Imprinted cavity with phosphor for micro LED chips
The patterned phosphor converter layer with microlens or microcavity structures addresses optical crosstalk in micro LED chips, improving light output and convergence.
Patent Information
- Authority / Receiving Office
- WO · WO
- Patent Type
- Applications
- Current Assignee / Owner
- JADE BIRD DISPLAY (SHANGHAI) LTD
- Filing Date
- 2025-05-23
- Publication Date
- 2026-06-11
AI Technical Summary
Conventional micro LED chips suffer from optical crosstalk between neighboring micro LEDs due to the lack of effective phosphor converter layer design.
A micro LED chip with a patterned phosphor converter layer formed by applying a stamp on a phosphor mixture, featuring a rough top surface and microlens or microcavity structures to prevent crosstalk and enhance light output.
The solution effectively reduces optical crosstalk and improves light convergence, efficiency, and prevents reflections, enhancing the overall performance of micro LED displays.
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Figure CN2025096892_11062026_PF_FP_ABST
Abstract
Description
IMPRINTED CAVITY WITH PHOSPHOR FOR MICRO LED CHIPSTECHNICAL FIELD
[0001] The present disclosure generally relates to light emitting diode (LED) technology and, more particularly, to micro LED chips.BACKGROUND
[0002] Display technologies are becoming increasingly important in today’s commercial electronic devices. These display panels are widely used in stationary large screens such as liquid crystal display televisions (LCD TVs) and organic light emitting diode televisions (OLED TVs) , portable electronic devices such as laptop personal computers, smartphones, tablets, cameras, video-recording devices, wearable electronic devices, as well as automotive and industry applications.
[0003] Inorganic micro light emitting diodes (also called “micro LEDs” ) are of increasing importance because of their use in various applications including self-emissive micro-displays, visible light communications, and opto-genetics. Micro LEDs have the advantage of higher wall plug efficiency (WPE) , higher brightness, lower efficiency droop, better thermal stability, longer lifetime, faster response rate, higher resolution, higher color gamut, and higher contrast over conventional organic LED (OLED) or liquid crystal display (LCD) based micro-displays.
[0004] A micro LED chip is manufactured by integrating an array of thousands or even millions of micro LEDs with a driver circuitry back panel. Each pixel of the micro LED chip is formed by one or more micro LEDs. The micro LED chip may be a mono-color or multi-color chip.
[0005] One type of conventional micro LED chip includes a phosphor converter layer disposed on top of the micro LED optical layer. The phosphor converter layer can convert the wavelength of the light emitted by the micro LED optical layer. For example, the phosphor converter layer can absorb some of the blue light emitting from a blue micro LED and re-emit yellow light, so that white light is produced as a mix of the blue light and yellow light. However, this type of conventional micro LED chip cannot avoid the optical crosstalk between neighboring micro LEDs.
[0006] The above content is only used to assist in understanding the technical solutions of the present application, and does not constitute an admission that the above is prior art.SUMMARY
[0007] There is a need for improved display designs that improve upon and help to address the shortcomings of conventional display systems, such as those described above. In particular, there is a need for display panels with better performance.
[0008] In order to overcome the drawback mentioned above, the present disclosure provides a micro LED chip with a patterned phosphor converter layer that avoids crosstalk between neighboring micro LEDs.
[0009] To achieve the above objectives, some exemplary embodiments of the present disclosure provide a micro LED chip comprising: an IC backplane; a micro LED array, each micro LED of the micro LED array being separately electrically controlled by the IC backplane; and a patterned phosphor converter layer on top of the micro LED array, wherein the patterned phosphor converter layer is formed by applying a stamp on phosphor mixture applied on top of the micro LED array.
[0010] In some embodiments, the phosphor mixture comprises: phosphor; and a polymer, resin, or resist material selected from a group comprising silicone and epoxy, wherein a mass ratio for the phosphor and the polymer, resin, or resist material ranges from 2:1 to 1: 10.
[0011] In some embodiments, the patterned phosphor converter layer has a rough top surface with an irregular structure, and the rough top surface covers whole or part of the top surface of the patterned phosphor converter layer.
[0012] In some embodiments, the patterned phosphor converter layer further comprises a dummy structure of phosphor mixture formed at one side of the micro LED array to enable smoother distribution of phosphor mixture during imprint.
[0013] In some embodiments, the micro LED chip further comprises a converter spacer formed between the patterned phosphor converter layer and the micro LED array, wherein a thickness of the converter spacer ranges from about 1 percent to about 20 percent of a height of the patterned phosphor converter layer; a plurality of first metal interconnects, wherein the IC backplane is electrically connected to each micro LED of the micro LED array through a respective one of the plurality of first metal interconnects; a second metal interconnect separate from the plurality of first metal interconnects, wherein a top surface of the second metal interconnect is exposed to electrically connect the IC backplane with an electrode of the micro LED chip; and an insulation layer formed in gaps between micro LEDs of the micro LED array and in gaps between the first and second metal interconnects.
[0014] In some embodiments, the patterned phosphor converter layer comprises a plurality of microlens each of which corresponds to a micro LED of the micro LED array.
[0015] In some embodiments, neighboring microlens of the plurality of microlens are separated by a gap; a lateral length of each microlens of the plurality of microlens ranges from about 4 μm to about 50 μm; a height of the plurality of microlens ranges from 5 μm to about 100 μm.
[0016] In some embodiments, each of the plurality of microlens is dome lens, square lens, or trapezoid lens.
[0017] In some embodiments, the patterned phosphor converter layer comprises a plurality of microcavities each of which corresponds to a micro LED of the micro LED array.
[0018] In some embodiments, neighboring microcavities of the plurality of microcavities are separated by a gap; a lateral length of each microcavity of the plurality of microcavities ranges from about 4 μm to about 50 μm; a height of the plurality of microcavities ranges from 5 μm to about 100 μm.
[0019] In some embodiments, the micro LED chip further comprises a high-reflection material filled in gaps between adjacent microcavities of the plurality of microcavities, wherein the high-reflection material includes reflection powder made of titanium dioxide or zirconium dioxide, mixed with a polymer, resin, or resist material selected from a group including silicone and epoxy.
[0020] In some embodiments, the micro LED chip further comprises a light-absorption material filled in gaps between adjacent microcavities of the plurality of microcavities.
[0021] In some embodiments, the micro LED chip further comprises a plurality of microlens formed on top of the patterned phosphor converter layer, wherein each of the plurality of microlens is formed on top of a respective one of the plurality of microcavities, a diameter of each microlens is larger than a lateral length of each microcavity, and an edge end of each microlens is formed on the high-reflection material between the adjacent microcavities.
[0022] In some embodiments, the micro LED chip further comprises a microlens array formed on top of the plurality of microcavities, wherein the microlens array comprises a plurality of microlens, a horizontal extending part and a vertical extending part, a bottom edge of each microlens of the microlens array extends horizontally to form the horizontal extending part, which connects adjacent microlens at the bottom edge, and a bottom edge of each microlens of the microlens array extends downward to a top of the converter spacer or to a top of the insulation layer to form the vertical extending part.
[0023] In some embodiments, the plurality of microcavities have a same size and are formed in a microcavity array aligned with the micro LED array; and the vertical extending part is separated from an edge of the microcavity array to form a gap between the vertical extending part and the microcavity array.
[0024] In some embodiments, the plurality of microcavities have a same size and are formed in a microcavity array aligned with the micro LED array; and the vertical extending part is attached to an edge of the microcavity array without a gap between the vertical extending part and the microcavity array.
[0025] In some embodiments, the top surface of each of the microcavities of phosphor mixture is a flat surface, and the shape of the top surface is circular, square, rectangular, or polygonal, a sidewall of at least one microcavity of the plurality of microcavities is a flat surface.
[0026] In some embodiments, an angle between the sidewall and a bottom surface of the at least one microcavity ranges from 45 to 90 degrees.
[0027] In some embodiments, a sidewall of at least one microcavity of the plurality of microcavities is a curved surface.
[0028] In some embodiments, each micro LED of the micro LED array includes a micro mesa structure, the micro mesa structure includes a first type epitaxial layer, a light emitting layer, and a second type epitaxial layer, the first type epitaxial layer is closest to the IC backplane; the light emitting layer is on top of the first type epitaxial layer; the second type epitaxial layer is on top of the light emitting layer.
[0029] To achieve the above objectives, some exemplary embodiments of the present disclosure provide a stamp for imprinting a patterned phosphor converter layer on a micro LED chip, comprising: a stamp sheet having a plurality of microlens cavities and a dummy cavity, wherein each of the plurality of microlens cavities is configured to imprint a microlens of phosphor mixture for a corresponding micro LED of a micro LED array on the micro LED chip, and the dummy cavity is configured to imprint a dummy structure of phosphor mixture around the micro LED array to enable smoother distribution of phosphor mixture during imprint.
