Grip-enhancing liquid formula

Abstract

The compositions of grip-enhancing liquid formula are provided. The formula contains hydrophobic surface-treated silica particulate materials in suspension liquid / gel in the presence of alcohol-based carrier in aqueous media, and thickening / suspension agents.

Description

[0001] AERO-Ol -PCT

[0002] -1-

[0003] Grip-enhancing Liquid Formula

[0004] RELATED APPLICATIONS

[0005] This application claims the benefit of U. S. Provisional Application No. 63 / 727,875, filed December 4, 2024, entitled “Grip-enhancing Liquid Formula”. The foregoing patent application is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.

[0006] FIELD OF THE INVENTION

[0007] This invention relates to the field of anti-slip surface applications, specifically the use of colloidal particle liquid formulations for sweat management and grip-enhancement.

[0008] BACKGROUND

[0009] Grip-enhancement technologies can be used in various industries, including sports, fitness, manufacturing, and medical applications. The traditional use of chalk and other dry particulate grip-enhancing products is low-cost and widely accessible solution for temporary anti-grip applications, particularly in environments where reducing sweat-induced loss of friction is critical. However, the use of chalk and other dry particulate gripenhancing products as a means of sweat mitigation creates common problems, such as the frequency of use required, the solid particulates created indoors in the air, and the lack of general hygiene in an environment in which multiple users are in indirect contact with each other. To address these issues, a variety of liquid based alternatives have been developed to reduce dust generation and provide longer-lasting grip. Despite these advancements, performance inconsistency and application limitations remain.

[0010] Accordingly, there is a continuing need for improved grip-enhancement technologies that minimize mess, provide durable and reliable performance under both dry and wet conditions, and are compatible with a broader range of surfaces.

[0011] BRIEF SUMMARY

[0012] The present disclosure provides compositions and methods for grip enhancement and moisture management for the surface application.

[0013] In one embodiment, the grip-enhancing formula contains a hydrophobic solid particle suspension solution containing surface-treated silica particulate in the presence of AERO-Ol -PCT

[0014] -2-an alcohol-based carrier in the aqueous media, a thickening and suspension agent, and a wetting agent.

[0015] In another embodiment, the surface-treated silica particulate is silica aerogel or coarse silica aggregate having an interstitial pore network with numerous interconnected voids primarily filled with air and providing a high internal surface area. The particle size of the surface-treated silica particulate containing an interstitial pore network with a modal pore diameter of about 20 nm, a specific surface area of 600-800 m2 / g, and agglomerate size between 1 μm and 1.2 mm; and the concentration range is 1%-10% (w / w).

[0016] In another embodiment, the alcohol-based carrier in the aqueous media is selected from ethanol, isopropyl alcohol, n-butanol, propanol, methanol, tert-butanol, 2-butanol, butyl alcohol, and propylene glycol, or any combination thereof. The concentration range of the alcohol-based carriers is 40%-80% (w / w).

[0017] In another embodiment, the thickening and suspension agent is selected xanthan gum, hydroxyethylcellulose (HEC), carbomer, and magnesium aluminum silicate, or any combination thereof. The concentration range of the thickening and suspension agent is 0.1%-2% (w / w).

[0018] In another embodiment, the wetting agent is selected from ethanol, isopropyl alcohol, polysorbate 20, PEG-7 glyceryl cocoate, sorbitan oleate, glycerin, and ethoxy diglycol or any combination thereof. The concentration range of the wetting agent is 0.1%-5% (w / w).

[0019] In another embodiment, the grip-enhancing formula optionally contains a preservative, a coloring agent, and fragrance. The preservative is selected from hydroxyanisol, tocopherol, ascorbyl palmitate, benzophenone-2, ethylhexyl methoxycinnamate, phenoxyethanol, benzyl alcohol, potassium sorbate, and sodium benzoate, or any combination thereof. The coloring agent is selected from iron oxides, mica, titanium dioxide, FD& C dyes.

[0020] In one embodiment, the grip-enhancing formula can be stored in a bottle or tube with a pump, squeeze, or spray nozzle.

[0021] In yet another embodiment, a method of applying the grip-enhancing formula to a surface of a subject comprises spreading an effective amount of the formula on the surface to enhance grip and manage moisture at the gripping interface. The surface can be a wet AERO-Ol -PCT

[0022] -3-surface. The surface can be the skin of the subject’s hands or feet, or a contact surface of medical, sports / fitness, or industrial equipment.

[0023] BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0024] Those of skill in the art will understand that the drawings, described below, are for illustrative purposes only. The drawings are not intended to limit the scope of the present teachings in any way.

[0025] FIG. la is an enlarged schematic illustration of a representative surface-treated fumed silica particle (1) utilized within the grip-enhancement composition. The particle exhibits an interstitial pore network (2) comprising numerous interconnected voids primarily filled with air, thereby providing a high internal surface area. The outer hydrophobic surface-treated region (3) represents the layer chemically bonded to the silica substrate, which enables the particle to remain suspended in a predominantly non-aqueous carrier and contributes to water-repelling characteristics when applied to a surface such as skin.

[0026] FIG. lb is a cross-sectional schematic view illustrating an exemplary surface-treated fumed silica micro-layer (6) formed on a skin substrate (4) following application of the grip-enhancement composition. The micro-layer comprises an interstitial pore network (2) containing air pockets that contribute to increased surface area and frictional resistance. The outer hydrophobic surface-treated region (3) represents the hydrophobic surface-treated interface of the fumed silica particles, which resists moisture absorption while maintaining a soft tactile feel. The micro-layer adheres to the skin substrate (4) through oleophilic bonding and light mechanical interlocking (5), establishing a thin, stable film that enhances grip performance without visible residue.

[0027] FIG. 1c is a cross-sectional schematic illustration demonstrating the hydrophobic barrier action of the applied grip-enhancement composition. The surface-treated fumed silica micro-layer (6) forms over the skin substrate (4) and is bonded through oleophilic mechanical interlocking (5). The outermost hydrophobic surface-treated region (3) provides moisture repellence, causing water or perspiration droplets (19) to be deflected or expelled from the treated surface rather than absorbed. This behavior maintains a dry interface and enhances friction between the skin and contacted objects during activity..

[0028] FIG. Id is a cross-sectional schematic illustration depicting the moisture-repelling behavior of the applied grip-enhancement composition. The surface-treated fumed silica AERO-Ol -PCT

[0029] -4-micro-layer (6) forms a continuous hydrophobic outer region (3) over the skin substrate (4), bonded through oleophilic mechanical interlocking (5). Water or perspiration droplets (19) are shown beading on the surface rather than penetrating the layer, demonstrating the hydrophobic barrier that maintains a dry, high-friction contact surface during use.

[0030] FIG. 2a is a schematic illustration of a container holding the composition as a colloidal suspension (8). The suspension contains alcohols (14) in which evenly dispersed fumed silica particles (15) are distributed throughout the medium. Air bubbles trapped in colloidal suspension (7) may be present from mixing. The formulation further includes thickening and suspension agents (9), fragrance (10), coloring agents (11), wetting agents (12), and preservatives (13). The figure depicts a stable, homogeneous suspension prior to application.

[0031] FIG.2b is a schematic illustration of an alternative container for the composition of FIG. 2a. A flexible squeeze tube (21) includes a deformable body (22) and an outlet orifice (23) through which the composition (8) is dispensed. Upon application of manual pressure to the body (21), a quantity of the composition (8) is expressed through the orifice (23) as a cohesive bolus (24). The bolus (24) maintains a substantially non-dripping, self-supporting form and does not readily flow under gravity, permitting controlled, localized application to a substrate such as skin or sporting equipment. The dispensed bolus (24) retains the colloidal suspension characteristics described with respect to FIG. 2a, including dispersed fumed silica particles and associated additives, and exhibits a texture corresponding to a stable, homogeneous gel prior to spreading.

[0032] FIG. 3a is a perspective view of a hand immediately after application of the composition. Surface-treated fumed silica particles (1) are distributed over the skin within a thin surface-treated fumed silica micro layer (6). As the alcohols evaporate (17), the surface-treated fumed silica micro-layer (6) consolidates to form a continuous hydrophobic layer (16). The layer adheres to the skin through oleophilic bonding via light mechanical interlocking (5), providing a durable, non-tacky film configured to enhance grip.

[0033] FIG. 3b is a plantar view of a foot following application of the composition. Surface-treated fumed silica particles (1) are distributed across the plantar skin within a thin surface-treated fumed silica micro-layer (6). The layer adheres via oleophilic bonding with light mechanical interlocking (5). As the alcohols evaporate (17), the micro layer consolidates to form a continuous hydrophobic layer (16) configured to enhance AERO-Ol -PCT

[0034] -5-traction on the foot's contact surfaces.

[0035] FIG. 4 is a perspective view of a hand grasping a wet cylindrical bar to illustrate performance under moisture. Evenly dispersed fumed silica particles (15) within the applied film conform to the contact topography of the hand. The film is anchored to the skin by oleophilic bonding with light mechanical interlocking (5). Moisture (20) is shown present on and dripping from the bar, while the treated interface is configured to maintain traction despite the presence of water.

