APARELHO E MÉTODO PARA COMUNICAÇÃO SEM FIO EM UM NÓ DE REDE, E, APARELHO E MÉTODO PARA COMUNICAÇÃO SEM FIO EM UMA ENTIDADE DE REDE

Abstract

A network node may receive a set of sounding reference signals (SRSs) from a wireless device. The network node may measure the set of SRSs. The network node may output at least one of a set of estimated positioning labels, training associated information, or labeling assistance information associated with the set of measured SRSs for a positioning model. In one example, the network node may output the data by training the positioning model based on at least one of the set of estimated positioning labels, the training associated information, the labeling assistance information, or the set of measured SRSs. In another example, the network node may output the data by transmitting, for a network entity, at least one of the set of estimated positioning labels, the training associated information, or the set of measured SRSs for training the positioning model.

Description

1 / 129 DATA COLLECTION AND TRAINING FOR A NETWORK POSITIONING MODEL CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED REQUESTS

[0001] This application claims the benefit of non-provisional US patent application serial number 18 / 295,817, entitled DATA COLLECTION AND TRAINING FOR A NETWORK POSITIONING MODEL, filed April 4, 2023, which is expressly incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. TECHNICAL FIELD

[0002] This disclosure relates generally to communication systems and, more particularly, to a system for positioning a wireless device. INTRODUCTION

[0003] Wireless communication systems are widely deployed to provide various telecommunication services, such as telephony, video, data, message exchange, and broadcasts. Typical wireless communication systems may employ multiple access technologies capable of supporting communication with multiple users by sharing available system resources. Examples of such multiple access technologies include code division multiple access (CDMA), time division multiple access (TDMA), frequency division multiple access (FDMA), and orthogonal frequency division multiple access (OFDMA). Petition 870250085357, dated 09 / 22 / 2025, page 138 / 294 2 / 129 access), single-carrier frequency division multiple access (SC-FDMA) systems and time-division synchronous code division multiple access (TD-SCDMA) systems.

[0004] These multiple access technologies have been adopted in several telecommunications standards to provide a common protocol that enables different wireless devices to communicate at a local, regional, national, and even global level. One example of a telecommunications standard is 5G New Radio (NR). 5G NR is part of an ongoing evolution of mobile broadband enacted by the Third Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) to meet new requirements associated with latency, reliability, security, scalability (e.g., with the Internet of Things (IoT)), and other requirements. 5G NR includes services associated with enhanced mobile broadband (eMBB), massive machine-to-machine communications (mMTC). - massive machine type communications) and ultra-reliable low-latency communications (URLLC). Some aspects of 5G NR may be based on the long-term evolution (LTE) 4G standard. There is a need for further improvements in 5G NR technology. These improvements may also be applicable to other multiple access technologies and telecommunications standards that employ such technologies. Petition 870250085357, dated 09 / 22 / 2025, page 139 / 294 3 / 129 BRIEF SUMMARY

[0005] The following description presents a simplified summary of one or more aspects in order to provide a basic understanding of such aspects. This summary is not an extensive overview of all aspects covered. This summary does not identify the key or critical elements of all aspects nor does it delimit the scope of any or all aspects. Its sole purpose is to present some concepts of one or more aspects in a simplified form as an introduction to the more detailed description that is presented later.

[0006] In one aspect of the disclosure, a method, a computer-readable medium, and an apparatus are provided. The apparatus may include a network node. The network node may include a base station or a transmission reception point (TRP). The apparatus may receive a set of sounding reference signals (SRSs) from a wireless device. The apparatus may measure the set of SRSs. The apparatus may output at least one of a set of estimated position markers, associated training information, or marking assistance information associated with the measured set of SRSs for a position model.The device can output at least one of the set of estimated positioning markers, associated training information, or marking assistance information by training the positioning model based on at least one of the set of estimated positioning markers, associated training information, and marking assistance information. Petition 870250085357, dated 09 / 22 / 2025, pp. 140 / 294 4 / 129 marking or the set of measured SRSs. The device can output at least one of the set of estimated position markers, the associated training information, or the marking assistance information, transmitting to a network entity at least one of the set of estimated position markers, the associated training information, or the set of measured SRSs to train the positioning model.

[0007] In one aspect of the disclosure, a method, a computer-readable medium, and an apparatus are provided. The apparatus may include a network entity. The network entity may include a location management function (LMF) or a set of location servers. The apparatus may transmit, to a network node, a configuration for a set of SRSs from a wireless device. The apparatus may receive at least one of a set of measured SRSs, a first set of estimated position markers, or associated training information associated with the set of SRSs. The apparatus may output at least one of a second set of estimated position markers, marking assistance information, the set of measured SRSs, or the associated training information associated with the set of SRSs to a positioning model.The device can output at least one of the following: the second set of estimated positioning markers, the marking assistance information, the set of measured SRSs, or the associated training information by training the positioning model based on at least one of the second set of estimated positioning markers. Petition 870250085357, dated 09 / 22 / 2025, page 141 / 294 5 / 129 marking assistance information, the set of measured SRSs, or the associated training information. The device can output at least one of the second set of estimated positioning markers, marking assistance information, the set of measured SRSs, or the associated training information, transmitting to the network node at least one of the second set of estimated positioning markers or marking assistance information to train the positioning model.

[0008] For the purposes of the foregoing and related purposes, the one or more aspects may include the attributes described hereinafter in full and particularly indicated in the claims. The following description and drawings set forth in detail certain illustrative attributes of the one or more aspects. These attributes are indicative, however, of only some of the various ways in which the principles of the various aspects may be employed. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0009] Figure 1 is a diagram illustrating an example of a wireless communication system and an access network.

[0010] Figure 2A is a diagram illustrating an example of a first frame, in accordance with various aspects of the present disclosure.

[0011] Figure 2B is a diagram illustrating an example of downlink (DL) channels in a subframe, in accordance with various aspects of the present disclosure. Petition 870250085357, dated 09 / 22 / 2025, page 142 / 294 6 / 129

[0012] Figure 2C is a diagram illustrating an example of a second frame, in accordance with various aspects of the present disclosure.

[0013] Figure 2D is a diagram illustrating an example of uplink (UL) channels in a subframe, in accordance with various aspects of the present disclosure.

[0014] Figure 3 is a diagram illustrating an example of a base station and a user device (UE) in an access network.

[0015] Figure 4 is a diagram illustrating an example of positioning based on reference signal measurements.

[0016] Figure 5 is a diagram illustrating an example of a network entity that coordinates a plurality of base stations to perform positioning with a wireless device.

[0017] Figure 6 is a connection flow diagram illustrating an example of communications between a target wireless positioning device, a set of neighboring wireless positioning devices, and a positioning network entity configured to train a positioning model.

[0018] Figure 7 is a connection flow diagram illustrating an example of communications between a target wireless positioning device, a set of neighboring wireless positioning devices, and a positioning network entity configured to train a positioning model. Petition 870250085357, dated 09 / 22 / 2025, pp. 143 / 294 7 / 129

[0019] Figure 8 is a flowchart of a wireless communication method.

[0020] Figure 9 is a flowchart of a wireless communication method.

[0021] Figure 10 is a diagram illustrating an example of a hardware implementation for an example network entity.

[0022] Figure 11 is a diagram illustrating an example of a hardware implementation for an example network entity. DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0023] Several aspects relate, in general, to performing positioning using a system of wireless devices. Some aspects relate more specifically to performing positioning using radio frequency (RF) signals. Other aspects relate more specifically to performing positioning using a positioning model generated using training data. In some examples, a wireless device, for example, a user equipment (UE) or a positioning reference unit (PRU), can transmit a set of positioning signals via uplink (for example, sounding reference signals (SRSs)) to a set of wireless devices, for example, a set of network nodes or a set of transmit and receive points (TRPs).

[0024] In some respects, a positioning model can be used to calculate one or more positioning metrics, for example, the location of the wireless device transmitting positioning signals. Petition 870250085357, dated 09 / 22 / 2025, pp. 144 / 294 8 / 129 via uplink or an intermediate measurement that can be used to calculate the location of the wireless device. A positioning model can be generated using artificial intelligence (AI) / machine learning (ML) (AI / ML or AIML), using a set of inputs (e.g., measurements of positioning signals, assistance information associated with positioning signals) and a set of markers. A marker can be a calculated expected result associated with a set of inputs. The marker can be, for example, a location of the wireless device transmitting positioning signals via uplink or an intermediate measurement (e.g., a timing measurement, an angle measurement, a line-of-sight (LOS) identification) that can be used to calculate the location of the wireless device.The positioning model can be repeatedly trained using AI / ML with a set of inputs and a set of expected markers until the positioning model can reliably calculate a result (e.g., a wireless device location, an intermediate measurement that can be used to calculate the wireless device location) based on a set of inputs. In other words, a set of inputs and a set of markers can be used to generate and / or train a positioning model using AI / ML.

[0025] In training a positioning model, the input set may include measurements based on uplink signals from wireless devices such as SRSs. Training data may include reference signal measurements, clean markers Petition 870250085357, dated 09 / 22 / 2025, pp. 145 / 294 9 / 129 or noisy (clean markers may have a quality metric greater than or equal to a threshold, noisy markers may have a quality metric less than or equal to the threshold) and training data assistance information. Assistance information may include, for example, a bandwidth part (BWP) used for a PRS, a number of TRPs receiving sets of SRSs from the wireless device, beam information, and / or SRS configuration information. However, some network nodes may not support signaling to collect training data to train positioning models based on measurements made from uplink reference signals.Some network nodes may also not support the transmission of training data assistance information due to privacy limitations (for example, a base station may not be configured to transmit its location or beam information to a base station or TRP from another manufacturer or vendor). In some respects, network nodes or network entities may be configured to report a set of estimated positioning markers, associated training information, and / or marking assistance information associated with a set of SRSs measured against each other to train a positioning model. Associated training information may include training data assistance information that a network node, such as a node receiving uplink positioning signals from a wireless device, may transmit to a network entity for the network entity to train a positioning model.The scheduling assistance information may include information about... Petition 870250085357, dated 09 / 22 / 2025, pp. 146 / 294 10 / 129 Training data assistance that a network entity can transmit to a network node that receives uplink positioning signals from a wireless device for the network node to train a positioning model.

[0026] In some respects, a network node can receive a set of SRSs from a wireless device. The network node can measure the set of SRSs. The network node can output at least one of a set of estimated position markers, associated training information, or marking assistance information associated with the set of measured SRSs to a positioning model. The network node can output at least one of the set of estimated position markers, associated training information, or marking assistance information by training the positioning model based on at least one of the set of estimated position markers, associated training information, marking assistance information, or the set of measured SRSs.The network node can emit at least one of the set of estimated positioning markers, the associated training information, or the marking assistance information, transmitting to a network entity at least one of the set of estimated positioning markers, the associated training information, or the set of measured SRSs to train the positioning model.

[0027] In some respects, a network entity can transmit a configuration for a set of SRSs from a wireless device to a network node. A Petition 870250085357, dated 09 / 22 / 2025, pp. 147 / 294 11 / 129 A network entity can receive at least one of a set of measured SRSs, a first set of estimated positioning markers, or associated training information associated with the set of SRSs. The network entity can output at least one of a second set of estimated positioning markers, marking assistance information, the set of measured SRSs, or the associated training information associated with the set of SRSs to a positioning model. The network entity can output at least one of the second set of estimated positioning markers, marking assistance information, the set of measured SRSs, or the associated training information by training the positioning model based on at least one of the second set of estimated positioning markers, marking assistance information, the set of measured SRSs, or the associated training information.The network entity can output at least one of the second set of estimated positioning markers, the marking assistance information, the set of measured SRSs, or the associated training information, transmitting to the network node at least one of the second set of estimated positioning markers or the marking assistance information to train the positioning model.

[0028] In some respects, the entities for collecting data to train a network-side positioning model (e.g., an AI / ML model) may include network nodes, such as a TRP, a next-generation NodeB (gNB), or a next-generation radio access network node (NGPetition 870250085357, dated 09 / 22 / 2025, p. 148 / 294 12 / 129 (RAN). In some respects, the training data collected may include basic uplink-based (UL-based) measurements received and measured by a network node, such as reference signal time difference (RSTD) measurements, reference signal received power (RSRP) measurements, reference signal received path power (RSRPP) measurements, angle of arrival (AoA) measurements, and / or line-of-sight identification (LOS) measurements.In some respects, the collected training data may include enhanced UL-based measurements received and measured by a network node, such as qualitative information (e.g., probability, possibility, range, or distribution) from RSTD measurements, qualitative information from RSRP measurements, qualitative information from RSRPP measurements, qualitative information from AoD measurements, additional path reports, beam path information, LOS phase information, additional beam path phase information, and / or a joint composition of basic UL-based measurements. In some respects, the collected training data may include new UL-based measurements received and measured by a network node, such as channel impulse response (CIR) measurements, channel frequency response (CFR) measurements, and / or power delay profile (PDP) measurements.In some respects, the markers for training a network-side positioning model can be obtained based on a known PRU location, a UE location. Petition 870250085357, dated 09 / 22 / 2025, pp. 149 / 294 13 / 129 obtained using a non-radio access technology (non-RAT) method, a UE location obtained by a LMF and / or intermediate markers (markers used to calculate a wireless device location) obtained by an LMF. The LMF can obtain / calculate a UE location or the intermediate markers associated with the UE location based on measurements and / or reported markers from any wireless positioning devices, including the UE, neighboring UEs, PRUs, and / or network nodes (e.g., TRPs, gNBs). In some aspects, where a network node (e.g., an NG-RAN node) can assist in positioning in a scenario with a positioning model on a network device, an LMF can provide additional assistance information by providing marking assistance to a network node. The assistance information may include an indication of reference signal features, with enhanced timing markers in some aspects, used to obtain intermediate markers using RAT methods.In some respects, a network node (e.g., gNB / TRP) can provide additional assistance information to the LMF. Assistance information may include reference signal resources, with enhanced timestamps in some respects, used by the network node to obtain measurements (which may include intermediate measurements) and / or proprietary TRP information. In some respects, an NG-RAN node may request LMF assistance in collecting training data as part of an annexed New Radio Positioning Protocol (NRPP) framework (NRPPa - annex NRPP) for NG-RAN node-assisted positioning with a model of... Petition 870250085357, dated 09 / 22 / 2025, pp. 150 / 294 14 / 129 Positioning on a network node. In some respects, an LMF node may request assistance from an NG-RAN node in collecting training data as part of an NRPPa framework for NG-RAN node-assisted positioning with a positioning model on an LMF. Such training data may be collected as part of basic positioning techniques and / or positioning techniques dedicated to training data. In some respects, training data collection sessions for a positioning model between an LMF and an NG-RAN node may be initiated by an NG-RAN node or initiated by an LMF. The start of the training data collection session may be initiated by at least one of a session capability exchange, a session configuration exchange, a session start message, a session error message, a session pause message, and / or a session end message.In some respects, in a data collection scenario initiated by an NG-RAN node, the NG-RAN node may request that the LMF provide its ability to assist in collecting training data and marking assistance; the LMF may indicate its assistance capability; and the NG-RAN node may provide the LMF with requested UL reference signal settings, marker assistance reporting frequency, and / or whether the LMF should report any enhanced timing or feature indicators. The LMF may provide markers back to the requesting NG-RAN node according to the requested frequency and configuration. In some respects, the LMF may also provide additional metadata. In some respects, in a data collection scenario initiated by an LMF, the LMF may request that the NG-RAN node provide its ability to assist in collecting... Petition 870250085357, dated 09 / 22 / 2025, pp. 151 / 294 15 / 129 Training and Marker Assistance Data: The NG-RAN node can indicate its assistance capability, and the LMF can provide the NG-RAN node with requested UL reference signal settings, marker assistance reporting frequency, and / or whether the NG-RAN node should report any enhanced timing or feature indicators. The NG-RAN node can provide markers back to the requesting LMF according to the requested frequency and configuration. In some respects, the NG-RAN node can also provide additional metadata.

