Electro-stimulative, hydrophilic-hydrophobic dual-structured metallic mesh wound dressing

Abstract

A wound dressing utilizes a metallic mesh with a dual hydrophilic-hydrophobic structure for active fluid management. A first, hydrophilic surface of the mesh is functionalized with a plurality of zinc oxide (ZnO) nanoneedles. The nanoneedles provide a sustained, solid-state antimicrobial defense and form a non-wetting surface that drives exudate away from the wound bed. The nanoneedles are further configured to concentrate an applied electric field at their sharp tips, enabling effective electro-stimulation of tissue at a low operating voltage of 10 volts or less. The second, hydrophobic surface of the mesh complements this action by controlling moisture. This integration of non-wetting topology, sustained bactericidal action, and low-voltage electro-stimulation provides a multifaceted approach to advanced wound care.

Description

[0001] 1 HKUS.205XC1PCT

[0002] DESCRIPTION

[0003] TITLE

[0004] ELECTRO-STIMULATIVE, HYDROPHILIC-HYDROPHOBIC DUAL-STRUCTURED METALLIC MESH WOUND DRESSING

[0005] CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION

[0006] The present application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application Serial No. 63 / 708,740, filed October 17, 2024, which is hereby incorporated by reference herein in its entirety, including any figures, tables, or drawings.

[0007] FIELD OF INVENTION

[0008] The present invention pertains to a novel multifunctional wound dressing integrating a non-wetting topology, sustained bactericidal action, and low-voltage electro-stimulation. The wound dressing utilizes a metallic mesh with a dual hydrophilic-hydrophobic structure for active fluid management. The metallic mesh comprises nanoneedles configured to concentrate an applied electric field at their sharp tips, enabling effective electro-stimulation of tissue that promotes wound healing.

[0009] BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

[0010] Wound management, particularly for chronic wounds, presents three interconnected challenges: bacterial infection, inefficient fluid management, and stalled cellular regeneration. Traditional dressings provide passive barriers but lack active mechanisms to address these issues simultaneously. They often require frequent changes to manage exudate and control infection, which disrupts the healing process and burdens healthcare systems.

[0011] While advanced dressings such as hydrogels and alginates improve moisture retention, they fail to provide sustained, non-leaching antimicrobial action. Furthermore, electrical stimulation (ES) therapies, though effective in promoting healing, are limited by the requirement for high operating voltages (>20V), which pose safety risks, patient discomfort, and limit practical, long-term use.

[0012] There is a significant need for a unified wound care solution that actively manages the wound environment through a combination of

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[0014] 1. Sustained, non-leaching antimicrobial action to prevent infection without frequent dressing changes;

[0015] 2. Intelligent fluid control to manage exudate without maceration, mimicking natural biological interfaces; and

[0016] 3. Low-voltage electro-stimulation to safely promote cell migration and proliferation, overcoming the limitations of existing high-voltage ES therapies.

[0017] BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

[0018] The present invention addresses these unmet needs by integrating the three functionalities into a single, advanced dressing platform. A multifunctional wound dressing is developed based on a metallic mesh engineered with a dual hydrophilic-hydrophobic structure. The invention's synergy arises from the integration of three core elements:

[0019] A) Non-Wetting Surfaces for Bacterial Mitigation: One side of the mesh is functionalized with a field of zinc oxide (ZnO) nanoneedles. This nanostructured topology, inspired by bio-mimicry (for example, Salvinia leaves), creates a non-wetting surface that directionally drives water and exudate away from the wound bed. This action removes the moist environment essential for bacterial proliferation, providing a primary physical defense against infection.

[0020] B) Solid-State Bactericide: The ZnO nanoneedles themselves act as a sustained, nonleaching antimicrobial agent. Their sharp tips and material properties mechanically disrupt bacterial membranes and release zinc ions, providing a continuous chemical defense that does not deplete over time, eliminating the need for daily dressing changes required by conventional antimicrobial dressings.

[0021] C) Low-Voltage Electro-Stimulation: The conductive ZnO nanoneedles are configured to concentrate an applied electric field at their sharp tips. This field concentration effect generates intermittent micro-discharges, enabling effective electro-stimulation for cell migration and angiogenesis at a significantly reduced operating voltage of 10 volts or less. This addresses the key safety and practicality limitations of traditional ES therapies.

[0022] The metallic mesh substrate, with pore sizes tunable between 200-800 mesh, provides the structural foundation, enabling tailored exudate management and serving as an electrode for the electro-stimulation circuits.

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[0024] BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0025] Figure 1 shows SEM images of ZnO nanoneedles prepared using a magnetron sputtered seed layer. (Top left panel) Low-magnification image showing the uniform distribution of ZnO nanoneedles over the substrate. (Top right panel) Medium-magnification image highlighting the densely packed and vertically aligned nanoneedles. (Bottom left panel) Cross-sectional view showing the vertically oriented ZnO nanoneedles grown on the substrate, supported by the sputtered seed layer. (Bottom right panel) High-magnification image illustrating the sharp-tip morphology and high aspect ratio of individual ZnO nanoneedles, suitable for enhancing surface interactions in various applications.

[0026] Figure 2 shows SEM images of the bare steel metal mesh. (Top left panel) Macroscopic view of the mesh samples. (Top middle panel) Magnified view showing smooth steel wire surfaces with hexagonal patterns (500 nm scale bar). (Top right and bottom panels) Higher magnifications (20 pm to 200 pm scale bars) illustrating the woven structure and consistent wire spacing. (4.2)

[0027] Figure 3 shows SEM images of ZnO nanoneedles grown on the steel metal mesh. (Top left panel) Macroscopic view of the mesh post ZnO nanoneedle growth. (Top middle and right panels) Magnified views (500 nm and 2pm scale bars) displaying dense, vertically aligned ZnO nanoneedles. (Bottom panels) SEM images at higher magnifications (5pm to 200pm scale bars) showcasing uniform nanoneedle coverage and enhanced surface roughness.

[0028] Figure 4 shows a SEM image of Metal Mesh with a ZnO nanoneedle surface

[0029] Figure 5 shows a zoom-in image of a single metal mesh line surface.

[0030] Figure 6 shows an image of a surface of the ZnO nanoneedle array.

[0031] Figure 7 shows an image of different types of ZnO nanoneedles.

[0032] Figure 8 shows an image illustrating animal experiments with a C57BL / 6 diabetic mouse with the portable ES device attached to the wound site.

[0033] Figure 9 shows the PCB design for the wound dressing. The circuit diagram shows the key components of the electric potential dressing, including power supply, voltage control, oscillation circuit, and LED indicators for wound healing applications. The ES device can deliver 1.5V and 50 pA current.

[0034] Figure 10 shows an image of the large-scale metal-mesh nanoneedle wound dressing.

[0035] Figure 11 shows the electro-actuated wound dressing logic diagram.

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[0037] Figure 12 shows microscopic images of the scratch wound assay. (Top panels) Control group showing natural cell migration at 0 and 12 hours, with moderate scratch closure. (Bottom panels) ES stimulation group displaying enhanced wound closure at 12 hours under 1.5V and 50 pA electrical stimulation, characterized by a sharper migration edge and uniform cell movement.

[0038] Figure 13 shows wound healing progress across the four experimental groups: Control, MMNS, MM+ES, and MMNS+ES. Images captured on days 0, 3, 7, and 10 show wound area reduction for each group. The contour maps visualize wound closure, demonstrating the superior performance of the MMNS+ES group in achieving faster and more complete healing.

[0039] Figure 14 shows H&E-stained tissue sections (top panel) and contour maps (bottom panel) highlight the wound healing progress on day 10 across all experimental groups. In the top panel, the Control group shows incomplete re-epithelialization and minimal granulation tissue, while the MMNS group exhibits improved granulation tissue formation and partial re- epithelialization. The MM+ES group demonstrates enhanced re-epithelialization and a thicker granulation tissue layer, and the MMNS+ES group achieves complete re-epithelialization, dense granulation tissue, and significant dermal remodeling with collagen deposition (scale bar: 500 pm). The bottom panel complements these findings with contour maps, showing the largest wound area in the Control group, moderate closure in the MMNS group, significant wound reduction in the MM+ES group, and the smallest wound area in the MMNS+ES group, reflecting the synergistic effects of ZnO nanostructures and ES in accelerating advanced wound healing.

[0040] Figure 15 shows healing ratio progression over 9 days for four groups: Control (Top left panel), MMNS (Bottom left panel), MM+ES (Top right panel), and MMNS+ES (Bottom right panel). The Control group shows the slowest healing (-60% by day 9), while MMNS and MM+ES demonstrate moderate improvements due to ZnO nanostructures and electric stimulation, respectively. The MMNS+ES group achieves the highest healing (-90%), highlighting the synergistic effects of combined therapy. Error bars represent standard deviations.

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[0042] DETAILED DISCLOSURE OF THE INVENTION

[0043] Selected Definitions

[0044] As used herein, the singular forms “a”, “an” and “the” are intended to include the plural forms as well, unless the context clearly indicates otherwise. Furthermore, to the extent that the terms “including”, “includes”, “having”, “has”, “with”, or variants thereof are used in either the detailed description and / or the claims, such terms are intended to be inclusive in a manner similar to the term “comprising”. The transitional terms / phrases (and any grammatical variations thereof) “comprising”, “comprises”, “comprise”, “consisting essentially of’, “consists essentially of’, “consisting” and “consists” can be used interchangeably.

[0045] The term “about” means within an acceptable error range for the particular value as determined by one of ordinary skill in the art, which depends in part on how the value is measured, z.e., the limitations of the measurement system. In the context of compositions containing amounts of ingredients where the term “about” is used, these compositions contain the stated amount of the ingredient with a variation (error range) of 0-10% around the value (X ± 10%). In other contexts, the term “about” is providing a variation (error range) of 0-10% around a given value (X ± 10%). As is apparent, this variation represents a range that is up to 10% above or below a given value, for example, X ± 1%, X ± 2%, X ± 3%, X ± 4%, X ± 5%, X ± 6%, X ± 7%, X ± 8%, X ± 9%, or X ± 10%.