[0036] DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0037] The present disclosure relates to compositions and methods for grip enhancement. The composition incorporates unique hydrophobic silica particles dispersed within a liquid or gel-based formulation, enabling efficient and uniform distribution of the grip-enhancing particles upon application to a surface. The hydrophobic silica particles are surface-treated silica exhibiting an interstitial pore network containing numerous interconnected voids primarily filled with air, thereby providing a high internal surface area. As demonstrated in FIG. la, the surface treated silica aerogel particles or coarse aggregates, form a percolating pore network that creates a porous architecture capable of diverting moisture and improving surface dry ness.

[0038] In particular, the hydrophobic silica particulates utilized in the disclosed formulation possess nanoscale skeletal structures or macroporous morphologies that contribute to enhanced moisture management and superior grip performance.

[0039] The formula provides a means of forming a colloidal particle structure in which the grip-enhancing particles are evenly suspended to prevent settling. It further benefits the user the long-lasting effects and its antimicrobial properties. The formula mitigates the air-bom particulates caused from traditional chalk and improves the effectiveness over other liquid / gel grip-enhancing products. The improved gel-based formula is essential for evenly coating the intended surface to maximize surface area coverage.

[0040] The grip enhancement formulation works by the nature of the unique properties of the surface treated hydrophobic silica particulate material. The fumed silica particles are oleophilic, hydrophobic, and has a very large surface area. The oleophilic interaction with surfaces, such as skin lipids, help it embed and stay put via light mechanical interlocking. The surface treatment on the fumed silica is hydrophobic, which repels moisture and thereby mitigates sweat accumulation. The fumed silica's nanostructure amplifies grip through AERO-Ol -PCT

[0041] -6-increased contact points and micro-scale traction. The liquid / gel formulation is designed to reduce sweat accumulation, to prevent moisture buildup, and to maintain grip efficiency in high-sweat environments by means of the fumed silica’s large surface area and hydrophobic barrier. The formula disclosed herein can be used across various settings, including sports, healthcare, military, construction, weightlifting, musical performance, as well as other scenarios where maintaining grip friction and managing sweat at the gripping interface are critical for anti-slip performance.

[0042] In addition, the grip enhancement and anti-slip applications can be used for surfaces like hands, shoes, and feet for example. The formula also contains an antimicrobial solution which serves for hygienic purposes. The anti-slip applications can also be used in medical and sport equipment. The liquid formula provides a means for the particulate hydrophobic particles to be suspended evenly by means of a colloidal structure. This colloidal structure makes the application of the product disperse evenly for the user while having the anti-slip effects.

[0043] As illustrated in FIGs. lb- Id. the water-repelling properties of the material forms a barrier preventing sweat from accumulating on the skin. The surface with the barrier prevents slippage, particularly useful for improving grip strength.

[0044] Compositions of Liquid / Gel Formula

[0045] The gel-based formulation has a jelly-like consistency, allowing it to spread evenly over surfaces and form a thin layer. The formulation creates colloidal solid particle structure that has the physical arrangement and properties of particles within a colloidal system. Colloids are mixtures where one substance (the dispersed phase) is finely divided and uniformly distributed within another substance (the continuous phase). Colloidal particles are typically between 1 nanometer (Inm) and 1 micron (1 pm) in size, small enough to remain suspended in the medium without settling. As illustrated in FIGs. lb- Id, the hydrophobic barrier is formed once applied to the surface.

[0046] In some aspects, the compositions described herein includes the following components.

[0047] Hydrophobic Particulate Materials

[0048] Hydrophobic Particulate materials are selected from a number of exemplary materials as listed herein.

[0049] • Surface treated silica particulate such as aerogel, is a modified form of silica. AERO-Ol -PCT

[0050] -7- where the surface of the silica particles has been treated with silane compounds (silylation). This process renders the silica particles hydrophobic (water- repellent), meaning they resist moisture and prevent water absorption. It also exhibits an interstitial pore network comprising numerous interconnected voids primarily filled with air, thereby providing a high internal surface area. It also exhibits unique properties of thickening, moisture absorption, and enhancing the performance of formulations.

[0051] • Magnesium Stearate is a hydrophobic, fine powder commonly used in cosmetics and pharmaceuticals. It provides moisture resistance and improves the slip of formulations. It has excellent anti-caking properties.

[0052] • Titanium Dioxide (TiO2) is a white powder with excellent oil-absorbing and moisture-wicking properties. The hydrophobic version (treated with silanes) is particularly good at repelling water. It can act as an oil absorber and provide a dry, non-greasy finish.

[0053] • Zinc Oxide is a fine, white powder with moisture-absorbing and oil-controlling capabilities. When treated to become hydrophobic, it repels water and remains dry under humid conditions.

[0054] • Talc is a naturally occurring mineral that, when treated to be hydrophobic, offers excellent moisture resistance and oil absorption. It’s commonly used in products designed to keep skin dry and smooth.

[0055] • Spherical silica consists of smooth, spherical particles of silicon dioxide, offering a unique texture compared to fumed or precipitated silica. It is often used to improve flowability and smooth application in cosmetic formulations.

[0056] Alcohol-Based Carriers in Aqueous Media

[0057] Alcohol materials serve not only as carriers for the formula but also contain wetting and antimicrobial effects. A list of exemplary alcohol materials is provided herein.

[0058] • Ethanol (Ethyl Alcohol): Used in personal care products, cosmetics, pharmaceuticals, and industrial applications and widely used in hand sanitizers and medical disinfectants due to its antimicrobial properties.

[0059] • Isopropyl Alcohol (IPA): Commonly used in pharmaceuticals, cosmetics, and industrial processes and used in hand sanitizers, medical wipes, and surface cleaners due to its antimicrobial properties. AERO-Ol -PCT

[0060] -8- • n-Butanol (1 -Butanol): a longer-chain alcohol with slower evaporation than IP A or ethanol, but it still acts as an effective solvent. It is used in many formulations where quick evaporation is less critical but a dry feel is desired.

[0061] • Propanol (1-Propanol or n-Propanol): very' similar to isopropyl alcohol but has a slightly higher boiling point and a slightly slower evaporation rate. It provides similar solvency, antimicrobial properties, and is used in formulations where fast drying and solvent power are important.

[0062] • Methanol (Methyl Alcohol): the simplest alcohol and has a very fast evaporation rate due to its low molecular weight. It has strong solvent properties and is used in applications where rapid drying and cleaning are important.

[0063] • Tert-Butanol (tert-Butyl Alcohol): A tertiary alcohol with a fast evaporation rate, making it a good solvent in industrial and pharmaceutical applications.

[0064] • 2-Butanol (sec-Butyl Alcohol): A secondary butyl alcohol that behaves similarly to propanol, with a moderate evaporation rate and solvent capabilities.

[0065] • Butyl Alcohol (Butanol): A longer-chain alcohol that evaporates slower than IP A and propanol but still provides excellent solvency and moisture control.

[0066] • Propylene Glycol (1,2-Propanediol): A diol that shares some solvent properties with propanol but has a higher boiling point and slower evaporation rate. It’s used as a humectant and solvent in many formulations.

[0067] Thickening and Suspension Agents

[0068] Thickening and suspension agents are substances that can increase the viscosity of a liquid without substantially changing its other properties. They are used to provide body to the formula, increase stability, prevent sedimentation, and improve suspension of added ingredients.

[0069] • Silica silylate (fumed silica): it is often used in various industries due to its unique properties of thickening, moisture absorption, and enhancing the performance of formulations.

[0070] • Precipitated Silica: an amorphous form of silica produced by precipitating a solution of sodium silicate with acid. It has a relatively large surface area and high porosity, making it effective at absorbing moisture and oils. AERO-Ol -PCT

[0071] -9- • Xanthan Gum: a natural polysaccharide used as a thickening and stabilizing agent in a wide variety of formulations. It forms a gel-like consistency in water, making it highly effective for suspending particles.

[0072] • Bentonite Clay: a natural clay composed of montmorillonite, which swells when hydrated and forms a colloidal suspension. It is often used as a suspending agent in both water and alcohol-based formulations.

[0073] • Hydroxyethylcellulose (HEC): a cellulose derivative that acts as a thickener and suspension agent in both water-based and water-alcohol formulations. It provides long-term suspension by increasing the viscosity of the solution.

[0074] • Carbomer (Carbopol): synthetic cross-linked copolymers of polyacrylic acid. The polymers form a gel-like consistency when neutralized. They are excellent for suspending particles and stabilizing emulsions in formulations. Carbopol Ultrez-21 is one example of Carbomer.

[0075] • Magnesium Aluminum Silicate (Veegum): A naturally occurring, highly refined smectite clay, magnesium aluminum silicate is used as a thickener and suspension agent. It swells in water and forms stable gels that help keep particles suspended.