[0030] In some embodiments, the plurality of microlens cavities have a same size and are formed in a microlens cavity array aligned with the micro LED array; and a space is formed between adjacent bottom ends of adjacent microlens cavities of the microlens cavity array.
[0031] In some embodiments, the dummy cavity is formed at one side of the microlens cavity array; and a minimum distance between the dummy cavity and an edge of the microlens cavity array is larger than half of a diameter of each microlens cavity of the microlens cavity array.
[0032] In some embodiments, a rough surface is formed on at least part of a top surface of each respective microlens cavity of the microlens cavity array, such that each imprinted microlens of phosphor mixture has a rough top surface; the rough surface has an irregular structure; and the rough surface covers a center of the top surface of the respective microlens cavity.
[0033] To achieve the above objectives, some exemplary embodiments of the present disclosure provide a method of manufacturing a micro LED chip with a patterned phosphor converter layer comprising: applying phosphor mixture on top of a micro LED array of the micro LED chip; and applying a stamp on the phosphor mixture to imprint a plurality of microlens of the phosphor mixture.
[0034] In some embodiments, a pitch of the micro LED array ranges from about 4 μm to about 50 μm.
[0035] In some embodiments, the stamp comprises: a plurality of microlens cavities for imprinting the plurality of microlens of the phosphor mixture; and a dummy cavity to enable smooth distribution of the phosphor mixture during imprint.
[0036] In some embodiments, a top surface of each of the plurality of microlens cavities is a rough surface.
[0037] In some embodiments, the applying of the phosphor mixture on top of the micro LED array comprises forming the phosphor mixture on top of the micro LED array; the forming includes spin-coating, spray coating, casting or jetting; and a thickness of the phosphor mixture on top of the micro LED array after the forming ranges from about 5 μm to about 50 μm.
[0038] In some embodiments, the phosphor mixture comprises: phosphor; and a polymer, resin, or resist material selected from a group comprising silicone and epoxy, wherein a mass ratio for the phosphor and the polymer, resin, or resist material ranges from 2:1 to 1: 10.
[0039] In some embodiments, the plurality of microlens of the phosphor mixture are one of dome lens, square lens or trapezoid lens.
[0040] In some embodiments, a lateral length of the plurality of microlens of the phosphor mixture ranges from about 4 μm to about 50 μm, wherein a height of the plurality of microlens of the phosphor mixture ranges from 5 μm to about 100 μm.
[0041] In some embodiments, each of the plurality of microlens of the phosphor mixture: converts blue light to white light; prevents crosstalk between micro LEDs of the micro LED array; and focuses light of the micro LEDs of the micro LED array.
[0042] In some embodiments, the method further comprises curing the imprinted phosphor mixture via ultraviolet light, a thermal process or a self-curing under room temperature.
[0043] In some embodiments, a converter spacer is formed during the imprinting of the plurality of microlens of the phosphor mixture, wherein a thickness of the converter spacer ranges from about 1 percent to about 20 percent of a height of the plurality of microlens of the phosphor mixture.
[0044] In some embodiments, the micro LED chip comprises a metal interconnect at a side of the micro LED array, wherein the method further comprise removing at least a portion of the converter spacer to expose the metal interconnect.
[0045] In some embodiments, the removing of at least a portion of the converter spacer comprises etching the plurality of microlens of the phosphor mixture to remove the converter spacer of the phosphor mixture.
[0046] In some embodiments, the removing of at least a portion of the converter spacer comprises: masking off a portion of the converter spacer of the phosphor mixture that covers the metal interconnect; curing the imprinted phosphor mixture using ultraviolet light; and removing non-cured phosphor mixture during after-imprint clean processes.
[0047] In some embodiments, the removing of at least a portion of the converter spacer comprises: before the applying of the phosphor mixture, covering the metal interconnect with high negative photoresist; and after the applying of the stamp on the phosphor mixture, doing wet or dry lift-off of the high negative photoresist.
[0048] In some embodiments, the removing of at least a portion of the converter spacer comprises: curing the imprinted phosphor mixture; and dry-etching the cured phosphor mixture on top of the metal interconnect via positive photo mask.
[0049] Note that the various embodiments described above can be combined with any other embodiments described herein. The features and advantages described in the disclosure are not all inclusive and, in particular, many additional features and advantages will be apparent to one of ordinary skill in the art in view of the drawings, specification, and claims. Moreover, it should be noted that the language used in the disclosure has been principally selected for readability and instructional purposes, and may not have been selected to delineate or circumscribe the inventive subject matter.BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
[0050] So that the present disclosure can be understood in greater detail, a more particular description may be had by reference to the features of various embodiments, some of which are illustrated in the appended drawings. The appended drawings, however, merely illustrate pertinent features of the present disclosure and are therefore not to be considered limiting, for the description may admit to other effective features.
[0051] For convenience, “up” is used to mean away from the substrate of a light emitting structure as shown in the Figures, “down” means toward the substrate, and other directional terms such as top, bottom, above, below, under, beneath, etc. are interpreted accordingly.
[0052] FIG. 1 is a cross-sectional view of a micro LED chip without a phosphor converter layer according to some embodiments of the present disclosure.
[0053] FIG. 2 is a cross-sectional view of a micro LED chip after a layer of phosphor mixture is applied on the micro LED array of the micro LED chip in FIG. 1 according to some embodiments of the present disclosure.
[0054] FIG. 3 is a cross-sectional view of a stamp for imprinting a patterned phosphor converter layer on a micro LED chip according to some embodiments of the present disclosure.
[0055] FIG. 4 is a cross-sectional view of a micro LED chip after the stamp described above with reference to FIG. 3 is applied on the phosphor mixture described above with reference to FIG. 2 to form a patterned phosphor converter layer according to some embodiments of the present disclosure.
[0056] FIG. 5 is a cross-sectional view of a micro LED chip after the converter spacer described above with reference to FIG. 4 is removed via dry etch according to some embodiments of the present disclosure.
[0057] FIG. 6 is a cross-sectional view of a micro LED chip after a portion of the converter spacer described above with reference to FIG. 4 is removed according to some embodiments of the present disclosure.
[0058] Fig. 7 shows a flowchart of a method for manufacturing a micro LED chip with imprinted microlens according to some embodiments of the present disclosure.
[0059] FIG. 8 is a cross-sectional view of a micro LED chip after a designated stamp is applied on the phosphor mixture described above with reference to FIG. 2 to form a patterned phosphor converter layer according to some embodiments of the present disclosure.
[0060] FIG. 9 is a cross-sectional view of a micro LED chip after the converter spacer described above with reference to FIG. 8 is removed via dry etch according to some embodiments of the present disclosure.
[0061] FIG. 10 is a cross-sectional view of a micro LED chip after a portion of the converter spacer described above with reference to FIG. 8 is removed according to some embodiments of the present disclosure.
[0062] FIG. 11 is a cross-sectional view of a micro LED chip after the gaps between microcavities of phosphor mixture is filled with high-reflection material according to some embodiments of the present disclosure.
[0063] FIG. 12A is a cross-sectional view of a micro LED chip with lens on top of the micro LED chip described above with reference with FIG. 11 according to some embodiments of the present disclosure.
[0064] FIG. 12B is a cross-sectional view of another micro LED chip with lens on top of the micro LED chip described above with reference with FIG. 11 according to some embodiments of the present disclosure.
[0065] FIG. 13 is a cross-sectional view of a micro LED chip with a microlens array attached on top of the micro LED array according to some embodiments of the present disclosure.
[0066] Fig. 14 shows a flowchart of a method for manufacturing a micro LED chip with imprinted microcavities according to some embodiments of the present disclosure.
[0067] In accordance with common practice, the various features illustrated in the drawings may not be drawn to scale. Accordingly, the dimensions of the various features may be arbitrarily expanded or reduced for clarity. In addition, some of the drawings may not depict all of the components of a given system, method, or device. Finally, like reference numerals may be used to denote like features throughout the specification and figures.DETAILED DESCRIPTION
[0068] Numerous details are described herein in order to provide a thorough understanding of the example embodiments illustrated in the accompanying drawings. However, some embodiments may be practiced without many of the specific details, and the scope of the claims is only limited by those features and aspects specifically recited in the claims. Furthermore, well-known processes, components, and materials have not been described in exhaustive detail so as not to unnecessarily obscure pertinent aspects of the embodiments described herein.