[0029] Particular aspects of the subject matter described in this disclosure can be implemented to obtain one or more of the following potential advantages. In some examples, by enabling network nodes and network entities to exchange sets of estimated positioning markers, associated training information, and / or marking assistance information associated with a set of SRSs, the techniques described can be used to train a positioning model on a network.

[0030] The detailed description set forth below, together with the drawings, describes various configurations and does not represent the only configurations in which the concepts described in the present invention may be practiced. The detailed description includes specific details with the aim of providing a complete understanding of various concepts. However, these concepts may be practiced without these specific details. In some cases, well-known structures and components are shown in block diagram form to avoid obscuring such concepts. Petition 870250085357, dated 09 / 22 / 2025, pp. 152 / 294 16 / 129

[0031] Various aspects of telecommunications systems are presented with reference to various devices and methods. These devices and methods are described in the detailed description below and are illustrated in the attached drawings by various blocks, components, circuits, processes, algorithms, etc. (collectively called elements). These elements can be implemented using electronic hardware, computer software, or any combination thereof. Whether such elements will be implemented in the form of hardware or software will depend on the particular application and the design constraints imposed on the system as a whole.

[0032] By way of example, an element, or any portion of an element, or any combination of elements may be implemented as a processing system that includes one or more processors. Examples of processors include microprocessors, microcontrollers, graphics processing units (GPUs), central processing units (CPUs), application processors, digital signal processors (DSPs), reduced instruction set computing (RISC) processors, systems on a chip (SoCs), baseband processors, field programmable gate arrays (FPGAs), programmable logic devices (PLDs), state machines, controlled logic, discrete hardware circuits, and other suitable hardware components configured to perform Petition 870250085357, dated 09 / 22 / 2025, pp. 153 / 294 17 / 129 the various functionalities described throughout this disclosure. One or more processors in the processing system can execute software. Software, whether called software, firmware, middleware, microcode, hardware description language, or otherwise, should be broadly interpreted as meaning instructions, instruction sets, code, code segments, program code, programs, subprograms, software components, applications, software applications, software packages, routines, subroutines, objects, executable parts, execution threads, procedures, functions, or any combination thereof.

[0033] Consequently, in one or more aspects, implementations, and / or example use cases, the described functions may be implemented in hardware, software, or any combination thereof. If implemented in software, the functions may be stored or encoded as one or more instructions or code in a computer-readable medium. Computer-readable media include computer storage media. Storage media may be any available media that can be accessed by a computer.By way of example, such computer-readable media may include random-access memory (RAM), read-only memory (ROM), electrically erasable programmable ROM (EEPROM), optical disk storage, magnetic disk storage, other magnetic storage devices, combinations of computer-readable media types, or any other media that can be used to store code. Petition 870250085357, dated 09 / 22 / 2025, pp. 154 / 294 18 / 129 executable by computer in the form of instructions or data structures that can be accessed by a computer.

[0034] Although aspects, implementations, and / or use cases are described in this application by way of illustration for some examples, additional or different aspects, implementations, and / or use cases may arise in many different arrangements and scenarios. The aspects, implementations, and / or use cases described in the present invention may be implemented through different types of platforms, devices, systems, formats, sizes, and packaging arrangements. For example, the aspects, implementations, and / or use cases may occur via embedded chip implementations and other non-modular component-based devices (e.g., end-user devices, vehicles, communication devices, computing devices, industrial equipment, retail / shopping devices, medical devices, artificial intelligence (AI) enabled devices, etc.).Although some examples may or may not specifically refer to use cases or applications, a wide variety of applicability of the described examples may occur. The aspects, implementations, and / or use cases may vary from a spectrum of chip-level or modular components to non-modular, non-chip-level implementations and, additionally, to aggregated, distributed, or original equipment manufacturer (OEM) devices or systems that incorporate one or more techniques described in the present invention. In some cases... Petition 870250085357, dated 09 / 22 / 2025, pp. 155 / 294 19 / 129 In practical environments, devices incorporating the described aspects and attributes may also include additional components and attributes for the implementation and practice of the claimed and described aspect. For example, the transmission and reception of wireless signals necessarily includes various components for analog or digital purposes (e.g., hardware components including antenna, RF chains, power amplifiers, modulators, buffer, processor(s), interleaver, adders / summers, etc.). The techniques described in the present invention can be practiced in a wide variety of devices, chip-level components, systems, distributed arrangements, aggregated or disaggregated components, end-user devices, etc., of varying sizes, shapes, and constitutions.

[0035] The deployment of communication systems, such as 5G NR systems, can be arranged in multiple ways with various components or constituent parts. In a 5G NR system, or network, a network node, a network entity, a network mobility element, a radio access network (RAN) node, a core network node, a network element or network equipment, such as a base station (BS), or one or more units (or one or more components) that perform base station functionality can be implemented in an aggregated or disaggregated architecture. For example, a BS (such as a NodeB (NB), an evolved NB (eNB), NR BS, 5G NB, an access point (AP), a transmission reception point (TRP), or a cell, etc.) can be implemented as a station. Petition 870250085357, dated 09 / 22 / 2025, pp. 156 / 294 20 / 129 aggregated base (also known as a standalone base station or a monolithic base station) or a disaggregated base station.

[0036] An aggregated base station can be configured to use a radio protocol stack that is physically or logically integrated into a single RAN node. A disaggregated base station can be configured to use a protocol stack that is physically or logically distributed among two or more units (such as one or more central or centralized units (CUs), one or more distributed units (DUs), or one or more radio units (RUs)). In some respects, a CU can be implemented at a RAN node and one or more DUs can be co-located with the CU or, alternatively, can be geographically or virtually distributed across one or more other RAN nodes. DUs can be implemented to communicate with one or more RUs.Each of the CU, DU, and RU can be implemented as virtual units, that is, a virtual central unit (VCU), a virtual distributed unit (VDU), or a virtual radio unit (VRU).

[0037] Base station operation or network design may take into account the aggregation characteristics of base station functionality. For example, disaggregated base stations may be used in an integrated access backhaul (IAB) network, an open radio access network (O-RAN) (such as the O-RAN alliance-sponsored network configuration), or a virtualized access network. Petition 870250085357, dated 09 / 22 / 2025, pp. 157 / 294 21 / 129 radio (vRAN - virtualized radio access network), also known as a cloud radio access network (C-RAN cloud radio access network). Disaggregation can include distributing functionality across two or more units in multiple physical locations, as well as distributing functionality to at least one unit virtually, which can enable flexibility in network design. The various units of the disaggregated base station, or disaggregated RAN architecture, can be configured for wired or wireless communication with at least one other unit.

[0038] Figure 1 is a diagram 100 illustrating an example of a wireless communication system and an access network. The illustrated wireless communication system includes a disaggregated base station architecture. The disaggregated base station architecture may include one or more CUs 110 that may communicate directly with a core network 120 via a backhaul link or indirectly with the core network 120 through one or more disaggregated base station units (such as a near real-time (near RT) intelligent RAN controller (RIC) 125 via an E2 link or a non-real-time (non RT) RIC 115 associated with a service management and orchestration (SMO) framework 105 or both). A CU 110 may communicate with one or more DUs 130 via their respective midhaul links, such as an F1 interface. DU 130s can communicate with one or more RU 140s via their respective fronthaul links.RUs 140 can communicate with their respective UEs 104 via one or more radio frequency (RF) access links. In some cases... Petition 870250085357, dated 09 / 22 / 2025, pp. 158 / 294 22 / 129 implementations, UE 104 can be served simultaneously by multiple RUs 140.

[0039] Each of the units, that is, the CUs 110, the DUs 130, the RUs 140, as well as the near-RT RICs 125, the non-RT RICs 115 and the SMO structure 105, may include one or more interfaces or be coupled to one or more interfaces configured to receive or transmit signals, data or information (collectively, signals) via a wired or wireless transmission medium. Each of the units, or an associated processor or controller providing instructions to the units' communication interfaces, may be configured to communicate with one or more of the other units via the transmission medium. For example, the units may include a wired interface configured to receive or transmit signals through a wired transmission medium to one or more of the other units.Additionally, the units may include a wireless interface, which may include a receiver, a transmitter, or a transceiver (such as an RF transceiver), configured to receive or transmit signals, or both, via a wireless transmission medium to one or more of the other units.

[0040] In some respects, the CU 110 may host one or more higher-layer control functions. These control functions may include radio resource control (RRC), packet data convergence protocol (PDCP), service data adaptation protocol (SDAP), or similar functions. Each control function may be implemented with an interface configured to communicate signals with others. Petition 870250085357, dated 09 / 22 / 2025, pp. 159 / 294 23 / 129 control functions hosted by CU 110. CU 110 can be configured to handle user plane functionality (i.e., central unit - user plane (CU-UP)), control plane functionality (i.e., central unit - control plane (CUCP)), or a combination thereof. In some implementations, CU 110 may be logically divided into one or more CU-UP units and one or more CU-CP units. The CU-UP unit can communicate bidirectionally with the CU-CP unit via an interface, such as an E1 interface, when implemented in an O-RAN configuration. CU 110 can be implemented to communicate with DU 130 as needed for network control and signaling.

[0041] A DU 130 may correspond to a logical unit that includes one or more base station functions to control the operation of one or more RUs 140. In some respects, the DU 130 may host one or more of a radio link control (RLC) layer, a medium access control (MAC) layer, and one or more high physical layers (PHY physical) (such as modules for forward error correction (FEC) encoding and decoding, scrambling, modulation, demodulation, or the like) depending, at least in part, on a functional division, such as those defined by 3GPP. In some respects, the DU 130 may additionally host one or more low PHY layers. Each layer (or module) may be implemented with an interface configured to communicate Petition 870250085357, dated 09 / 22 / 2025, pp. 160 / 294 24 / 129 signals with other layers (and modules) hosted by DU 130 or with control functions hosted by CU 110.

[0042] Lower-layer functionality can be implemented by one or more RU 140s. In some deployments, an RU 140, controlled by a DU 130, may correspond to a logical node that hosts RF processing functions or low-layer PHY functions (such as performing fast Fourier transform (FFT), inverse fast Fourier transform (iFFT), digital beamforming, physical random access channel extraction and filtering (PRACH), or similar), or both, based at least in part on functional splitting, as a lower-layer functional split. In such an architecture, the RU(s) 140 can be implemented to handle over-the-air (OTA) communications with one or more UEs 104. In some implementations, real-time and non-real-time aspects of control plane and user communication with the RU(s) 140 can be controlled by the corresponding DU 130.In some scenarios, this configuration may enable DU 130 and CU 110 to be deployed in a cloud-based RAN architecture, such as a vRAN architecture.

[0043] The SMO 105 framework can be configured to support RAN deployment and provisioning of non-virtualized and virtualized network elements. For non-virtualized network elements, the SMO 105 framework can be configured to support the deployment of dedicated physical resources for RAN coverage requirements that can be managed via an interface of Petition 870250085357, dated 09 / 22 / 2025, pp. 161 / 294 25 / 129 operation and maintenance (as an O1 interface). For virtualized network elements, the SMO 105 framework can be configured to interact with a cloud computing platform (such as an open cloud (O-cloud) 190) to perform network element lifecycle management (such as instantiating virtualized network elements) via a cloud computing platform interface (such as an O2 interface). These virtualized network elements may include, but are not limited to, CUs 110, DUs 130, RUs 140, and near-RT RICs 125. In some implementations, the SMO 105 framework may communicate with a hardware aspect of a 4G RAN, such as an open eNB (O-eNB) 111, via an O1 interface. Additionally, in some implementations, the SMO 105 framework may communicate directly with one or more RUs 140 via an O1 interface.The SMO 105 framework can also include a non-RT 115 RIC configured to support the functionality of the SMO 105 framework.

[0044] The non-RT 115 RIC can be configured to include a logic function that enables non-real-time control and optimization of RAN elements and resources, artificial intelligence (AI) / machine learning (ML) workflows (AI / ML) including model training and updates, or application / attribute-based guidance in the near-RT 125 RIC. The non-RT 115 RIC can be coupled to, or communicate with (such as via an A1 interface) the near-RT 125 RIC. The near-RT 125 RIC can be configured to include a logic function that enables near-real-time control and optimization of elements and resources of RAN via data collection and actions on an interface (such as via Petition 870250085357, dated 09 / 22 / 2025, pp. 162 / 294 26 / 129 an E2 interface) connecting one or more CUs 110, one or more DUs 130, or both, as well as an O-eNB, to the RIC almost at RT 125.

