, estimating heat production of the biological system over time based on skin temperature, estimating a basal metabolic state of the biological system based on the temporal alignment of heat removal and heat production, and determining health capacity by applying a time-dependent function to the estimated basal metabolic state, wherein the time-dependent function is derived from the quasi-periodic rhythm of the biological system.

[0153] Embodiment 20. 16. The method of embodiment 15, wherein the plurality of data includes heat flux data.

[0154] Embodiment 21. 21. The method of embodiment 20, wherein the at least one health capacity is a basal metabolic state and the at least one emergent factor is a temporal alignment of heat production and heat removal.

[0155] Embodiment 22. 22. The method of embodiment 21, wherein said temporal alignment is associated with at least one quasi-periodic rhythm of a biological system.

[0156] Embodiment 23. 23. The method of embodiment 22, wherein the at least one quasi-periodic rhythm is a circadian rhythm.

[0157] Embodiment 24. A device configured to measure a plurality of data indicative of at least one emergent factor of a user, the device comprising: a housing; a circuit board located within the housing and having a first surface and a second surface opposite the first surface; a first sensor disposed on the first surface of the circuit board and attached to a first thermal window portion; and a second sensor disposed on the second surface of the circuit board and attached to a second thermal window portion, the first sensor and the second sensor being separated, the first thermal window portion and the second thermal window portion being separated, and the second sensor being attached to the circuit board by a flexible connector.

[0158] Embodiment 25. 25. The device of embodiment 24, wherein the first sensor is a thermal sensor and the second sensor is a thermal sensor.

[0159] Embodiment 26. 25. The device of embodiment 24, wherein the first sensor measures skin temperature.

[0160] Embodiment 27. 25. The device of embodiment 24, wherein the second sensor measures an ambient temperature.

[0161] Embodiment 28. 25. The device of embodiment 24, wherein the first thermal window portion is in contact with the user and the second thermal window portion is in contact with ambient air.

[0162] Embodiment 29. 29. The device of embodiment 28, wherein the first thermal window portion and the second thermal window portion are thermally conductive, allowing Bluetooth signals to be transmitted through the device.

[0163] Embodiment 30. 30. The device of embodiment 29, wherein the first thermal window portion and the second thermal window portion have thicknesses configured to enable an efficient first sensor response and an efficient second sensor response.

[0164] Embodiment 31. 29. The device of embodiment 29, wherein the first thermal window portion and the second thermal window portion are made of a dielectric material.

[0165] Embodiment 32. 32. The device of embodiment 31, wherein the dielectric material is sapphire.

[0166] Embodiment 33. 32. The device of embodiment 31, wherein the dielectric material is diamond.

[0167] Embodiment 34. 34. The device of one or more of embodiments 32 and 33, wherein the dielectric material is a composite.

[0168] Embodiment 35. 25. The device of embodiment 24, further comprising a battery.

[0169] Embodiment 36. 25. The device of embodiment 24, wherein the first sensor and the second sensor are thermally isolated.

[0170] Embodiment 37. 25. The device of embodiment 24, wherein the first sensor and the second sensor are configured to measure data indicative of the at least one emergent factor of the user.

[0171] Embodiment 38. 36. The device of embodiment 35, wherein the battery is disposed between the first sensor and the second sensor.

[0172] Embodiment 39. 36. The device of embodiment 35, wherein the battery serves to thermally isolate the first sensor from the second sensor.

[0173] Embodiment 40. 25. The device of embodiment 24, further comprising a processor and firmware.

[0174] Embodiment 41. A device configured to measure a plurality of data indicative of at least one emergent factor of a user, the device comprising: a circuit board; a first channel of the circuit board configured to measure an ambient temperature; and a second channel of the circuit board configured to measure the skin temperature of the user, the first channel and the second channel being separated, the first channel being attached to a first thermal window portion that contacts the user, and the second channel being attached to a second thermal window portion that contacts ambient air.

[0175] Embodiment 42. The device of embodiment 41, further comprising a battery, a processor, and firmware.

[0176] Embodiment 43. 42. The device of embodiment 41, wherein the first thermal window portion and the second thermal window portion are separated.

[0177] Embodiment 44. 44. The device of embodiment 43, wherein the first thermal window portion and the second thermal window portion are made of a dielectric material.