[0046] In the present disclosure, ranges are stated in shorthand to avoid having to set out at length and describe each and every value within the range. Any appropriate value within the range can be selected, where appropriate, as the upper value, lower value, or the terminus of the range. For example, a range of 0.1-1.0 represents the terminal values of 0.1 and 1.0, as well as the intermediate values of 0.2, 0.3, 0.4, 0.5, 0.6, 0.7, 0.8, 0.9, and all intermediate ranges encompassed within 0.1-1.0, such as 0.2-0.5, 0.2-0.8, 0.7-1.0, etc. Values having at least two significant digits within a range are envisioned, for example, a range of 5-10 indicates all the values between 5.0 and 10.0 as well as between 5.00 and 10.00 including the terminal values. When ranges are used herein, combinations and subcombinations of ranges (e.g., subranges within the disclosed range) and specific embodiments therein are explicitly included.

[0047] By “reduces” is meant a negative alteration of at least 1%, 5%, 10%, 25%, 50%, 75%, or 100%.

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[0049] By “increases” is meant as a positive alteration of at least 1%, 5%, 10%, 25%, 50%, 75%, or 100%.

[0050] As used herein, the terms “miniature“, “miniaturized”, “miniaturization” refer to general features of the subject invention, wherein the nanoneedle concentration in the wound dressing produces a fundamental increase in efficiency, which directly enables a reduction in the required size and power source.

[0051] Any compositions or methods provided herein can be combined with one or more of any of the other compositions and methods provided herein.

[0052] Other features and advantages of the invention will be apparent from the following description of the preferred embodiments thereof, and from the claims.

[0053] All references cited herein are hereby incorporated by reference in their entirety to the extent that they are not inconsistent with the explicit teachings herein.

[0054] The field of wound care is continuously evolving, with an increasing demand for innovative solutions that address the multifaceted challenges of wound management. Traditional wound dressings, while effective in providing a protective barrier and moisture retention, often fall short in terms of promoting active healing and preventing infection, especially in chronic or complex wounds. The need for a more proactive approach in wound care has driven the development of advanced dressings that integrate bioactive materials and novel technologies.

[0055] In one aspect, the subject invention pertains to a novel wound dressing. In another aspect, the subject invention pertains to novel methods of manufacturing the wound dressing. In a further aspect, the subject invention pertains to novel methods for treating a wound utilizing the wound dressing.

[0056] The purpose and practical use of the wound dressing of the subject invention is to combine a hydrophilic-hydrophobic dual -structured metallic mesh with electro-stimulative properties to not only protect the wound but also actively engage in the healing process through a combination of fluid management, antimicrobial action, and cell proliferation stimulation. In preferred embodiments, the mesh allows for selective adhesion and fluid control.

[0057] The hydrophilic-hydrophobic dual -structured metallic mesh leverages the principles of bio-mimicry. Drawing inspiration from the micro-nanostructure of Salvinia leaves, the dressing mimics nature's approach to self-cleaning and healing promotion, offering a unique

[0058] J:\HKUS\205XClPCT\Application\HKUS-205XClPCT-Application.docx / 7 HKUS.205XC1PCT advantage over the conventional wound care products. This biomimetic design ensures longterm sterility at the wound site and promotes healing through gentle micro-pressure.

[0059] The mesh's specific pore sizes enable tunable hydrophilic-hydrophobic properties, facilitating fluid management directly at the wound site.

[0060] The dual-surface approach allows for tailored application to either drain excess exudate or retain moisture, as needed. Electrical stimulation delivered via the mesh promotes cell proliferation, which is not a feature of current dressings, offering a multifaceted enhancement in both antimicrobial efficacy and healing rates.

[0061] The subject invention represents a significant leap forward in the domain of wound care, addressing the limitations and challenges of existing wound dressings. By integrating advanced materials and novel functionalities, this wound dressing system is configured to provide a comprehensive solution that enhances the healing process, reduces infection risks, and improves patient comfort.

[0062] Accordingly, the wound dressing combines three core capabilities within a single integrated platform: (1) directional, non-wetting fluid control, (2) solid-state bactericidal action, and (3) low-voltage electro-stimulation. This compact and synergistic approach is designed to improve wound care outcomes by leveraging nanoscale structures and surface engineering that enable simultaneous fluid management, antimicrobial activity, and bioelectric stimulation, while reducing the need for high dosages of topical or systemic drugs.

[0063] In certain embodiments, the wound dressing comprises a conductive metallic mesh substrate having a first surface and a second surface forming a dual hydrophilic-hydrophobic structured mesh capable of managed fluid transport, where the first surface exhibits hydrophilic properties and the second surface of the conductive mesh substrate is hydrophobic. The wound dressing further comprises a plurality of zinc oxide (ZnO) nanoneedles disposed on the first surface of the conductive mesh substrate, where the plurality of ZnO nanoneedles are configured to (i) provide antimicrobial activity by solid- state bactericidal actions, and (ii) concentrate an electric field to enable electro-stimulation at an operating voltage of about 10 volts or less. In preferred embodiments, the operating voltage is about 1.5 to about 5 volts.

[0064] In certain embodiments, the wound dressing comprises a sensing circuit electrically coupled to the conductive mesh substrate. The sensing circuit is configured to measure an electrical property of wound environment through the plurality of ZnO nanoneedles.

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[0066] In a second aspect, the subject invention discloses a method for treating a wound comprising applying the wound dressing a wound site, managing wound exudate via the dualstructured mesh, inhibiting bacterial growth via the solid-state bactericidal action of the ZnO nanoneedles, and applying a voltage of 10 volts or less to the conductive mesh to generate an electric field concentrated at the tips of the ZnO nanoneedles, thereby stimulating cell proliferation at the wound site. In preferred embodiments, the ZnO nanoneedles are configured to generate intermittent discharges that enable electro-stimulation at an operating voltage that is less or equal to 10 volts.

[0067] In a third aspect, the subject invention discloses a method for manufacturing the wound dressing comprising providing a metallic mesh base, forming a plurality of ZnO nanoneedles on a first surface of the mesh base, thereby rendering the first surface hydrophilic, applying a hydrophobic coating to a second surface of the mesh base, opposite the first surface, where the plurality of ZnO nanoneedles are configured to be conductive and to have sharp tips configured to concentrate an electric field, where the forming ZnO nanoneedles is based on a hydrothermal method, resulting in a structure that contributes to bactericidal and wound healing effects. In certain embodiments, the conductive mesh is a metallic mesh base formed with pores having pore sizes within a range of 200 to 800 mesh.

[0068] In certain embodiments, the method for manufacturing the wound dressing includes, but is not limited to, a sensing circuit electrically coupled to the plurality of ZnO nanoneedles, where the sensing circuit is configured to detect changes in an electrical property, which includes changes in capacitance and / or resistance. In further embodiments, stimulated cell growth is performed at an operating voltage and facilitated by intermittent discharges by the ZnO nanoneedles, where the operating voltage is less or equal to 10 volts.

[0069] In some embodiments, electrical feedback is transmitted wirelessly from the sensing unit, where the electrical feedback is compared to standard reference data to provide alerts when attention is needed at the wound site. In some embodiments, the wound includes, but is not limited to, chronic wound, acute wound, bum, and surgical wound.

[0070] Dual-Structured Mesh for Controlled Fluid Management

[0071] In some embodiments, the conductive mesh substrate comprises a first surface that is hydrophilic and a second surface that is hydrophobic. The dual-structured mesh enables directional fluid transport, balancing the need for moisture retention and the risk of maceration, efficiently drawing wound exudate away from the wound site and toward the

[0072] J:\HKUS\205XClPCT\Application\HKUS-205XClPCT-Application.docx / 9 HKUS.205XC1PCT outer surface, where it evaporates or is absorbed by auxiliary layers. In certain embodiments, the metallic mesh is engineered with specific pore sizes, ranging from 200 to 800 mesh, allowing for tailored fluid management and optimal wound exudate control.

[0073] In certain embodiments, the hydrophilic first surface is functionalized with a dense array of vertically aligned ZnO nanoneedles, intended to face or contact a wound surface, which impart unique topological properties that result in a non-wetting surface. This topology inhibits fluid from pooling at the wound interface and facilitates capillary-driven transport along defined pathways. In preferred embodiments, the non-wetting surface directionally drives fluid away from the first surface.

[0074] In certain embodiments, the hydrophobic second surface may be achieved by coating the opposite side of the mesh, intended to face away from a wound surface, with a thin layer of polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) or another hydrophobic polymer. This asymmetric wetting structure promotes unidirectional moisture movement, enhancing comfort and reducing infection risks. In some embodiments, the layer of PDMS imparts hydrophobic properties to the wound dressing.

[0075] Solid-State Antimicrobial Mechanism

[0076] In further embodiments, the plurality of ZnO nanoneedles serve a dual function. In addition to shaping the non-wetting fluid management topology, they also deliver continuous, solid-state bactericidal action through a combination of physical and chemical mechanisms. The nanoneedles are sharp and rigid enough to mechanically pierce bacterial membranes upon contact, leading to cell lysis. Concurrently, ZnO is known to release zinc ions (Zn2+) in trace amounts, which further disrupt bacterial metabolic functions and inhibit biofilm formation.

[0077] This solid-state bactericidal mechanism solves issues related to dosage depletion and microbial resistance development.