[0045] In some implementations, to generate AI / ML models to be implemented in the near RT 125 RIC, the non-RT 115 RIC may receive external enrichment parameters or information from external servers. This information can be used by the near RT 125 RIC and can be received in the SMO 105 framework or the non-RT 115 RIC from non-network data sources or from network functions. In some examples, the non-RT 115 RIC or the near RT 125 RIC can be configured to adjust RAN behavior or performance. For example, the non-RT 115 RIC can monitor long-term performance trends and patterns, and employ AI / ML models to perform corrective actions through the SMO 105 framework (such as reconfiguration via O1) or via the creation of RAN management guidelines (such as A1 guidelines).

[0046] At least one of the CU 110, DU 130, and RU 140 can be called a base station 102. Consequently, a base station 102 can include one or more of the CU 110, DU 130, and RU 140 (each component indicated with dashed lines to signify that each component may or may not be included in the base station 102). The base station 102 provides an access point to the core network 120 for a UE 104. The base station 102 can include macrocells (high-power cellular base station) and / or small cells (low-power cellular base station). Small cells include femtocells, picocells, and microcells. A network Petition 870250085357, dated 09 / 22 / 2025, pp. 163 / 294 A network 27 / 129 that includes both small cells and macrocells can be known as a heterogeneous network. A heterogeneous network may also include home evolved NodeBs (eNBs) (HeNBs), which may provide services to a restricted group known as a closed subscriber group (CSG). Communication links between RUs 140 and UEs 104 may include uplink (UL) transmissions (also called reverse link) from a UE 104 to RU 140 and / or downlink (DL) transmissions (also called forward link) from RU 140 to UE 104. Communication links may use multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) antenna technology, including spatial multiplexing, beamforming, and / or transmission diversity. Communication links can be established through one or more carriers.Base stations 102 / UEs 104 may use spectrum up to Y MHz (e.g., 5, 10, 15, 20, 100, 400, etc. MHz) of bandwidth per carrier allocated in a carrier aggregation of up to a total of Yx MHz (x component carriers) used for transmission in each direction. Carriers may or may not be adjacent to each other. Carrier allocation may be asymmetrical with respect to DL and UL transmissions (e.g., more or fewer carriers may be allocated to DL relative to UL). Component carriers may include a primary component carrier and one or more secondary component carriers. A primary component carrier may be called a primary cell (PCell) and a secondary component carrier may be called a secondary cell (SCell). Petition 870250085357, dated 09 / 22 / 2025, pp. 164 / 294 28 / 129

[0047] Certain UEs 104 can communicate with each other using device-to-device (D2D) communication links 158. The D2D communication link 158 can use the DL / UL wireless wide area network (WWAN) spectrum. The D2D communication link 158 can use one or more sidelink channels, such as a physical sidelink broadcast channel (PSBCH), a physical sidelink discovery channel (PSDCH), a physical sidelink shared channel (PSSCH), and a physical sidelink control channel (PSCCH). D2D communication can be via various wireless D2D communication systems such as Bluetooth, Wi-Fi based on the 802 standard.11 of the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE), LTE or NR.

[0048] The wireless communication system may additionally include a Wi-Fi AP 150 communicating with UEs 104 (also called Wi-Fi stations (STAs)) via communication link 154, for example, in an unlicensed 5 GHz frequency spectrum or similar. When communicating in an unlicensed frequency spectrum, UEs 104 / AP 150 may perform a clear channel assessment (CCA) before communication to determine if the channel is available.

[0049] The electromagnetic spectrum is often subdivided, based on frequency / wavelength, into various classes, bands, channels, etc. In 5G NR, two bands of Petition 870250085357, dated 09 / 22 / 2025, pp. 165 / 294 The initial 29 / 129 operations were identified as the frequency band designations FR1 (from 410 MHz to 7.125 GHz) and FR2 (from 24.25 GHz to 52.6 GHz). Although a portion of FR1 is greater than 6 GHz, FR1 is often (interchangeably) referred to as a sub-6 GHz band in various documents and articles. A similar nomenclature issue sometimes occurs regarding the FR2 band, which is often (interchangeably) referred to as a millimeter wave band in documents and articles, despite being different from the extremely high frequency (EHF) band (from 30 GHz to 300 GHz) which is identified by the International Telecommunication Union (ITU) as a millimeter wave band.

[0050] Frequencies between FR1 and FR2 are often referred to as mid-band frequencies. Recent 5G NR studies have identified an operating band for these mid-band frequencies as frequency band designation FR3 (7.125 GHz to 24.25 GHz). Frequency bands falling under FR3 may inherit the characteristics of FR1 and / or the characteristics of FR2 and, in this way, may effectively extend the attributes of FR1 and / or FR2 to mid-band frequencies. Furthermore, higher frequency bands are currently being explored to extend 5G NR operation beyond 52.6 GHz. For example, three higher operating bands have been identified as frequency band designations FR2-2 (52.6 GHz to 71 GHz), FR4 (71 GHz to 114.25 GHz) and FR5 (114.25 GHz to 300 GHz). Each of these higher frequency bands falls within the EHF band. Petition 870250085357, dated 09 / 22 / 2025, pp. 166 / 294 30 / 129

[0051] With the above aspects in mind, except where specifically stated otherwise, the term sub-6 GHz or similar, if used in the present invention, may broadly represent frequencies that may be lower than 6 GHz, may be within FR1, or may include mid-band frequencies. Additionally, except where specifically stated otherwise, the term millimeter wave or similar, if used in the present invention, may broadly represent frequencies that may include mid-band frequencies, may be within FR2, FR4, FR2-2 and / or FR5, or may be within the EHF band.

[0052] Base station 102 and UE 104 may each include a plurality of antennas, such as antenna elements, antenna panels, and / or antenna arrays to facilitate beamforming. Base station 102 may transmit a beamforming signal to UE 104 in one or more transmission directions. UE 104 may receive the beamforming signal from base station 102 in one or more reception directions. UE 104 may also transmit a beamforming signal to base station 102 in one or more transmission directions. Base station 102 may receive the beamforming signal from UE 104 in one or more reception directions. Base station 102 / UE 104 can perform beam training to determine the best reception and transmission directions for each of base stations 102 / UE 104. The transmission and reception directions for base station 102 may or may not be the same. The transmission and reception directions for UE 104 may or may not be the same. Petition 870250085357, dated 09 / 22 / 2025, pp. 167 / 294 31 / 129

[0053] Base station 102 may include and / or be referred to as a gNB, a NodeB, an eNB, an access point, a base transceiver station, a base radio station, a radio transceiver, a transceiver function, a basic service set (BSS), an extended service set (ESS), a TRP, a network node, a network entity, a network equipment, or some other suitable terminology. Base station 102 may be implemented as an integrated access and backhaul node (IAB), a relay node, a side link node, an aggregated (monolithic) base station with a baseband unit (BBU) (including a CU and a DU) and an RU, or as a disaggregated base station including one or more of a CU, a DU, and / or an RU. The set of base stations, which may include disaggregated base stations and / or aggregated base stations, may be referred to as a next-generation (NG) RAN.

[0054] The core network 120 may include an access and mobility management function (AMF) 161, a session management function (SMF) 162, a user plane function (UPF) 163, a unified data management (UDM) 164, one or more location servers 168, and other functional entities. The AMF 161 is the control node that processes signaling between the UEs 104 and the core network 120. The AMF 161 supports record management, connection management, mobility management, and other functions. The SMF 162 supports management Petition 870250085357, dated 09 / 22 / 2025, pp. 168 / 294 32 / 129 session and other functions. UPF 163 supports packet routing, packet forwarding, and other functions. UDM 164 supports authentication and key agreement (AKA) credential generation, user identification handling, access authorization, and signature management. One or more location servers 168 are illustrated as including a gateway mobile location center (GMLC) 165 and a location management function (LMF) 166.However, in general, one or more location servers 168 may include one or more location / positioning servers, which may include one or more of the GMLC 165, the LMF 166, a position determination entity (PDE), a serving mobile location center (SMLC), a mobile positioning center (MPC), or similar. The GMLC 165 and LMF 166 support UE location services. The GMLC 165 provides an interface for clients / applications (e.g., emergency services) to access UE positioning information. The LMF 166 receives measurements and assistance information from the NG-RAN and UE 104 via the AMF 161 to compute the position of UE 104. A. NG-RAN can use one or more positioning methods to determine the position of UE 104. The positioning of UE 104 may involve signal measurements, a position estimate, and an optional velocity calculation based on the measurements. Signal measurements may be made by UE 104 and / or by base station 102 serving UE 104. The measured signals may be based on one or more of a system of Petition 870250085357, dated 09 / 22 / 2025, pp. 169 / 294 33 / 129 Satellite positioning (SPS) 170 (for example, one or more of a global navigation satellite system (GNSS), a global positioning system (GPS), a nonterrestrial network (NTN) or other satellite positioning / location system), LTE signals, wireless local area network (WLAN) signals, Bluetooth signals, a terrestrial beacon system (TBS), sensor-based information (for example, barometric pressure sensor, motion sensor), NR enhanced cell ID (NR E-CID) methods, NR signals (for example, multi-round trip time positioning, DL-AoD angle-of-departure positioning, DL-TDOA time difference of arrival) arrival),UL time-of-arrival difference (UL-TDOA) and UL angle-of-arrival (UL-AoA) and / or other systems / signals / sensors.

[0055] Examples of UEs 104 include a mobile phone, a smartphone, a session initiation protocol (SIP) phone, a laptop, a personal digital assistant (PDA), a satellite radio, a global positioning system, a multimedia device, a video device, a digital audio player (e.g., MP3 player), a camera, a game console, a tablet, a smart device, a wearable device, a vehicle, an electric meter, a pump Petition 870250085357, dated 09 / 22 / 2025, pp. 170 / 294 34 / 129 fuel, a large or small kitchen appliance, a health care device, an implant, a sensor / actuator, a display, or any other similarly functioning device. Some of the UEs 104 may be called IoT devices (e.g., parking meter, fuel pump, toaster, vehicles, heart monitor, etc.). The UE 104 may also be called a station, a mobile station, a subscriber station, a mobile unit, a subscriber unit, a wireless unit, a remote unit, a mobile device, a wireless device, a wireless communication device, a remote device, a mobile subscriber station, an access terminal, a mobile terminal, a wireless terminal, a remote terminal, a handset, a user agent, a mobile client, a client, or some other suitable terminology.In some scenarios, the term UE may also apply to one or more complementary devices, such as in a device constellation arrangement. One or more of these devices may access the network collectively and / or access the network individually.

[0056] Again with reference to Figure 1, in certain aspects, base station 102 may have a positioning signal measurement component 198 that can be configured to receive a set of sounding reference signals (SRSs) from a wireless device such as UE 104. The positioning signal measurement component 198 can be configured to measure the set of SRSs. The positioning signal measurement component 198 can be configured to output at least one of a set of estimated position markers, information Petition 870250085357, dated 09 / 22 / 2025, pp. 171 / 294 35 / 129 associated training or marking assistance information associated with the set of measured SRSs for a positioning model. In certain respects, base station 102 may have a positioning model configuration component 199 that can be configured to transmit, to a network node, such as another base station 102, a configuration for a set of SRSs from a wireless device, such as the UE 104. The base station 102 that has the positioning model configuration component 199 may include the LMF 166 and / or one or more location servers 168. The positioning model configuration component 199 can be configured to receive at least one of a set of measured SRSs, a first set of estimated positioning markers, or associated training information associated with the set of SRSs.The positioning model configuration component 199 can be configured to output at least one of a second set of estimated positioning markers, marking assistance information, the set of measured SRSs, or the associated training information associated with the set of SRSs to a positioning model. The positioning model configuration component 199 can configure a set of positioning signals, such as sets of SRSs, to be received and measured by the positioning signal measurement component 198. Either the positioning signal measurement component 198 or the positioning model configuration component 199 can be configured to train a positioning model based on a set of positioning markers. Petition 870250085357, dated 09 / 22 / 2025, pp. 172 / 294 36 / 129 estimated, associated training information, marking assistance information and / or the set of measured SRSs. The other of the positioning signal measurement component 198 or the positioning model configuration component 199 may be configured to transmit at least some of the set of estimated positioning markers, associated training information, marking assistance information and / or the set of measured SRSs to the training component of the positioning model.

[0057] Figure 2A is a diagram 200 illustrating an example of a first subframe in a 5G NR frame structure. Figure 2B is a diagram 230 illustrating an example of DL channels in a 5G NR subframe. Figure 2C is a diagram 250 illustrating an example of a second subframe in a 5G NR frame structure. Figure 2D is a diagram 280 illustrating an example of UL channels in a 5G NR subframe. The 5G NR frame structure can be frequency division duplexed (FDD), where, for a particular set of subcarriers (carrier system bandwidth), the subframes in the subcarrier set are dedicated to either DL or UL, or it can be time division duplexed (TDD), where, for a particular set of subcarriers (carrier system bandwidth), the subframes in the subcarrier set are dedicated to either DL or UL.In the examples provided by Figures 2A and 2C, it is assumed that the 5G NR frame structure is TDD, where subframe 4 is configured with slot 28 format (with the majority being DL), where D is DL, U is UL, and F is flexible. Petition 870250085357, dated 09 / 22 / 2025, pp. 173 / 294 37 / 129 for use between DL / UL, and subframe 3 is configured with slot format 1 (with all UL). Although subframes 3 and 4 are shown with slot formats 1 and 28 respectively, any particular subframe can be configured with any of the various available slot formats 0 to 61. Slot formats 0 and 1 are fully DL, UL, respectively. Other slot formats 2 to 61 include a mixture of DL, UL, and flexible symbols. UEs are configured with the slot format (dynamically via DL control information (DCI), or semi-statically / statically via radio resource control (RRC) signaling) through a received slot format indicator (SFI). It should be mentioned that the description below also applies to a 5G NR frame structure that is TDD.