[0069] As discussed above, to resolve the problem in the related technologies, in some embodiments, a micro LED chip comprising multiple micro LED structures is disclosed in the present disclosure. Each dimension of the micro LED chip is not more than 1 centimeter (cm) , preferably, not more than 20 micro meters (μm) . The micro LED structures are formed in the micro LED chip in an array, with a resolution such as 720*480, 640*480, 1920*1080, 1280*720, 2k, or 4k. The diameter of the micro LED structure is at a nanometer level, e.g., 20 nm to 100 nm.
[0070] FIG. 1 is a cross-sectional view of a micro LED chip 100 without a patterned phosphor converter layer according to some embodiments of the present disclosure. As shown in FIG. 1, the micro LED chip 100 includes an integrated circuit (IC) backplane 110 and a micro LED array. The micro LED array include multiple micro LEDs (e.g., micro LEDs 102, 104) . Each micro LED may form at least a portion of a pixel element on the micro LED chip 100.
[0071] In some embodiments, the IC backplane 110 may be electrically connected to each micro LED of the micro LED array through separate metal interconnects (e.g., metal interconnects 120 and 122) . In some embodiments, each micro LED may be separately, electrically controlled by the IC backplane 110. In some embodiments, the IC backplane 110 may be electrically connected to an electrode of the micro LED chip 100 through a metal interconnect 125. In some embodiments, a dielectric layer or insulation layer 130 may be formed in the gap between the micro LEDs. In some embodiments, the dielectric layer or insulation layer 130 may also be formed in the gap between interconnects. The insulation layer 130 may be made of dielectric materials such as solid inorganic materials or plastic materials, the solid inorganic materials include SiO2, Al2O3, Si3N4, SiCN, HfO2, Ta2O5, TiO2, ZrO2, La2O3, MgO, Phosphosilicate glass (PSG) , Borophosphosilicate glass (BPSG) , or any combination thereof, the plastic materials include polymers such as SU-8, PermiNex, Benzocyclobutene (BCB) , or transparent plastic (resin) including spin-on glass (SOG) , or bonding adhesive Micro Resist BCL-1200, or any combination thereof.
[0072] In some embodiments, each micro LED of the micro LED array may include a micro mesa structure. In some embodiments, the micro mesa structure may include a first type epitaxial layer, a light emitting layer, and a second type epitaxial layer, from bottom up. That is, among the three layers, the first type epitaxial layer is closest to the IC backplane 110; the light emitting layer is on top of the first type epitaxial layer and is further away from the IC backplane 110; the second type epitaxial layer is on top of the light emitting layer and is the furthest away from the IC backplane 110. In some embodiments, the light emitting layer is formed by several stacked quantum well layers, especially super crystal stacked quantum well layers. Preferably, the super crystal stacked quantum well layers comprises multiple pairs of quantum well layer stacked with quantum barrier layer. In some embodiments, the first type epitaxial layer is semiconductor material with a first conductive type and comprises several semiconductor layers. The main body material of the first type epitaxial layer can be but not limited to composed of Ga, N, As, P, In, or Al etc. based materials. Additionally, the first type epitaxial layer can from up to bottom comprise but not limited to a waveguide layer, a limitation layer, a transition layer and a window layer; furthermore, an ohmic contact layer can be formed under the window layer. In some embodiments, the second type epitaxial layer is semiconductor material with a second conductive type and comprises several semiconductor layers. The main body material of the second type epitaxial layer can be but not limited to composed of Ga, N, As, P, In, or Al etc. based materials. Additionally, the first type epitaxial layer can from up to bottom comprise but not limited to a limitation layer and a waveguide layer; furthermore, an ohmic contact layer can but not limited to be formed on the limitation layer in some embodiments.
[0073] In some embodiments, a top conductive layer may be formed on the top surface of the micro LED array. In some embodiments, the top conductive layer may be shared by all micro LEDs of the micro LED array. In some embodiments, the light emitting layer may include at least one layer of quantum well layer.
[0074] In some embodiments, the micro LED array may include a single layer of micro LED structures. In some embodiments, the micro LED array may include multiple layers of micro LED structures vertically stacked.
[0075] In some embodiments, the micro LED array may include blue micro LEDs. In some embodiments, the pitch of the micro LED array, i.e., the minimum center-to-center distance between micro LEDs, may range from about 2 μm to about 50 μm. In some embodiments, the number of pixels in the micro LED chip 100 may range from several thousands to over several millions.
[0076] FIG. 2 is a cross-sectional view of a micro LED chip 200 after a layer of phosphor mixture is applied on the micro LED array of the micro LED chip 100 in FIG. 1 according to some embodiments of the present disclosure. As shown in FIG. 2, a layer of phosphor mixture 202 is applied on top of the micro LED array. In some embodiments, the phosphor mixture 202 is applied using the spin coating, spray coating, casting, jetting or other ways. The thickness of the phosphor mixture 202 may preferably range from about 5 μm to about 50 μm.
[0077] In some embodiments, the phosphor mixture 202 is a mixture of phosphor with silicone, epoxy or other suitable polymer, resin, or resist material. In some embodiments, the mass ratio for the phosphor and the polymer, resin, or resist material may range from 2: 1 to 1: 10. Take silicone as an example, the phosphor to silicone mass ratio may range from 2: 1 to 1: 10. The material of phosphor can be conventional phosphor materials such as ZnS with Cu Mn Ag, etc.
[0078] FIG. 3 is a cross-sectional view of a stamp 300 for imprinting a patterned phosphor converter layer on a micro LED chip according to some embodiments of the present disclosure. In some embodiments, the stamp 300 may be used to imprint the phosphor mixture 202 applied on the micro LED chip 200 described above with reference to FIG. 2. In some embodiments, the imprint of the patterned phosphor converter layer may use nanoimprint technology or other imprint technology. In some embodiments, the imprint of the patterned phosphor converter layer maybe hard imprint or soft imprint. The stamp 300 may be pre-structured for printing the target structure of the patterned phosphor converter layer.
[0079] As illustrated in FIG. 3, the stamp 300 includes an area of a plurality of microlens cavities (e.g., microlens cavities 302, 304) and an optional dummy cavity 306. In some embodiments, each of the microlens cavities may be used to imprint a microlens of phosphor mixture for a corresponding micro LED. In some embodiments, the microlens cavities are formed in the same array as the micro LEDs. Preferably, the microlens cavities are adjacent to each other but not connected to each other, that is to say, a space is formed between the adjacent bottom ends of the adjacent microlens cavities. In some embodiments, the dummy cavity 306 may be used to imprint a dummy structure of phosphor mixture around the micro LED array to enable smoother distribution of phosphor mixture during imprint, and the dummy cavity 306 may be formed around the area of the microlens cavities. In another embodiments, the dummy cavity 306 may be formed at one side of the area of the microlens cavities. Furthermore, the minimum distance between the dummy cavity 306 and the edge of the area of the microlens cavities is preferably larger than half of the diameter of one microlens cavity. Additionally, the height of the microlens cavity is preferably larger than the height of the dummy cavity 306. It is noted that, the height of the microlens cavity can be less than the height of the dummy cavity 306, which is not limited to the scope of the present invention. In some embodiments, there may be a rough surface at the top of each of the microlens cavities so that the imprinted microlens of phosphor mixture have rough top surfaces, which may improve the efficiency of light output, increase the convergence of light, and avoid reflections. In some embodiments, the structure of the rough surface can be irregularity, such as multiple tips, multiple bumps and hollows, etc.. The rough surface covers the center of the top of each microlens cavity. The rough surface is preferably larger than a quarter of the surface of microlens cavity. In another embodiment, the rough surface can be less than the quarter of the surface of the microlens cavity.
[0080] FIG. 4 is a cross-sectional view of a micro LED chip 400 after the stamp 300 described above with reference to FIG. 3 is applied on the phosphor mixture 202 described above with reference to FIG. 2 to form a patterned phosphor converter layer 407 according to some embodiments of the present disclosure. As shown in FIG. 4, after imprint, the patterned phosphor converter layer 407 is formed. The patterned phosphor converter layer 407 may include a plurality of microlens of phosphor mixture (e.g., microlens of phosphor mixtures 402 and 404) , an optional dummy structure of phosphor mixture 410, and a converter spacer 420. In some embodiments, the imprinted patterned phosphor converter layer 407 may be cured by ultraviolet light, a thermal process or a “self-curing” under room temperature due to certain reaction of imprint material as well as interaction with air or imprint stamp
[0081] In some embodiments, each of the imprinted microlens of phosphor mixture (e.g., microlens of phosphor mixture 402 or 404) corresponds to a micro LED (e.g., micro LED 102 or 104) of the micro LED chip 400. In some embodiments, any two neighboring microlens of phosphor mixture are preferably separated by a gap between them, which prevents light crosstalk between the adjacent micro LEDs. Each diameter of the microlens is larger than the width of each micro LED. Additionally, the microlens are formed in an array the same as the micro LED array. In some embodiment, one microlens may cover several micro LEDs. In some embodiments, the curved end or curved surface of the adjacent microlens can be connected with each other. In some embodiments, each of the imprinted microlens of phosphor mixture may be dome lens, square lens, trapezoid lens, or any form needed. In some embodiments, the diameter or lateral length of the microlens of phosphor mixture may be between the pitch of the micro LED array and the size of active micro LED pixel, ranging from about 4 μm to about 50 μm. In some embodiments, the height of the overall imprinted structure (i.e., the patterned phosphor converter layer 407) is substantially equal to the height of the microlens of phosphor mixture, ranging from about 5 μm to about 100 μm.