[0078] Electro-Stimulation Enabled by Field-Concentrating Nanoneedles

[0079] In some embodiments, the integration of bioactive zinc oxide nanoneedles on the mesh surface introduces a new dimension of antimicrobial defense against bacterial colonization. The nanoneedles not only provide sustained antimicrobial action but also facilitate the delivery of controlled electrical stimulation to the wound site, promoting cell proliferation, and healing. The zinc oxide nanoneedles enable the generation of intermittent

[0080] J:\HKUS\205XClPCT\Application\HKUS-205XClPCT-Application.docx / 10 HKUS.205XC1PCT discharges, effectively utilizing an electric field and reducing the operating voltage to within 10 volts, making the therapy safer and more practical.

[0081] In some examples, the ZnO nanoneedles function as field concentrators when a voltage is applied to the conductive mesh substrate. The localized, concentrated electric field may exceed the threshold required to stimulate cellular growth and proliferation, rendering the nanoneedles highly effective for various regenerative applications. Due to their sharp, high-aspect-ratio geometry, the nanoneedles intensify local electric fields at their tips, enabling effective electro-stimulation of surrounding tissue at operating voltages as low as 1.5 to 5 volts — significantly below conventional thresholds.

[0082] In other examples, the wound dressing includes a compact sensing and stimulation circuit electrically coupled to the conductive mesh. The circuit may measure electrical properties of the wound environment and deliver stimulation protocols. In additional examples, the zinc oxide nanoneedles concentrate electrical energy at their tips to stimulate cell growth.

[0083] In exemplary embodiments, Figure 4 shows a SEM image of metal mesh with a ZnO nanoneedle surface, Figure 5 shows a zoom-in image of a single metal mesh line surface, Figure 6 shows an image of a surface of the ZnO nanoneedle array, and Figure 7 shows an image of different types of ZnO nanoneedles.

[0084] Smart Electrical Feedback for Advanced Wound Monitoring

[0085] In further embodiments, smart electrical feedback capabilities are integrated into the nanoneedle-equipped wound patch. The nanoneedles are configured to function as sensors, detecting and / or measuring subtle changes in electrical properties, such as capacitance and resistance, within the wound environment. These electrical signals are highly sensitive to the dynamic healing conditions, including the physiological state of cells at the wound site.

[0086] In some examples, electrical signals related to the state of the cell obtained by the sensing circuit are wirelessly transmitted from the wound to a remote system via a communication module, and subsequently compared to standard reference data, where the wound dressing system can intelligently identify and alert caregivers when specific attention or intervention is required. This real-time, smart feedback mechanism offers several substantial benefits, including, but not limited to, precision and personalized care, enabling highly tailored treatment strategies that adapt to the individual patient's specific wound condition, improving care productivity and efficiency facilitating intelligent monitoring and

[0087] J:\HKUS\205XClPCT\Application\HKUS-205XClPCT-Application.docx / 11 HKUS.205XC1PCT timely interventions, optimizing caregiver workflow and resource allocation, and reducing medical waste and cost savings, thus minimizing the unnecessary use or underuse of medical materials and, therefore contributing to greater environmental sustainability within healthcare settings.

[0088] Integration of Functions for Synergistic Therapeutic Effects

[0089] In preferred embodiments, the subject invention provides three core functionalities, / .<?., non-wetting fluid control, solid-state bactericidal action, and electro-stimulation, which are integrated into a synergistic therapeutic platform. The same nanoneedle structures that direct fluid flow and kill bacteria also serve as electric field concentrators. Such unified structure simplifies manufacturing and ensures that each component supports the others. For example, as exudate is drawn away from the wound, the bacteria are simultaneously neutralized by the nanoneedles, and the local tissue is stimulated to regenerate more rapidly.

[0090] In preferred embodiments, the wound dressing can be used for drug delivery. In certain embodiments, the integration of core functionalities of the subject invention allows to significantly reduce drug dosage administration when the wound dressing is used as a transdermal drug delivery platform. In certain embodiments, the dosage reduction compared to passive topical application ranges from about 5 to 10 times.

[0091] In some examples, for cosmetic and ocular applications the dressing can be miniaturized and shaped to conform to facial contours or periocular regions where electrical stimulation enables controlled electrophoretic drug delivery. In preferred examples, nanoneedle integration effectively concentrates the electric field, allowing the entire electrophoretic module to fit inside a slim therapeutic goggle, thus shrinking the bulk size of the electrophoretic module by about 6 times compared with previous cup-style applicators housed in handheld consoles.

[0092] In certain examples, nanoneedle-assisted electrophoresis enhances permeability and targeted delivery of charged molecules. In preferred embodiments, the voltage applied is less than or equal to 2 volts. Traditional topical formulations suffer from poor skin penetration, with less than 5% of the drug typically reaching viable tissue. In contrast, the nanoneedles of the subject invention create microscopic conduits that bypass the stratum corneum, the skin’s primary barrier, allowing for high-efficiency delivery of therapeutics. In further examples, the dressing allows the delivery of drugs including, but not limited to, anti-aging compounds, such as peptides and antioxidants. When combined with electrophoretic or iontophoretic

[0093] J:\HKUS\205XClPCT\Application\HKUS-205XClPCT-Application.docx / 12 HKUS.205XC1PCT driving forces, the dressing achieves targeted, depth-controlled delivery of charged drug molecules, including peptides, biologies, and nucleic acids.

[0094] In specific examples, the dressing is configured as an eye mask with shielding geometry to protect the cornea while delivering drugs to the conjunctiva or periocular tissue for treating conditions such as dry eye, conjunctivitis, or age-related degeneration. Age- related degeneration refers to damage to the skin caused by aging and / or exposure to atmospheric events, such as wind, sun light U.V. radiation, and / or extreme temperatures. In certain embodiments, the dressing’s controlled electrophoretic drug delivery can be used to improve skin texture and hydration in cosmetic use, and to increase drug bioavailability in ocular applications. In preferred examples, the dressing can be used for non-invasive, targeted therapy, and can be integrated wearable, smart therapeutic devices.

[0095] In exemplary embodiments, the dressing’s ZnO nanoneedles and low-voltage electrical stimulation allow rapid wound closure and tissue regeneration, durability under mechanical stress and abrasion, flexibility for joint and limb movement, antimicrobial protection in field conditions, compatibility with wearable power sources for field uses, and reduced downtime in sports-related injuries.

[0096] In further exemplary embodiments, the wound dressing can provide low-voltage electro-stimulation that advantageously promotes wound healing in situations where traditional power sources may not be available, such as in military and emergency environments and in sports activities. In preferred embodiments, the dressing is highly durable under abrasion conditions. Moreover, compatibility with wearable electronics makes it ideal for deployment in high-performance and remote settings.

[0097] In further examples, the wound dressing comprises an elastic wound-dressing laminate comprising a fibrous outer cover and an inner stainless-steel mesh core, where the mesh core confers considerable flexibility upon the overall structure. In specific examples, an elastic wound-dressing laminate is particularly advantageous in high-performance and remote settings, such as military environments and sports activities. In preferred embodiments, sports and military variants of the wound dressing comprise a laminate structure that confers higher abrasion resistance. The laminate exhibits an abrasion resistance of N Martindale cycles, where N is at least four times greater than the abrasion resistance of a bandage lacking the mesh core. The "N” variable is defined as cycles count measured per standard test.

[0098] Problems Solved by Electrical Nanoneedles

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[0100] The wound dressing system with electrical nanoneedles of the subject invention addresses several critical limitations of conventional wound care system and methods: (a) insufficient cell stimulation: Traditional wound care primarily relies on passive protection and the body's natural regenerative processes. Such system and methods often lack the ability to actively stimulate cellular growth, potentially prolonging healing times. The wound system of the subject invention overcomes this issue by actively promoting cell proliferation via concentrated electrical fields; (b) lack of real-time monitoring: Conventional wound dressings offer no real-time feedback on the wound's condition. This absence of continuous data makes early detection of complications, such as infections or delayed healing, challenging and reactive. The smart electrical feedback of the wound system of the subject invention provides continuous and real-time insights; and (c) inefficient care and resource utilization: Without intelligent monitoring, caregivers may inefficiently manage medical materials, leading to unnecessary waste, increased costs, and inconsistencies in the quality of care provided. The smart feedback of the subject invention optimizes resource use through timely and data- driven interventions.

[0101] In certain embodiments, the wound dressing of the subject invention can provide improvements over the prior art, for example: (1) enhancing antimicrobial defense where, unlike traditional dressings that lack sustained antimicrobial properties, the subject invention utilizes zinc oxide nanoneedles to provide an active defense against bacterial colonization, reducing the need for frequent changes, (2) optimizing fluid management where the specific pore sizes of the metallic mesh allow for tailored fluid management, addressing the issues of excess exudate or moisture retention that plague current dressings, (3) promoting healing where the electro-stimulative properties of the dressing actively promote cell proliferation and healing, a feature not commonly found in existing products, thus representing a paradigm shift from passive protection to active engagement in the healing process, (4) providing patient comfort and safety where the low-voltage electro-stimulation and the gentle micro-pressure provided by the nanoneedles enhance patient comfort while ensuring safety, mitigating the risks associated with high-voltage therapies, (5) supporting sustainability and practicality where the dressing's design reduces the frequency of dressing changes, decreasing the overall environmental impact and healthcare costs associated with wound care.