[0076] • Agar: a natural polysaccharide derived from red algae (seaweed). It forms strong gels at very low concentrations and is known for its ability to thicken and stabilize formulations

[0077] Wetting Agents

[0078] Wetting agents are chemicals that can be added to a liquid to reduce its surface tension and make it more effective in spreading over and penetrating surfaces.

[0079] • Ethanol: amphiphilic structure (polar -OH and nonpolar ethyl group) lowers surface tension, allowing it to spread across and uniformly wet hydrophobic surfaces like methylated silica before evaporating.

[0080] • Ethoxydiglycol: it belongs to a family of ingredients called glycols, which are known for holding water and blending well with both oils and water. This multitasking liquid ingredient improves both the feel and performance of many products. It serves as solvent for hard-to-mix ingredients allowing them to spread evenly for better texture and more reliable results. AERO-Ol -PCT

[0081] -10- • Isopropyl Alcohol: amphiphilic structure (polar -OH and nonpolar isopropyl group) reduces surface tension, enabling it to spread evenly over hydrophobic surfaces like treated silica and form uniform dispersions before evaporating.

[0082] • Polysorbates (Polysorbate 20, Polysorbate 80): non-ionic surfactants that act as excellent wetting agents and emulsifiers. They reduce the surface tension between particles and liquids, promoting even dispersion of solids.

[0083] • Sorbitan Oleate: an oil-based surfactant and wetting agent that helps disperse solid particles in liquid systems. It is often used to improve the compatibility of oils and solid particles in a formulation.

[0084] • PEG-7 Glyceryl Cocoate: a non-ionic surfactant derived from coconut oil. It is a mild wetting agent that helps disperse solids in liquids and improves the skin feel of formulations.

[0085] • Sodium Lauryl Sulfate (SLS): an anionic surfactant widely used for its ability' to reduce surface tension and act as a wetting agent. It helps particles disperse evenly in both water and alcohol-based formulations.

[0086] • Lecithin: a natural phospholipid derived from soy or egg yolk. It is a versatile emulsifier and wetting agent that improves the dispersion of solids in liquids. • Glycerin: a humectant and wetting agent that helps improve the dispersion of particles in liquid formulations. It is effective at reducing surface tension and increasing the even distribution of solids.

[0087] In some embodiments, the composition further comprises a buffer agent, such as aminomethyl propanol (AMP). The composition may optionally comprise one or more additional components such as preservative, coloring agents and fragrance, as exemplified below.

[0088] Preservatives

[0089] Preservatives can be included in the formula to extend the shelf-life of the product, as exemplified herein.

[0090] • Hydroxyanisol: A synthetic antioxidant that prevents oxidative degradation of oils and fats in formulations. It protects against rancidity and color changes, extending product shelf life and maintaining stability under heat and light exposure. AERO-Ol -PCT

[0091] -11- • Tocopherol: A natural antioxidant that protects both the skin and the formulation’s oils from oxidation. It enhances product stability, supports skin barrier function, and provides conditioning and anti-aging benefits.

[0092] • Ascorbyl palmitate: A stable, fat-soluble form of Vitamin C that functions as an antioxidant, protecting lipids and cell membranes from oxidative damage. It also boosts the efficacy of other antioxidants like tocopherol and helps brighten skin tone.

[0093] • Benzophenone-2: A synthetic UV absorber that protects formulations and packaging contents from UV -induced degradation. It stabilizes colorants, fragrances, and active ingredients by filtering harmful ultraviolet light.

[0094] • Ethylhexyl methoxycinnamate: An organic UVB filter that absorbs sunlight to protect products and skin from UV-induced deterioration. Commonly used in sunscreens and personal-care formulations to maintain product integrity and prevent photo-oxidation.

[0095] • Phenoxyethanol: A broad-spectrum antimicrobial that protects against bacteria, yeast, and mold. Phenoxyethanol is stable across a wide pH range (3-10) and temperature ranges, making it suitable for most formulations.

[0096] • Benzyl Alcohol: A natural preservative with antimicrobial properties, benzyl alcohol is often used to prevent microbial growth in formulations. It is especially effective against bacteria and has some action against fungi.

[0097] • Potassium Sorbate: A water-soluble preservative effective against mold and yeast.

[0098] Potassium sorbate is generally used in water-based formulations and is stable in a wide pH range (3-6).

[0099] • Ethylhexylglycerin: A preservative booster with some antimicrobial properties on its own, particularly against gram-positive bacteria. It's often used in combination with other preservatives, like phenoxyethanol, to enhance their efficacy.

[0100] • Caprylyl Glycol: A multifunctional ingredient that acts as both a humectant and a preservative booster. Caprylyl glycol has antimicrobial properties, particularly against bacteria, and can help enhance the efficacy of other preservatives.

[0101] Coloring Agents

[0102] Common coloring agents include the following examples.

[0103] • Iron Oxides: commonly used inorganic pigments that come in shades of red, yellow, brown, and black. They are highly stable, non-toxic. and suitable for a wide range of formulations. AERO-Ol -PCT

[0104] -12- • Titanium Dioxide (TiO2): a white pigment widely used to add opacity and brightness to formulations. It can also serve as a UV filter in sunscreens, making it multifunctional.

[0105] • Ultramarines: vibrant blue and violet pigments made from silicate minerals. They are inorganic, safe for skin use, and often used for creating cooler color tones. • Mica: a natural mineral that provides a shimmery or pearlescent finish when used in formulations. It is often coated with pigments like iron oxides or titanium dioxide to add color.

[0106] • FD& C Dyes (Food, Drug & Cosmetic Dyes): synthetic water-soluble colorants approved for use in food, drugs, and cosmetics. These dyes are available in a wide range of vibrant colors, such as blue, red, yellow, green, and more.

[0107] Fragrance

[0108] Various fragrance can be optionally added to the formula, including the following examples.

[0109] • Eucalyptus: has a fresh, cooling, and herbal scent. It’s often associated with cleanliness and invigoration. Cedarwood: a warm, woody, and masculine scent, often used in combination with other woodsy or spicy notes to create a rugged and earthy fragrance.

[0110] • Citrus (Lemon, Lime, Bergamot): crisp, fresh, and invigorating. They provide a zesty, clean aroma that is often associated with deodorants and body sprays.

[0111] • Sandalwood: a creamy, woody, and slightly sweet aroma, adding a rich, sophisticated character to fragrances.

[0112] • Lavender: a calming, herbal, and slightly floral aroma. Although traditionally associated with relaxation, it's often used in men’s products for its clean and fresh profile.

[0113] • Peppermint: a cooling, fresh, and minty scent that is both invigorating and refreshing.

[0114] The grip-enhancing liquid formula disclosed herein comprises various key components, as illustrated in FIG. 2a. Hydrophobic particulate materials, such as surface-treated fumed silica aerogel, are the primary' functional ingredients that manage moisture and absorb oils, thereby enhancing grip. The formula incorporates a distinct silica particle class and film formation mechanism. The invention produces a porous, sweat-diverting, dry AERO-Ol -PCT

[0115] -13-particulate film delivering measurable wet-grip persistence. These materials need to be evenly distributed within the product to ensure consistent performance upon application. Alcohol-based carriers, such as ethanol, serve as both antimicrobial agents and volatile carriers. They allow the product to be applied as a liquid, which quickly evaporates, leaving behind a dry layer of hydrophobic material on the skin to manage sweat and absorb oils. Thickening and suspension agents, such as hydroxyethylcellulose (HEC), xanthan gum, or carbomer are critical for ensuring that the silica silylate particles remain evenly distributed. These agents prevent the hydrophobic materials from clumping or settling during storage, ensuring that every dose of the product contains the correct proportions of ingredients. This helps maintain stability and consistency during the pre-delivery phase, so that when the product is dispensed, the ratios of materials (silica silylate, alcohols, and other agents) remain even, allowing for a uniform application. Wetting agents, such as ethoxy diglycol and isopropyl alcohol, work to reduce the surface tension between the hydrophobic particles and the liquid phase, allowing the silica particles to disperse evenly within the alcohol solution. This ensures that the product flows smoothly out of the bottle without clumping.

[0116] Other optional components can be added to the liquid formula. Preservatives, like phenoxyethanol and benzyl alcohol, ensure the product remains microbially stable over time, preventing contamination and spoilage, particularly when the bottle is frequently- opened or exposed to moisture during use. Coloring agents add an aesthetic appeal to the product, potentially indicating where it has been applied on the skin or simply enhancing its visual characteristics without affecting its function. Fragrance, such as eucalyptus, cedarwood, or citrus, provides a pleasant scent and enhances the overall user experience. The alcohol base also aids in diffusing the fragrance quickly upon application.