[0058] Figures 2A to 2D illustrate a frame structure, and aspects of this disclosure may be applicable to other wireless communication technologies, which may have a different frame structure and / or different channels. A frame (10 ms) can be divided into 10 subframes of equal size (1 ms). Each subframe may include one or more time slots. Subframes may also include mini-slots, which may include 7, 4, or 2 symbols. Each slot may include 14 or 12 symbols, depending on whether the cyclic prefix (CP) is normal or extended. For normal CP, each slot may include 14 symbols, and for extended CP, each slot may include 12 symbols. The symbols in the DL may be orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) symbols. Petition 870250085357, dated 09 / 22 / 2025, pp. 174 / 294 38 / 129 CP (CP-OFDM - CP orthogonal frequency division multiplexing). The symbols in the UL can be CP-OFDM symbols (for high-throughput scenarios) or OFDM symbols with discrete Fourier transform (DFT) spread (DFT-s-OFDM - discrete Fourier transform spread OFDM) (for power-limited scenarios; limited to a single stream transmission). The number of slots in a subframe is based on the CP and numerology. Numerology defines the subcarrier spacing (SCS) (see Table 1). The symbol length / duration can be scaled with 1 / SCS. μ SCS Δ / = 2μ · 15[kHz] Cyclic prefix 0 15 Normal 1 30 Normal 2 60 Normal, extended 3 120 Normal 4 240 Normal 5 480 Normal 6 960 Normal Table: Numerology, SCS and CP

[0059] For normal CP (14 symbols / slot), different numerologies μ 0 to 4 allow 1, 2, 4, 8, and 16 slots, respectively, per subframe. For extended CP, numerology 2 allows 4 slots per subframe. Consequently, for normal CP and numerology μ, there are 14 symbols / slot and 2 μ slots / subframe. The subcarrier spacing can be equal to 2^ * 15 kHz, where μ is the numerology from 0 to 4. Thus, numerology μ = 0 has a subcarrier spacing of 15 kHz and numerology μ Petition 870250085357, dated 09 / 22 / 2025, pp. 175 / 294 39 / 129 = 4 has a subcarrier spacing of 240 kHz. The symbol length / duration is inversely related to the subcarrier spacing. Figures 2A to 2D provide an example of a normal CP with 14 symbols per slot and numerology μ=2 with 4 slots per subframe. The slot duration is 0.25 ms, the subcarrier spacing is 60 kHz, and the symbol duration is approximately 16.67 gs. In a frameset, there may be one or more different bandwidth parts (BWPs) (see Figure 2B) that are frequency-division multiplexed. Each BWP may have a particular numerology and CP (normal or extended).

[0060] A resource grid can be used to represent the frame structure. Each time slot includes a resource block (RB) (also called physical resource blocks (PRBs)) that spans 12 consecutive subcarriers. The resource grid is divided into multiple resource elements (REs). The number of bits carried by each RE depends on the modulation scheme.

[0061] As illustrated in Figure 2A, some of REs carry reference (pilot) signals (RS) to the UE. RS may include demodulation RS (DMRS - demodulation RS) (indicated as R for a particular configuration, but other DM-RS configurations are possible) and channel state information reference signals (CSI - channel state information reference signals) for channel estimation in the UE. The RS may also include beam measurement RS (BRS - beam measurement reference signal), beam refinement RS (BRRS - beam refinement reference signal) Petition 870250085357, dated 09 / 22 / 2025, pp. 176 / 294 40 / 129 signal) and phase tracking reference signal (PT-RS).

[0062] Figure 2B illustrates an example of multiple DL channels within a subframe of a frame. The physical downlink control channel (PDCCH) ports DCI into one or more control channel elements (CCEs) (e.g., 1, 2, 4, 8, or 16 CCEs), where each CCE includes six resource element groups (REGs), and each REG includes 12 consecutive REs in an OFDM symbol of an RB. A PDCCH in a BWP can be called a control resource set (CORESET control resource set). A UE is configured to monitor PDCCH candidates in a PDCCH search space (e.g., common search space, UE-specific search space) during PDCCH monitoring occasions in the CORESET, where PDCCH candidates have different DCI formats and different levels of aggregation. Additional BWPs may be located at higher and / or lower frequencies in the channel bandwidth.A primary synchronization signal (PSS) can be within symbol 2 of particular subframes of a frame. The PSS is used by a UE 104 to determine the subframe / symbol timing and a physical layer identity. A secondary synchronization signal (SSS) can be within symbol 4 of particular subframes of a frame. The SSS is used by a UE to determine a physical layer cell identity group number and radio frame timing. Based on the physical layer identity and the physical layer cell identity group number, the UE can determine... Petition 870250085357, dated 09 / 22 / 2025, pp. 177 / 294 41 / 129 a physical cell identifier (PCI). Based on the PCI, the UE can determine the DM-RS locations. The physical broadcast channel (PBCH), which carries a master information block (MIB), can be logically grouped with the PSS and SSS to form a synchronization signal / PBCH block (also called an SS block). The MIB provides multiple RBs in the system bandwidth and a system frame number (SFN). The physical downlink shared channel (PDSCH) carries user data and broadcasts system information not transmitted through the PBCH, such as system information blocks (SIBs) and paging messages.

[0063] As illustrated in Figure 2C, some of the REs carry DM-RS (shown as R for a particular configuration, but other DM-RS configurations are possible) for channel estimation at the base station. The UE can transmit DM-RS to the physical uplink control channel (PUCCH) and DM-RS to the physical uplink shared channel (PUSCH). The PUSCH DM-RS can be transmitted in the first one or two symbols of the PUSCH. The PUCCH DM-RS can be transmitted in different configurations depending on whether short or long PUCCHs are transmitted and depending on the particular PUCCH format used. The UE can transmit sounding reference signals (SRS). SRS can be transmitted in the last symbol. Petition 870250085357, dated 09 / 22 / 2025, pp. 178 / 294 42 / 129 of a subframe. The SRS can have a comb structure, and a UE can transmit the SRS on one of the combs. The SRS can be used by a base station for channel quality estimation to enable frequency-dependent scheduling on the UL.

[0064] Figure 2D illustrates an example of multiple UL channels within a subframe of a frame. The PUCCH can be located as indicated in a configuration. The PUCCH carries uplink control information (UCI), such as scheduling requests, a channel quality indicator (CQI), a precoding matrix indicator (PMI), a rank indicator (RI), and a hybrid automatic repeat request acknowledgment (HARQ-ACK) (i.e., one or more HARQ ACK bits indicating one or more ACKs and / or negative ACKs (NACKs)). The PUCCH carries data and can additionally be used to carry a buffer status report (BSR), a power headroom report (PHR), and / or a UCI.

[0065] Figure 3 is a block diagram of a 310 base station communicating with a 350 UE in an access network. In the DL, Internet Protocol (IP) packets can be provided to a 375 controller / processor. The 375 controller / processor implements Layer 3 and Layer 2 functionality. Layer 3 includes a Radio Resource Control (RRC) layer. Petition 870250085357, dated 09 / 22 / 2025, pp. 179 / 294 43 / 129 and layer 2 includes a Service Data Adaptation Protocol (SDAP) layer, a Packet Data Convergence Protocol (PDCP) layer, a Radio Link Control (RLC) layer, and a Medium Access Control (MAC) layer. The 375 controller / processor provides RRC layer functionality associated with broadcast transmission of system information (e.g., MIB, SIBs), RRC connection control (e.g., RRC connection paging, RRC connection establishment, RRC connection modification, and RRC connection release), radio access technology (RAT) mobility, and metering configuration for UE metering report generation; PDCP layer functionality associated with header compression / decompression, security (encryption, decryption, integrity protection, integrity verification), and handover support functions;RLC layer functionality associated with the transfer of upper-layer packet data units (PDUs), error correction via ARQ, concatenation, segmentation and reassembly of RLC service data units (SDUs), resegmentation of RLC data PDUs and reordering of RLC data PDUs; and MAC layer functionality associated with mapping between logical channels and transport channels, multiplexing of MAC SDUs into transport blocks (TBs), demultiplexing of MAC SDUs from TBs, scheduling of information report issuance, error correction via HARQ, priority handling and logical channel prioritization. Petition 870250085357, dated 09 / 22 / 2025, pp. 180 / 294 44 / 129

[0066] The TX transmit processor 316 and the RX receive processor 370 implement Layer 1 functionality associated with various signal processing functions. Layer 1, which includes a physical layer (PHY), may include error detection in transport channels, forward error correction (FEC) encoding / decoding of transport channels, interleaving, rate correlation, mapping to physical channels, modulation / demodulation of physical channels, and antenna processing for MIMO.The TX 316 processor handles mapping to signal constellations based on various modulation schemes (e.g., binary phase-shift keying (BPSK), quadrature phase-shift keying (QPSK), multilevel phase-shift keying (M-PSK), and multilevel quadrature amplitude modulation (M-QAM)). The encoded and modulated symbols can then be split into parallel streams. Each stream can then be mapped to an OFDM subcarrier, multiplexed with a reference signal (e.g., pilot) in the time and / or frequency domain, and then combined using an inverse fast Fourier transform (IFFT) to produce a physical channel carrying a stream of OFDM symbols in the time domain. The OFDM stream is spatially pre-coded to produce multiple spatial streams.Channel estimates from a 374 channel estimator can be used to determine the coding and modulation scheme, as well as for spatial processing. The channel estimate can be obtained. Petition 870250085357, dated 09 / 22 / 2025, pp. 181 / 294 45 / 129 of a reference signal and / or channel condition feedback transmitted by UE 350. Each space stream can then be provided to a different antenna 320 via a separate transmitter 318Tx. Each transmitter 318Tx can modulate a radio frequency (RF) carrier with a corresponding space stream for transmission.

[0067] In UE 350, each receiver 354Rx receives a signal through its respective antenna 352. Each receiver 354Rx retrieves information modulated on an RF carrier and provides the information to the receiving processor (RX) 356. The TX processor 368 and the RX processor 356 implement the Layer 1 functionality associated with various signal processing functions. The RX processor 356 can perform spatial processing of the information to retrieve any spatial streams destined for UE 350. If multiple spatial streams are destined for UE 350, they can be combined by the RX processor 356 into a single OFDM symbol stream. Then, the RX processor 356 converts the resulting OFDM symbol stream from the time domain to the frequency domain using a fast Fourier transform (FFT). The frequency domain signal includes a separate OFDM symbol stream for each subcarrier of the OFDM signal.The symbols on each subcarrier, and the reference signal, are recovered and demodulated by determining the most probable signal constellation points transmitted by base station 310. These soft decisions can be based on channel estimates calculated by channel estimator 358. The soft decisions are then decoded and deinterleaved to recover the data and control signals that were... Petition 870250085357, dated 09 / 22 / 2025, pages 182 / 294 46 / 129 originally transmitted by base station 310 on the physical channel. The data and control signals are then provided to controller / processor 359, which implements layer 3 and layer 2 functionality.

[0068] The 359 controller / processor may be associated with a 360 memory that stores data and program codes. The 360 ​​memory may be referred to as a computer-readable medium. In the UL, the 359 controller / processor provides demultiplexing between transport and logic channels, packet reassembly, decryption, header decompression, and control signal processing to recover IP packets. The 359 controller / processor is also responsible for error detection using an ACK and / or NACK protocol to support HARQ operations.

[0069] Similar to the functionality described in connection with DL transmission by base station 310, controller / processor 359 provides RRC layer functionality associated with system information acquisition (e.g., MIB, SIBs), RRC connections, and measurement reporting; PDCP layer functionality associated with header compression / decompression and security (encryption, decryption, integrity protection, integrity verification); RLC layer functionality associated with upper-layer PDU transfer, error correction via ARQ, concatenation, segmentation and reassembly of RLC SDUs, resegmentation of RLC data PDUs, and reordering of RLC data PDUs; and MAC layer functionality associated with mapping between logical channels and transport channels, multiplexing of MAC SDUs into TBs, demultiplexing of MAC SDUs from TBs, scheduling Petition 870250085357, dated 09 / 22 / 2025, pp. 183 / 294 47 / 129 of issuing information reports, error correction through HARQ, priority handling and logical channel prioritization.

[0070] Channel estimates derived by a channel estimator 358 from a reference or feedback signal transmitted by the base station 310 can be used by the TX processor 368 to select the appropriate coding and modulation schemes and to facilitate spatial processing. The spatial streams generated by the TX processor 368 can be provided to a different antenna 352 via separate transmitters 354Tx. Each transmitter 354Tx can modulate an RF carrier with a respective spatial stream for transmission.

[0071] The UL transmission is processed at base station 310 in a manner similar to that described in connection with the receiver function in UE 350. Each receiver 318Rx receives a signal through its respective antenna 320. Each receiver 318Rx retrieves information modulated on an RF carrier and provides the information to an RX processor 370.

[0072] The 375 controller / processor may be associated with a 376 memory that stores data and program codes. The 376 memory may be referred to as a computer-readable medium. In the UL, the 375 controller / processor provides demultiplexing between transport and logic channels, packet reassembly, decryption, header decompression, and control signal processing to recover IP packets. The 375 controller / processor is also responsible for error detection using an ACK and / or NACK protocol to support HARQ operations. Petition 870250085357, dated 09 / 22 / 2025, pages 184 / 294 48 / 129

[0073] At least one of the TX 316 processor, the RX 370 processor and the controller / processor 375 can be configured to perform aspects in connection with the positioning signal measurement component 198 of Figure 1.

[0074] At least one of the TX 316 processor, the RX 370 processor, and the controller / processor 375 can be configured to perform aspects in connection with the positioning model configuration component 199 of Figure 1.

[0075] Figure 4 is a diagram 400 illustrating an example of positioning based on reference signal measurements. Wireless device 402 can be a UE, a base station, or a positioning reference unit (PRU). Wireless device 404 can be a UE, a base station, or a PRU. Wireless device 406 can be a UE, a base station, or a PRU. Wireless device 402 can be called a positioning target wireless device, whose location can be calculated based on measurements of one or more reference signals. Wireless device 404 and wireless device 406 can be called neighboring positioning wireless devices, whose locations can be known and used to calculate the location of wireless device 402. Wireless device 404 can transmit SRS 412 at TSRS_TX time to wireless device 406.Wireless device 404 can receive positioning reference signals (PRS) 410 at TPRS_RX time from wireless device 406. SRS 412 can be a UL-SRS. PRS 410 can be a DL-PRS. In some respects, the device... Petition 870250085357, dated 09 / 22 / 2025, pages 185 / 294 Wireless device 402 (49 / 129) can be a TRP, and wireless device 406 can also be a TRP; both can be configured to transmit DL-PRS to wireless device 404. Wireless device 404 can be a UE configured to transmit UL-SRS to wireless device 402 and wireless device 406.