[0102] Table 1 — Wound Healing: Passive nanoneedles made from PDMS vs. Innovative Electrically active conductive Nanoneedles

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[0104] MATERIALS AND METHODS

[0105] ZnO Synthesis Method for Zinc Oxide Nanoneedles

[0106] To prepare the ZnO nanoneedles dissolve 0.1 M zinc nitrate hexahydrate in 50 mL of deionized water. Stir the solution until fully dissolved. Separately, dissolve 0.1 M hexamethylenetetramine (HMTA) in another 50 mL of deionized water. Then, slowly add the HMTA solution to the zinc nitrate solution under constant stirring to ensure homogeneity and check the pH of the solution that should be around neutral. Adjust as necessary using dilute ammonia solution or nitric acid. As a substrate, clean glass slides or silicon wafers thoroughly washed with ethanol and deionized water to remove contaminants can be used. Coat the substrates with a thin layer of ZnO nanoparticles using a spin-coating technique or dipping them into a ZnO sol-gel precursor. Pre-anneal the coated substrates at 300 °C for 30 minutes to enhance adhesion and seed crystal formation. Then, place the prepared substrates preferably in a Teflon-lined autoclave containing the reaction solution. Ensure the substrates are oriented with the seed

[0107] J:\HKUS\205XClPCT\Application\HKUS-205XClPCT-Application.docx / 15 HKUS.205XC1PCT layer facing upward, seal the autoclave and heat it at 90-120 °C for 6-12 hours. The temperature and time can be adjusted to control the aspect ratio and morphology of the ZnO nanoneedles. Allow the autoclave to cool to room temperature naturally after the reaction is complete.

[0108] Subsequently, retrieve the substrates and wash them thoroughly with deionized water to remove residual chemicals and dry the substrates in an oven at 60 °C for 2-4 hours. Optionally, to improve the crystallinity and stability of the nanoneedles, anneal the substrates at 400-500 °C in air for 1 hour.

[0109] Optionally, use scanning electron microscopy (SEM) to observe the nanoneedle structure and dimensions, Perform X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis to confirm the hexagonal wurtzite structure of ZnO, and evaluate the photoluminescence (PL) spectrum to assess the material's bandgap and defect states.

[0110] The aspect ratio and density of the ZnO nanoneedles can be tuned by varying the concentration of precursors, reaction temperature, and time. Seed layers enhance the uniformity and orientation of nanoneedle growth but are not strictly necessary if random growth is acceptable.

[0111] Preparation of metal mesh

[0112] The dressing comprises a metallic mesh coated with zinc oxide (ZnO) nanoneedles on one side, forming a dual hydrophilic-hydrophobic structure. ZnO nanoneedles are synthesized via magnetron sputtering and hydrothermal growth, and deposited on a conductive mesh substrate. Briefly, a stable ZnO seed solution was prepared by gradually introducing methanol (0.03 M) sodium hydroxide (NaOH) solution into a methanol (0.01 M) zinc acetate solution at 60 °C, with continuous stirring for 2 hours to form a clear and homogeneous precursor. This solution demonstrated excellent stability, remaining usable for at least two weeks when stored at 4 °C. To form a seed layer, the ZnO nanocrystals were spin-coated onto transparent substrates such as flat and microstructured poly dimethyl siloxane (PDMS). PDMS imparts hydrophobicity on the opposite side of the mesh. The spin-coating process was performed at 3000 rpm for 20 seconds per cycle and repeated four times. After each spincoating step, the substrates were annealed at 400 °C for 30 minutes to improve the crystallinity and adhesion of the seed layer.

[0113] Following the preparation of the seed layer, ZnO nanoneedles were grown using a magnetron sputtering system. The substrates with the ZnO seed layer were placed in a

[0114] J:\HKUS\205XClPCT\Application\HKUS-205XClPCT-Application.docx / 16 HKUS.205XC1PCT vacuum chamber, where a high-purity ZnO target served as the sputtering source. The chamber was evacuated to a base pressure of approximately 106Torr, and argon gas was introduced as the sputtering medium. The process conditions were carefully optimized to achieve vertical alignment and uniform growth of ZnO nanoneedles. Typical parameters included a working pressure of 3 mTorr, a radiofrequency (RF) power of 100 W, and a substrate temperature maintained at 300°C to enhance the adatom mobility and promote anisotropic crystal growth. The sputtering duration was adjusted to control the length and density of the nanoneedles.

[0115] The magnetron sputtering technique facilitated the deposition of well-aligned ZnO nanoneedles on the seed-coated substrates, producing a uniform nanostructured layer. This process not only ensures the high purity and excellent adhesion of the nanostructures but also allows for large-scale production with high reproducibility. The resulting ZnO nanoneedle- coated substrates exhibited dual-scale structural characteristics. These advanced structures are highly suitable for applications in biomedical devices, including wound healing dressings, due to their enhanced surface properties, such as improved biocompatibility, wettability, and antimicrobial activity

[0116] Furthermore, a low-voltage electrical stimulation module was integrated using a CR2032 battery, DAC7311, and TP5532 to deliver pulsed currents (1.5V, 50pA). The dressing was laminated with hydrogel and encapsulated in a breathable film.

[0117] Electrical Circuit Design

[0118] The metal mesh serves as both a structural framework and an electrode, enabling direct electrical contact with the wound surface. The nanostructures enhance the local electric field and provide additional surface area for cellular interaction. The electrical circuit, as shown in Figure 9 was designed to deliver precise and adjustable electric potentials to the wound dressing. The key components include:

[0119] Power Supply: A CR2032 lithium coin cell battery ensures portability and long- lasting operation.

[0120] Voltage Reference and Control: A DAC7311 precision digital -to-analog converter provides accurate voltage control.

[0121] Oscillation and Pulsed Current Generation: A TP5532 operational amplifier generates pulsed currents required for effective electrical stimulation.

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[0123] Current Regulation: Resistors (1K-10K ) and capacitors (0.1 pF-100 pF) were used to fine-tune current delivery and ensure safety.

[0124] Indicators: Red LEDs indicate active circuit operation and output status.

[0125] The circuit was integrated into a flexible, lightweight module for easy attachment to the wound dressing, ensuring patient comfort during use.

[0126] Assembly of the Electric Potential Dressing

[0127] The development of smart wound dressings driven by electric potential combines advanced materials and cutting-edge technology to address critical challenges in wound healing. This design integrates multiple functionalities into a cohesive system that accelerates tissue regeneration, combats microbial infections, and continuously monitors the healing process. The dressing comprises a zinc oxide (ZnO) nanoneedle-coated metal mesh as the active material, which serves as both an antimicrobial agent and a conductive platform for electric potential delivery. This material not only provides a biocompatible interface with the wound but also enhances cell migration and proliferation through electrical stimulation

[0128] The dressing was fabricated by combining the ZnO nanoneedle-coated metal mesh with the circuit module. The ZnO-coated mesh was cut to the desired size and laminated onto a biocompatible hydrogel layer to maintain moisture and enhance adhesion to the wound. The electrical circuit module was connected to the mesh via conductive leads, ensuring uniform distribution of electric potential across the wound interface. The entire assembly was encapsulated in a breathable, waterproof polymer film to protect the components and maintain sterility.

[0129] The metal mesh is used as the structural and electrical core of the dressing. Coated with ZnO nanoneedles, it allows the uniform distribution of electric fields across the wound surface, enhancing therapeutic efficacy while ensuring mechanical stability.

[0130] A miniature circuit system delivers controlled and tunable electric potential to the dressing. This system generates low-frequency pulsed currents that mimic the body's natural bioelectric signals, promoting fibroblast migration, angiogenesis, and epithelialization. Realtime feedback from the circuit also ensures safety and efficiency during application.

[0131] The dressing uses electric signals to stimulate cellular activities such as keratinocyte activation, collagen deposition, and vascular growth. These signals are designed to optimize healing in chronic and complex wounds, particularly those with delayed inflammatory resolution. The combination of ZnO nanoneedles and electrical stimulation creates a

[0132] J:\HKUS\205XClPCT\Application\HKUS-205XClPCT-Application.docx / 18 HKUS.205XC1PCT synergistic effect on tissue repair. The nanoneedles amplify the electric field at the cellular level, accelerating the healing process by modulating cellular behavior and enhancing cell-to- cell communication. The ZnO nanoneedle coating provides intrinsic antimicrobial properties, effectively reducing bacterial colonization on the wound surface. This feature minimizes the risk of infection and promotes a cleaner wound environment for faster regeneration.

[0133] Workflow Logic

[0134] The dressing is applied to the wound site, ensuring direct contact between the ZnO nanoneedles and the wound bed (Figure 11). The smart circuit is activated to deliver precise electric potentials. The system continuously monitors the wound environment, including electrical signals and bacterial presence, providing feedback on healing progress. Throughout the healing phases (inflammation, proliferation, and maturation), the dressing adapts its output to optimize cellular responses, ensuring seamless and accelerated recovery. By integrating materials science, electronics, and biology, this system offers a customizable platform for various wound types, ease of application for outpatient and remote settings, and reduced reliance on traditional antimicrobial agents, minimizing the risk of resistance. This innovative dressing represents a paradigm shift in wound care, combining the therapeutic benefits of nanotechnology and bioelectric medicine into a single, smart, and effective platform. It offers new possibilities for improving patient outcomes in wound management and advancing the field of regenerative medicine.

[0135] Animal Model: Streptozotocin (STZ)-Induced Diabetic Mouse Model

[0136] Eight- week-old male C57BL / 6 mice weighing 20-25 g were selected for the study. The mice were housed in a controlled environment with a 12-hour light / dark cycle, constant temperature (22 ± 2 °C), and relative humidity (50 ± 10%). The animals were provided ad libitum access to standard chow and water. Before any treatment, the mice were acclimated for one week, and baseline body weight and blood glucose levels were recorded.

[0137] Streptozotocin (STZ) was used to induce diabetes. STZ was dissolved freshly in citrate buffer (0.1 M, pH 4.5) and injected intraperitoneally at a dose of 50 mg / kg body weight for five consecutive days. Seven days after the final injection, fasting blood glucose levels were measured using a glucometer. The mice with fasting blood glucose levels consistently above 250 mg / dL were considered diabetic and included in the study. Nondiabetic mice (controls) were injected with citrate buffer only.