[0117] Upon application, the alcohol materials in the formula evaporate quickly, leaving behind the hydrophobic solid particle materials like silica silylate to mitigate oils and moisture, providing a dry, non-greasy finish. Meanwhile, the thickening and suspension agents play a crucial role in ensuring the product remains stable inside the bottle, preventing clumping of the silica particles, so that the product is evenly distributed each time it's dispensed. The wetting agents further ensure that the particles flow smoothly out of the bottle. Together, the components ensure a consistent, stable product that provides the desired grip-enhancing properties when applied to the surface, such as skin.

[0118] These components synergize to create a hygienic product that is easy to apply, long-lasting, durable, and quick-acting. It effectively manages sweat and enhances grip. AERO-Ol -PCT

[0119] -14-leveraging the natural hydrophobic properties of silica silylate. The rapid evaporation of ethanol and IPA ensures even distribution of the silica silylate for optimal performance.

[0120] In another aspect of the invention, the liquid / gel formula can be packaged in containers with pump, squeeze or spray nozzles, as illustrated in Fig. 2b. The suspension agents ensure that the same proportion of ingredients (such as silica particles and alcohol) is dispensed with each pump or squeeze. The thickened liquid moves through the pump / nozzle smoothly without clogging or issues. Suspension agents help to prevent clogging of the pump / nozzle by ensuring the silica particles do not clump together.

[0121] Applications of the Liquid / Gel Formula to the Skin

[0122] FIGs. 3a and 3b demonstrate a schematic application of the grip-enhancing liquid formula to the hand and foot. The optimal application thickness is approximately 1 to 2 millimeters on the skin. The aerogel has a porosity of over 90%, which contributes to making it cover a large surface area. Ethanol has an evaporation rate of 2.8 (relative to butyl acetate). IPA has an evaporation rate of 1.7 (relative to butyl acetate).

[0123] EXPERIMENTAL DETAILS

[0124] Compositions of the Grip-enhancing Liquid Formula

[0125] Silica Particulate Materials

[0126] Primary Function: Hydrophobic silica particulate serves as the central functional component in grip-enhancing formulations, primarily by managing moisture at the gripping interface and absorbing surface oils to create a dry, high-friction contact surface. These materials are critical to overall product performance, as they directly influence both the magnitude and durability of grip enhancement.

[0127] A wide range of silica particulate materials is available, each type differing in surface treatment, particle size, porosity, and oil-absorption capacity. The physical and chemical characteristics including specific surface area, particle morphology, level of hydrophobic modification, and compatibility w ith carrier systems play a decisive role in determining how effectively the formulation manages sweat, distributes uniformly on the skin, and maintains grip over time even in w et conditions.

[0128] Selecting the appropriate silica particulate and optimizing its integration into the formulation are therefore essential steps in achieving consistent, high-performance grip enhancement. Table 1 below provides the key physical, chemical and application properties of three exemplary hydrophobic silica particulates: ENOVA IC3120 aerogel particles, AEROSIL R-972 hydrophobic fumed silica and Tullanox 500 (formerly sold as Silanox 101). Values are taken from the technical comparison reports compiled from safety data sheets (SDS), technical data sheets (TDS) and published literature. Where manufacturer data were not available, typical ranges for hydrophobic fumed silica are noted.

[0129] Table 1. Specifications Comparison for ENOVA® IC3120, AEROSIL® R-972 and Tullanox 500

[0130] Tullanox 500 Property ENOVA IC3120 AEROSIL R-972 (Silanox 101) Composition / Trimethyl silyl-modi Fumed silica Hydrophobic fumed surface treatment tied synthetic after-treated with silica produced by amorphous silica dichlorodimethylsila treating pyrogenic (CAS 102262-30-6): ne (CAS 68611-44-9); silica with

[0131] surface grafted with contains 0.6-12 % organosilanes; trimethylsilane for carbon (from silane described as permanent treatment) and hydrophobic, fumed hydrophobicity. >99.8% SiCh- SiCb.

[0132] Primary particle Millimetre-scale Primary particle size APF-type fumed size / aggregate granules; particle roughly 16 nm; silica nanopowder size size distribution 0.1– delivered as loose with primary

[0133] 1.2 mm agglomerates with particles ≈10nm.

[0134] (agglomerated specific surface area Agglomerates- pass aerogel particles). 90-130m2 / g. through a 400-mesh sieve (<38pm).

[0135] Specific surface Very high due to 90 -130m2, / g (BET). Manufacturer data area aerogel structure; unavailable;

[0136] reported range 600- literature for 800m2 / g. hydrophobic fumed silica indicates 50- 400 m / g as a typical range.

[0137] Pore diameter / Internal pore Not specified; turned Not specified;

[0138] porosity diameter <20 nm; silica consists of' fumed ■ silica primary highly porous aerogel non-porous primary particles lack network. particles fused into a internal porosi ty but fractal network. create interparticle voids when agglomerated.

[0139] Bulk / tapped Partide density 120- Tamped density Not available;

[0140] density 150 kgm-"; bulk ~50gl"*; pyrogenic hydrophobic fumed AERO-Ol -PCT

[0141] -16- density 60- density ~2.2gcm-3silica typically 150 kg m"''. exhibits low bulk density ( - 50- lOOgL”1).

[0142] pH (4% aqueous 3.0-6.5. 3.6-5.5. Not available;

[0143] dispersion) hydrophobic fumed silica usually falls in the 3-6 range.

[0144] Thermal properties Melting point Auto-ignition No specific data;

[0145] -1700 ”C; boiling temperature >600 *C; hydrophobic fumed point --2230*0; decomposition of silica is a poor heat thermal conductivity hydrophobic coating conductor but not as 0,012 Wm'-K"1at >300 °C. Thermal insulating as aerogel.

[0146] 25 °C (very low due to conductivity not

[0147] aerogel porosity). specified.

[0148] Hydrophobicity / Highly hydrophobic; Hydrophobic due to Hydrophobic;

[0149] solubility insoluble in water. dimethylsiloxane insoluble in water.

[0150] Remains coating: hydrophobic hydrophobic up to properties diminish

[0151] ~300°C, after which above 300 “C. Slightly trimethylsilane soluble in water

[0152] groups may degrade. (>lmgL"!).

[0153] These specifications highlight the differences between the three silica particulate materials. ENOVA IC3120 aerogel has much larger agglomerates, extremely high surface area and porosity, and exhibits ultralow thermal conductivity, making it ideal for thermalinsulation applications. AEROSIL R-972 is a hydrophobic fumed silica with moderate surface area and small primary particle size; it is used mainly as a rheology modifier in industrial formulations. Tullanox 500 is another hydrophobic fumed silica with very small primary particles and fine agglomerates; it has been used as a flow aid and anti-caking agent rather than as a thermal insulator.

[0154] Surface treated fumed silica aerogel is utilized in the disclosed formulation. The physical and chemical properties are demonstrated in the following parameters.

[0155] Particle size range: 1pm to 1.2mm.

[0156] Pore diameter: ~20nm.

[0157] Particle surface area: 600-800 m2 / g

[0158] Particle density:

[0159] 120- 150kg / m3 (cubed).

[0160] 7.5 - 9.41b / ft3(cubed).

[0161] 1 - 1 251b / gal (US).

[0162] Thermal conductivity: AERO-Ol -PCT

[0163] -17- 0.012W / m. K at 25°C

[0164] 0.083Btu.in / hr.ft2.°F at 77°F

[0165] Concentration Range: 1% - 10% (WAV)

[0166] Lower end of concentration provides enough grip-enhancement while allowing for a lighter texture and easier application. Higher end of concentration increases moisture mitigation but may affect the flow properties or ease of application.

[0167] Alcohol-Based Carriers in Aqueous Media (Antibacterial / Volatile Agents)

[0168] Primary' Function: These alcohols act as solvents and volatile carriers that evaporate quickly, leaving behind the hydrophobic particles. They also provide antibacterial protection. Examples: Isopropyl alcohol (IP A), ethanol, denatured alcohol.

[0169] Concentration Range: 40% - 80% (WAV)

[0170] Lower concentration still allows for some evaporation but provides a more hydrating formula (if needed for specific applications). Higher concentrations ensure quick evaporation, creating a dry finish on the skin.

[0171] Thickening and Suspension Agents

[0172] Primary Function: These agents maintain uniform suspension of the hydrophobic particles in the liquid, preventing clumping and ensuring the product is evenly distributed when dispensed.

[0173] Examples: Xanthan gum, hydroxyethylcellulose (HEC), carbomer, magnesium aluminum silicate.

[0174] Concentration Range: 0.1% - 2% (WAV)

[0175] Lower concentration provides basic suspension stability without drastically affecting viscosity. Higher concentration significantly thickens the formulation, creating a more gel-like consistency to stabilize the suspension.

[0176] Wetting Agents

[0177] Primary Function: Wetting agents help disperse the hydrophobic particles evenly within the alcohol solution, reducing surface tension and preventing clumping.

[0178] Examples: ethanol, ethoxydiglycol, isopropyl alcohol, polysorbate 20, PEG-7 glyceryl cocoate. sorbitan oleate, glycerin.