[0178] Embodiment 45. A method for measuring a plurality of data indicating at least one emergent factor of a user, the method comprising the steps of measuring the user's ambient temperature via a first sensor and measuring the user's skin temperature via a second sensor, wherein the first sensor and the second sensor are separated, the first sensor is attached to a first thermal window portion, and the second sensor is attached to a second thermal window portion.

[0179] Embodiment 46. The method of embodiment 45 further comprises the steps of estimating heat removal of the biological system over time based on environmental temperature difference, estimating heat production of the biological system over time based on skin temperature, and estimating the basal metabolic state of the biological system based on the temporal alignment of heat removal and heat production.

[0180] Embodiment 47. The method of embodiment 45 further comprises a step of obtaining a quasi-periodic rhythm of a biological system based on environmental temperature and skin temperature, wherein the quasi-periodic rhythm is second-, minute-, ultradian, circadian, circalunar or year-based.

[0181] Embodiment 48. The method of embodiment 47 further comprises the steps of obtaining a variability of the quasi-periodic rhythm over a predetermined time period, and determining health performance based on the variability of the quasi-periodic rhythm.

[0182] Embodiment 49. The method of embodiment 47 further comprises the steps of estimating heat removal of a biological system over time based on an environmental temperature difference, estimating heat production of the biological system over time based on skin temperature, estimating a basal metabolic state of the biological system based on the temporal alignment of heat removal and heat production, and determining health capacity by applying a time-dependent function to the estimated basal metabolic state, wherein the time-dependent function is derived from the quasi-periodic rhythm of the biological system.

[0183] Embodiment 50. 46. ​​The method of embodiment 45, wherein the plurality of data includes heat flux data.

[0184] Embodiment 51. 51. The method of embodiment 50, wherein the at least one health capacity is basal metabolic state and the at least one emergent factor is the temporal alignment of heat production and heat removal.

[0185] Embodiment 52. 52. The method of embodiment 51, wherein the temporal alignment is associated with at least one quasi-periodic rhythm of a biological system.

[0186] Embodiment 53. 53. The method of embodiment 52, wherein the at least one quasi-periodic rhythm is a circadian rhythm.

[0187] Embodiment 54. A device configured to measure a plurality of data indicative of at least one emergent factor of a user, the device comprising: a housing; a circuit board located within the housing and having a first surface and a second surface opposite the first surface; a first sensor disposed on the first surface of the circuit board; a second sensor disposed on the second surface of the circuit board; and a battery disposed between the first sensor and the second sensor, wherein the first sensor and / or the second sensor are thermally insulated from the circuit board and the battery by a first insulating material.

[0188] Embodiment 55. 55. The device of embodiment 54, wherein the first sensor is attached to the first thermal window portion.

[0189] Embodiment 56. 55. The device of embodiment 54, wherein the second sensor is attached to the second thermal window portion.

[0190] Embodiment 57. 57. The device of embodiment 56, wherein the first thermal window portion and the second thermal window portion are separated.

[0191] Embodiment 58. 57. The device of embodiment 56, wherein the first thermal window portion is in contact with the user and the second thermal window portion is in contact with ambient air.

[0192] Embodiment 59. 57. The device of embodiment 56, wherein the first thermal window portion and the second thermal window portion are thermally conductive, allowing Bluetooth signals to be transmitted through the device.

[0193] Embodiment 60. 57. The device of embodiment 56, wherein the first thermal window portion and the second thermal window portion have thicknesses configured to enable an efficient first sensor response and an efficient second sensor response.

[0194] Embodiment 61. 57. The device of embodiment 56, wherein the first thermal window portion and the second thermal window portion are made of a dielectric material.

[0195] Embodiment 62. 62. The device of embodiment 61, wherein the dielectric material is sapphire.

[0196] Embodiment 63. 62. The device of embodiment 61, wherein the dielectric material is diamond.

[0197] Embodiment 64. 64. The device of one or more of embodiments 62 and 63, wherein the dielectric material is a composite.

[0198] Embodiment 65. 55. The device of embodiment 54, wherein the first sensor is a thermal sensor and the second sensor is a thermal sensor.

[0199] Embodiment 66. 55. The device of embodiment 54, wherein the first sensor and the second sensor are thermally isolated.

[0200] Embodiment 67. 55. The device of embodiment 54, wherein the first sensor measures skin temperature.

[0201] Embodiment 68. 55. The device of embodiment 54, wherein the second sensor measures an ambient temperature.