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[0139] Diabetic mice were anesthetized with an intraperitoneal injection of ketamine (100 mg / kg) and xylazine (10 mg / kg) to ensure pain-free surgery. A 6-mm circular biopsy punch was used to create full-thickness excisional wounds on the dorsal skin of each mouse. The area around the wound was shaved and sterilized with 70% ethanol prior to surgery to reduce infection risk.

[0140] The mice were randomly divided into three experimental groups (n=8 per group): Control Group: Wounds left untreated without any dressing. Conventional Dressing Group: Wounds covered with standard hydrogel dressing. Smart Dressing Group: Wounds treated with the ZnO nanoneedle-coated electric potential dressing. The smart dressing, consisting of ZnO nanoneedle-coated metal mesh integrated with a portable electrical stimulation (ES) circuit, was applied directly to the wound. The dressing was secured with a breathable, transparent adhesive film to prevent dislodgment while allowing airflow. Electrical stimulation (lOOpA pulsed current, 1 Hz) was applied daily for 1 hour using the portable circuit system. Fasting blood glucose levels were monitored weekly to confirm sustained hyperglycemia in diabetic mice throughout the study.

[0141] Wound Healing Evaluation

[0142] Wound areas were photographed on days 0, 3, 7, 10, and 14 using a high-resolution digital camera under standardized lighting conditions. Wound areas were measured using ImageJ software, and the percentage of wound closure was calculated using the formula:

[0143] , , , Initial Wound Area •■■■■■■ Remaining Wound Area

[0144] Wound Closure (%) - - - - - - - — - - x 100 initial W ound Area

[0145] On days 7 and 14, wound tissues were harvested, fixed in 10% neutral -buffered formalin, and embedded in paraffin. Tissue sections (5pm thick) were prepared and stained using hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) for assessing inflammatory cell infiltration, granulation tissue formation, and re-epithelialization, and Masson’s tri chrome for evaluating collagen deposition and organization.

[0146] Tissue staining and wound comparison

[0147] Tissue samples were harvested from the wound sites on day 10 post-treatment, fixed in 10% neutral -buffered formalin, and embedded in paraffin. Serial 5 pm sections were

[0148] J:\HKUS\205XClPCT\Application\HKUS-205XClPCT-Application.docx / 20 HKUS.205XC1PCT prepared from the paraffin blocks and stained with hematoxylin to highlight nuclei and eosin to visualize cytoplasmic components. Stained sections were imaged under a light microscope, and the thickness of the epidermal layer, granulation tissue formation, and extent of re- epithelialization were evaluated.

[0149] Immunohistochemical Analysis

[0150] Immunostaining for vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and CD31 was performed to quantify new blood vessel formation. Alpha-smooth muscle actin (a-SMA) staining was used to assess fibroblast activation and wound contraction. Markers CD86 (Ml macrophages) and CD206 (M2 macrophages) were analyzed to evaluate the inflammatory response and resolution.

[0151] Bacterial Load Assessment

[0152] Swab samples were collected from the wound surface on days 3, 7, and 14 and cultured on nutrient agar plates. Colony-forming units (CFUs) were counted after incubation to determine the antimicrobial efficacy of smart dressing.

[0153] Statistical Analysis

[0154] Quantitative data are presented as mean ± standard deviation (SD). Group differences were analyzed using one-way ANOVA followed by Tukey’s post hoc multiple-comparisons test. Where applicable, paired t-tests were used for within-subject comparisons. Statistical analysis was performed using GraphPad Prism 8. A p-value of < 0.05 was considered statistically significant.

[0155] All patents, patent applications, provisional applications, and publications referred to or cited herein are incorporated by reference in their entirety, including all figures and tables, to the extent they are not inconsistent with the explicit teachings of this specification.

[0156] Following are examples that illustrate procedures for practicing the invention. All percentages are by weight and all solvent mixture proportions are by volume unless otherwise noted.

[0157] EXAMPLE 1 — Synthesis of zinc oxide (ZnO) nanoneedles

[0158] Briefly, the ZnO nanoneedles were prepared through a two-step process involving the deposition of a seed layer using magnetron sputtering followed by hydrothermal growth. The

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[0160] ZnO seed layer was deposited onto a cleaned substrate, such as a metal mesh or silicon wafer, using a magnetron sputtering system with a high-purity ZnO target. The sputtering was carried out under optimized conditions, including a working pressure of 3 mTorr, RF power of 100 W, and a substrate temperature of 300 °C, to ensure a uniform and crystalline thin layer with a thickness of approximately 100 nm. After the seed layer deposition, the substrate was immersed in an aqueous solution of zinc nitrate hexahydrate (Zn(NOs)2 6H2O) and sodium hydroxide (NaOH) for hydrothermal growth at 60 °C. The reaction time was adjusted to allow the formation of vertically aligned ZnO nanoneedles with high aspect ratios. Postgrowth, the samples were rinsed, dried, and annealed at 400 °C to enhance crystallinity and stability. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) confirmed the uniform distribution, vertical alignment, and sharp-tip morphology of the ZnO nanoneedles, demonstrating the effectiveness of magnetron sputtering in creating high-quality seed layers for nanoneedle growth.

[0161] EXAMPLE 2 — ZnO growth on steel metal mesh

[0162] The ZnO nanoneedles were successfully grown on a steel metal mesh substrate, transforming its surface morphology and enhancing its functionality. The bare metal mesh, as shown in Figure 2, exhibits a clean, woven structure with smooth steel wires and uniform spacing, providing a robust scaffold for nanostructure growth. After the hydrothermal growth process, the mesh surface became densely coated with vertically aligned ZnO nanoneedles, as illustrated in Figure 3. The nanoneedles were uniformly distributed, significantly increasing the surface roughness and functional area while maintaining the mesh's structural integrity. This transformation highlights the scalability and reproducibility of the fabrication process, which is essential for applications in wound healing, antimicrobial coatings, and advanced sensing technologies.

[0163] EXAMPLE 3 — Cell activity, proliferation, migration and morphological changes

[0164] The scratch wound assay (Figure 12) was conducted to evaluate the effect of electrical stimulation (ES) on 3T3 fibroblast cell migration, proliferation, and morphology. In this experiment, the control group cells were allowed to migrate naturally, while the ES stimulation group was exposed to a constant 1.5V and 50pA current using a custom-designed circuit for 12 hours. At the 0-hour mark, both groups displayed a clear scratch with no observable migration. After 12 hours, the control group exhibited moderate closure of the

[0165] J:\HKUS\205XClPCT\Application\HKUS-205XClPCT-Application.docx / 1 HKUS.205XC1PCT scratch area, indicative of natural cell migration. In contrast, the ES stimulation group demonstrated significantly enhanced scratch closure, with a sharper and more uniform migration edge compared to the control group. The accelerated closure suggests that ES promotes directed cell migration, likely driven by galvanotaxis (electric field-induced movement). Additionally, initial observations indicated that cells in the ES stimulation group appeared more elongated and aligned along the migration path, suggesting potential cytoskeletal remodeling in response to the applied electric field. These findings highlight the potential of ES to enhance cell migration, which is a critical factor in wound healing.

[0166] EXAMPLE 4 — Wound Healing

[0167] Designed for everyday use, these dressings are suitable for minor cuts, abrasions, and surgical incisions. The hydrophilic-hydrophobic dual-structured metallic mesh ensures optimal fluid management, while the zinc oxide nanoneedles provide antimicrobial protection.

[0168] In vivo experiments were conducted using STZ-induced diabetic C57BL / 6 mice. Fullthickness 6mm dorsal wounds were created and treated with four conditions: Control, MMNS, MM+ES, and MMNS+ES. The dressing was applied and electrical stimulation was delivered daily for 1 hour over 10 days. Wound healing was monitored via photographic documentation, histological staining, and immunohistochemistry

[0169] Wound healing progress was monitored over 10 days with digital images captured on days 0, 3, 7, and 10. The control group showed slow and incomplete healing. The MMNS group exhibited better wound closure due to the antimicrobial and regenerative properties of ZnO nanostructures. The MM+ES group showed enhanced healing, attributed to the positive effects of ES on cell migration and angiogenesis. The MMNS+ES group demonstrated the fastest and most complete wound closure, highlighting the synergistic effects of ES and ZnO nanoneedles. Wound area reduction was analyzed using contour mapping to visualize healing progress. The MMNS+ES group consistently showed the smallest wound area and the most advanced healing stages compared to other groups.

[0170] The smart dressing group exhibited significantly faster wound closure compared to the control and conventional dressing groups. By day 14, the wound closure percentage in the smart dressing group exceeded 90% by Day 9, compared to 70% and 55% in the conventional and control groups, respectively (p < 0.01). The bacterial load in the smart dressing group was reduced by over 90% in CFU for S. aureus and E. coli compared to the control group,

[0171] J:\HKUS\205XClPCT\Application\HKUS-205XClPCT-Application.docx / 23 HKUS.205XC1PCT demonstrating effective antimicrobial action from the ZnO nanoneedles. Enhanced re- epithelialization, organized collagen deposition, and reduced inflammatory cell infiltration were observed in the smart dressing group. H&E and Masson staining showed significantly increased vascular density in wounds treated with the smart dressing, indicating enhanced blood vessel formation. Immunohistochemical analysis revealed an accelerated shift from pro-inflammatory Ml macrophages to anti-inflammatory M2 macrophages in the smart dressing group, promoting resolution of inflammation and tissue regeneration. The in vivo study using STZ-induced diabetic C57BL / 6 mice demonstrated that the ZnO nanoneedlebased smart dressing significantly improved wound healing outcomes by promoting re- epithelialization, angiogenesis, and collagen deposition while effectively controlling infection. These findings highlight the dressing's potential for managing diabetic wounds, a major clinical challenge in chronic wound care.