[0179] Concentration Range: 0.1% - 5% (WAV) AERO-Ol -PCT

[0180] -18- Lower concentration ensures basic dispersion of particles while maintaining a light texture. Higher concentration offers enhanced dispersion and stability in more complex formulations.

[0181] Buffer Agents

[0182] Primary Function: the buffer agent is used to adjust pH of the suspension solution. Examples include such as aminomethyl propanol (AMP).

[0183] Preservatives / Enhanced Shelf-Life Materials

[0184] Primary Function: Preservatives ensure the formulation remains microbially stable over time, especially after exposure to air or moisture.

[0185] Examples: Hydroxyanisol, tocopherol, ascorbyl palmitate, benzophenone-2, ethylhexyl methoxycinnamate, phenoxyethanol, benzyl alcohol, potassium sorbate, sodium benzoate. Concentration Range: 0.1% - 1% (WAV)

[0186] Lower concentration is effective in formulations where alcohol provides additional antimicrobial activity. Higher concentration is used for more complex formulations, especially if the product is stored for long periods or used in humid environments.

[0187] Fragrance and Coloring Agents

[0188] Primary Function: These components enhance the sensory appeal of the product, providing a pleasant scent or adding visual appeal (if desired). They can be optionally added to the formula.

[0189] Fragrance Examples: Eucalyptus, cedarwood, sandalwood.

[0190] Coloring Examples: Iron oxides, mica, titanium dioxide. FD& C dyes.

[0191] Concentration Range:

[0192] Fragrance: 0.1% - 2% (WAV)

[0193] Coloring: 0.01% - 1% (WAV)

[0194] Fragrance at lower concentration provides a subtle scent for sensitive users; while at higher concentration it provides stronger, more noticeable fragrance for a bold sensory experience.

[0195] Coloring agents a lower range offer a minimal tint or subtle shade to indicate application; while used at higher concentration, it provides a vivid color or shimmer effect AERO-Ol -PCT

[0196] -19-for aesthetic appeal. The concentration range of the liquid / gel formula is summarized in Table 2 below.

[0197] Table 2. Concentration Range of Grip-enhancing Liquid / Gel Formula

[0198] Category of the Component Concentration Range (WAV) Surface-treated Silica Particulate 1-10%

[0199] Alcohol-based Carriers 40-80%

[0200] Thickening and Suspension Agents 0.1-2%

[0201] Wetting Agents 0.1-5%

[0202] Preservatives 0.1-1%

[0203] Coloring Agents 0.01-1%

[0204] Fragrance 0.1-2%

[0205]

[0206] Examples

[0207] Formulation 1

[0208] • Silica Silylate Aerogel (Hydrophobic Material) - 10% (W / W)

[0209] • Ethanol (Alcohol Carrier) - 70%

[0210] • Isopropyl Alcohol (Wetting Agent) - 2.5%

[0211] • Silica Silylate Aerosil (Suspension Agent) - 2%

[0212] • Hydroxyethylcellulose HEC (Thickening Agent) - 0.5%

[0213] • Phenoxyethanol (Preservative) - 0.5%

[0214] • Cedarwood Oil (Fragrance) - 0.5%

[0215] • Deionized Water (Carrier) - 14%

[0216] Preparation Method:

[0217] Step 1: Solvent Preparation

[0218] Mix ethanol and isopropyl alcohol in a clean, sterile container.

[0219] Step 2: Dispersion of Hydrophobic Particles

[0220] Slowly add silica silylate aerogel to the liquid blend while stirring at 500 rpm to ensure even distribution.

[0221] Step 3: Addition of Thickening and Wetting Agents AERO-Ol -PCT

[0222] -20- Add silica silylate aerosil and HEC to the mixture to prevent clumping of the silica particles, stabilizing the suspension inside the bottle. Continue stirring to ensure uniformity.

[0223] Add polysorbate 20 to further reduce surface tension and ensure the particles remain evenly distributed within the liquid.

[0224] Step 4: Preservative and Fragrance

[0225] Add phenoxyethanol to the formulation to ensure microbial stability.

[0226] Add cedarwood oil as the final step to introduce a pleasant, masculine fragrance.

[0227] Step 5: Homogenization

[0228] Stir the mixture for an additional 15 minutes to ensure all ingredients are properly combined. Transfer the product to its final bottle with pump for storage and application.

[0229] Key Characteristics:

[0230] Hydrophobic Silica Silylate is suspended evenly in the alcohol solution, ensuring it is applied uniformly onto the skin. Thickening agents prevent clumping in the bottle, ensuring smooth distribution when dispensed. Wetting agents allow even particle dispersion. Alcohol evaporates quickly, leaving the silica silylate on the skin for grip enhancement.

[0231] Formulation 2

[0232] • Fumed Silica (Hydrophobic Material) - 8% (WAV)

[0233] • Isopropyl Alcohol (Alcohol Carrier) - 55%

[0234] • Ethanol (Alcohol Carrier) - 35%

[0235] • Hydroxyethylcellulose (Thickening Agent) - 0.6%

[0236] • PEG-7 Glyceryl Cocoate (Wetting Agent) - 0.8%

[0237] • Benzyl Alcohol (Preservative) - 0.3%

[0238] • Lemon Oil (Fragrance) - 0.3%

[0239] Preparation Method:

[0240] Step 1: Solvent Mixing

[0241] Combine isopropyl alcohol, ethanol, and water in a clean container.

[0242] Step 2: Silica Addition

[0243] Slowly introduce fumed silica while stirring vigorously to ensure no clumping occurs. Continue stirring for 20 minutes until the silica is evenly suspended.

[0244] Step 3: Add Thickening and Wetting Agents AERO-Ol -PCT

[0245] -21- Add hydroxy ethylcellulose to the solution to create a slightly thicker, more stable mixture. Stir for an additional 5 minutes until the formulation reaches a uniform viscosity.

[0246] Introduce PEG-7 glyceryl cocoate to improve the even distribution of silica particles within the alcohol blend.

[0247] Step 4: Preservative and Fragrance

[0248] Add benzyl alcohol for microbial protection.

[0249] Add lemon oil for a fresh scent that complements the quick-drying nature of the formula. Step 5: Final Mixing and Packaging

[0250] Homogenize the mixture for 15 minutes at 600 rpm to ensure all components are evenly blended.

[0251] Package the solution into its final container.

[0252] Key Characteristics:

[0253] Higher concentration of silica enhances grip in extreme moisture conditions.

[0254] Quick-drying alcohol blend evaporates fast, leaving behind a dry, moisture-absorbing layer. Wetting agent ensures the silica remains well-dispersed, preventing clumping even at higher silica concentrations.

[0255] Formulation 3

[0256] • Precipitated Silica (Hydrophobic Material) - 3%

[0257] • Ethanol (Alcohol Carrier) - 65%

[0258] • Isopropyl Alcohol (Alcohol Carrier) - 30%

[0259] • Carbomer (Thickening Agent) - 0.1%

[0260] • Glycerin (Wetting Agent) - 1.6%

[0261] • Sodium Benzoate (Preservative) - 0.2%

[0262] • Lavender Oil (Fragrance) - 0.1%

[0263] Preparation Method:

[0264] Step 1: Base Mixture

[0265] Mix ethanol and isopropyl alcohol in a sterile container.

[0266] Step 2: Silica Addition

[0267] Slowly add precipitated silica to the mixture while stirring at a low speed to avoid air bubbles. AERO-Ol -PCT

[0268] -22- Continue stirring for 10 minutes until the silica is fully suspended.

[0269] Step 3: Add Carbomer and Glycerin

[0270] Introduce carbomer to slightly thicken the formula, ensuring that the silica remains suspended.

[0271] Add glycerin to improve the spreadability and ensure an even distribution of particles within the liquid phase.

[0272] Step 4: Preservative and Fragrance

[0273] Add sodium benzoate to maintain the product’s stability over time.

[0274] Add a small amount of lavender oil for a soothing, mild fragrance.

[0275] Step 5: Final Mixing

[0276] Stir for 15 minutes at 500 rpm to ensure all components are fully mixed and stable.

[0277] Package in a suitable bottle for consumer use.

[0278] Key Characteristics:

[0279] Precipitated silica provides a lightweight, gentle formula ideal for sensitive skin.

[0280] Lower concentration of alcohol provides a slower evaporation rate, allowing for a more hydrating finish. Glycerin adds mild moisturizing properties, balancing the drying effect of the alcohol.

[0281] Formulation 4

[0282] • Surface-Treated Fumed Silica Aerogel (Hydrophobic Material) - 5%

[0283] • Ethanol (Alcohol Carrier) - 66.5%

[0284] • Isopropyl Alcohol (Wetting Agent) - 3.5%

[0285] • Carbomer (Thickening Agent) - 0.125%

[0286] • Aminomethyl Propanol (AMP) (pH adjuster / buffer agent) - 0.2%

[0287] • Distilled Water (Carrier) - 28%

[0288] Preparation Method:

[0289] Step la: Hydrating the Carbomer (1% w / w)

[0290] Charge deionized or distilled water (70-100°F) into a clean mixing vessel.