[0082] In some embodiments, each of the imprinted microlens of phosphor mixture may realize blue light to white light conversion. In some embodiments, the imprinted microlens of phosphor mixture may prevent or reduce crosstalk between neighboring micro LEDs. In some embodiments, each of the imprinted microlens of phosphor mixture may focus light.
[0083] In some embodiments, each of the imprinted microlens of phosphor mixture may have a rough top surface. For example, microlens of phosphor mixture 402 may have a rough top surface 432; and microlens of phosphor mixture 404 may have a rough top surface 434. Such rough top surfaces of microlens of phosphor mixture are the result of rough surfaces at the top of the microlens cavities described above with reference to FIG. 3. The imprinted microlens of phosphor mixture with rough top surfaces may improve the efficiency of light output, increase the convergence of light, and avoid reflections. In some embodiments, the structure of the rough top surface 432 can be irregularity, such as multiple tips, multiple bumps and hollows, etc.. The rough top surface 432 covers the center of the top of each microlens. The rough top surface 432 is preferably larger than a quarter of the surface of microlens. In another embodiment, the rough top surface 432 can be less than the quarter of the surface of the microlens.
[0084] The patterned phosphor converter layer 407 can further includes a converter spacer 420. The converter spacer 420 may be a result of imprint due to the nature of imprint process. In some embodiments, the thickness of the converter spacer 420 may be about 1%to about 20%of the height of the imprinted patterned phosphor converter layer 407. In another embodiments, the converter spacer 420 may not be left after imprint.
[0085] In some embodiments, the dummy structure of phosphor mixture 410 may be formed around the micro LED array to enable smoother distribution of phosphor mixture during imprint. In some embodiments, the dummy structure of phosphor mixture 410 may be formed at one side out of the area of the micro LED array.
[0086] In some embodiments, the top surface of the metal interconnect 125 may need to be exposed in order to electrically connect the IC backplane 110 with an electrode of the micro LED chip. Therefore, at least the portion of the converter spacer 420 covering the metal interconnect 125 may need to be removed so that the top of the interconnect 125 is exposed.
[0087] FIG. 5 is a cross-sectional view of a micro LED chip 500 without converter spacer 420. The converter spacer 420 can be removed by dry etch according to some embodiments of the present disclosure. In some embodiments, as shown in FIG. 5, the converter spacer is removed from the patterned phosphor converter layer 507 as a result of performing dry etch on all imprinted structures (e.g., microlens of phosphor mixture 402 and 404, dummy structure of phosphor mixture 410) . Therefore, the metal interconnect 125 is exposed for electrical connection and the converter spacer 420 is etched as part of the microlens. Each diameter of the microlens is larger than the width of each micro LED. A space is preferably formed between adjacent microlens. which prevents light crosstalk between the adjacent micro LEDs. Additionally, the microlens are formed in an array the same as the micro LED array. In some embodiment, one microlens may cover several micro LEDs. In some embodiments, the curved end or curved surface of the adjacent microlens can be connected with each other. In some embodiments, each of the imprinted microlens of phosphor mixture may be dome lens, square lens, trapezoid lens, or any form needed. In some embodiments, the diameter or lateral length of the microlens of phosphor mixture may be between the pitch of the micro LED array and the size of active micro LED pixel, for example, ranging from about 4 μm to about 50 μm. In some embodiments, the height of the overall imprinted structure (i.e., the patterned phosphor converter layer 407) is substantially equal to the height of the microlens of phosphor mixture, ranging from about 5 μm to about 100 μm.
[0088] FIG. 6 is a cross-sectional view of a micro LED chip 600 after a portion of the converter spacer 420 described above with reference to FIG. 4 is removed according to some embodiments of the present disclosure. As shown in FIG. 6, the portion 622 of the converter spacer 420 that covers the metal interconnect 125 may be removed from the patterned phosphor converter layer 607. As a result, the metal interconnect 125 is exposed for electrical connection.
[0089] In some embodiments, the patterned phosphor converter layer 607 may be cured via ultraviolet light. In such embodiments, the portion 622 of the converter spacer 420 may be masked off during curing. After the curing process, the portion 622 of the converter spacer 420 may be removed as a result of removing non-cured phosphor mixture during after-imprint clean processes.
[0090] In some embodiments, the patterned phosphor converter layer 607 may further include a converter spacer 420. The converter spacer 420 may be a result of imprint due to the nature of imprint process. In some embodiments, the thickness of converter spacer 420may be about 1%to about 20%of the height of the imprinted patterned phosphor converter layer 407. In another embodiments, the converter spacer 420 may not be left after imprint.
[0091] In some embodiments, before applying phosphor mixture on top of the micro LED array as described above in FIG. 2, the metal interconnect 125 may be covered with high negative photoresist. After the patterned phosphor converter layer 607 is formed via imprint as described above in FIG. 4, wet or dry lift-off may be performed on the portion 622 of the converter spacer 420 to remove the portion 622 of the converter spacer 420 from the patterned phosphor converter layer 607. As a result, the metal interconnect 125 is exposed for electrical connection.
[0092] In some embodiments, dry etch may be performed, via positive photo mask, on the cured phosphor mixture on top of the metal interconnect 125 (i.e., the portion 622 of the converter spacer) to remove the portion 622 of the converter spacer 420 from the patterned phosphor converter layer 607. As a result, the metal interconnect 125 is exposed for electrical connection.
[0093] Fig. 7 shows a flowchart of a method 700 for manufacturing a micro LED chip with imprinted microlens according to some embodiments of the present disclosure. In some embodiments, the method 700 may correspond to the processes described above with reference to FIGs. 1 through 6.
[0094] In some embodiments, the method 700 may start at 702. At 704, the phosphor mixture may be applied on top of the micro LED array of a micro LED chip. In some embodiments, the phosphor mixture is applied using the spin coating, spray coating, casting, jetting or other ways. The thickness of the phosphor mixture may range from about 5 μm to about 50 μm. In some embodiments, the phosphor mixture is a mixture of phosphor with silicone, epoxy or other suitable polymer, resin, or resist material. In some embodiments, the mass ratio for the phosphor and the polymer, resin, or resist material may range from 2: 1 to 1:10. Take silicone as an example, the phosphor to silicone mass ratio may range from 2: 1 to 1:10. The material of phosphor can be conventional phosphor materials such as ZnS with Cu Mn Ag, etc.
[0095] At 706, a stamp may be applied on the phosphor mixture to imprint a plurality of microlens of the phosphor mixture. After imprint, a patterned phosphor converter layer is formed. The patterned phosphor converter layer may include a plurality of microlens of phosphor mixture, an optional dummy structure of phosphor mixture, and a converter spacer.
[0096] In some embodiments, each of the imprinted microlens of phosphor mixture corresponds to a micro LED of the micro LED chip. In some embodiments, any two neighboring microlens of phosphor mixture are separated by a gap between them. In some embodiments, each of the imprinted microlens of phosphor mixture may be dome lens, square lens, trapezoid lens, or any form needed. In some embodiments, the diameter or lateral length of the microlens of phosphor mixture may be between the pitch of the micro LED array and the size of active micro LED pixel, ranging from about 4 μm to about 50 μm. In some embodiments, the height of the overall imprinted structure (i.e., the patterned phosphor converter layer) is substantially equal to the height of the microlens of phosphor mixture, ranging from about 5 μm to about 100 μm.
[0097] In some embodiments, each of the imprinted microlens of phosphor mixture may realize blue light to white light conversion. In some embodiments, the imprinted microlens of phosphor mixture may prevent or reduce crosstalk between neighboring micro LEDs. In some embodiments, each of the imprinted microlens of phosphor mixture may focus light.