[0076] Wireless device 406 can receive SRS 412 at TSRS_RX time from wireless device 404 and transmit PRS 410 at TPRS_TX time to wireless device 404. Wireless device 404 can receive PRS 410 before transmitting SRS 412. Wireless device 404 can transmit SRS 412 before receiving PRS 410. Wireless device 404 can transmit SRS 412 in response to receiving PRS 410. Wireless device 406 can transmit PRS 410 in response to receiving SRS 412. A positioning server (e.g., location server(s) 168), wireless device 404, or wireless device 406 can determine the round-trip time (RTT) 414 based on ||Tsrs_rx Tprs_txI — |Tsrs_tx — Tprs_rx||.Multi-RTT positioning can make use of Rx-Tx time difference measurements (i.e., |Tsrs_tx — Tprs_rx|) and received PRs (RsRP) reference signal power (PRs-RsRP) from PRs signals received from multiple wireless devices, such as wireless device 402 and wireless device 406, which are measured by wireless device 404, and the measured Rx-Tx time difference measurements (i.e., |Tsrs_rx — Tprs_tx|) and SRS-RSRP from multiple wireless devices, such as wireless device 402 and wireless device 406, from the sRs transmitted from wireless device 404. Wireless device 404 can measure the Rx-Tx and / or PRs-RsRP time difference measurements from the other devices. Petition 870250085357, dated 09 / 22 / 2025, pp. 186 / 294 50 / 129 signals received, using assistance data received from the positioning server, wireless device 402, and / or wireless device 406. Wireless device 402 and wireless device 406 can measure the Rx-Tx and / or SRS-RSRP time difference measurements of the received signals, using assistance data received from the positioning server. The measurements can be used on the positioning server or wireless device 404 to determine the RTT, which can be used to estimate the location of wireless device 404. Other methods are possible for determining the RTT, such as the use of time-difference-of-arrival (TDOA) measurements, such as DL-TDOA and / or UL-TDOA measurements.

[0077] DL-AoD positioning can make use of PRS-RSRP measurement of signals transmitted from multiple wireless devices, such as wireless device 402 and wireless device 406, and received on wireless device 404. AoD positioning may also be called DL-AoD positioning where PRS are DL signals. Wireless device 404 can measure the PRS-RSRP of the received signals using assistance data received from the positioning server, and the resulting measurements can be used along with the azimuth angle of departure (AAoD), the zenith angle of departure (Z-AoD), and other configuration information to locate wireless device 404 relative to neighboring wireless devices that transmitted PRS, such as wireless device 402 and wireless device 406.

[0078] DL-TDOA positioning can make use of the reference signal time difference (RSTD) of DL Petition 870250085357, dated 09 / 22 / 2025, pp. 187 / 294 51 / 129 and / or PRS-RSRP of signals received from multiple wireless devices, such as wireless device 402 and wireless device 406, on wireless device 404. Wireless device 404 can measure the RSTD, and / or the PRS-RSRP, of received PRS signals using assistance data received from the positioning server, and the resulting measurements can be used along with other configuration information to locate wireless device 404 relative to neighboring wireless devices that transmitted PRS, such as wireless device 402 and wireless device 406.

[0079] UL-TDOA positioning can make use of UL relative time of arrival (RTOA) and / or SRS-RSRP, in multiple wireless devices, such as wireless device 402 and wireless device 406, of signals transmitted from wireless device 404. Wireless devices, such as wireless device 402 and wireless device 406, can measure the RTOA and / or SRS-RSRP of the received signals using assistance data received from the positioning server, and the resulting measurements can be used along with other configuration information to estimate the location of wireless device 404.

[0080] UL-AoA positioning can make use of the measured azimuthal angle of arrival (A-AoA) and zenithal angle of arrival (Z-AoA) from multiple wireless devices, such as wireless device 402 and wireless device 406, from signals transmitted from wireless device 404. Wireless device 402 and wireless device 406 can measure the A-AoA and Z-AoA from received signals using assistance data received from the positioning server, and the Petition 870250085357, dated 09 / 22 / 2025, pp. 188 / 294 The resulting 52 / 129 measurements can be used along with other configuration information to estimate the location of the 404 wireless device.

[0081] Additional positioning methods can be used to estimate the location of the 404 wireless device, such as UL-AoD and / or DL-AoA on the 404 wireless device. It should be noted that data / measurements obtained using various technologies can be combined in several ways to increase accuracy, determine and / or increase certainty, supplement / complement measurements, and / or replace / provide missing information.

[0082] Figure 5 is a diagram 500 illustrating a network entity 508 that can be configured to coordinate a wireless device 502 and a wireless device 506 to perform positioning with a wireless device 504. The location of wireless device 502 and the location of wireless device 506 can be known. Wireless device 502 can be a base station or a TRP. Wireless device 506 can be a base station or a TRP. Wireless device 504 can be a UE or a PRU. The network entity 508 can be connected to wireless device 502 and wireless device 506 via a physical link, for example, a backhaul link or a midhaul link. Network entity 508 can be an LMF or a set of location servers.

[0083] To perform positioning, network entity 508 can configure wireless devices to transmit positioning signals to each other. For example, wireless device 504 can transmit the set of positioning signals 512 to wireless device 502. Petition 870250085357, dated 09 / 22 / 2025, pp. 189 / 294 53 / 129 The positioning signal set 512 can be a set of SRSs. Wireless device 502 can transmit positioning signal set 516 to wireless device 504. Positioning signal set 516 can be a set of PRSs. Wireless device 504 can transmit positioning signal set 514 to wireless device 506. Positioning signal set 514 can be a set of SRSs. Wireless device 506 can transmit positioning signal set 518 to wireless device 504. Positioning signal set 518 can be a set of PRSs. One or more of the wireless devices can measure the received positioning signals to calculate a positioning measurement that can be used to calculate a location of wireless device 504 or can be used to calculate a position or location of wireless device 504.For example, if the location of wireless device 502 and the location of wireless device 506 are known, the location of wireless device 504 can be calculated based on an RTT between the wireless devices. 502 and wireless device 504 and an RTT between wireless device 504 and wireless device 506. In another example, wireless device 504 can calculate an angle of arrival (AoA) or a departure angle (AoD) from the positioning signal set 516 and can calculate an AoA or an AoD from the positioning signal set 518. The calculated AoAs and / or AoDs can be used to calculate a position of wireless device 504 if the location of wireless device 502 and the location of wireless device 506 are also known. Petition 870250085357, dated 09 / 22 / 2025, pp. 190 / 294 54 / 129

[0084] In some respects, a positioning model can be used to calculate one or more positioning metrics, for example, a location of the 504 wireless device or an intermediate measurement that can be used to calculate the location of the 504 wireless device. A positioning model can be generated using artificial intelligence (AI) / machine learning (ML) (AI / ML or AIML), using a set of inputs (e.g., measurements of positioning signals, assistance information associated with positioning signals) and a set of markers. A marker can be a calculated expected result associated with a set of inputs. The marker can be, for example, a location of a 504 wireless device or an intermediate measurement (e.g., a timing measurement, an angle measurement, a LOS identification) that can be used to calculate the location of the 504 wireless device.The positioning model can be repeatedly trained using AI / ML with a set of inputs and a set of expected markers until the positioning model can reliably calculate a result (e.g., a location of wireless device 504, an intermediate measurement that can be used to calculate the location of wireless device 504) based on a set of inputs. In other words, a set of inputs and a set of markers can be used to generate and / or train a positioning model using AI / ML.

[0085] In training a positioning model, the input set may include measurements based on uplink signals from Petition 870250085357, dated 09 / 22 / 2025, pp. 191 / 294 55 / 129 wireless device, such as SRSs. Training data may include reference signal measurements, clean or noisy markers (clean markers may have a quality metric greater than or equal to a threshold, noisy markers may have a quality metric less than or equal to the threshold), and training data assistance information. Assistance information may include, for example, a BWP used for a PRS, a number of TRPs receiving sets of SRSs from the wireless device, beam information, and / or SRS configuration information. However, some network nodes may not support signaling to collect training data to train positioning models based on measurements made from uplink reference signals.Some network nodes may also not support the transmission of training data assistance information due to privacy limitations (for example, a base station may not be configured to transmit its location or beam information to a base station or TRP from another manufacturer or vendor). In some respects, network nodes or network entities may be configured to report a set of estimated positioning markers, associated training information, and / or marking assistance information associated with a set of SRSs measured against each other to train a positioning model. Associated training information may include training data assistance information that a network node, such as a node receiving uplink positioning signals from a wireless device, may transmit to a network entity. Petition 870250085357, dated 09 / 22 / 2025, pp. 192 / 294 56 / 129 train a positioning model. Marking assistance information may include training data assistance information that a network entity may transmit to a network node that receives uplink positioning signals from a wireless device for the network node to train a positioning model.

[0086] In one aspect, a system can be configured to train a positioning model on a network node that receives positioning signals via an uplink, for example, wireless device 502 receiving positioning signal set 512 from wireless device 504. For example, wireless device 502 might have a positioning model configured to calculate a set of intermediate measurements that can be used to calculate a position of wireless device 504 based on a set of inputs. The marker training data from the intermediate measurements can be referred to as the estimated positioning marker set (i.e., the estimated idealized outputs for the positioning model to calculate). The input set might be a set of measurements made on wireless device 502 from positioning signal set 512 originating from wireless device 504.The measurements may include, for example, at least one of (a) a relative time-of-arrival (RTOA) (e.g., relative time for a set of positioning signals 512 to be received by wireless device 502 relative to wireless device 506), (b) a received reference signal power (RSRP) (e.g., power of the set of signals from. Petition 870250085357, dated 09 / 22 / 2025, pp. 193 / 294 57 / 129 positioning 512), (c) a received power on the reference signal path (RSRPP) (e.g., the power of a set of positioning signals transmitted along a first path relative to a second path), (d) an angle of arrival (AoA), (e) a line-of-sight identification (LOS) (e.g., whether there is a direct LOS path between wireless device 504 and wireless device 502), (f) a probability of the RTOA (e.g., a percentage probability that the measured RTOA is the actual RTOA value), (g) a probability of the RSRP, (h) a probability of the RSRPP, (i) a probability of the AoA, (j) a range of the RTOA (e.g., estimated minimum / maximum RTOA values, within a tolerance level), (k) a range of the RSRP, (l) a range of the RSRPP, (m) a range of the AoA, (n) a channel impulse response (CIR), (o) a channel frequency response (CFR) and / or (p) a power delay profile (PDP).The set of estimated position markers may include, for example, at least one of (a) an RTOA, (b) an RSRP, (c) an RSRPP, (d) an AoA, (e) a LOS identification, (f) an RTOA probability, (g) an RSRP probability, (h) an RSRPP probability, (i) an AoA probability, (j) an RTOA range, (k) an RSRP range, (l) an RSRPP range, (m) an AoA range, (n) a CIR (the CIR may be a compressed version if used as a marker and an uncompressed version if used as a measurement input), (o) a CFR, (p) a PDP, (q) an indication of a 504 wireless device location, and / or (r) a ToA. Although the theoretical set of input measurements and the theoretical set of output markers may include the same. Petition 870250085357, dated 09 / 22 / 2025, pp. 194 / 294 58 / 129 set of measurements, a real positioning model being trained can be configured so that the same set of measurements is not used for both input measurements and output markers used for training, given that such a positioning model may be impractical to use (i.e., there is little reason to use an RSRP of a set of positioning signals to calculate the RSRP of the set of positioning signals). It is more practical that the set of input measurements and the set of output markers are not overlapping.

[0087] Wireless device 502 can train the positioning model based on a calculated location of wireless device 504 and a set of inputs, such as measurements from the positioning signal set 512 received on wireless device 502, measurements from the positioning signal set 514 received on wireless device 506, intermediate measurements calculated on wireless device 504, intermediate measurements calculated on wireless device 502, intermediate measurements calculated on wireless device 506, intermediate measurements calculated on network entity 508, associated training information associated with the positioning signal set 516 or the positioning signal set 512 on wireless device 502,associated training information linked to positioning signal set 518 or positioning signal set 514 on wireless device 506 and / or marking assistance information linked to positioning signal set 516, positioning signal set 512, positioning signal set, Petition 870250085357, dated 09 / 22 / 2025, pages 195 / 294 59 / 129 positioning 518 or to the set of positioning signals 514 on network entity 508. The associated training information may include at least one of (a) a frame number, (b) a slot index, (c) an orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) symbol, (d) a hyperframe number, (e) an indication of a coordinated universal time (UTC) timing, (f) an indication of a network node location (e.g., the location of wireless device 502 and / or wireless device 506), (g) an indication of a TRP location (e.g., the location of wireless device 502 and / or wireless device 506), (h) an indication of an implementation error (e.g., synchronization errors on a wireless device, timing errors on a wireless device), (i) a resource mapping (e.g.,a mapping between a resource and a wireless device location associated with transmitting or receiving the resource), (j) an indication of a marker quality (e.g., whether a marker is clean or dirty, compared to a threshold quality level), (k) an indication of a quality associated with a positioning signal measurement, and / or (l) a beam angle (e.g., AoA or AoD). Marking assistance information may include at least one of (a) a frame number, (b) a slot index, (c) an OFDM symbol, (d) a hyperframe number, or (e) an indication of a UTC timing. The wireless device location 504 can be calculated in a plurality of ways to train the positioning model. For example, network entity 508 can, Petition 870250085357, dated 09 / 22 / 2025, pp. 196 / 294 60 / 129 receives measurements from wireless device 502, wireless device 506, and wireless device 504 and can calculate a position of wireless device 504, or wireless device 504 can calculate its position using a set of signals received from a LIDAR device, a GNSS device, or a WLAN antenna. After the positioning model is trained, wireless device 504 can transmit the positioning signal set 512 to wireless device 502 and can transmit the positioning signal set 514 to wireless device 506. Wireless device 502 can measure the positioning signal set 512 and wireless device 506 can measure the positioning signal set 514. Wireless device 502 can receive measurements of positioning signal sets from network entity 508, from wireless device 506, and / or from wireless device 504.Wireless device 502 can calculate associated training information based on measurements from the positioning signal set 512. Wireless device 502 can use the positioning model to calculate a set of intermediate measurements that can be used to calculate the location of wireless device 504 based on the associated training information set and any received measurements from positioning signals. The calculated intermediate measurements can be transmitted to network entity 508 (e.g., via a wireless transceiver or through the backhaul link) for network entity 508 to calculate the position of wireless device 504.