[0291] Initiate low-shear mixing to create a vortex with a depth <20% of the liquid height.

[0292] Introduce 1% w / w Carbopol Ultrez 21 by sifting slowly across the liquid surface to minimize clumping. AERO-Ol -PCT

[0293] -23- Continue mixing until there are no visible clumps, no undissolved particulates, and uniform optical appearance.

[0294] Transfer the hydrated carbomer solution into a sealed vessel for later use.

[0295] Step lb: Liquifying the AMP-Ultra™ 1000 solution (0.18% w / w)

[0296] Warm the sealed AMP-Ultra™ 1000 container externally in a warm- water bath (~100°F) until the material becomes fully mobile. Ensure the container remains vented.

[0297] Charge deionized or distilled water (70-100°F) into a clean mixing vessel.

[0298] Initiate low-shear AMP-Ultra™ 1000 from the warm-water bath and weigh 0.18% w / w relative to the total AMP -solution batch mass.

[0299] Add the AMP-Ultra™ 1000 promptly to the mixing vessel to avoid resolidification.

[0300] Mix until the solution reaches the following homogeneity endpoint: no visible streaking or phase irregularities.

[0301] Transfer the complete AMP-Ultra™ 1000 solution to a sealed vessel for later use.

[0302] Step 2: Component Charging

[0303] Weigh all materials according to the formulation. Keep denatured ethanol covered to minimize evaporation.

[0304] Transfer the 1% carbomer solution into the main mixing vessel. Begin low-shear agitation (vortex depth <20%)

[0305] Step 3: Ethanol Addition

[0306] Add denatured ethanol at a controlled rate adequate to maintain low shear and prevent localized carbomer precipitation. Keep the vessel covered during addition. Maintain a visually uniform mixture.

[0307] Step 4: Aerogel Incorporation

[0308] Add Aerogel IC 3120 by sprinkling gradually, taking care to avoid direct dumping into the vortex center. Use the lowest shear rate that prevents clumping and enables uniform wetting. Aerogel dispersion endpoints: no dry aerogel remains on the surface, no agglomerated lumps form, and the dispersion appears smooth and uniform.

[0309] Step 5: AMP -Ultra™ 1000 Solution addition and Neutralization

[0310] Begin adding the 0.18% AMP-Ultra™ 1000 solution at a steady, controlled rate that avoids localized gelation.

[0311] As viscosity increases, initially rapidly, then gradually, increase mixing speed only as needed to maintain continuous fluid circulation. Continue adding until all AMP-Ultra™ 1000 solution is incorporated. Neutralization endpoints: formation of a continuous, smooth AERO-Ol -PCT

[0312] -24-gel, absence of stringy or rubbery' globules, no visible phase separation, and pH stabilizes between 6.5 and 7.0

[0313] Step 6: Post-Processing and Quality Requirements

[0314] Continue low-shear mixing until all components are uniformly dispersed and no unincorporated particulates remain (excluding the expected IC3120-derived micro-opacity). Evaluate finished product quality according to the following acceptance criteria:

[0315] Visual Quality: optical clarity with only the inherent haze from Aerogel IC3120, no visible particulates except the aerogel, and no phase separation.

[0316] Chemical Quality: final pH between 6.5 and 7.0

[0317] Physical Quality: Flowable, low-to-medium viscosity gel suitable for skin application. Transfer final product to a sealed storage vessels and store at ambient temperature.

[0318] Key Characteristics:

[0319] Surface-treated fumed silica at 5% w / w provides a high internal surface area and hydrophobic contact points, forming a microtextured particulate layer on the skin that manages moisture and enhances friction. The carbomer neutralized gel network immobilizes the silica aggregates in a stable hydroalcoholic matrix, preventing settling and ensuring uniform particle distribution and dose with each application. The ethanol / IP A / water balance yields a low-to-medium viscosity gel that dispenses as a cohesive bolus, spreads easily, and then dries rapidly to a substantially invisible film while maintaining a comfortable, non-tacky skin feel suitable for repeated use in wet or sweat-prone environments.

[0320] For different applications or user needs (e.g., increased grip strength, faster drying time), concentrations of silica, alcohol, and thickening agents can be adjusted within the previously defined ranges. Substitute ingredients can be used if certain ingredients are unavailable or unsuitable, mention equivalent alternatives (e.g., use hydroxyethylcellulose instead of xanthan gum).

[0321] Testing of the Formula

[0322] Apparatus

[0323] Grip performance of the compositions was quantified using a custom torque-testing apparatus adapted from a commercially available 1 / 2 inch-drive digital torque adapter AERO-Ol -PCT

[0324] -25-having a measurement range of approximately 1.1–22.1 ft-lb. The adapter incorporates an internal strain-gauge transducer and a digital display configured to report instantaneous and peak torque values. The square-drive output of the adapter was mechanically coupled to a cylindrical test bar via a matching 1 / 2 inch socket interface so that any torque generated on the bar was transmitted directly to the torque meter.

[0325] The test bar is a smooth metal cylinder of fixed length, sized so that a human subject can comfortably grasp the central region with a single hand. The bar is supported at both ends by pillow-block bearings mounted to rigid end brackets. The bearings allow the bar to rotate freely about its longitudinal axis while constraining axial movement, so that the only resistance to rotation arises from friction between the subject’s hand and the bar surface, as measured by the torque adapter.

[0326] The torque adapter and bearing mounts are fixed to a rigid base plate formed from metal tread plate, which provides sufficient mass and friction against the floor to prevent movement of the apparatus during testing. The torque adapter is enclosed within a housing that protects the electronics while leaving the digital display and control buttons accessible. The free end of the bar is unobstructed so that the subject can apply maximal rotational force without interference.

[0327] This configuration allows a subject to grasp the center of the bar with either the left or right hand and apply a twisting motion toward the body under controlled conditions. For each trial, the subject grips the central portion of the bar, rotates the bar as forcefully as possible in the prescribed direction until slip occurs between the skin and the bar surface, and the apparatus records the peak torque reached immediately prior to slip. The apparatus is designed to be cleaned between conditions: the bar is smooth and non-porous so it can be wiped with disinfectant (for example, a Clorox wipe), and the subject’s hands can be repeatedly washed and dried.

[0328] Test Methods

[0329] Grip tests were conducted with at least one adult human test subject. In one implementation, multiple adult subjects (approximately 20–45 years old), primarily righthand dominant, were evaluated. Subjects were free of hand injuries and visible skin conditions on the palmar surfaces at the time of testing and refrained from using any other AERO-Ol -PCT

[0330] -26-grip-enhancing products on the day of testing. Each subject served as his or her own control by being tested under identical conditions.

[0331] Test Conditions

[0332] Unless otherwise stated, all testing was conducted at room temperature (approximately 20–25 °C) under indoor ambient humidity. For tests involving aqueous conditions, water at room temperature was used to wet the hands and test bar as specified below.

[0333] Test Procedures

[0334] The disclosed grip-enhancing formulations were tested and compared with the other conventional silica suspension formula, such as the one disclosed in US Patent 4,071,374 named as Formula Cl herein. The Formula Cl comprises essentially of:

[0335] • a hydrophobic fumed silica grade AEROSIL R972.

[0336] • a hydroalcoholic carrier based on 95% isopropyl alcohol, and

[0337] • an organoclay rheology modifier BENTONE LT.

[0338] For the testing and comparison purposes, Formula C 1 was prepared according to the examples of the referenced US patent 4,071,374. The composition included AEROSIL R972, 95% isopropanol and BENTONE LT).

[0339] The compositions were evaluated under identical aqueous test conditions using the torque-testing apparatus and procedure described herein. In each case, approximately 0.5 g of the composition was applied to the subject’s hands per test sequence, rubbed in until dry, and then exposed to water prior to torque measurement.

[0340] Test Protocol

[0341] For all tests, the compositions were applied to the hands under a standardized protocol so that Formula Cl and the disclosed formulations were evaluated under identical aqueous-use conditions.

[0342] Prior to each product condition, the subject’s hands were washed with soap and warm water for approximately 20-30 seconds, rinsed thoroughly, and dried completely with AERO-Ol -PCT

[0343] -27-a clean towel. The test bar was wiped along its full gripping length with a disinfecting wipe (for example, a Clorox wipe) to remove any residual product and oils, and then dried with a lint-free towel. The torque adapter was powered on and zeroed according to the manufacturer’s instructions. The protocol includes the following steps.

[0344] a. The subject distributed the product over the palmar surfaces, including the fingers and thumb, using both hands to ensure an even coating over all areas that would contact the test bar.

[0345] b. The product was rubbed into the skin until the film appeared dry to the touch and no visible w et sheen remained.

[0346] c. Immediately after the film was dry, water was sprayed onto both hands using a handoperated spray bottle until the skin was visibly wet but not dripping excessively.

[0347] d. The same spray bottle was then used to wet the central gripping region of the test bar to a similar visible level of w etness.