[0098] In some embodiments, each of the imprinted microlens of phosphor mixture may have a rough top surface. Such rough top surfaces of microlens of phosphor mixture are the result of rough surfaces at the top of the microlens cavities of the stamp. The imprinted microlens of phosphor mixture with rough top surfaces may improve the efficiency of light output, increase the convergence of light, and avoid reflections.
[0099] The converter spacer may be a result of imprint due to the nature of imprint process. In some embodiments, the thickness of the converter spacer may be about 1%to about 20%of the height of the imprinted patterned phosphor converter layer.
[0100] In some embodiments, the dummy structure of phosphor mixture may be formed around the micro LED array to enable smoother distribution of phosphor mixture during imprint.
[0101] At 708, the imprinted phosphor mixture may be cured via ultraviolet light, a thermal process or a “self-curing” under room temperature due to certain reaction of imprint material as well as interaction with air or imprint stamp.
[0102] At 710, at least a portion of the converter spacer may be removed to expose a metal interconnect electrically connected to the IC backplane. In some embodiments, the converter spacer is removed from the patterned phosphor converter layer as a result of performing dry etch on all imprinted structures (e.g., microlens of phosphor mixture, dummy structure of phosphor mixture) .
[0103] In some embodiments, the patterned phosphor converter layer may be cured via ultraviolet light. In such embodiments, the portion of the converter spacer covering the metal interconnect may be masked off during curing. After the curing process, the portion of the converter spacer covering the metal interconnect may be removed as a result of removing non-cured phosphor mixture during after-imprint clean processes.
[0104] In some embodiments, before applying phosphor mixture on top of the micro LED array as described above in FIG. 2, the metal interconnect may be covered with high negative photoresist. After the patterned phosphor converter layer is formed via imprint as described above in FIG. 4, wet or dry lift-off may be performed on the portion of the converter spacer covering the metal interconnect to remove the portion of the converter spacer covering the metal interconnect from the patterned phosphor converter layer.
[0105] In some embodiments, dry etch may be performed, via positive photo mask, on the cured phosphor mixture on top of the metal interconnect to remove the portion of the converter spacer covering the metal interconnect from the patterned phosphor converter layer. The method 700 then ends at 712.
[0106] FIG. 8 is a cross-sectional view of a micro LED chip 800 after a designated stamp is applied on the phosphor mixture 202 described above with reference to FIG. 2 to form a patterned phosphor converter layer 807 according to some embodiments of the present disclosure. As shown in FIG. 8, after imprint, the patterned phosphor converter layer 807 is formed. The patterned phosphor converter layer 807 may include a plurality of microcavities of phosphor mixture (e.g., microcavities of phosphor mixtures 802 and 804) , an optional dummy structure of phosphor mixture 810, and a converter spacer 820. The designated stamp is pre-structured to imprint microcavities of phosphor mixture. In some embodiments, the imprinted patterned phosphor converter layer 807 may be cured by ultraviolet light, a thermal process or a “self-curing” under room temperature due to certain reaction of imprint material as well as interaction with air or imprint stamp.
[0107] In some embodiments, each of the imprinted microcavities of phosphor mixture (e.g., microcavities of phosphor mixture 802 or 804) corresponds to a micro LED (e.g., micro LED 102 or 104) of the micro LED chip 800. In some embodiments, the sidewall of each microcavity 802 or 804 can be vertical or with a certain angle. For example, the angle between a microcavity’s sidewall and a bottom surface may be in the range from 45 to 90 degrees. In some embodiments, the sidewall of each microcavity 802 or 804 can be flat or curved. In some embodiments, any two neighboring microcavities of phosphor mixture are separated by a gap between them. In some embodiments, the top surface of each of the imprinted microcavities of phosphor mixture may be a flat surface, and the shape of the top surface may be circular, square, rectangular, polygonal, or any form needed. In some embodiments, the diameter or lateral length of the microcavity of phosphor mixture may be between the pitch of the micro LED array and the size of active micro LED pixel, ranging from about 4 μm to about 50 μm. In some embodiments, the height of the overall imprinted structure (i.e., the patterned phosphor converter layer 807) is substantially equal to the height of the microcavities of phosphor mixture, ranging from about 5 μm to about 100 μm. It is noted that, in another embodiment, each of the imprinted microcavities of phosphor mixture corresponds to several micro LEDs; the sidewalls of adjacent microcavities of phosphor mixture can be connected with each other. In some embodiments, the patterned phosphor converter layer 807 can further includes a converter spacer 820. The converter spacer 820 may be a result of imprint due to the nature of imprint process. In some embodiments, the thickness of converter spacer 820 and the converter spacer may be about 1%to about 20%of the height of the imprinted patterned phosphor converter layer 407. In another embodiments, the converter spacer 820 may not be left after imprint.
[0108] In some embodiments, each of the imprinted microcavities of phosphor mixture may realize blue light to white light conversion. In some embodiments, the imprinted microcavities of phosphor mixture may prevent or reduce crosstalk between neighboring micro LEDs. In some embodiments, each of the imprinted microcavities of phosphor mixture may focus light.
[0109] In some embodiments, each of the imprinted microcavities of phosphor mixture may have a rough top surface 834. For example, microcavity of phosphor mixture 802 may have a rough top surface 832; and microcavity of phosphor mixture 804 may have a rough top surface 834. Such rough top surfaces of microcavities of phosphor mixture are the result of rough surfaces at the top of the corresponding cavities in the designated stamp. The imprinted microcavities of phosphor mixture with rough top surfaces may improve the efficiency of light output, increase the convergence of light, and avoid reflections. In some embodiments, the structure of the rough top surface 834 can be irregularity, such as multiple tips, multiple bumps and hollows, etc.. The rough top surface 834 covers the center of the top of each microcavity. The rough top surface 834 preferably covers the whole top of the microcavity of phosphor mixture 804, but this is not used to limit the scope of the invention. In another embodiment, the rough top surface 834 covers part of the top of the microcavity of phosphor mixture 804.
[0110] The converter spacer 820 may be a result of imprint due to the nature of imprint process. In some embodiments, the thickness of the converter spacer 820 may be about 1%to about 20%of the height of the imprinted patterned phosphor converter layer 807.
[0111] In some embodiments, the dummy structure of phosphor mixture 810 may be formed around the micro LED array to enable smoother distribution of phosphor mixture during imprint.
[0112] In some embodiments, the top surface of the metal interconnect 125 may need to be exposed in order to electrically connect the IC backplane 110 with an electrode of the micro LED chip. Therefore, at least the portion of the converter spacer 820 covering the metal interconnect 125 may need to be removed.
[0113] FIG. 9 is a cross-sectional view of a micro LED chip 900 after the converter spacer 820 described above with reference to FIG. 8 is removed via dry etch according to some embodiments of the present disclosure. As shown in FIG. 9, the converter spacer is removed from the patterned phosphor converter layer 907 as a result of performing dry etch on all imprinted structures (e.g., microcavities of phosphor mixture 802 and 804, dummy structure of phosphor mixture 810) . Therefore, the metal interconnect 125 is exposed for electrical connection and the converter spacer is etched as part of the microcavities of phosphor mixture. Each width of the microcavities is larger than the width of each micro LED. A space is preferably formed between adjacent microcavities, which prevents light crosstalk between the adjacent micro LEDs. Additionally, the microcavities are formed in an array the same as the micro LED array. In some embodiment, one microcavity may cover several micro LEDs. In some embodiments, each of the imprinted microcavities of phosphor mixture may be round, square, or any form needed. In some embodiments, the width of the microcavities of phosphor mixture may be between the pitch of the micro LED array and the size of active micro LED pixel, for example, ranging from about 4 μm to about 50 μm. In some embodiments, the height of the overall imprinted structure (i.e., the patterned phosphor converter layer 407) is substantially equal to the height of the microlens of phosphor mixture, for example, ranging from about 5 μm to about 100 μm. In some embodiments, without further steps, the air gaps (e.g., air gap 902) between microcavities of phosphor mixture would constrain crosstalk between neighboring micro LEDs. The minimum distance of the air gap between adjacent microcavities is in a micrometers level, preferably, 5-20 micro meters. In some embodiments, the sidewalls of the adjacent microcavities can be connected with each other.
[0114] FIG. 10 is a cross-sectional view of a micro LED chip 1000 after a portion of the converter spacer 820 described above with reference to FIG. 8 is removed according to some embodiments of the present disclosure. As shown in FIG. 10, the portion 1022 of the converter spacer 820, that covers the metal interconnect 125, is removed from the patterned phosphor converter layer 1007. As a result, the metal interconnect 125 is exposed for electrical connection. In some embodiments, without further steps, the air gaps (e.g., air gap 1002) between microcavities of phosphor mixture would constrain crosstalk between neighboring micro LEDs. The details of the microcavities of the phosphor mixture can be referred to FIG. 8, which will not be repeated herein.