[0088] In another aspect, a system can be configured to train a positioning model in a Petition 870250085357, dated 09 / 22 / 2025, pp. 197 / 294 61 / 129 network entity, for example, network entity 508, based on a set of uplink positioning signals, for example, the positioning signal set 512 received by wireless device 502 and / or the positioning signal set 514 received by wireless device 506. For example, network entity 508 may have a positioning model configured to calculate a position of wireless device 504 based on a set of inputs. The marker training data for the location of wireless device 504 can be referred to as the estimated positioning marker set (i.e., the estimated idealized outputs for the positioning model to calculate). The input set may include a set of measurements made on wireless device 502 of the positioning signal set 512 originating from wireless device 504.The input set may include a set of measurements made on wireless device 506 from the positioning signal set 514 originating from wireless device 504. The input set may also include a set of intermediate measurements calculated by network entity 508 and / or received from a network node that receives uplink reference signals from wireless device 504, such as wireless device 502 receiving the positioning signal set 512 from wireless device 504 and / or wireless device 506 receiving the positioning signal set 514 from wireless device 504.

[0089] Network entity 508 can train a positioning model based on a location. Petition 870250085357, dated 09 / 22 / 2025, pp. 198 / 294 62 / 129 calculated from wireless device 504 and a set of inputs, such as measurements of the positioning signal set 512 received on wireless device 502, measurements of the positioning signal set 514 received on wireless device 506, intermediate measurements calculated on wireless device 504, intermediate measurements calculated on wireless device 502, intermediate measurements calculated on wireless device 506, intermediate measurements calculated on network entity 508, associated training information associated with the positioning signal set 516 and / or the positioning signal set 512 on wireless device 502, associated training information associated with the positioning signal set 518 and / or the positioning signal set 514 on wireless device 506 and / or marking assistance information associated with the positioning signal set 516, the positioning signal set 512,to the positioning signal set 518 or the positioning signal set 514 on network entity 508. After the positioning model is trained, network entity 508 can receive at least one of a set of positioning signals measured from wireless device 502 and / or wireless device 506 and / or associated training information associated with the measured positioning signals, and can calculate the location of wireless device 504 based on the set of measured positioning signals and / or the associated training information associated with the measured positioning signals. Network entity 508 can configure the positioning performed using the device, Petition 870250085357, dated 09 / 22 / 2025, pp. 199 / 294 63 / 129 wireless 502, wireless device 504 and wireless device 506, for example scheduling uplink positioning signals from wireless device 504 to wireless device 502 and / or wireless device 506.

[0090] Such systems can enable network nodes, such as wireless device 502 and / or wireless device 506, to report training data measurements (i.e., measured SRS sets) and / or training data assistance information (i.e., associated training information) to train a positioning model on network entity 508, wireless device 502, and / or wireless device 506. Such systems can enable network entities, such as network entity 508, to report tagging assistance (i.e., tagging assistance information) to train a positioning model on network entity 508, wireless device 502, and / or wireless device 506.

[0091] In some respects, a network node can receive a set of SRSs from a wireless device. The network node can measure the set of SRSs. The network node can output at least one of a set of estimated position markers, associated training information, or tag assistance information associated with the set of measured SRSs to a positioning model. The network node can output at least one of the set of estimated position markers, associated training information, or tag assistance information by training the positioning model based on at least one of the set of estimated position markers, the information Petition 870250085357, dated 09 / 22 / 2025, pages 200 / 294 64 / 129 associated training information, marking assistance information, or the set of measured SRSs. The network node can transmit at least one of the set of estimated positioning markers, associated training information, or marking assistance information, transmitting to a network entity at least one of the set of estimated positioning markers, associated training information, or the set of measured SRSs to train the positioning model.

[0092] In some respects, a network entity may transmit, to a network node, a configuration for a set of SRSs from a wireless device. The network entity may receive at least one of a set of measured SRSs, a first set of estimated position markers, or associated training information associated with the set of SRSs. The network entity may output at least one of a second set of estimated position markers, marking assistance information, the set of measured SRSs, or the associated training information associated with the set of SRSs to a positioning model.The network entity can output at least one of the following: the second set of estimated positioning markers, the marking assistance information, the set of measured SRSs, or the associated training information, training the positioning model based on at least one of the following: the second set of estimated positioning markers, the marking assistance information, the set of measured SRSs, or the associated training information. The network entity can output at least one of the following. Petition 870250085357, dated 09 / 22 / 2025, pages 201 / 294 65 / 129 set of estimated positioning markers, marking assistance information, the set of measured SRSs, or associated training information transmitting, to the network node, at least one of the second set of estimated positioning markers or marking assistance information to train the positioning model.

[0093] In some respects, a set of network nodes, such as wireless device 502 and wireless device 506, that receive positioning signals from a target wireless device, such as wireless device 504, can be configured to report training data measurements and related assistance information to train a positioning model and provide signaling for markers that are used to train a positioning model. Such a positioning model can be trained to operate on a network node that receives the positioning signals from the target wireless device and / or can be trained to operate on a network entity that configures the positioning, such as an LMF or a set of location servers.

[0094] In one aspect, wireless device 502 and / or wireless device 506 can be configured to collect data to train a network-side positioning model, which calculates a position of wireless device 504 or an intermediate measurement (e.g., a timing measurement, an angle measurement, and / or a LOS identification that can be used to calculate the position of wireless device 504) based on measurements and / or associated information from received positioning signals. Petition 870250085357, dated 09 / 22 / 2025, pages 202 / 294 66 / 129 of wireless device 504, such as positioning signal set 512 and / or positioning signal set 514. The collected training data measurements may include basic UL-based measurements such as RSTD, RSRP, RSRPP, AoA, and / or LOS identification measurements captured at a network node such as wireless device 502 and / or wireless device 506. The collected training data measurements may include enhanced UL measurements such as qualitative information (e.g., probability, possibility, range, or distribution) from RSTD measurements, qualitative information from RSRP measurements, qualitative information from RSRPP measurements, qualitative information from AoD measurements, beampath information, LOS phase information, additional beampath phase information, and / or a combined composition of UL-based measurements.Measurements of collected training data may include channel impulse response (CIR) measurements, channel frequency response (CFR) measurements, and / or power delay profile (PDP) measurements captured at network nodes, such as the wireless device. 502 and / or the wireless device 506. Such measurements can be shared by default to train a positioning model on a network device, such as a TRP or a LMF. In some respects, the training data markers used to train the positioning model may include a known PRU location, a UE location obtained using a non-radio access technology (non-RAT) method (e.g., using a LIDAR sensor), a precise (fixed) GNSS position, a WLAN positioning method, other sensors in Petition 870250085357, dated 09 / 22 / 2025, pages 203 / 294 67 / 129 wireless device), a UE location obtained by an LMF, intermediate markers (markers used to calculate a wireless device location) based on measurements reported by the wireless device or a network node (e.g., a transmit / receive point (TRP)) and / or intermediate markers obtained from an LMF (e.g., calculated by the LMF or received by the LMF from other wireless devices). In some respects, network entity 508 may provide assistance information to a network node (e.g., wireless device 502 and / or wireless device 506) to train a positioning model for use on the network node, or a network node may provide assistance information to network entity 508 to train a positioning model for use on the network node.In some aspects, the positioning model can be trained by an offline entity or a separate network entity (e.g., an over-the-top (OTT) server) and then loaded by a network node or network entity to compute positioning information. In some aspects, network entity 508 can provide other assistance information associated with providing marking assistance to wireless device 502 and / or wireless device 506. In one aspect, network entity 508 can provide an indication of reference signal features that network entity 508 used to compute an intermediate marker using RAT methods (e.g., a frame number, a slot index, an ODFM symbol, a hyperframe number). In one aspect, network entity 508 can provide enhanced timestamps of reference signal features used. Petition 870250085357, dated 09 / 22 / 2025, pages 204 / 294 68 / 129 to calculate an intermediate marker using RAT methods (e.g., UTC timing). Similarly, in some respects, wireless device 502 and / or wireless device 506 may provide other assistance information associated with providing marking assistance to network entity 508. In one aspect, wireless device 502 and / or wireless device 506 may provide an indication of reference signal features that the network node used to obtain the reported measurements (e.g., a frame number, a slot index, an ODFM symbol, a hyperframe number). In one aspect, wireless device 502 and / or wireless device 506 may provide enhanced timestamps of reference signal features used to calculate an intermediate marker using RAT methods (e.g., UTC timing).In one aspect, the wireless device 502 and / or the wireless device 506 may provide proprietary TRP information, such as beam information on the TRP side used to obtain measurements and / or to calculate intermediate markers for training the positioning model. Such proprietary information may be provided by default when information is provided to train a positioning model for use in the network entity 508.

[0095] In some respects, a network node, such as wireless device 502 and / or wireless device 506, may transmit a request to network entity 508 to assist in collecting training data (e.g., tagging assistance) as part of an NRPPa framework. In some respects, network entity 508 may use an NR-UL-TDoA procedure, an NR-UL-AoA procedure, or a Petition 870250085357, dated 09 / 22 / 2025, pages 205 / 294 69 / 129 NR-multi-RTT procedure for collecting measurement information and calculating markers to train a positioning model. Network entity 508 can also be configured to provide assistance information to the requesting network node, in addition to marking assistance. In some respects, network entity 508 may use a dedicated procedure to collect training data. Such a procedure can be defined as part of an NRPPa framework. Network entity 508 can be configured to assist in coordination between the set of network nodes collecting training data measurements (e.g., wireless device 502 and / or wireless device 506) and the target wireless device (e.g., wireless device 504), and network entity 508 can also provide some marking assistance to train the positioning model for use with at least one of the set of network nodes.

[0096] In some respects, network entity 508 may transmit a request to at least some of the network node set collecting training data, such as wireless device 502 and / or wireless device 506, as part of an NRPPa structure. In some respects, wireless device 502 and / or wireless device 506 may use an NR-UL-TDoA procedure, an NRUL-AoA procedure, or an NR-multi-RTT procedure to collect measurement information and to calculate markers to train a positioning model. At least one of the network node set may also be configured to provide assistance information to the requesting network node, in addition to marker assistance. In some respects, wireless device 502 and / or wireless device 506 may Petition 870250085357, dated 09 / 22 / 2025, pages 206 / 294 70 / 129 use a dedicated procedure to collect training data. Such a procedure can be defined as part of an NRPPa framework.

[0097] The data collection exchange between network entity 508 and wireless device 502 and / or wireless device 506 may be part of NRPPa signaling. If a network node initiates training data collection, the training data may be transmitted from network entity 508 to the initiating network node. If network entity 508 initiates training data collection, at least one of the network node set may transmit training data to network entity 508. The training data collection session may be part of the session capability exchange between a gNB and an LMF. The training data collection session may be part of the session configuration exchange between a gNB and an LMF. The training data collection session may be part of the session initiation from a network node or the LMF. The training data collection session may be part of a session error message.The training data collection session can be part of a session pause message. The training data collection session can be part of a session end message.

[0098] In one example, at least one of the set of network nodes that collect training data, for example, wireless device 502, may transmit a request to network entity 508 to provide its ability to be involved in a training data collection session (for example, to provide dialing assistance and / or other related assistance information on the EU side, such as Petition 870250085357, dated 09 / 22 / 2025, pages 207 / 294 71 / 129 UE beam configurations). The request message may also include an indication of a type of marking assistance requested (e.g., types of assistance information useful for training the positioning model). In response, network entity 508 may transmit an indication of its ability to assist wireless device 502 in collecting training data and providing marking information (e.g., an estimated location of wireless device 504, intermediate measurements obtained using known locations of network nodes receiving sets of positioning signals from wireless device 504, other assistance information such as UE beam configurations).In response, wireless device 502 can transmit to network entity 508 with one or more requested settings, such as a UL reference signal setting, a periodicity in the marker assistance report, types of assistance information to be provided (e.g., enhanced timing or enhanced feature indication). Network entity 508 can provide markers to wireless device 502 to train the positioning model according to any received settings. Network entity 508 can provide additional metadata (e.g., assistance signaling), for example, UE beam information, enhanced timing information, and / or an indication of features used to calculate markers.In some respects, the wireless device 502 can provide measurements to the network entity 508 along with some assistance information (e.g., enhanced timing), and the network entity 508 can obtain markers. Petition 870250085357, dated 09 / 22 / 2025, pages 208 / 294 72 / 129 intermediate markers based on the measurements and can provide intermediate markers to the 502 wireless device to train the positioning model.

[0099] In another example, network entity 508 can transmit a request to at least one of the network node set, such as wireless device 502, to provide its ability to be involved in a training data collection session (i.e., to provide markers and / or assistance information associated with the markers). The request message can include an indication of measurement types that wireless device 502 can support (e.g., CIR, CFR, PDP, ToA, RSTD, RSRP, RSRPP, and / or AoD associated with positioning signals transmitted by wireless device 504). In response, wireless device 502 can indicate its ability to collect training data based on a UL reference signal received by wireless device 502 (e.g., an SRS). A plurality of the network node set can respond to network entity 508.Network entity 508 can select all or a subset of network nodes that indicate they are configured to provide such training assistance information. Network entity 508 can select network nodes based on network node capability information, for example, all network nodes that support CIR from received SRSs. Network entity 508 can provide wireless device 502 with one or more settings, such as a UL reference signal setting, types of measurements to be reported by wireless device 502, measurement periodicity, marker assistance reporting periodicity, and / or types of. Petition 870250085357, dated 09 / 22 / 2025, pages 209 / 294 73 / 129 assistance information to be provided (e.g., enhanced timing or enhanced feature indication). The wireless device 502 can collect measurements from received positioning signals, such as the positioning signal set 512, and can report the requested measurements and / or training markers to the network entity 508 according to one or more configurations. In some respects, the wireless device 502 may include additional metadata (e.g., assistance signaling), for example, TRP beam information, TRP location information, and / or TRP proprietary information.