[0202] Embodiment 69. 55. The device of embodiment 54, wherein the first sensor and the second sensor are configured to measure data indicative of the at least one emergent factor of the user.

[0203] Embodiment 70. The device of embodiment 54, further comprising a processor and firmware.

[0204] Embodiment 71. 55. The device of embodiment 54, wherein the first insulating material is disposed on the first surface of the circuit board and / or the second surface of the circuit board.

[0205] Embodiment 72. 55. The device of embodiment 54, wherein the first insulation comprises a three-dimensionally printed plastic insulation, a reflective foil, a reflective superinsulation material, or any combination thereof.

[0206] Embodiment 73. A device according to embodiment 72, wherein the three-dimensionally printed plastic insulation is configured to minimize heat transfer between the first sensor and / or the second sensor and the circuit board and the battery.

[0207] Embodiment 74. A device according to embodiment 72, wherein the reflective foil and / or the reflective super-insulating material are configured to reflect the transfer of radiant heat between the first sensor and / or the second sensor and the circuit board and the battery.

[0208] Embodiment 75. 55. The device of embodiment 54, wherein at least one surface of the housing comprises a second insulating material, a mesh of air pockets, or any combination thereof.

[0209] Embodiment 76. 76. The device of embodiment 75, wherein the second insulation and / or the mesh of the air pocket are configured to minimize heat transfer through the periphery of the device.

[0210] Embodiment 77. 76. The device of embodiment 75, wherein the second insulation is a three-dimensionally printed plastic insulation.

[0211] Embodiment 78. A device configured to measure a plurality of data indicative of at least one emergent factor of a user, the device comprising: a housing; a circuit board located within the housing; a first channel on the circuit board configured to measure the user's skin temperature; and a second channel on the circuit board configured to measure an environmental temperature, the first channel and the second channel being separated; and at least one surface of the housing comprising insulation, a mesh of air pockets, or any combination thereof.

[0212] Embodiment 79. 79. The device of embodiment 78, wherein the insulation and / or the mesh of the air pockets are configured to minimize heat transfer through the periphery of the device.

[0213] Embodiment 80. 79. The device of embodiment 78, wherein the insulation is a three-dimensionally printed plastic insulation.

[0214] Embodiment 81. 79. The device of embodiment 78, further comprising a battery, a processor, firmware, or any combination thereof.

[0215] Embodiment 82. 79. The device of embodiment 78, wherein the first channel is attached to a first thermal window portion that contacts the user, and the second channel is attached to a second thermal window portion that contacts ambient air.

[0216] Embodiment 83. 83. The device of embodiment 82, wherein the first thermal window portion and the second thermal window portion are separated.

[0217] Embodiment 84. 83. The device of embodiment 82, wherein the first thermal window portion and the second thermal window portion are thermally conductive, allowing Bluetooth signals to be transmitted through the device.

[0218] Embodiment 85. 83. The device of embodiment 82, wherein the first thermal window portion and the second thermal window portion have thicknesses configured to enable an efficient first sensor response and an efficient second sensor response.

[0219] 86. 83. The device of embodiment 82, wherein the first thermal window portion and the second thermal window portion are made of a dielectric material.

[0220] Embodiment 87. 87. The device of embodiment 86, wherein the dielectric material is sapphire.

[0221] Embodiment 88. 87. The device of embodiment 86, wherein the dielectric material is diamond.

[0222] Embodiment 89. In one or more of the devices of embodiments 87 and 88, the dielectric material is a composite.

[0223] Embodiment 90. 83. The device of embodiment 82, wherein a first sensor is attached to the first thermal window portion.

[0224] Embodiment 91. 91. The device of embodiment 90, wherein a second sensor is attached to the second thermal window portion.

[0225] Embodiment 92. 91. The device of embodiment 90, wherein the first sensor is a thermal sensor and the second sensor is a thermal sensor.

[0226] Embodiment 93. 91. The device of embodiment 90, wherein the first sensor and the second sensor are thermally isolated.

[0227] 94. 91. The device of embodiment 90, wherein the first sensor measures skin temperature.

[0228] 95. 91. The device of embodiment 90, wherein the second sensor measures an ambient temperature.

[0229] 96. 91. The device of embodiment 90, wherein the first sensor and the second sensor are configured to measure data indicative of the at least one emergent factor of the user.

[0230] 97. A method for measuring multiple data indicative of at least one emergent factor of a user, the method comprising a step of measuring the ambient temperature and the skin temperature of the user using a device according to any one of embodiments 54 to 96.