[0115] In some embodiments, the patterned phosphor converter layer 1007 may be cured via ultraviolet light. In such embodiments, the portion 1022 of the converter spacer 820 may be masked off during curing. After the curing process, the portion 1022 of the converter spacer 820 may be removed as a result of removing non-cured phosphor mixture during after-imprint clean processes.
[0116] In some embodiments, before applying phosphor mixture on top of the micro LED array as described above in FIG. 2, the metal interconnect 125 may be covered with high negative photoresist. After the patterned phosphor converter layer 1007 is formed via imprint as described above in FIG. 4, wet or dry lift-off may be performed on the portion 1022 of the converter spacer 820 to remove the portion 1022 of the converter spacer 820 from the patterned phosphor converter layer 1007. As a result, the metal interconnect 125 is exposed for electrical connection.
[0117] In some embodiments, dry etch may be performed, via positive photo mask, on the cured phosphor mixture on top of the metal interconnect 125 (i.e., the portion 1022 of the converter spacer 820) to remove the portion 1022 of the converter spacer 820 from the patterned phosphor converter layer 1007. As a result, the metal interconnect 125 is exposed for electrical connection.
[0118] FIG. 11 is a cross-sectional view of a micro LED chip 1100 after the gaps between microcavities of phosphor mixture is filled with high-reflection material according to some embodiments of the present disclosure. As shown in FIG. 11, the gaps between microcavities of phosphor mixture may be filled with high-reflection material 1102 to avoid crosstalk between neighboring micro LEDs. In some embodiments, the high-reflection material 1102 may be reflection powder, such as TiO2, ZiO2, mixed with silicone, epoxy or other suitable polymer, resin, or resist material. In some embodiments, the high-reflection material 1102 may be filled into the gaps between microcavities of phosphor mixture of the micro LED chip 900 or 1000 described above with reference to FIG. 9 or 10, respectively. Without the scope of various embodiments regarding FIG. 11, the portion 1022 of the converter spacer 820 covering the metal interconnect 125 may be removed as in FIG. 10, or the entire converter spacer 820 may be removed as in FIG. 9. The high-reflection material 1102 enables high reflectivity of the lights across the whole visible spectrum, thereby avoiding the crosstalk between adjacent micro cavities and improving light emitting efficiency of the micro LEDs and the whole display panel.
[0119] In some embodiments, the method may further fill gaps between the plurality of microcavities of the phosphor mixture with light-absorption material 1102. The light-absorption material 1102 may implement different kinds of “black resists” . In some embodiments, the light-absorption material 1102 may be filled into the gaps between microcavities of phosphor mixture of the micro LED chip 900 or 1000 described above with reference to FIG. 9 or 10, respectively.
[0120] FIG. 12A and FIG. 12B show a cross-sectional view of a micro LED chip 1200 with lens on top of the micro LED chip 1100 described above with reference with FIG. 11 according to some embodiments of the present disclosure. As shown in FIG. 12A, microlens (e.g., microlens 1202, 1204) may be placed on top of the corresponding microcavities of phosphor mixture. For example, microlens 1202 may be placed on top of the microcavity of phosphor mixture 802; and lens 1204 may be placed on top of the microcavity of phosphor mixture 804. In some embodiments, the lens 1202 and 1204 may be transparent microlens or meta lens. The material of microlens 1202 and 1204 can be conventional microlens materials, such as SiO2, photoresist, etc. The diameter of each microlens is larger than the width of each microcavity. The width of the microlens may be between the pitch of the micro LED array and the size of active micro LED pixel, for example, ranging from about 4 μm to about 50 μm. The edge end of each microlens is formed on the high-reflection material 1102 between the adjacent microcavities. In some embodiments, each microlens corresponds to one microcavities; and, in another embodiment, each microlens corresponds to several microcavities. In some embodiments, adjacent microlens are separated by a gap, as shown in FIG. 12A. In other embodiments, adjacent microlens are connected with each other and a microlens spacer 1210 can be formed under the microlens and on the microcavities, as shown in FIG. 12B. The material of microlens and microlens spacer may be the same or different.
[0121] FIG. 13 is a cross-sectional view of a micro LED chip 1300 with a microlens array 1310 attached on top of the micro LED array according to some embodiments of the present disclosure. As shown in FIG. 13, the microlens array 1310 include multiple microlens (e.g., 1302, 1304) , each of which may be placed on top of a corresponding microcavity of phosphor mixture and a corresponding micro LED. For example, the microlens 1302 may be placed on top of the microcavity of phosphor mixture 802 and the micro LED 102; and the microlens 1304 may be placed on top of the microcavity of phosphor mixture 804 and the micro LED 104. In some embodiments, the microlens array 1310 may be a glass or polymer-based microlens array. In some embodiments, the microlens array 1310 may be attached on top of the micro LED array of the micro LED chip 900 or 1000 described above with reference to FIG. 9 or 10, respectively. Without the scope of various embodiments regarding FIG. 13, the portion 1022 of the converter spacer 820 covering the metal interconnect 125 may be removed as in FIG. 10, or the entire converter spacer 820 may be removed as in FIG. 9. The microlens array 1310 comprises microlens 1302, 1304, horizontal extending part 1305 and vertical extending part 1306. The bottom edge of each microlens extends horizontal to form the horizontal extending part 1305, thereby connecting adjacent microlens at the bottom edge; and, the bottom edges of the microlens at the edge of the whole microlens array extend downward to the top of the converter spacer 820 or to the top of the insulation layer 130 to form the vertical extending part 1306, thereby connecting the microlens array to the converter spacer 820 or to the insulation layer 130. In some embodiments, the vertical extending part 1306 are further separated from the edge of the microcavities array (e.g., 802, 804) to form a gap between the vertical extending part 1306 and the microcavities array; but in another embodiment, the vertical extending part 1306 can be attached to the edge of the microcavities array without a gap between the vertical extending part 1306 and the microcavities array. Additionally, the horizontal extending part 1305 are pending between the adjacent microcavities. Since the air gap between the adjacent microcavities are in a micrometer level, the horizontal extending part 1305 of the microlens array 1310 cannot be deposited into the air gap or can be deposited into the air gap in a small depth, preferably, not deep than half of the height of the air gap.
[0122] FIG. 14 shows a flowchart of a method 1400 for manufacturing a micro LED chip with imprinted microcavities according to some embodiments of the present disclosure. In some embodiments, the method 1400 may correspond to the processes described above with reference to FIGs. 8 through 13.
[0123] In some embodiments, the method 1400 may start at 1402. At 1404, the phosphor mixture may be applied on top of the micro LED array of a micro LED chip. In some embodiments, the phosphor mixture is applied using the spin coating, spray coating, casting, jetting or other ways. The thickness of the phosphor mixture may range from about 5 μm to about 50 μm. In some embodiments, the phosphor mixture is a mixture of phosphor with silicone, epoxy or other suitable polymer, resin, or resist material. In some embodiments, the mass ratio for the phosphor and the polymer, resin, or resist material may range from 2: 1 to 1: 10. Take silicone as an example, the phosphor to silicone mass ratio may range from 2: 1 to 1: 10. The material of phosphor can be conventional phosphor materials such as ZnS with Cu Mn Ag, etc.
[0124] At 1406, a stamp may be applied on the phosphor mixture to imprint a plurality of microcavities of the phosphor mixture. After imprint, a patterned phosphor converter layer is formed. The patterned phosphor converter layer may include a plurality of microcavities of phosphor mixture, an optional dummy structure of phosphor mixture, and a converter spacer.
[0125] In some embodiments, each of the imprinted microcavities of phosphor mixture corresponds to a micro LED of the micro LED chip. In some embodiments, any two neighboring microcavities of phosphor mixture are separated by a gap between them. In some embodiments, each of the imprinted microcavities of phosphor mixture may be round, square, or any form needed. In some embodiments, the diameter or lateral length of the microcavities of phosphor mixture may be between the pitch of the micro LED array and the size of active micro LED pixel, ranging from about 4 μm to about 50 μm. In some embodiments, the height of the overall imprinted structure (i.e., the patterned phosphor converter layer) is substantially equal to the height of the microcavities of phosphor mixture, ranging from about 5 μm to about 100 μm.
[0126] In some embodiments, each of the imprinted microcavities of phosphor mixture may realize blue light to white light conversion. In some embodiments, the imprinted microcavities of phosphor mixture may prevent or reduce crosstalk between neighboring micro LEDs. In some embodiments, each of the imprinted microcavities of phosphor mixture may focus light.