[0172] ES promoted directional cell migration (galvanotaxis), increased fibroblast proliferation, and stimulated angiogenesis, leading to accelerated tissue regeneration. The nanostructures provided antimicrobial properties and a high surface area, supporting cellular attachment and preventing infection. The integration of ES with ZnO nanostructures enhanced the bioelectric environment of the wound, reducing inflammation, promoting collagen synthesis, and ensuring faster wound closure.

[0173] EXAMPLE 5 — Histological Findings

[0174] Hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining was performed on wound tissue sections collected from four experimental groups: Control, Metal Mesh with Nano Structure (MMNS), Metal Mesh with Electric Stimulation (MM+ES), and MMNS with Electric Stimulation (MMNS+ES) (Figure 14). The stained tissue sections provide insights into re- epithelialization, granulation tissue formation, and overall wound morphology. Additionally, contour maps were used to visualize the wound closure progress over time, complementing the histological findings.

[0175] Control Group: The tissue section from the control group shows incomplete re- epithelialization with a disrupted epidermal layer. Minimal granulation tissue is observed beneath the wound, indicating slower healing.

[0176] MMNS Group: The ZnO nanostructures on the metal mesh contributed to improved granulation tissue formation. Partial re-epithelialization is observed, with increased cellular density around the wound edges.

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[0178] MM+ES Group: Electric stimulation significantly enhanced re-epithelialization, as evident from the more continuous and thicker epidermal layer. Granulation tissue formation is more pronounced compared to the control and MMNS groups.

[0179] MMNS+ES Group: The combination of ZnO nanostructures and electric stimulation resulted in the most advanced wound healing. The tissue section shows complete re- epithelialization, with a uniform epidermal layer and dense granulation tissue. The dermis shows extensive collagen deposition and reduced inflammatory cell infiltration.

[0180] Contour maps of the wound areas at day 10 visually demonstrate the healing progression for each group (Figure 14):

[0181] Control: Largest remaining wound area.

[0182] MMNS: Moderate reduction in wound area due to the antimicrobial and regenerative effects of ZnO nanostructures.

[0183] MM+ES: Significant wound area reduction due to enhanced cellular migration and proliferation from ES.

[0184] MMNS+ES: Smallest wound area and the most advanced healing, reflecting the synergistic effects of ZnO nanostructures and ES.

[0185] The histological analysis and contour maps collectively demonstrate the significant impact of combining ZnO nanostructures with electric stimulation on wound healing. The MMNS+ES group exhibited the most complete healing, characterized by full re- epithelialization, dense granulation tissue, and enhanced dermal remodeling. The ZnO nanostructures contributed to a reduction in bacterial load and supported cellular attachment, while electric stimulation promoted fibroblast migration, angiogenesis, and collagen synthesis. These findings validate the therapeutic potential of this combined approach for accelerating wound healing.

[0186] EXAMPLE 6 — Healing Ratio Over Time

[0187] Healing ratio progression over time for four experimental groups: Control, Metal Mesh with Nano Structure (MMNS), Metal Mesh with Electric Stimulation (MM+ES), and MMNS with Electric Stimulation (MMNS+ES). Healing ratio data were collected over a 9- day period for varying numbers of test subjects (10, 20, 30, and 40 mice per group) to evaluate the effectiveness of each treatment.

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[0189] The control group, which received no treatment, exhibited the slowest wound healing progress across all time points. The healing ratio gradually increased, reaching approximately 60% on day 9 for the group with 10 mice, and lower values for groups with higher subject numbers. This indicates that natural healing under untreated conditions was limited and varied significantly among the test groups, suggesting the need for interventions to accelerate the healing process.

[0190] The group treated with a Metal Mesh coated with Nano Structures (MMNS) demonstrated improved healing ratios compared to the control group. By day 9, the healing ratio exceeded 70% for the 10-mice group, with similarly improved trends in larger groups. The antimicrobial properties and increased surface area of the ZnO nanostructures likely contributed to enhanced wound healing through reduced infection and support for tissue regeneration.

[0191] The Metal Mesh with Electric Stimulation (MM+ES) group showed a further enhancement in healing outcomes compared to MMNS. By day 9, the healing ratio reached approximately 80% for the 10-mice group. Electric stimulation likely promoted directed cell migration (galvanotaxis), angiogenesis, and fibroblast proliferation, resulting in faster tissue regeneration. This group outperformed MMNS alone, highlighting the additive benefits of electrical stimulation.

[0192] The MMNS+ES group demonstrated the highest healing ratios across all groups, achieving nearly 90% wound closure by day 9 for the 10-mice group. The combination of ZnO nanostructures and electrical stimulation produced a synergistic effect, accelerating healing by providing both antimicrobial action and bioelectric cues to enhance cellular activity. This group showed the most consistent and rapid wound closure, confirming the combined therapy’s effectiveness.

[0193] Across all groups, the number of test subjects impacted the healing ratio, with smaller groups generally showing higher healing percentages. This trend may reflect the variability in response among individuals, which becomes more apparent in larger groups. However, the MMNS+ES group consistently outperformed the others, regardless of group size, demonstrating the robustness of the combined treatment.

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[0195] EXAMPLE 7 — Standard Wound Dressings:

[0196] Designed for everyday use, these dressings are suitable for minor cuts, abrasions, and surgical incisions. The hydrophilic-hydrophobic dual-structured metallic mesh ensures optimal fluid management, while the zinc oxide nanoneedles provide antimicrobial protection.

[0197] EXAMPLE 8 — Chronic Wound Dressings:

[0198] Tailored for long-term wounds such as diabetic ulcers and pressure sores, these dressings utilize the bio-mimicry design to promote healing through gentle micro-pressure. The sustained release of electrical stimulation aids in tissue regeneration and reduces the risk of infection. Table 2 summarizes the features and applications of the wound dressing.

[0199] EXAMPLE 9 — Post-Surgical Patches:

[0200] Specifically engineered for post-operative care, these patches combine the benefits of the metallic mesh with the healing properties of the zinc oxide nanoneedles. They help in reducing inflammation, promoting faster wound closure, and preventing post-surgical infections.

[0201] EXAMPLE 10 — Burn Dressings:

[0202] For severe burns, the dressing is designed to be hydrophobic to protect against fluid intrusion while delivering higher intensity electrical stimulation to promote skin regeneration. The antimicrobial action of the zinc oxide nanoneedles is crucial in preventing secondary infections in burn wounds.

[0203] EXAMPLE 11 — Sports Injury Dressings:

[0204] Athletes and active individuals can benefit from these dressings, which are designed to support rapid wound closure and tissue regeneration, durability under mechanical stress and abrasion, flexibility for joint and limb movement, antimicrobial protection in field conditions, compatibility with wearable power sources for field uses, and reduced downtime. The electro-stimulative properties accelerate tissue repair, and the antimicrobial defense helps prevent infections in sports-related injuries. The dressing leverages the unique properties of ZnO nanoneedles and low-voltage electrical stimulation to meet these requirements.

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[0206] EXAMPLE 12 — Military and Emergency Use Dressings:

[0207] Designed for rapid deployment and use in field conditions, these wound dressings are extremely durable under abrasion conditions, rugged and reliable. The low-voltage electrostimulation feature is particularly advantageous for promoting wound healing in situations where traditional power sources may not be available. The ZnO nanoneedle-based dressing offers a robust, flexible, and effective solution for wound care in military environments. Its rapid healing capabilities, antimicrobial action, and compatibility with wearable electronics make it ideal for deployment in high-performance and remote settings.

[0208] EXAMPLE 13 — Cosmetic and Ocular Applications Dressings

[0209] For cosmetic and ocular applications, the dressing is miniaturized and shaped to conform to facial contours or periocular regions. Nanoneedle integration effectively concentrates the electric field in a manner that allows the entire electrophoretic module to fit inside a slim therapeutic goggle, thereby shrinking the bulk size of the electrophoretic module by about 6 times compared with previous cup-style applicators housed in handheld consoles. Electrical stimulation is delivered via a low-voltage circuit (<2V) integrated into the dressing, enabling controlled electrophoretic drug delivery.

[0210] For cosmetic applications, the dressing is shaped to conform to facial contours or periocular regions and applied to the skin around the eyes to reduce crow’s feet and fine lines. The dressing allows the delivery of anti-aging compounds such as peptides and antioxidants via electrophoresis, enhancing skin penetration and reducing dosage requirements.

[0211] For ocular applications, the device is configured as an eye mask with shielding geometry to protect the cornea while delivering drugs to the conjunctiva or periocular tissue. It enables targeted delivery of therapeutics for conditions such as dry eye, conjunctivitis, or age-related degeneration.

[0212] In vitro studies demonstrated enhanced permeability and targeted delivery of charged molecules using nanoneedle-assisted electrophoresis. Dosage reduction of 5-1 Ox was observed compared to passive topical application. Preclinical models showed improved skin texture and hydration in cosmetic use, and increased drug bioavailability in ocular applications.

[0213] The ZnO nanoneedle-based dressing offers a multifunctional platform for cosmetic and ocular applications. Its ability to deliver drugs efficiently via electrophoresis, combined with its antimicrobial and hydrophobic properties, makes it a promising candidate for non-

[0214] J:\HKUS\205XClPCT\Application\HKUS-205XClPCT-Application.docx / 28 HKUS.205XC1PCT invasive, targeted therapy. The design supports miniaturization and conforms to sensitive anatomical regions, enabling future development of wearable, smart therapeutic devices.

[0215] Table 2 — Features and Applications of the Wound Dressing

[0216] SELECTED EMBODIMENTS

[0217] Embodiment 1. A wound dressing, comprising: a mesh base made of a conductive material, exhibiting hydrophilic properties and hydrophobic properties; a bioactive material integrated with the mesh base, the bioactive material being grown on surfaces of the mesh base and configured to provide antimicrobial activity and facilitate electrical stimulation; a sensing circuit electrically coupled to the bioactive material, wherein the sensing circuit is configured to detect changes in electrical properties of the bioactive material to provide electrical feedback related to wound healing conditions; and a comparison module configured to compare the detected electrical feedback to standard reference data to identify when attention is needed at the wound site.