[0100] Figure 6 is a connection flow diagram 600 illustrating an example of communications between a target wireless positioning device 602, a set of neighboring wireless positioning devices 604, and a positioning network entity 606 configured to train a positioning model on one or more of the neighboring wireless positioning device set 604. The positioning model can be configured to calculate a set of intermediate measurements that can be used to calculate the position of the target wireless positioning device 602. The target wireless positioning device 602 can be a UE or a PRU. The PRU can have a set of sensors that can be used to calculate the location of the PRU with a high degree of accuracy, such as a LIDAR sensor, a GNSS device, or a WLAN system configured to calculate a location of the target wireless positioning device 602 based on received WLAN signals.A PRU can be a fixed PRU with a specific location. Petition 870250085357, dated 09 / 22 / 2025, pages 210 / 294 74 / 129 known, or it may be a mobile PRU that is placed in a known location during measurement collection to train the positioning model. The 604 positioning neighbor wireless device set may include a set of base stations and / or a set of TRPs configured to receive positioning signals transmitted from the 602 positioning target wireless device. The 606 positioning network entity may include an LMF or may include one or more location servers. The 606 positioning network entity may be configured to set up positioning between the 602 positioning target wireless device and the 604 positioning neighbor wireless device set.

[0101] One or more of the neighboring wireless positioning devices 604 may transmit capability communication 608 to the positioning network entity 606. The positioning network entity 606 may receive capability communication 608 from one or more of the neighboring wireless positioning devices 604. The positioning network entity 606 may transmit capability communication 608 to one or more of the neighboring wireless positioning devices 604. One or more of the neighboring wireless positioning devices 604 may receive capability communication 608 from the positioning network entity 606. The capability communication 608 may include the ability of at least one of the neighboring wireless positioning devices 604 and / or the positioning network entity 606 to provide training data for training a positioning model in one or more of the Petition 870250085357, dated 09 / 22 / 2025, pp. 211 / 294 75 / 129 neighboring wireless positioning device set 604. For example, one or more of the neighboring wireless positioning device set 604 may transmit a request to the positioning network entity 606 to provide its ability to be involved in a training data collection session and provide tagging assistance and / or other related assistance information on the network side (e.g., UE / PRU beam configurations, location information of the target wireless positioning device 702, location information of some of the neighboring wireless positioning device set 704, mapping to position signal resources for the target wireless positioning device 702, mapping to position signal resources for one or more of the positioning signal beams).The request message may also inquire about the type of marking assistance that the 606 positioning network entity can provide. The 606 positioning network entity may, in response, transmit its capability and / or any type of marking assistance it can provide to one or more of the neighboring 604 positioning wireless device set. For example, the 606 positioning network entity may indicate its ability to assist one or more of the neighboring 604 positioning wireless device set in collecting training data and providing marking assistance. In some respects, the 606 positioning network entity may make use of a location marker (e.g., an estimated UE location or a known PRU location) to calculate intermediate measurement markers based on its knowledge of the... Petition 870250085357, dated 09 / 22 / 2025, pages 212 / 294 76 / 129 locations of the target wireless positioning device 702 and / or the set of neighboring wireless positioning devices 604. In this way, the positioning network entity 606 can provide the location of the target wireless positioning device 702 and / or a set of intermediate measurement markers to one or more of the set of neighboring wireless positioning devices 604 without providing proprietary information. In some respects, the positioning network entity 606 may collect other assistance information, such as beam configurations of positioning signals transmitted by the target wireless positioning device 602.

[0102] One or more of the neighboring wireless positioning devices set 604 may transmit a data collection configuration 610 to the positioning network entity 606. The positioning network entity 606 may receive the data collection configuration 610 from the subset of the neighboring wireless positioning devices set 604. The data collection configuration 610 may include one or more attributes of a desired uplink reference signal configuration for the target wireless positioning device 602. In one aspect, the data collection configuration 610 may include a configuration for a set of SRSs transmitted from the target wireless positioning device 602 (for example, for the neighboring wireless positioning devices set 604).In one aspect, the data collection configuration 610 may include a requested periodicity for the positioning network entity 606 to provide marker assistance reports to the subset of the set. Petition 870250085357, dated 09 / 22 / 2025, pp. 213 / 294 77 / 129 neighboring wireless positioning devices 604. In one aspect, the data collection configuration 610 may include whether the positioning network entity 606 should report any enhanced timing indication or indication of features used in the marking assistance. The data collection configuration 610 may include an attached New Radio (NR) Positioning Protocol (NRPP) message (NRPPa).

[0103] In 612, the positioning network entity 606 can configure positioning for the positioning target wireless device 602 and the neighboring positioning wireless device set 604. The positioning network entity 606 can transmit a positioning configuration set 614 to the neighboring positioning wireless device set 604. The neighboring positioning wireless device set 604 can receive the positioning configuration set 614. The positioning network entity 606 can transmit the positioning configuration 618 to the positioning target wireless device 602. The positioning target wireless device 602 can receive the positioning configuration 618 from the positioning network entity 606.In some respects, a base station serving the target wireless device 602 can transmit the positioning configuration 616 to the target wireless device 602. The positioning configuration 616 can be based on one or more of the set of positioning configurations 614 received by the set of neighboring wireless devices 604. The target wireless device 602 can receive this from the service base station. Petition 870250085357, dated 09 / 22 / 2025, pages 214 / 294 78 / 129 positioning configuration 616. A positioning configuration may include an indication to measure a time difference of arrival (TDoA) associated with positioning signal set 624. A positioning configuration may include an indication to measure an angle of arrival (AoA) associated with positioning signal set 624. A positioning configuration may include an indication to measure the round-trip travel time between multiple cells (multi-RTT) associated with positioning signal set 624.

[0104] In 620, the target wireless positioning device 602 can apply the received positioning configuration. In 622, the neighboring wireless positioning device set 604 can apply the received positioning configuration set. The positioning configurations can configure the positioning signal set 624. The positioning signal set 624 can include one or more sets of SRSs transmitted by the target wireless positioning device 602 and received by the neighboring wireless positioning device set 604. In 628, the neighboring wireless positioning device set 604 can measure the positioning signal set 624. The positioning signal set 624 can include one or more sets of PRSs transmitted from the neighboring wireless positioning device set 604 and received by the target wireless positioning device 602.In 626, the target wireless positioning device 602 can measure the set of positioning signals 624. Petition 870250085357, dated 09 / 22 / 2025, pages 215 / 294 79 / 129

[0105] The target wireless positioning device 602 can make any suitable measurement of the positioning signal set 624. The neighboring wireless positioning device set 604 can make any suitable measurement of the positioning signal set 624. For example, a wireless device can make an RTOA measurement between a first signal from the positioning signal set 624 received on a first wireless device of the neighboring wireless positioning device set 604 and a second signal from the positioning signal set 624 received on a second wireless device of the neighboring wireless positioning device set 604. A wireless device can measure a probability of the RTOA (e.g., probability that the measured RTOA is accurate within a threshold error level).A wireless device can measure a range of the measured RTOA (e.g., a minimum / maximum value of the measured RTOA within a threshold error level). A wireless device can make an RSRP measurement of at least one of the 624 positioning signal sets. RSRP can be a measurement for all path contributions. A wireless device can measure a probability of RSRP. A wireless device can measure a range of the measured RSRP. A wireless device can make an RSRPP measurement of at least one of the 624 positioning signal sets. RSRPP can indicate the power contribution at a level per path. A wireless device can measure a probability of RSRPP. A wireless device can measure a range of the measured RSRPP. A wireless device can make an AoA measurement of at least one of the signal sets. Petition 870250085357, dated 09 / 22 / 2025, pp. 216 / 294 80 / 129 positioning 624. A wireless device can measure an AoA probability. A wireless device can measure a range of the measured AoA. A wireless device can make a CIR measurement of at least one of the 624 positioning signal set. A wireless device can make a CFR measurement of at least one of the 624 positioning signal set. A wireless device can make a PDP measurement of at least one of the 624 positioning signal set.

[0106] The wireless target positioning device 602 can transmit positioning feedback 630 to the positioning network entity 606. The positioning network entity 606 can receive positioning feedback 630 from the wireless target positioning device 602. The positioning feedback 630 can include measurements made at 626. The positioning feedback 630 can include associated training information associated with the positioning signal set 624 received by the wireless target positioning device 602. The positioning feedback 630 can include associated training information associated with the positioning signal set 624 transmitted by the wireless target positioning device 602. The associated training information can include a frame number associated with the positioning signal set 624.The associated training information may include a slot index associated with the 624 positioning signal set. The associated training information may include an OFDM symbol associated with the 624 positioning signal set. The information... Petition 870250085357, dated 09 / 22 / 2025, pp. 217 / 294 81 / 129 associated training information may include a hyperframe number associated with the 624 positioning signal set. Associated training information may include an indication of the UTC timing associated with the 624 positioning signal set. Associated training information may include an indication of a network node location associated with the 624 positioning signal set. Associated training information may include an indication of a TRP location associated with the 624 positioning signal set and / or associated with a network node receiving the 624 positioning signal set. Associated training information may include an indication of an implementation error associated with the 624 positioning signal set.An implementation error might include, for example, synchronization errors in the target wireless positioning device 602, synchronization errors in one of the neighboring wireless positioning devices 604, timing errors in one of the neighboring wireless positioning devices 604, or timing errors in the target wireless positioning device 602. Associated training information might include a feature mapping associated with the positioning signal set 624. The feature mapping might be between a feature (e.g., an SRS feature, a PRS feature), a location of one of the neighboring wireless positioning devices 604, a beam angle, and / or one of the positioning signal set 624. Associated training information might include an indication of a marker quality associated with one. Petition 870250085357, dated 09 / 22 / 2025, pp. 218 / 294 82 / 129 estimated marker based on the 624 positioning signal set. Associated training information may include an indication of a quality associated with a measurement of the 624 positioning signal set (e.g., how reliable an RSRP or RTOA measurement is). Associated training information may include a beam angle (e.g., AoA or AoD) associated with the 624 positioning signal set.

[0107] The neighboring wireless positioning device set 604 can transmit positioning feedback 632 to the positioning network entity 606. The positioning network entity 606 can receive positioning feedback 632 from the neighboring wireless positioning device set 604. The positioning network entity 606 can transmit positioning feedback 632 to the neighboring wireless positioning device set 604. The neighboring wireless positioning device set 604 can receive positioning feedback 632 from the positioning network entity 606. Positioning feedback 632 may include measurements and / or associated training information related to the measurement of the positioning signal set 624 received from the target wireless positioning device 602. Positioning feedback 632 may include associated training information.Positioning feedback 632 may include measurements made in 628. Positioning feedback 632 may include associated training information associated with the transmission of the positioning signal set 624 from the device without. Petition 870250085357, dated 09 / 22 / 2025, pp. 219 / 294 83 / 129 target wire positioning 602 to the set of neighboring wireless devices positioning 604.

[0108] In 634, one or more of the neighboring wireless positioning devices 604 can calculate one or more markers, such as a position of the target wireless positioning device 602, or an intermediate marker using one or more of the measurements made in 628 and / or data received as positioning feedback 632. In some respects, in 636 the positioning network entity 606 can calculate one or more markers, such as a position of the target wireless positioning device 602, or an intermediate marker using one or more of the measurements made in 626, one or more of the measurements made in 628 and / or data received as positioning feedback 632 and / or positioning feedback 630. The positioning network entity 606 can transmit one or more of the markers calculated as positioning feedback 638 to one or more of the neighboring wireless positioning devices 604.

[0109] In 640, one or more of the neighboring wireless positioning devices 604 can train the positioning model. In some respects, one or more of the neighboring wireless positioning devices 604 can determine that the data collection configuration needs to be updated, for example, if the input data or a marker is too noisy. One or more of the neighboring wireless positioning devices 604 can then transmit an update such as the data collection configuration 610 to the positioning network entity 606, continuing the message communication of the data collection training process. Petition 870250085357, dated 09 / 22 / 2025, pages 220 / 294 84 / 129 of data until the positioning model is well trained.

[0110] When a subset of the neighboring wireless positioning device set 604 finishes training the positioning model, one or more of the neighboring wireless positioning device set 604 may transmit a data collection termination 642 to the positioning network entity 606. The positioning network entity 606 may receive the data collection termination 642 from one or more of the neighboring wireless positioning device set 604. The positioning network entity 606 may then terminate the positioning. The data collection termination 642 may include an NRPPa message.

[0111] Figure 7 is a connection flow diagram 700 illustrating an example of communications between a target wireless positioning device 702, a set of neighboring wireless positioning devices 704, and a positioning network entity 706 configured to train a positioning model on the positioning network entity 706. The positioning model can be configured to calculate a position and / or a location of the target wireless positioning device 702. The target wireless positioning device 702 can be a UE or a PRU. The PRU can have a set of sensors that can be used to calculate the location of the PRU with a high degree of accuracy, such as a LIDAR sensor, a GNSS device, or a WLAN system configured to calculate a location of the target wireless positioning device 702 based on received WLAN signals. The PRU can be a Petition 870250085357, dated 09 / 22 / 2025, pages 221 / 294 85 / 129 A fixed PRU with a known location, or it can be a mobile PRU that is placed in a known location during measurement collection to train the positioning model. The 704 neighboring wireless positioning device set may include a set of base stations and / or a set of TRPs configured to receive positioning signals transmitted from the 702 target wireless positioning device. The 706 positioning network entity may include an LMF or may include one or more location servers. The 706 positioning network entity may be configured to establish positioning between the 702 target wireless positioning device and the 704 neighboring wireless positioning device set.