[0127] In some embodiments, each of the imprinted microcavities of phosphor mixture may have a rough top surface. Such rough top surfaces of microcavities of phosphor mixture are the result of rough surfaces at the top of the microcavity cavities of the stamp. The imprinted microcavities of phosphor mixture with rough top surfaces may improve the efficiency of light output, increase the convergence of light, and avoid reflections.
[0128] The converter spacer may be a result of imprint due to the nature of imprint process. In some embodiments, the thickness of the converter spacer may be about 1%to about 20%of the height of the imprinted patterned phosphor converter layer.
[0129] In some embodiments, the dummy structure of phosphor mixture may be formed around the micro LED array to enable smoother distribution of phosphor mixture during imprint.
[0130] At 1408, the imprinted phosphor mixture may be cured via ultraviolet light, a thermal process or a “self-curing” under room temperature due to certain reaction of imprint material as well as interaction with air or imprint stamp.
[0131] At 1410, at least a portion of the converter spacer may be removed to expose a metal interconnect electrically connected to the IC backplane. In some embodiments, the converter spacer is removed from the patterned phosphor converter layer as a result of performing dry etch on all imprinted structures (e.g., microcavities of phosphor mixture, dummy structure of phosphor mixture) .
[0132] In some embodiments, the patterned phosphor converter layer may be cured via ultraviolet light. In such embodiments, the portion of the converter spacer covering the metal interconnect may be masked off during curing. After the curing process, the portion of the converter spacer covering the metal interconnect may be removed as a result of removing non-cured phosphor mixture during after-imprint clean processes.
[0133] In some embodiments, before applying phosphor mixture on top of the micro LED array as described above in FIG. 2, the metal interconnect may be covered with high negative photoresist. After the patterned phosphor converter layer is formed via imprint as described above in FIG. 8, wet or dry lift-off may be performed on the portion of the converter spacer covering the metal interconnect to remove the portion of the converter spacer covering the metal interconnect from the patterned phosphor converter layer.
[0134] In some embodiments, dry etch may be performed, via positive photo mask, on the cured phosphor mixture on top of the metal interconnect to remove the portion of the converter spacer covering the metal interconnect from the patterned phosphor converter layer.
[0135] In some embodiments, the method 1400 may fill gaps between the plurality of microcavities of the phosphor mixture with high-reflection material. The high-reflection material comprises reflection powder, such as TiO2, ZiO2, mixed with silicone, epoxy or other suitable polymer, resin, or resist material. In some embodiments, the method 1400 may place a plurality of transparent microlens or meta lens on top of the plurality of microcavities of the phosphor mixture.
[0136] In some embodiments, the method 1400 may place a plurality of glass or polymer-based microlens array on top of the plurality of microcavities of the phosphor mixture. The method 1400 ends at 1412.
[0137] It is understood by those skilled in the art that, the micro LED chip is not limited by the structure mentioned above, and may include more or less components than those as illustrated, or some components may be combined, or a different component may be utilized.
[0138] It is understood by those skilled in the art that, all or part of the steps for implementing the foregoing embodiments may be implemented by hardware, or may be implemented by a program which instructs related hardware. The program may be stored in a flash memory, in a conventional computer device, in a central processing module, in an adjustment module, etc.
[0139] The above descriptions are merely embodiments of the present disclosure, and the present disclosure is not limited thereto. A modifications, equivalent substitutions and improvements made without departing from the conception and principle of the present disclosure shall fall within the protection scope of the present disclosure.
[0140] Further embodiments also include various subsets of the above embodiments including embodiments as shown in FIGs. 1 through 14 combined or otherwise re-arranged in various other embodiments.
[0141] Although the detailed description contains many specifics, these should not be construed as limiting the scope of the disclosure but merely as illustrating different examples and aspects of the disclosure. It should be appreciated that the scope of the disclosure includes other embodiments not discussed in detail above. For example, the approaches described above can be applied to the integration of functional devices other than LEDs and OLEDs with control circuitry other than pixel drivers. Examples of non-LED devices include vertical cavity surface emitting lasers (VCSEL) , photodetectors, micro-electro-mechanical system (MEMS) , silicon photonic devices, power electronic devices, and distributed feedback lasers (DFB) . Examples of other control circuitry include current drivers, voltage drivers, trans-impedance amplifiers, and logic circuits.
[0142] The preceding description of the disclosed embodiments is provided to enable any person skilled in the art to make or use the embodiments described herein and variations thereof. Various modifications to these embodiments will be readily apparent to those skilled in the art, and the generic principles defined herein may be applied to other embodiments without departing from the spirit or scope of the subject matter disclosed herein. Thus, the present disclosure is not intended to be limited to the embodiments shown herein but is to be accorded the widest scope consistent with the following claims and the principles and novel features disclosed herein.
[0143] Features of the present disclosure can be implemented in, using, or with the assistance of a computer program product, such as a storage medium (media) or computer readable storage medium (media) having instructions stored thereon / in which can be used to program a processing system to perform any of the features presented herein. The storage medium can include, but is not limited to, high-speed random access memory, such as DRAM, SRAM, DDR RAM or other random access solid state memory devices, and may include non-volatile memory, such as one or more magnetic disk storage devices, optical disk storage devices, flash memory devices, or other non-volatile solid state storage devices. Memory optionally includes one or more storage devices remotely located from the CPU (s) . Memory or alternatively the non-volatile memory device (s) within the memory, comprises a non-transitory computer readable storage medium.
[0144] Stored on any machine readable medium (media) , features of the present disclosure can be incorporated in software and / or firmware for controlling the hardware of a processing system, and for enabling a processing system to interact with other mechanisms utilizing the results of the present disclosure. Such software or firmware may include, but is not limited to, application code, device drivers, operating systems, and execution environments / containers.
[0145] It will be understood that, although the terms “first, ” “second, ” etc. may be used herein to describe various elements or steps, these elements or steps should not be limited by these terms. These terms are only used to distinguish one element or step from another.
[0146] The terminology used herein is for the purpose of describing particular embodiments only and is not intended to be limiting of the claims. As used in the description of the embodiments and the appended claims, the singular forms “a, ” “an” and “the” are intended to include the plural forms as well, unless the context clearly indicates otherwise. It will also be understood that the term “and / or” as used herein refers to and encompasses any and all possible combinations of one or more of the associated listed items. It will be further understood that the terms “comprises” and / or “comprising, ” when used in this specification, specify the presence of stated features, integers, steps, operations, elements, and / or components, but do not preclude the presence or addition of one or more other features, integers, steps, operations, elements, components, and / or groups thereof.
[0147] As used herein, the term “if” may be construed to mean “when” or “upon” or “in response to determining” or “in accordance with a determination” or “in response to detecting, ” that a stated condition precedent is true, depending on the context. Similarly, the phrase “if it is determined [that a stated condition precedent is true] ” or “if [a stated condition precedent is true] ” or “when [a stated condition precedent is true] ” may be construed to mean “upon determining” or “in response to determining” or “in accordance with a determination” or “upon detecting” or “in response to detecting” that the stated condition precedent is true, depending on the context.
[0148] The foregoing description, for purpose of explanation, has been described with reference to specific embodiments. However, the illustrative discussions above are not intended to be exhaustive or to limit the claims to the precise forms disclosed. Many modifications and variations are possible in view of the above teachings. The embodiments were chosen and described in order to best explain principles of operation and practical applications, to thereby enable others skilled in the art to best utilize the disclosure and the various embodiments.