[0231] Embodiment 98. The method of embodiment 97 further comprises the steps of estimating heat removal of the biological system over time based on environmental temperature difference, estimating heat production of the biological system over time based on skin temperature, and estimating the basal metabolic state of the biological system based on the temporal alignment of heat removal and heat production.

[0232] Embodiment 99. The method of embodiment 97 further comprises a step of obtaining a quasi-periodic rhythm of a biological system based on environmental temperature and skin temperature, wherein the quasi-periodic rhythm is on a second, minute, ultradian, circadian, circalunar or yearly basis.

[0233] Embodiment 100. The method of embodiment 99 further comprises the steps of obtaining the variability of the quasi-periodic rhythm over a predetermined period of time, and determining health performance based on the variability of the quasi-periodic rhythm.

[0234] Embodiment 101. The method of embodiment 99 further comprises the steps of estimating heat removal of a biological system over time based on an environmental temperature difference, estimating heat production of the biological system over time based on skin temperature, estimating a basal metabolic state of the biological system based on the temporal alignment of heat removal and heat production, and determining health capacity by applying a time-dependent function to the estimated basal metabolic state, wherein the time-dependent function is derived from the quasi-periodic rhythm of the biological system.

[0235] Embodiment 102. 98. The method of embodiment 97, wherein the plurality of data includes heat flux data.

[0236] Embodiment 103. 103. The method of embodiment 102, wherein the at least one health capacity is a basal metabolic state and the at least one emergent factor is the temporal alignment of heat production and heat removal.

[0237] Embodiment 104. 104. The method of embodiment 103, wherein the temporal alignment is associated with at least one quasi-periodic rhythm of a biological system.

[0238] Embodiment 105. 105. The method of embodiment 104, wherein the at least one quasi-periodic rhythm is a circadian rhythm.

Claims

1. 1. A device configured to measure a plurality of data indicative of at least one emergent factor of a user, the device comprising: Housing and a circuit board located within the housing and having a first surface and a second surface opposite the first surface; a first sensor disposed on the first surface of the circuit board and attached to a first thermal window; a second sensor disposed on the second surface of the circuit board and attached to a second thermal window portion; the first sensor and the second sensor are separated, The first thermal window portion and the second thermal window portion are separated from each other, The second sensor is attached to the circuit board by a flexible connector.

2. 10. The device of claim 1, The first sensor is a thermal sensor and the second sensor is a heat sensor.

3. 10. The device of claim 1, The first sensor measures skin temperature.

4. 10. The device of claim 1, The second sensor measures the ambient temperature.

5. 10. The device of claim 1, The first thermal window portion is in contact with the user, and the second thermal window portion is in contact with ambient air.

6. 6. The device of claim 5, The first and second thermal windows are thermally conductive, allowing Bluetooth signals to be transmitted through the device.

7. 7. The device of claim 6, The first and second thermal window portions have thicknesses configured to allow for an efficient first sensor response and an efficient second sensor response.

8. 7. The device of claim 6, The first thermal window portion and the second thermal window portion are made of a dielectric material.

9. 9. The device of claim 8, The dielectric material is sapphire.

10. 9. The device of claim 8, The dielectric material is diamond.

11. A device according to any one of claims 9 and 10, The dielectric material is a composite.

12. The device of claim 1 further comprising a battery.

13. 10. The device of claim 1, wherein the first sensor and the second sensor are thermally isolated.

14. The device of claim 1 , wherein the first sensor and the second sensor are configured to measure data indicative of the at least one emergent factor of the user.

15. 13. The device of claim 12, The battery is disposed between the first sensor and the second sensor.

16. 13. The device of claim 12, The battery serves to thermally isolate the first sensor from the second sensor.

17. The device of claim 1 further comprising a processor and firmware.

18. 1. A device configured to measure a plurality of data indicative of at least one emergent factor of a user, the device comprising: A circuit board; a first channel of the circuit board configured to measure an environmental temperature; a second channel on the circuit board configured to measure the skin temperature of the user; the first channel and the second channel are separated; The first channel is attached to a first thermal window portion that contacts the user, and the second channel is attached to a second thermal window portion that contacts ambient air.

19. 20. The device of claim 18, further comprising a battery, a processor, and firmware.

20. 20. The device of claim 18, wherein the first thermal window and the second thermal window are separated.