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[0219] Embodiment 2. The wound dressing of embodiment 1, wherein the mesh base has a surface treatment enabling the mesh base to exhibit both hydrophobic and hydrophilic properties, allowing for selective adhesion and fluid control.

[0220] Embodiment 3. The wound dressing of any preceding embodiment, wherein the mesh base is formed with pores having pore sizes ranging from 200 to 800 mesh, allowing for tailored fluid management and optimal wound exudate control.

[0221] Embodiment 4. The wound dressing of any preceding embodiment, wherein the bioactive material includes conductive nanoneedles.

[0222] Embodiment 5. The wound dressing of embodiment 4, wherein the conductive nanoneedles are a plurality of zinc oxide nanoneedles.

[0223] Embodiment 6. The wound dressing of embodiment 5, wherein the zinc oxide nanoneedles are configured to generate intermittent discharges, enabling electro-stimulation at an operating voltage.

[0224] Embodiment 7. The wound dressing of embodiment 6, wherein the operating voltage is less than or equal to 10 volts.

[0225] Embodiment 8. The wound dressing of embodiment 5, wherein the zinc oxide nanoneedles are configured to provide sustained antimicrobial defense against bacterial colonization, thereby reducing needs for frequent changes.

[0226] Embodiment 9. The wound dressing of embodiment 5, wherein the zinc oxide nanoneedles are conductive and configured to concentrate electrical energy at their sharp tips to stimulate cell growth.

[0227] Embodiment 10. The wound dressing of embodiment 1, wherein the changes in electrical properties include changes in capacitance and / or resistance.

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[0229] Embodiment 11. The wound dressing of any preceding embodiment, further comprising a wireless communication module for transmitting the electrical feedback.

[0230] Embodiment 12. The wound dressing of any preceding embodiment, wherein the electrical feedback is sensitive to the state of cells at the wound site.

[0231] Embodiment 13. A method of manufacturing a wound dressing, comprising: providing a metallic mesh base; applying a surface treatment to the metallic mesh base to create hydrophilic- hydrophobic dual properties. forming a plurality of zinc oxide nanoneedles onto the metallic mesh base; configuring the zinc oxide nanoneedles to be conductive and to concentrate electrical energy at their sharp tips to stimulate cell growth; integrating a sensing circuit with the zinc oxide nanoneedles, wherein the sensing circuit is configured to detect changes in electrical properties of the nanoneedles to provide electrical feedback related to wound healing conditions; and providing a comparison module configured to compare the detected electrical feedback to standard reference data to identify when attention is needed at the wound site.

[0232] Embodiment 14. The method of embodiment 13, wherein the zinc oxide nanoneedles are configured to generate intermittent discharges, enabling electro-stimulation at an operating voltage.

[0233] Embodiment 15. The method of embodiment 14, wherein the operating voltage is less than or equal to 10 volts.

[0234] Embodiment 16. The method of any preceding embodiment, wherein the metallic mesh base is formed with pores having pore sizes within a range of 200 to 800 mesh.

[0235] Embodiment 17. The method of any preceding embodiment, wherein the forming zinc oxide nanoneedles is based on a hydrothermal method, resulting in a structure that contributes to bactericidal and wound healing effects.

[0236] Embodiment 18. A method for treating a wound, comprising:

[0237] J:\HKUS\205XClPCT\Application\HKUS-205XClPCT-Application.docx / 31 HKUS.205XC1PCT applying a wound dressing to a wound site, wherein the wound dressing comprises a metallic mesh base exhibiting hydrophilic properties and hydrophobic properties and a plurality of conductive nanoneedles integrated with the metallic mesh base; and stimulating cell growth at the wound site by concentrating electrical energy from the conductive nanoneedles; detecting changes in electrical properties of the conductive nanoneedles to generate electrical feedback related to wound healing conditions; and monitoring the wound site based on the electrical feedback.

[0238] Embodiment 19. The method of embodiment 18, wherein the plurality of conductive nanoneedles are a plurality of zinc oxide nanoneedles.

[0239] Embodiment 20. The method of any preceding embodiment, wherein the stimulating cell growth is performed at an operating voltage and facilitated by intermittent discharges by the zinc oxide nanoneedles.

[0240] Embodiment 21. The method of embodiment 20, wherein the operating voltage is less than or equal to 10 volts.

[0241] Embodiment 22. The method of any preceding embodiment, wherein the changes in electrical properties include changes in capacitance and / or resistance.

[0242] Embodiment 23. The method of any preceding embodiment, further comprising transmitting the electrical feedback wirelessly.

[0243] Embodiment 24. The method of any preceding embodiment, further comprising comparing the electrical feedback to standard reference data to provide alerts when attention is needed at the wound site.

[0244] Embodiment 25. The method of any preceding embodiment, wherein the wound is selected from the group consisting of chronic wounds, acute wounds, burns, and surgical sites.

[0245] J:\HKUS\205XClPCT\Application\HKUS-205XClPCT-Application.docx / 32 HKUS.205XC1PCT

[0246] Embodiment 26. A wound dressing, comprising: a conductive mesh substrate having a first surface and a second surface; a plurality of zinc oxide (ZnO) nanoneedles disposed on the first surface of the conductive mesh substrate, wherein the first surface exhibits hydrophilic properties; wherein the second surface of the conductive mesh substrate is hydrophobic, thereby forming a dual-structured mesh capable of managed fluid transport; and wherein the plurality of ZnO nanoneedles are configured to (i) provide antimicrobial activity by solid-state bactericidal actions, and (ii) concentrate an electric field to enable electro-stimulation at an operating voltage of 10 volts or less.

[0247] Embodiment 27. The wound dressing of embodiment 26, wherein the second surface is coated with a polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) layer to impart hydrophobic properties.

[0248] Embodiment 28. The wound dressing of any preceding embodiment, wherein the plurality of ZnO nanoneedles are configured to create a non-wetting surface topology that directionally drives fluid away from the first surface.

[0249] Embodiment 29. The wound dressing of any preceding embodiment, wherein the operating voltage is between 1.5 and 5 volts.

[0250] Embodiment 30. The wound dressing of any preceding embodiment, further comprising: a sensing circuit electrically coupled to the conductive mesh substrate, the sensing circuit configured to measure an electrical property of wound environment through the plurality of ZnO nanoneedles.

[0251] Embodiment 31. The wound dressing of any preceding embodiment, wherein the mesh base has a surface treatment enabling the mesh base to exhibit both hydrophobic and hydrophilic properties, allowing for selective adhesion and fluid control.

[0252] Embodiment 32. The wound dressing of any preceding embodiment, wherein the mesh base is formed with pores having pore sizes within a range of 200 to 800 mesh.

[0253] J:\HKUS\205XClPCT\Application\HKUS-205XClPCT-Application.docx / 33 HKUS.205XC1PCT

[0254] Embodiment 33. The wound dressing of any preceding embodiment, wherein the zinc oxide nanoneedles are configured to generate intermittent discharges.

[0255] Embodiment 34. The wound dressing of any preceding embodiment, wherein the zinc oxide nanoneedles are configured to provide sustained antimicrobial defense against bacterial colonization.

[0256] Embodiment 35. The wound dressing of any preceding embodiment, wherein the zinc oxide nanoneedles are conductive and configured to concentrate electrical energy at their sharp tips to stimulate cell growth.

[0257] Embodiment 36. The wound dressing of any preceding embodiment, wherein the measured electrical property includes measuring capacitance and / or resistance.

[0258] Embodiment 37. The wound dressing of any preceding embodiment, further comprising a wireless communication module for transmitting electrical information obtained by the sensing circuit.

[0259] Embodiment 38. The wound dressing of any preceding embodiment, wherein the electrical information is related to the state of cells at the wound site.

[0260] Embodiment 39. A method for treating a wound, comprising: applying the wound dressing of any preceding embodiment to a wound site; managing wound exudate via the dual-structured mesh; inhibiting bacterial growth via the solid-state bactericidal action of the ZnO nanoneedles; and applying a voltage of 10 volts or less to the conductive mesh substrate to generate an electric field concentrated at the tips of the ZnO nanoneedles, thereby stimulating cell proliferation at the wound site.

[0261] Embodiment 40. The method of any preceding embodiment, wherein the zinc oxide nanoneedles are configured to generate intermittent discharges, enabling electrostimulation at an operating voltage.

[0262] J:\HKUS\205XClPCT\Application\HKUS-205XClPCT-Application.docx / 34 HKUS.205XC1PCT

[0263] Embodiment 41. The method of any preceding embodiment, wherein the operating voltage is less than or equal to 10 volts.

[0264] Embodiment 42. The method of manufacturing embodiment 44, wherein the metallic mesh base is formed with pores having pore sizes within a range of 200 to 800 mesh.

[0265] Embodiment 43. The method of manufacturing of embodiment 44, wherein the forming zinc oxide nanoneedles is based on a hydrothermal method, resulting in a structure that contributes to bactericidal and wound healing effects.

[0266] Embodiment 44. A method of manufacturing a wound dressing, comprising: providing a metallic mesh base; forming a plurality of zinc oxide (ZnO) nanoneedles on a first surface of the mesh base, thereby rendering the first surface hydrophilic; applying a hydrophobic coating to a second surface of the mesh base, opposite the first surface; and wherein the plurality of ZnO nanoneedles are configured to be conductive and to have sharp tips configured to concentrate an electric field.

[0267] Embodiment 45. The method of any preceding embodiment, further comprising a sensing circuit electrically coupled to the plurality of zinc oxide nanoneedles and configured to detect changes in an electrical property.