Claims
1.A micro LED chip comprising:an IC backplane;a micro LED array, each micro LED of the micro LED array being separately electrically controlled by the IC backplane; anda patterned phosphor converter layer on top of the micro LED array, wherein the patterned phosphor converter layer is formed by applying a stamp on phosphor mixture applied on top of the micro LED array.2.The micro LED chip of claim 1, wherein the phosphor mixture comprises:phosphor; anda polymer, resin, or resist material selected from a group comprising silicone and epoxy, wherein a mass ratio for the phosphor and the polymer, resin, or resist material ranges from 2: 1 to 1: 10.3.The micro LED chip of claim 1, wherein the patterned phosphor converter layer has a rough top surface with an irregular structure, and the rough top surface covers whole or part of the top surface of the patterned phosphor converter layer.4.The micro LED chip of claim 1, wherein the patterned phosphor converter layer further comprises a dummy structure of phosphor mixture formed at one side of the micro LED array to enable smoother distribution of phosphor mixture during imprint.5.The micro LED chip of claim 1, further comprising:a converter spacer formed between the patterned phosphor converter layer and the micro LED array, wherein a thickness of the converter spacer ranges from about 1 percent to about 20 percent of a height of the patterned phosphor converter layer;a plurality of first metal interconnects, wherein the IC backplane is electrically connected to each micro LED of the micro LED array through a respective one of the plurality of first metal interconnects;a second metal interconnect separate from the plurality of first metal interconnects, wherein a top surface of the second metal interconnect is exposed to electrically connect the IC backplane with an electrode of the micro LED chip; andan insulation layer formed in gaps between micro LEDs of the micro LED array and in gaps between the first and second metal interconnects.6.The micro LED chip of claim 5, wherein the patterned phosphor converter layer comprises a plurality of microlens each of which corresponds to a micro LED of the micro LED array.7.The micro LED chip of claim 6, wherein:neighboring microlens of the plurality of microlens are separated by a gap;a lateral length of each microlens of the plurality of microlens ranges from about 4 μm to about 50 μm;a height of the plurality of microlens ranges from 5 μm to about 100 μm.8.The micro LED chip of claim 6, wherein each of the plurality of microlens is dome lens, square lens, or trapezoid lens.9.The micro LED chip of claim 5, wherein the patterned phosphor converter layer comprises a plurality of microcavities each of which corresponds to a micro LED of the micro LED array.10.The micro LED chip of claim 9, wherein:neighboring microcavities of the plurality of microcavities are separated by a gap;a lateral length of each microcavity of the plurality of microcavities ranges from about 4 μm to about 50 μm;a height of the plurality of microcavities ranges from 5 μm to about 100 μm.11.The micro LED chip of claim 9, further comprising a high-reflection material filled in gaps between adjacent microcavities of the plurality of microcavities, wherein the high-reflection material includes reflection powder made of titanium dioxide or zirconium dioxide, mixed with a polymer, resin, or resist material selected from a group including silicone and epoxy.12.The micro LED chip of claim 9, further comprising a light-absorption material filled in gaps between adjacent microcavities of the plurality of microcavities.13.The micro LED chip of claim 11, further comprising:a plurality of microlens formed on top of the patterned phosphor converter layer, wherein:each of the plurality of microlens is formed on top of a respective one of the plurality of microcavities,a diameter of each microlens is larger than a lateral length of each microcavity, andan edge end of each microlens is formed on the high-reflection material between the adjacent microcavities.14.The micro LED chip of claim 9, further comprising:a microlens array formed on top of the plurality of microcavities, wherein:the microlens array comprises a plurality of microlens, a horizontal extending part and a vertical extending part,a bottom edge of each microlens of the microlens array extends horizontally to form the horizontal extending part, which connects adjacent microlens at the bottom edge, anda bottom edge of each microlens of the microlens array extends downward to a top of the converter spacer or to a top of the insulation layer to form the vertical extending part.15.The micro LED chip of claim 14, wherein:the plurality of microcavities have a same size and are formed in a microcavity array aligned with the micro LED array; andthe vertical extending part is separated from an edge of the microcavity array to form a gap between the vertical extending part and the microcavity array.16.The micro LED chip of claim 14, wherein:the plurality of microcavities have a same size and are formed in a microcavity array aligned with the micro LED array; andthe vertical extending part is attached to an edge of the microcavity array without a gap between the vertical extending part and the microcavity array.17.The micro LED chip of claim 9, wherein:the top surface of each of the microcavities of phosphor mixture is a flat surface, and the shape of the top surface is circular, square, rectangular, or polygonal,a sidewall of at least one microcavity of the plurality of microcavities is a flat surface.18.The micro LED chip of claim 17, wherein an angle between the sidewall and a bottom surface of the at least one microcavity ranges from 45 to 90 degrees.19.The micro LED chip of claim 9, wherein a sidewall of at least one microcavity of the plurality of microcavities is a curved surface.20.The micro LED chip of claim 1, wherein each micro LED of the micro LED array includes a micro mesa structure, the micro mesa structure includes a first type epitaxial layer, a light emitting layer, and a second type epitaxial layer, the first type epitaxial layer is closest to the IC backplane; the light emitting layer is on top of the first type epitaxial layer; the second type epitaxial layer is on top of the light emitting layer.21.A stamp for imprinting a patterned phosphor converter layer on a micro LED chip, comprising:a stamp sheet having a plurality of microlens cavities and a dummy cavity, wherein each of the plurality of microlens cavities is configured to imprint a microlens of phosphor mixture for a corresponding micro LED of a micro LED array on the micro LED chip, andthe dummy cavity is configured to imprint a dummy structure of phosphor mixture around the micro LED array to enable smoother distribution of phosphor mixture during imprint.22.The stamp of claim 21, wherein the plurality of microlens cavities have a same size and are formed in a microlens cavity array aligned with the micro LED array; and a space is formed between adjacent bottom ends of adjacent microlens cavities of the microlens cavity array.23.The stamp of claim 22, wherein the dummy cavity is formed at one side of the microlens cavity array; and a minimum distance between the dummy cavity and an edge of the microlens cavity array is larger than half of a diameter of each microlens cavity of the microlens cavity array.24.The stamp of claim 22, wherein a rough surface is formed on at least part of a top surface of each respective microlens cavity of the microlens cavity array, such that each imprinted microlens of phosphor mixture has a rough top surface; the rough surface has an irregular structure; and the rough surface covers a center of the top surface of the respective microlens cavity.25.A method of manufacturing a micro LED chip with a patterned phosphor converter layer comprising:applying phosphor mixture on top of a micro LED array of the micro LED chip; andapplying a stamp on the phosphor mixture to imprint a plurality of microlens of the phosphor mixture.26.The method of claim 25, wherein a pitch of the micro LED array ranges from about 4 μm to about 50 μm.27.The method of claim 25, wherein the stamp comprises:a plurality of microlens cavities for imprinting the plurality of microlens of the phosphor mixture; anda dummy cavity to enable smooth distribution of the phosphor mixture during imprint.28.The method of claim 27, wherein a top surface of each of the plurality of microlens cavities is a rough surface.29.The method of claim 25, wherein:the applying of the phosphor mixture on top of the micro LED array comprises forming the phosphor mixture on top of the micro LED array;the forming includes spin-coating, spray coating, casting or jetting; anda thickness of the phosphor mixture on top of the micro LED array after the forming ranges from about 5 μm to about 50 μm.30.The method of claim 25, wherein the phosphor mixture comprises:phosphor; anda polymer, resin, or resist material selected from a group comprising silicone and epoxy, wherein a mass ratio for the phosphor and the polymer, resin, or resist material ranges from 2: 1 to 1: 10.31.The method of claim 25, wherein the plurality of microlens of the phosphor mixture are one of dome lens, square lens or trapezoid lens.32.The method of claim 25, wherein a lateral length of the plurality of microlens of the phosphor mixture ranges from about 4 μm to about 50 μm, wherein a height of the plurality of microlens of the phosphor mixture ranges from 5 μm to about 100 μm.33.The method of claim 25, wherein each of the plurality of microlens of the phosphor mixture:converts blue light to white light;prevents crosstalk between micro LEDs of the micro LED array; andfocuses light of the micro LEDs of the micro LED array.34.The method of claim 25, further comprising curing the imprinted phosphor mixture via ultraviolet light, a thermal process or a self-curing under room temperature.35.The method of claim 25, wherein a converter spacer is formed during the imprinting of the plurality of microlens of the phosphor mixture, wherein a thickness of the converter spacer ranges from about 1 percent to about 20 percent of a height of the plurality of microlens of the phosphor mixture.36.The method of claim 35, wherein the micro LED chip comprises a metal interconnect at a side of the micro LED array, wherein the method further comprise removing at least a portion of the converter spacer to expose the metal interconnect.37.The method of claim 36, wherein the removing of at least a portion of the converter spacer comprises etching the plurality of microlens of the phosphor mixture to remove the converter spacer of the phosphor mixture.38.The method of claim 36, wherein the removing of at least a portion of the converter spacer comprises:masking off a portion of the converter spacer of the phosphor mixture that covers the metal interconnect;curing the imprinted phosphor mixture using ultraviolet light; andremoving non-cured phosphor mixture during after-imprint clean processes.39.The method of claim 36, wherein the removing of at least a portion of the converter spacer comprises:before the applying of the phosphor mixture, covering the metal interconnect with high negative photoresist; andafter the applying of the stamp on the phosphor mixture, doing wet or dry lift-off of the high negative photoresist.40.The method of claim 36, wherein the removing of at least a portion of the converter spacer comprises:curing the imprinted phosphor mixture; anddry-etching the cured phosphor mixture on top of the metal interconnect via positive photo mask.