21. 21. The device of claim 20, The first thermal window portion and the second thermal window portion are made of a dielectric material.

22. 1. A method for measuring a plurality of data indicative of at least one emergent factor of a user, the method comprising: measuring an ambient temperature of the user via a first sensor; measuring the skin temperature of the user via a second sensor; the first sensor and the second sensor are separated, The first sensor is attached to a first thermal window portion, and the second sensor is attached to a second thermal window portion.

23. 23. The method of claim 22, estimating heat removal of the biological system over time based on the environmental temperature difference; estimating heat production of the biological system over time based on skin temperature; and estimating a basal metabolic state of the biological system based on the temporal alignment of heat removal and heat production.

24. 23. The method of claim 22, The method further comprises a step of obtaining a quasi-periodic rhythm of the biological system based on the environmental temperature and the skin temperature, the quasi-periodic rhythm being on a second-by-second, minute-by-minute, ultradian, circadian, circalunar or yearly basis.

25. 25. The method of claim 24, obtaining a variability of the quasi-periodic rhythm over a predetermined time period; and determining health performance based on the variability of the quasi-periodic rhythm.

26. 25. The method of claim 24, estimating heat removal of the biological system over time based on the environmental temperature difference; estimating heat production of the biological system over time based on skin temperature; estimating a basal metabolic state of the biological system based on the temporal alignment of heat removal and heat production; and determining health capacity by applying a time-dependent function to the estimated basal metabolic state, the time-dependent function being derived from the quasi-periodic rhythm of the biological system.

27. 23. The method of claim 22, The plurality of data includes heat flux data.

28. 28. The method of claim 27, At least one health capability is a basal metabolic state; and At least one emergent factor is the temporal alignment of heat production and heat removal.

29. 29. The method of claim 28, The temporal alignment is related to at least one quasi-periodic rhythm of a biological system.

30. 30. The method of claim 29, The at least one quasi-periodic rhythm is a circadian rhythm.

31. 1. A device configured to measure a plurality of data indicative of at least one emergent factor of a user, the device comprising: Housing and a circuit board located within the housing and having a first surface and a second surface opposite the first surface; a first sensor disposed on the first surface of the circuit board; a second sensor disposed on the second surface of the circuit board; a battery disposed between the first sensor and the second sensor; The first sensor and / or the second sensor are thermally insulated from the circuit board and the battery by a first insulating material.

32. 32. The device of claim 31 , The first sensor is attached to the first thermal window portion.

33. 32. The device of claim 31 , The second sensor is attached to the second thermal window portion.

34. 34. The device of claim 33, The first thermal window portion and the second thermal window portion are separated from each other.

35. 34. The device of claim 33, The first thermal window portion is in contact with the user, and the second thermal window portion is in contact with ambient air.

36. 34. The device of claim 33, The first and second thermal windows are thermally conductive, allowing Bluetooth signals to be transmitted through the device.

37. 34. The device of claim 33, The first and second thermal window portions have thicknesses configured to allow for an efficient first sensor response and an efficient second sensor response.

38. 34. The device of claim 33, The first thermal window portion and the second thermal window portion are made of a dielectric material.

39. 39. The device of claim 38, The dielectric material is sapphire.

40. 39. The device of claim 38, The dielectric material is diamond.

41. 41. A device according to any one of claims 39 and 40, comprising: The dielectric material is a composite.

42. 32. The device of claim 31 , The first sensor is a thermal sensor and the second sensor is a heat sensor.

43. 32. The device of claim 31 , The first sensor and the second sensor are thermally insulated.

44. 32. The device of claim 31 , The first sensor measures skin temperature.

45. 32. The device of claim 31 , The second sensor measures the ambient temperature.

46. 32. The device of claim 31 , The first sensor and the second sensor are configured to measure data indicative of the at least one emergent factor of the user.

47. 32. The device of claim 31 , The device further comprises a processor and firmware.

48. 32. The device of claim 31 , The first insulating material is disposed on the first surface of the circuit board and / or the second surface of the circuit board.

49. 32. The device of claim 31 , The first insulation material comprises three-dimensional printed plastic insulation, a reflective foil, a reflective super-insulation material, or any combination thereof.

50. 50. The device of claim 49, The three-dimensional printed plastic insulation is configured to minimize heat transfer between the first sensor and / or the second sensor and the circuit board and the battery.