[0268] Embodiment 46. The method of any preceding embodiment, wherein the stimulating cell growth is performed at an operating voltage and facilitated by intermittent discharges by the zinc oxide nanoneedles.

[0269] Embodiment 47. The method of any preceding embodiment, wherein the operating voltage is less than or equal to 10 volts.

[0270] Embodiment 48. The method of any preceding embodiment, wherein the changes in electrical property include changes in capacitance and / or resistance.

[0271] J:\HKUS\205XClPCT\Application\HKUS-205XClPCT-Application.docx / 35 HKUS.205XC1PCT

[0272] Embodiment 49. The method of any preceding embodiment, further comprising transmitting electrical feedback from the sensing unit wirelessly.

[0273] Embodiment 50. The method of any preceding embodiment, further comprising comparing the electrical feedback to standard reference data to provide alerts when attention is needed at the wound site.

[0274] Embodiment 51. The method of any preceding embodiment, wherein the wound is selected from the group consisting of chronic wounds, acute wounds, bums, and surgical sites.

[0275] Embodiment 52. The method of embodiment 39, wherein the wound dressing and shaped to conform to facial contours or periocular regions, wherein electrical stimulation enables controlled electrophoretic drug delivery.

[0276] Embodiment 53. The method of embodiment 52, wherein the wound dressing is configured as an eye mask with shielding geometry to protect the cornea while delivering one or more drug to conjunctiva or periocular tissue.

[0277] Embodiment 54. The method of embodiment 53, wherein the one or more drugs are delivered by the wound dressing for treating a condition selected from the group consisting of dry eye, conjunctivitis, and age-related degeneration.

[0278] Embodiment 55. The method of embodiment 39, wherein the wound dressing is highly durable under mechanical stress and abrasion conditions.

[0279] Embodiment 56. The method of embodiment 39, wherein the wound dressing is compatible with wearable power sources.

[0280] Embodiment 57. A method of desired substance delivery to a subject, the method comprising: obtaining a wound dressing according to any of claims 1-13, the wound dressing having on a surface thereof a substance desired to be delivered to a subject;

[0281] J:\HKUS\205XClPCT\Application\HKUS-205XClPCT-Application.docx / 36 HKUS.205XC1PCT contacting the wound dressing to a surface of the subject; and applying an electric current to the wound dressing whereby the desired substance is delivered to the subject.

[0282] Embodiment 58. The method of embodiment 57, wherein the desired substance is a drug.

[0283] Embodiment 59. The method of embodiment 58, wherein the drug comprises a peptide, an antioxidant, or a medication

[0284] Embodiment 60. The method of embodiment 58, wherein the drug is delivered to the subject transdermally.

[0285] Embodiment 61. The method of embodiment 60, wherein the drug is delivered to periocular tissue for treating age-related degeneration.

[0286] Embodiment 62. The method of embodiment 58, wherein the drug is a charged molecule.

[0287] It should be understood that the examples and embodiments described herein are for illustrative purposes only and that various modifications or changes in light thereof will be suggested to persons skilled in the art and are to be included within the spirit and purview of this application and the scope of the appended claims. In addition, any elements or limitations of any invention or embodiment thereof disclosed herein can be combined with any and / or all other elements or limitations (individually or in any combination) or any other invention or embodiment thereof disclosed herein, and all such combinations are contemplated with the scope of the invention without limitation thereto.

[0288] J:\HKUS\205XClPCT\Application\HKUS-205XClPCT-Application.docx /

Claims

37 HKUS.205XC1PCTCLAIMSWe claim:

1. A wound dressing, comprising: a conductive mesh substrate having a first surface and a second surface; a plurality of zinc oxide (ZnO) nanoneedles disposed on the first surface of the conductive mesh substrate, wherein the first surface exhibits hydrophilic properties; wherein the second surface of the conductive mesh substrate is hydrophobic, thereby forming a dual-structured mesh capable of managed fluid transport; and wherein the plurality of ZnO nanoneedles are configured to (i) provide antimicrobial activity by solid-state bactericidal actions, and (ii) concentrate an electric field to enable electro-stimulation at an operating voltage of 10 volts or less.

2. The wound dressing of claim 1, wherein the second surface is coated with a polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) layer to impart hydrophobic properties.

3. The wound dressing of claim 1, wherein the plurality of ZnO nanoneedles are configured to create a non-wetting surface topology that directionally drives fluid away from the first surface.

4. The wound dressing of claim 1, wherein the operating voltage is between 1.5 and 5 volts.

5. The wound dressing of claim 1, further comprising: a sensing circuit electrically coupled to the conductive mesh substrate, the sensing circuit configured to measure an electrical property of wound environment through the plurality of ZnO nanoneedles.

6. The wound dressing of claim 1, wherein the mesh base has a surface treatment enabling the mesh base to exhibit both hydrophobic and hydrophilic properties, allowing for selective adhesion and fluid control.J:\HKUS\205XClPCT\Application\HKUS-205XClPCT-Application. docx / 38 HKUS.205XC1PCT7. The wound dressing of claim 1, wherein the mesh base is formed with pores having pore sizes within a range of 200 to 800 mesh.

8. The wound dressing of claim 1, wherein the zinc oxide nanoneedles are configured to generate intermittent discharges.

9. The wound dressing of claim 1, wherein the zinc oxide nanoneedles are configured to provide sustained antimicrobial defense against bacterial colonization.

10. The wound dressing of claim 1, wherein the zinc oxide nanoneedles are conductive and configured to concentrate electrical energy at their sharp tips to stimulate cell growth.

11. The wound dressing of claim 5, wherein the measured electrical property includes measuring capacitance and / or resistance.

12. The wound dressing of claim 5, further comprising a wireless communication module for transmitting electrical information obtained by the sensing circuit.

13. The wound dressing of claim 12, wherein the electrical information is related to the state of cells at the wound site.

14. A method for treating a wound, comprising: applying the wound dressing of claim 1 to a wound site; managing wound exudate via the dual-structured mesh; inhibiting bacterial growth via the solid-state bactericidal action of the ZnO nanoneedles; and applying a voltage of 10 volts or less to the conductive mesh substrate to generate an electric field concentrated at the tips of the ZnO nanoneedles, thereby stimulating cell proliferation at the wound site.

15. The method of claim 14, wherein the zinc oxide nanoneedles are configured to generate intermittent discharges, enabling electro-stimulation at an operating voltage.J:\HKUS\205XClPCT\Application\HKUS-205XClPCT-Application.docx / 39 HKUS.205XC1PCT16. The method of claim 15, wherein the operating voltage is less than or equal to10 volts.

17. The method of manufacturing of claim 19, wherein the metallic mesh base is formed with pores having pore sizes within a range of 200 to 800 mesh.

18. The method of manufacturing of claim 19, wherein the forming zinc oxide nanoneedles is based on a hydrothermal method, resulting in a structure that contributes to bactericidal and wound healing effects.

19. A method of manufacturing a wound dressing, comprising: providing a metallic mesh base; forming a plurality of zinc oxide (ZnO) nanoneedles on a first surface of the mesh base, thereby rendering the first surface hydrophilic; applying a hydrophobic coating to a second surface of the mesh base, opposite the first surface; and wherein the plurality of ZnO nanoneedles are configured to be conductive and to have sharp tips configured to concentrate an electric field.

20. The method of claim 19, further comprising a sensing circuit electrically coupled to the plurality of zinc oxide nanoneedles and configured to detect changes in an electrical property.

21. The method of claim 19, wherein the stimulating cell growth is performed at an operating voltage and facilitated by intermittent discharges by the zinc oxide nanoneedles.

22. The method of claim 21, wherein the operating voltage is less than or equal to 10 volts.

23. The method of claim 20, wherein the changes in electrical property include changes in capacitance and / or resistance.J:\HKUS\205XClPCT\Application\HKUS-205XClPCT-Application.docx / 40 HKUS.205XC1PCT24. The method of claim 20, further comprising transmitting electrical feedback from the sensing unit wirelessly.

25. The method of claim 24, further comprising comparing the electrical feedback to standard reference data to provide alerts when attention is needed at the wound site.

26. The method of claim 19, wherein the wound is selected from the group consisting of chronic wounds, acute wounds, burns, and surgical sites.

27. The method of claim 14, wherein the wound dressing and shaped to conform to facial contours or periocular regions, wherein electrical stimulation enables controlled electrophoretic drug delivery.

28. The method of claim 27, wherein the wound dressing is configured as an eye mask with shielding geometry to protect the cornea while delivering one or more drug to conjunctiva or periocular tissue.

29. The method of claim 28, wherein the one or more drugs are delivered by the wound dressing for treating a condition selected from the group consisting of dry eye, conjunctivitis, and age-related degeneration.

30. The method of claim 14, wherein the wound dressing is highly durable under mechanical stress and abrasion conditions.

31. The method of claim 14, wherein the wound dressing is compatible with wearable power sources.

32. A method of desired substance delivery to a subject, the method comprising: obtaining a wound dressing according to any of claims 1-13, the wound dressing having on a surface thereof a substance desired to be delivered to a subject; contacting the wound dressing to a surface of the subject and applying an electric current to the wound dressing; and whereby the desired substance is delivered to the subject.J:\HKUS\205XClPCT\Application\HKUS-205XClPCT-Application.docx / 41 HKUS.205XC1PCT33. The method of claim 32, wherein the desired substance is a drug.

34. The method of claim 33, wherein the drug comprises a peptide, an antioxidant, or a medication.

35. The method of claim 33, wherein the drug is delivered to the subject transdermally.

36. The method of claim 35, wherein the drug is delivered to periocular tissue for treating age-related degeneration.

37. The method of claim 34, wherein the drug is a charged molecule.J:\HKUS\205XClPCT\Application\HKUS-205XClPCT-Application.docx /

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