[0348] This sequence established a reproducible aqueous-use condition for Cl: a dried product film on the skin exposed to w ater immediately prior to grip testing. The test bar was wiped with a disinfecting wipe, dried with a lint-free towel, and visually inspected to confirm that no residue remained. The torque adapter was re-zeroed if necessary. The subsequent torque measurements for each hand w ere performed immediately after the water-spray step in both conditions.

[0349] Data Collection and Analysis

[0350] For each twist, the digital torque adapter was operated in peak-hold mode so that the maximum torque achieved immediately prior to slip was captured. The device reported peak torque in ft-lb, and this value w as recorded in a data sheet.

[0351] For each subject, the recorded peak torque values were processed as follows:

[0352] 1. For a given hand (left or right) and composition (Formula C l or Formulations 1-4), all replicate peak torque values obtained under the same aqueous test condition were averaged to obtain a mean peak torque T̄ for that hand and composition. AERO-Ol -PCT

[0353] -28- 2. Where multiple replicates were available, the variability of the measurements could optionally be summarized by calculating the standard deviation for that hand and composition.

[0354] The difference in grip performance provided by disclosed composition relative to Formula Cl was quantified on a per-subject basis. For each hand, the absolute torque increase AT and percentage improvement %A were defined as:

[0355] ΔTL = T̄L,Aero − T̄L,C1

[0356] ΔTR = T̄R,Aero − T̄R,C1

[0357] %ΔL = 100 × (T̄L,Aero − T̄L,C1) / T̄L,C1

[0358] %ΔR = 100 × (T̄R,Aero − T̄R,C1) / T̄R,C1

[0359] Left and right hands can be reported separately or combined. In one implementation, an average torque for each composition was obtained by:

[0360] T̄C1,avg = (T̄L,C1 + T̄R,C1) / 2

[0361] T̄Aero,avg = (T̄L,Aero + T̄R,Aero) / 2

[0362] and corresponding combined absolute and percentage improvements (ΔTavg and %Δavg) were calculated analogously.

[0363] Where multiple subjects were tested, group-level statistics were obtained by calculating, across all subjects, the mean (and optionally the standard deviation) of T̄C1,avg and T̄Aero,avg. as well as the mean (and optionally standard deviation) of the individual percentage improvements %Δ. These results can be presented in one or more tables that list, for each composition and hand (or averaged across hands):

[0364] • mean peak torque under aqueous conditions

[0365] standard deviation (if calculated)

[0366] absolute torque difference between the disclosed formulations and Formula Cl AERO-Ol -PCT

[0367] -29- • percentage improvement of the disclosed formulations relative to Formula Cl

[0368] Because each subject, hand, and apparatus configuration was held constant across both compositions, and the same aqueous application protocol was used in all cases, differences in measured peak torque are attributable to functional differences between Formula Cl and the disclosed formulations.

[0369] Representative Results

[0370] Torque measurements obtained under the aqueous test protocol described above showed a clear performance distinction between Formula Cl and the disclosed formulations. Summary statistics for the pooled measurements are shown in Table 3, as one example. Nineteen adult participants were tested, each performing one left-hand and one right-hand torque measurement under wet conditions with Formula Cl and with Formulation 4 using the same apparatus and application protocol, yielding 38 torque measurements per composition.

[0371] Table 3. Torque Measurements of Representative Formulations

[0372] Composition Number of Mean peak torque Standard deviation measurements (N) (in lbf) (in lbf)

[0373] Formula Cl 38 ~ 19.9 - 10.2 Formulation 4 38 - 54.7 - 24.4

[0374] Relative — -2.75 times over Cl - 175% higher than Cl performance

[0375]

[0376] When all left- and right-hand measurements were pooled, Formula Cl produced a mean wet-condition peak torque of about 19.9 in lbf (standard deviation approximately 10.2 in Ibf, N = 38), whereas the disclosed formulation produced a mean peak torque of about 54.7 in lbf (standard deviation approximately 24.4 in lbf, N = 38). Thus, on a per-measurement basis, the disclosed invention provided on average about 2.75 times the peak torque of Cl, corresponding to an increase of approximately 175% in wet-condition grip torque. AERO-Ol -PCT

[0377] -30- On a per-subject basis, averaging left- and right-hand values for each participant, Formula Cl yielded a mean aqueous peak torque of about 19.9 in lbf and the disclosed formulation yielded a mean aqueous peak torque of about 54.7 in lbf, corresponding to an average improvement of about 2.7-fold. Individual subject-level torque ratios ranged from about 1.70 to about 7.86, corresponding to approximately 70% to about 686% higher peak torque under wet conditions. The mean torque ratio across all subjects was about 3.28, corresponding to an average increase of about 228% in wet-condition grip torque. A paired statistical comparison of per-subject mean torque values indicated that the improvement provided by the disclosed formulation relative to Formula Cl was highly significant (p < 0.0001).

[0378] In all tested cases, the peak torque measured under wet conditions with the disclosed formulation exceeded the corresponding value measured with Formula Cl for the same subject and hand. Qualitative observations during testing were consistent with the numerical results: under wet conditions with Formula Cl, subjects typically reported earlier onset of slip and visible hand movement around the fixed bar at lower applied torque, whereas with the disclosed formulation they were able to apply substantially greater twisting force against the same wet bar before slip at the skin-bar interface occurred, while the product remained substantially invisible on the hands.

[0379] The composition and formulation disclosed herein introduces a special structural class of silica particulate materials — such as aerogel-derived particles or engineered coarse aggregates, together with a film-forming architecture specifically designed to actively divert perspiration. Therefore, the performance of the grip-enhancement is substantially superior to formulations utilizing conventional hydrophobic fumed silica materials such as those disclosed in U. S. Patent No. 4,071.374.

[0380] The silica aerogel incorporated in the disclosed formulations provides a well-defined interstitial pore network. It stands in clear contrast to other types of fumed silica materials used in the grip gel formulation (e.g., those described in U. S. Patent No. 4,071,374) that lack intrinsic internal porosity7and therefore do not enable active moisture management. The structural and functional distinctions of the silica materials employed in the present composition result in significantly enhanced wet-friction persistence, improved lateral AERO-Ol -PCT

[0381] -31-sweat diversion, and greater film durability compared to traditional hydrophobic gel systems.

[0382] Exemplary Applications of the Product

[0383] Step-by-Step Application Process for Skin

[0384] 1. Dispense the Product

[0385] The product is typically stored in a bottle or tube equipped with a pump, squeeze, or spray nozzle. The user squeezes the tube or bottle, or actuates the pump or nozzle, to dispense a small amount of the composition onto their hands and / or feet. The product is dispensed as a viscous, gel-like bolus due to the thickened hydroalcoholic carrier, but dries quickly after application. The formulation is designed to ensure even distribution of the hydrophobic particles (such as silica silylate) with each dose, preventing clumping and providing a consistent application.

[0386] 2. Spread the Product Evenly on Skin

[0387] Once dispensed, the user rubs their hands together to spread the liquid evenly across the skin. Wetting agents and the suspension system help ensure the hydrophobic particles remain well-dispersed and spread smoothly, minimizing agglomeration and allowing the product to cover the entire surface of the user’s skin evenly.

[0388] 3. Evaporation of Alcohol

[0389] As the user rubs the product onto their skin, the alcohol-based carrier (for example, ethanol and / or isopropyl alcohol) rapidly evaporates, leaving behind the hydrophobic particles. This evaporation process typically occurs within seconds due to the volatility of the alcohols. The evaporation of the carrier is crucial for forming the dry layer of silica silylate on the skin, which is responsible for managing moisture and enhancing grip.

[0390] 4. Final Layer of Hydrophobic Materials

[0391] After the alcohol evaporates, the silica silylate particles remain on the skin as a thin, microtextured coating that conforms to the natural topography of the skin. This dry, hydrophobic layer manages moisture and surface oils at the gripping interface by promoting sweat beading and shedding while selectively absorbing oils, thereby maintaining a high-friction contact surface during activities such as climbing, weightlifting, or other sports. The composition does not prevent perspiration, but continuously manages it at the interface so that the user’s grip remains secure and consistent even during intense physical activity. AERO-Ol -PCT

[0392] -32- Product Functions During Use

[0393] 1. Hydrophobic Layer for Moisture and Oil Management

[0394] Once the alcohol has evaporated, the silica silylate particles form a hydrophobic, microtextured layer on the skin. This particulate layer manages perspiration and surface oils at the gripping interface by promoting sweat beading and shedding while selectively absorbing oils. By reducing sweat buildup and oiliness at the contact surface, the hands are less likely to become slippery and grip is enhanced. Because the hydrophobic particles remain on the skin, the user typically does not need to reapply frequently under normal use conditions.

[0395] 2. Long-Lasting Effect

[0396] The particles left on the skin provide a sustained grip-enhancing effect. Even after prolonged activity or continued perspiration, the high surface area of the hydrophobic materials (such as silica silylate or hydrophobic fumed silica) helps maintain a high-friction contact surface. The grip-enhancing properties persist until the particles are removed, for example by washing or by substantial mechanical abrasion.