51. 50. The device of claim 49, The reflective foil and / or the reflective super-insulating material are configured to reflect radiant heat transfer between the first sensor and / or the second sensor and the circuit board and the battery.

52. 32. The device of claim 31 , At least one surface of the housing comprises a second insulating material, a mesh of air pockets, or any combination thereof.

53. 53. The device of claim 52, The second insulating material and / or the mesh of the air pockets are configured to minimize heat transfer through the periphery of the device.

54. 53. The device of claim 52, The second insulation is a three-dimensional printed plastic insulation.

55. 1. A device configured to measure a plurality of data indicative of at least one emergent factor of a user, the device comprising: Housing and a circuit board located within the housing; a first channel on the circuit board configured to measure a skin temperature of the user; a second channel on the circuit board configured to measure an environmental temperature; the first channel and the second channel are separated; At least one surface of the housing comprises insulation, a mesh of air pockets, or any combination thereof.

56. 56. The device of claim 55, The insulation and / or mesh of the air pockets are configured to minimize heat transfer through the periphery of the device.

57. 56. The device of claim 55, The insulation is a three-dimensional printed plastic insulation.

58. 56. The device of claim 55, The device may further comprise a battery, a processor, firmware, or any combination thereof.

59. 56. The device of claim 55, The first channel is attached to a first thermal window portion that contacts the user, and the second channel is attached to a second thermal window portion that contacts ambient air.

60. 60. The device of claim 59, The first thermal window portion and the second thermal window portion are separated from each other.

61. 60. The device of claim 59, The first and second thermal windows are thermally conductive, allowing Bluetooth signals to be transmitted through the device.

62. 60. The device of claim 59, The first and second thermal window portions have thicknesses configured to allow for an efficient first sensor response and an efficient second sensor response.

63. 60. The device of claim 59, The first thermal window portion and the second thermal window portion are made of a dielectric material.

64. 64. The device of claim 63, The dielectric material is sapphire.

65. 64. The device of claim 63, The dielectric material is diamond.

66. 66. A device according to any one of claims 64 and 65, comprising: The dielectric material is a composite.

67. 60. The device of claim 59, The first sensor is attached to the first thermal window portion.

68. 68. The device of claim 67, The second sensor is attached to the second thermal window portion.

69. 68. The device of claim 67, The first sensor is a thermal sensor and the second sensor is a heat sensor.

70. 68. The device of claim 67, The first sensor and the second sensor are thermally insulated.

71. 68. The device of claim 67, The first sensor measures skin temperature.

72. 68. The device of claim 67, The second sensor measures the ambient temperature.

73. 68. The device of claim 67, The first sensor and the second sensor are configured to measure data indicative of the at least one emergent factor of the user.

74. 1. A method for measuring a plurality of data indicative of at least one emergent factor of a user, the method comprising: The method comprises measuring the ambient temperature and the skin temperature of the user using a device according to any one of claims 31 to 73.

75. 75. The method of claim 74, estimating heat removal of the biological system over time based on the environmental temperature difference; estimating heat production of the biological system over time based on skin temperature; and estimating a basal metabolic state of the biological system based on the temporal alignment of heat removal and heat production.

76. 75. The method of claim 74, The method further comprises a step of obtaining a quasi-periodic rhythm of the biological system based on the environmental temperature and the skin temperature, the quasi-periodic rhythm being on a second-by-second, minute-by-minute, ultradian, circadian, circalunar or yearly basis.

77. 77. The method of claim 76, obtaining a variability of the quasi-periodic rhythm over a predetermined time period; and determining health performance based on the variability of the quasi-periodic rhythm.

78. 77. The method of claim 76, estimating heat removal of the biological system over time based on the environmental temperature difference; estimating heat production of the biological system over time based on skin temperature; estimating a basal metabolic state of the biological system based on the temporal alignment of heat removal and heat production; and determining health capacity by applying a time-dependent function to the estimated basal metabolic state, the time-dependent function being derived from the quasi-periodic rhythm of the biological system.

79. 77. The method of claim 76, The plurality of data includes heat flux data.

80. 80. The method of claim 79, At least one health capability is a basal metabolic state; and At least one emergent factor is the temporal alignment of heat production and heat removal.

81. 81. The method of claim 80, The temporal alignment is related to at least one quasi-periodic rhythm of a biological system.

82. 82. The method of claim 81 , The at least one quasi-periodic rhythm is a circadian rhythm.

Images