[0397] 3. Non-Greasy and Dry Finish

[0398] After the product has been applied and the alcohol has evaporated, the residual layer on the hands is substantially dry and non-greasy. The composition is specifically formulated to avoid leaving sticky, oily, or slippery residue that could counteract its purpose. The hydrophobic particles do not dissolve or degrade with continued use, ensuring that the hands remain dry and clean.

[0399] Additional Skin Usage Scenarios

[0400] 1. High-Humidity, Sweat-Prone, and Wet Environments:

[0401] The product is configured to perform exceptionally well not only in sweat-prone, high-humidity settings (such as climbing gyms, outdoor sports, or high-intensity physical activities) but also in wet environments where the user’s hands and / or the contacted surface are exposed to water, as illustrated in Fig.4. Examples include water-related sports, aquatic rescue work, rowing, paddling, and outdoor activities in rain or splash-prone conditions. In these environments, the hydrophobic particulate layer manages perspiration and incident water at the gripping interface by promoting liquid beading and runoff and by limiting liquid film formation over the contact points, helping the user maintain a secure, high-friction grip even in the presence of moisture. AERO-Ol -PCT

[0402] -33- 2. Re-Application:

[0403] Users may need to reapply the product if the silica silylate particles are removed by washing or by significant mechanical abrasion (e.g., after thoroughly cleaning the hands or after prolonged, aggressive gripping). In many scenarios, a single application provides long-lasting grip enhancement. The product is intended for occasional re-application as needed, rather than frequent repeated use during a single activity session.

[0404] 3. Clean Removal:

[0405] The product can be easily removed by washing the hands with soap and water. The silica particles are not water-soluble but are readily lifted from the skin by surfactants and mechanical rubbing, allowing them to be rinsed away without leaving substantial residue. The product is designed to be removed cleanly, without leaving a sticky or unpleasant afterfeel once washed off.

[0406] Various Applications of the Product

[0407] The compositions and methods described herein are effective in a variety of applications. The product is primarily configured for application to skin, such as the hands and feet, to enhance grip under conditions of perspiration and moisture. The composition may also be applied to contact surfaces of medical, sports, and industrial equipment to improve traction at the interface between skin and equipment.

[0408] In particular, the product is specifically designed to function in genuinely wet conditions, not just in sweat or high humidity. In wet use, the product is applied to the skin (typically hands or feet), allowed to dry for a few seconds, and forms a thin hydrophobic film that anchors to the skin via oleophilic interaction and light mechanical interlocking. After that film sets, the user can grasp tools, bars, or equipment that are visibly wet, dripping, or intermittently submerged and still maintain usable friction.

[0409] The w et condition use cases may include the following conditions:

[0410] 1. Watersports

[0411] • Surfers and wakeboarders gripping wet surfboard rails, tow ropes, and board edges that are constantly splashed or submerged in ocean or lake water.

[0412] • Kayakers, rowers, and paddleboarders holding paddle shafts and oar handles that are saturated and dripping throughout the activity.

[0413] 2. Aquatic / pool sports AERO-Ol -PCT

[0414] -34- • Water-polo players and goalkeepers handling a continuously wet ball and goal frame in a chlorinated pool.

[0415] • Swimmers gripping wet starting blocks, lane lines, ladders, and training tools (kickboards, pull-buoys, etc.) immediately after immersion.

[0416] 3. Wet obstacle and outdoor environments

[0417] • Obstacle-course / ninja / Spartan-type races where athletes must hang from or traverse metal bars, rings, ropes, and ladders that have been sprayed with water, exposed to rain, or coated in mud / slurry.

[0418] • Outdoor fitness rigs and pull-up bars where the apparatus is soaked from rain or hose-down cleaning.

[0419] 4. Industrial / marine / safety environments

[0420] • Dock and boat crews handling wet railings, mooring lines, rescue rings, and boarding ladders around marinas, ships, and piers.

[0421] • Lifeguards or pool staff gripping wet rescue tubes, backboards, and ladders in and around pools or open water.

[0422] In all of these examples, “wet condition” means that bulk water is present at the interface: the contacted surface (bar, ball, rope, handle, etc.) is visibly wet, dripping, or has water intermittently flowing across it, rather than just perspiration on the skin. The treated skin remains sufficiently hydrophobic and textured so that the user can still generate traction and delay slip relative to bare skin or conventional liquid chalk products.

[0423] Because the highly porous silica particulate materials are incorporated into a cohesive gel- or liquid-based dispersion, use of the product substantially reduces airborne particulate generation compared to conventional dry chalk and other conventional liquid grip enhancers. The composition provides a long-lasting, sweat-managing, grip-enhancing effect, typically requiring only minimal reapplication during extended periods of use due to the durable particulate film that remains after evaporation of the carrier.

[0424] In certain embodiments, the product offers hygiene advantages by reducing deposition of airborne dust on shared surfaces, and, when formulated with antimicrobial agents in the liquid carrier, can further contribute to maintaining cleaner skin and equipment. The fast-evaporating dispersion liquids enable quick and convenient application before or betw een activities w ithout leaving a sticky or greasy residue.

[0425] Other Embodiments The detailed description set-forth above is provided to aid those skilled in the art in practicing the present invention. However, the invention described and claimed herein is not to be limited in scope by the specific embodiments herein disclosed because these embodiments are intended as illustration of several aspects of the invention. Any equivalent embodiments are intended to be within the scope of this invention. Indeed, various modifications of the invention in addition to those shown and described herein will become apparent to those skilled in the art from the foregoing description which do not depart from the spirit or scope of the present inventive discovery. Such modifications are also intended to fall within the scope of the appended claims.

Claims

AERO-Ol -PCT-36-What is claimed is:

1. A grip-enhancing formula of a hydrophobic solid particle suspension solution comprising surface-treated silica particulate, an alcohol-based carrier in aqueous media, a thickening and suspension agent, a wetting agent.

2. The grip-enhancing formula as in claim 1, wherein the surface-treated silica particulate is silica aerogel or coarse silica aggregate having an interstitial pore network with numerous interconnected voids primarily filled with air and providing a high internal surface area.

3. The grip-enhancing formula as in claim 2, wherein the surface-treated silica particulate has an interstitial pore network with a modal pore diameter of about 20 nm, a specific surface area of 600-800 m2 / g, and agglomerate size betw een 1 μm and 1.2 mm;4. The grip-enhancing formula of claim 2. wherein concentration range of the silica aerogel or coarse silica aggregate is 1%-10% by weight.

5. The grip-enhancing formula of claim 1, wherein the alcohol-based carrier is selected from the group consisting of ethanol, isopropyl alcohol, n-butanol, propanol, methanol, tert-butanol, 2-butanol, butyl alcohol, and propylene glycol, or any combination thereof.

6. The grip-enhancing formula of claim 5, wherein concentration range of the alcohol-based carrier is 40%-80% by weight.

7. The grip-enhancing formula of claim 1, wherein the thickening and suspension agent is selected from the group consisting of xanthan gum, hydroxyethylcellulose (HEC), carbomer, and magnesium aluminum silicate, or any combination thereof.

8. The grip-enhancing formula of claim 7, wherein concentration range of the thickening and suspension agent is 0.1%-2% by weight.

9. The grip-enhancing formula of claim 1, wherein the w etting agent is selected from the group consisting of isopropyl alcohol, ethoxydiglycol, polysorbate, PEG-7 glyceryl cocoate, sorbitan oleate, and glycerin, or any combination thereof.AERO-Ol -PCT-37- 10. The grip-enhancing formula of claim 9, wherein concentration range of the wetting agent is 0.1%-5% by weight.

11. The grip-enhancing formula of claim 1. further comprising a buffer agent.

12. The grip-enhancing formula of claim 1, optionally comprising a preservative, a coloring agent, and fragrance.

13. The grip-enhancing formula of claim 12, wherein the preservative is selected from the group consisting of hydroxyanisol, tocopherol, ascorbyl palmitate, benzophenone-2, ethylhexyl methoxycinnamate, phenoxyethanol, benzyl alcohol, potassium sorbate, and sodium benzoate, or any combination thereof.

14. The grip-enhancing formula of claim 12, wherein the coloring agent is selected from the group consisting of iron oxides, mica, titanium dioxide, and FD& C dyes.

15. The grip-enhancing formula of claim 1, wherein the formula can be stored in a bottle or tube with a pump, squeeze, or spray nozzle.

16. A method of applying the grip-enhancing formula of claim 1 to surface of a subject, the method comprising administering to the subject an effective amount of the formula to enhance grip and to mitigate moisture.

17. The method of claim 16, wherein the surface is a wet surface.

18. The method of claim 16, wherein the subject is skin substrate of hand or feet.

19. The method of claim 16. wherein the subject is medical, sport, fitness and industrial equipment.

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