[0112] One or more of the neighboring wireless positioning devices set 704 can transmit capability 708 communication to the positioning network entity 706. The positioning network entity 706 can receive capability 708 communication from one or more of the neighboring wireless positioning devices set 704. The positioning network entity 706 can transmit capability 708 communication to one or more of the neighboring wireless positioning devices set 704. One or more of the neighboring wireless positioning devices set 704 can receive capability 708 communication from the positioning network entity 706. The capability 708 communication may include the ability of at least one of the neighboring wireless positioning devices set 704 and / or the positioning network entity 706 to provide training data for Petition 870250085357, dated 09 / 22 / 2025, pages 222 / 294 86 / 129 training of a positioning model on one or more of the neighboring wireless positioning devices set 704. For example, one or more of the neighboring wireless positioning devices set 704 may transmit a request to the positioning network entity 706 to provide its ability to be involved in a training data collection session and provide tagging assistance and / or other related assistance information on the network side (e.g., UE / PRU beam configurations, location information of the target wireless positioning device 702, location information of some of the neighboring wireless positioning devices set 704, mapping to positioning signal resources for the target wireless positioning device 702, mapping to positioning signal resources for one or more of the positioning signal beams).The request message may also inquire about the type of tagging assistance that the 706 positioning network entity can provide. The 706 positioning network entity may, in response, transmit its capability and / or any type of tagging assistance it can provide to one or more of the neighboring 704 positioning wireless device set. For example, the 706 positioning network entity may indicate its ability to assist one or more of the neighboring 704 positioning wireless device set in collecting training data and providing tagging assistance. In some respects, the 706 positioning network entity may make use of a location marker (e.g., an estimated UE location or a known PRU location) to calculate markers. Petition 870250085357, dated 09 / 22 / 2025, pages 223 / 294 87 / 129 intermediate measurement based on its knowledge of the locations of the target wireless positioning device 702 and / or the set of neighboring wireless positioning devices 704. In this way, the positioning network entity 706 can provide the location of the target wireless positioning device 702 and / or a set of intermediate measurement markers to one or more of the set of neighboring wireless positioning devices 704 without providing proprietary information. In some respects, the positioning network entity 706 may collect other assistance information, such as beam configurations of positioning signals transmitted by the target wireless positioning device 702.

[0113] The positioning network entity 706 can transmit a data collection configuration 710 to a subset of the neighboring positioning wireless device set 704 that have the capability to support positioning model training on the positioning network entity 706. The positioning network entity 706 can receive the data collection configuration 710 from the subset of the neighboring positioning wireless device set 704. The data collection configuration 710 can include one or more attributes of a desired uplink reference signal configuration for the target positioning wireless device 702. In one aspect, the data collection configuration 710 can include a configuration for a set of SRSs transmitted from the target positioning wireless device 702 (for example, to the neighboring positioning wireless device set 704). In one aspect, the Petition 870250085357, dated 09 / 22 / 2025, pages 224 / 294 Data collection configuration 710 may include a requested periodicity for the positioning network entity 706 to provide marker assistance reports to the subset of neighboring wireless positioning devices 704. In one aspect, data collection configuration 710 may include whether the positioning network entity 706 should report any enhanced timing indication or indication of features used in marker assistance. Data collection configuration 710 may include an NRPPa message.

[0114] In 712, the positioning network entity 706 can configure positioning for the positioning target wireless device 702 and the neighboring positioning wireless device set 704. The positioning network entity 706 can transmit a positioning configuration set 714 to the neighboring positioning wireless device set 704. The neighboring positioning wireless device set 704 can receive the positioning configuration set 714. The positioning network entity 706 can transmit the positioning configuration 718 to the positioning target wireless device 702. The positioning target wireless device 702 can receive the positioning configuration 718 from the positioning network entity 706.In some respects, a base station serving the target wireless positioning device 702 may transmit the positioning configuration 716 to the target wireless positioning device 702. The positioning configuration 716 may be based on one or more of the set of positioning configurations 714. Petition 870250085357, dated 09 / 22 / 2025, pages 225 / 294 89 / 129 received by the neighboring wireless positioning device set 704. The target wireless positioning device 702 can receive the positioning configuration 716 from the service base station. A positioning configuration may include an indication to measure a TDoA associated with the positioning signal set 724. A positioning configuration may include an indication to measure an AoA associated with the positioning signal set 724. A positioning configuration may include an indication to measure the multi-RTT associated with the positioning signal set 724.

[0115] In 720, the target wireless positioning device 702 can apply the received positioning configuration. In 722, the neighboring wireless positioning device set 704 can apply the received positioning configuration set. The positioning configurations can configure the positioning signal set 724. The positioning signal set 724 can include one or more sets of SRSs transmitted by the target wireless positioning device 702 and received by the neighboring wireless positioning device set 704. In 728, the neighboring wireless positioning device set 704 can measure the positioning signal set 724. The positioning signal set 724 can include one or more sets of PRSs transmitted from the neighboring wireless positioning device set 704 and received by the target wireless positioning device 702.In 726, the target wireless positioning device 702 can measure the set of positioning signals 724. Petition 870250085357, dated 09 / 22 / 2025, pages 226 / 294 90 / 129

[0116] The target wireless positioning device 702 can make any suitable measurement of the positioning signal set 724. The neighboring wireless positioning device set 704 can make any suitable measurement of the positioning signal set 724. For example, a wireless device can make an RTOA measurement between a first signal from the positioning signal set 724 received on a first wireless device of the neighboring wireless positioning device set 704 and a second signal from the positioning signal set 724 received on a second wireless device of the neighboring wireless positioning device set 704. A wireless device can measure a probability of the RTOA (e.g., probability that the measured RTOA is accurate within a threshold error level).A wireless device can measure a range of the measured RTOA (e.g., a minimum / maximum value of the measured RTOA within a threshold error level). A wireless device can make an RSRP measurement of at least one of the 724 positioning signal sets. RSRP can be a measurement for all path contributions. A wireless device can measure a probability of RSRP. A wireless device can measure a range of the measured RSRP. A wireless device can make an RSRPP measurement of at least one of the 724 positioning signal sets. RSRPP can indicate the power contribution at a level per path. A wireless device can measure a probability of RSRPP. A wireless device can measure a range of the measured RSRPP. A wireless device can make an AoA measurement of at least one of the signal sets. Petition 870250085357, dated 09 / 22 / 2025, pp. 227 / 294 91 / 129 positioning 724. A wireless device can measure an AoA probability. A wireless device can measure a range of the measured AoA. A wireless device can make a CIR measurement of at least one of the 724 positioning signal set. A wireless device can make a CFR measurement of at least one of the 724 positioning signal set. A wireless device can make a PDP measurement of at least one of the 724 positioning signal set.

[0117] The wireless target positioning device 702 can transmit positioning feedback 730 to the positioning network entity 706. The positioning network entity 706 can receive positioning feedback 730 from the wireless target positioning device 702. The positioning feedback 730 can include measurements made at 726. The positioning feedback 730 can include associated training information associated with the positioning signal set 724 received by the wireless target positioning device 702. The positioning feedback 730 can include associated training information associated with the positioning signal set 724 transmitted by the wireless target positioning device 702. The associated training information can include a frame number associated with the positioning signal set 724.The associated training information may include a slot index associated with the 724 positioning signal set. The associated training information may include an OFDM symbol associated with the 724 positioning signal set. The information. Petition 870250085357, dated 09 / 22 / 2025, pages 228 / 294 92 / 129 associated training information may include a hyperframe number associated with the 724 positioning signal set. Associated training information may include an indication of the UTC timing associated with the 724 positioning signal set. Associated training information may include an indication of a network node location associated with the 724 positioning signal set. Associated training information may include an indication of a TRP location associated with the 724 positioning signal set and / or associated with a network node receiving the 724 positioning signal set. Associated training information may include an indication of an implementation error associated with the 724 positioning signal set.An implementation error might include, for example, synchronization errors in the target wireless positioning device 702, synchronization errors in one of the neighboring wireless positioning devices 704, timing errors in one of the neighboring wireless positioning devices 704, or timing errors in the target wireless positioning device 702. Associated training information might include a feature mapping associated with the positioning signal set 724. The feature mapping might be between a feature (e.g., an SRS feature, a PRS feature), a location of one of the neighboring wireless positioning devices 704, a beam angle, and / or one of the positioning signal set 724. Associated training information might include an indication of a marker quality associated with one. Petition 870250085357, dated 09 / 22 / 2025, pages 229 / 294 93 / 129 marker estimated based on the 724 positioning signal set. Associated training information may include an indication of a quality associated with a measurement of the 724 positioning signal set (e.g., how reliable an RSRP or RTOA measurement is). Associated training information may include a beam angle (e.g., AoA or AoD) associated with the 724 positioning signal set.

[0118] The neighboring wireless positioning device set 704 can transmit positioning feedback 732 to the positioning network entity 706. The positioning network entity 706 can receive positioning feedback 732 from the neighboring wireless positioning device set 704. The positioning network entity 706 can transmit positioning feedback 732 to the neighboring wireless positioning device set 704. The neighboring wireless positioning device set 704 can receive positioning feedback 732 from the positioning network entity 706. Positioning feedback 732 may include measurements and / or associated training information related to the measurement of the positioning signal set 724 received from the target wireless positioning device 702. Positioning feedback 732 may include associated training information.Positioning feedback 732 may include measurements made in 728. Positioning feedback 732 may include associated training information associated with the transmission of the positioning signal set 724 from the device without. Petition 870250085357, dated 09 / 22 / 2025, pages 230 / 294 94 / 129 target wire positioning 702 to the set of neighboring wireless devices positioning 704.

[0119] In 734, one or more of the neighboring wireless positioning devices 704 can calculate one or more markers, such as a position of the target wireless positioning device 702, or an intermediate marker using one or more of the measurements made in 728 and / or data received as positioning feedback 732. In some respects, in 736 the positioning network entity 706 can calculate one or more markers, such as a position of the target wireless positioning device 702, or an intermediate marker using one or more of the measurements made in 726, one or more of the measurements made in 728 and / or data received as positioning feedback 732 and / or positioning feedback 730. One or more of the neighboring wireless positioning devices 704 can transmit one or more of the markers calculated as positioning feedback 738 to the positioning network entity 706.

[0120] In 740, the positioning network entity 706 can train the positioning model. In some respects, the positioning network entity 706 can determine that the data collection configuration should be updated, for example, if the input data or a marker is too noisy. The positioning network entity 706 can then transmit an update as the data collection configuration 710 to one or more of the neighboring set of wireless positioning devices 704, continuing the message communication of the process. Petition 870250085357, dated 09 / 22 / 2025, pages 231 / 294 95 / 129 data collection training until the positioning model is well trained.

[0121] When the positioning network entity 706 finishes training the positioning model, the positioning network entity 706 can transmit a data collection termination 742 to one or more of the neighboring wireless positioning device set 704. One or more of the neighboring wireless positioning device set 704 can receive the data collection termination 742 from the positioning network entity 706. The subset of the neighboring wireless positioning device set 704 that supports the positioning network entity 706 in training the positioning model can then terminate the positioning. The data collection termination 742 can include an NRPPa message.

[0122] Figure 8 is an 800 flowchart of a wireless communication method. The method can be implemented by a network node (e.g., base station 102, base station 310; wireless device 402, wireless device 406, wireless device 502, wireless device 506, neighboring wireless device set 604, neighboring wireless device set 704; network entity 1002, network entity 1160). In 802, the network node can receive a set of SRSs from a wireless device. For example, 802 can be realized by one of the set of neighboring wireless positioning devices 604 in Figure 6, which can receive the set of positioning signals 624 from the target wireless positioning device 602. The set Petition 870250085357, dated 09 / 22 / 2025, pages 232 / 294 96 / 129 of positioning signals 624 may include a set of SRSs. Furthermore, 802 may be implemented by component 198 in Figures 1, 3, 10 or 11.

[0123] In 804, the network node can measure the set of SRSs. For example, 804 can be performed by one of the neighboring wireless positioning devices in Figure 6, which can, in 628, measure the set of positioning signals 624. Furthermore, 804 can be performed by component 198 in Figures 1, 3, 10, or 11.

[0124] In 806, the network node can emit at least one of a set of estimated positioning markers, associated training information, or marking assistance information associated with the set of measured SRSs for a positioning model. For example, 806 can be performed by one of the neighboring wireless positioning device set 604 in Figure 6, which can, in 640, train a positioning model based on estimated positioning markers calculated in 634 in one of the neighboring wireless positioning device set 604 and / or based on estimated positioning markers calculated in 636 in the positioning network entity 606. One of the neighboring wireless positioning device set 604 can, in 640, train a positioning model based on training assistance information associated with the measurement of the positioning signal set 624.One of the set of neighboring wireless positioning devices 604 can, in 640, train a positioning model based on the marking assistance information received as positioning feedback 638 received from the network entity. Petition 870250085357, dated 09 / 22 / 2025, pages 233 / 294 97 / 129 positioning 606. Furthermore, 806 can be performed by component 198 in Figures 1, 3, 10 or 11.

[0125] Figure 9 is a 900 flowchart of a wireless communication method. The method can be implemented by a network entity (e.g., base station 102, base station 310; wireless device 402, wireless device 406; network entity 508, positioning network entity 606, positioning network entity 706; network entity 1002, network entity 1160). In 902, the network entity can transmit, to a network node, a configuration for a set of SRSs from a wireless device. For example, 902 can be performed by the positioning network entity 706 in Figure 7, which can transmit a data collection configuration 710 to the positioning signal set 724. The positioning signal set 724 can include a set of SRSs transmitted from the target wireless positioning device 702 to the neighboring wireless positioning device set 704.Furthermore, 902 can be performed by component 199 in Figures 1, 3, 10 or 11.

[0126] In 904, the network entity can receive at least one of a set of measured SRSs, a first set of estimated positioning markers, or associated training information associated with the set of SRSs. For example, 904 can be performed by the positioning network entity 706 in Figure 7, which can receive a set of measured SRSs as positioning feedback 732 and / or positioning feedback 738. The positioning network entity 706 can receive a set of estimated positioning markers calculated in 734 in Petition 870250085357, dated 09 / 22 / 2025, pages 234 / 294 98 / 129 neighboring wireless positioning device set 704 such as positioning feedback 732 and / or positioning feedback 738. The positioning network entity 706 can receive associated training information associated with the positioning signal set 724 such as positioning feedback 732 and / or positioning feedback 738. Furthermore, 904 can be performed by component 199 in Figures 1, 3, 10 or 11.

[0127] In 906, the network entity can output at least one of a second set of estimated positioning markers, marking assistance information, the set of measured SRSs, or the associated training information associated with the set of SRSs to a positioning model. For example, 906 can be realized by the positioning network entity 706 in Figure 7, which can, in 740, train a positioning model based on the estimated positioning markers calculated in 734 and / or the estimated positioning markers calculated in 736. The positioning network entity 706 can, in 740, train a positioning model based on the marking assistance information associated with the estimated positioning markers. The positioning network entity 706 can, in 740, train a positioning model based on the set of measured SRSs received as positioning feedback 732 and / or positioning feedback 738.The positioning network entity 706 can, in 740, train a positioning model based on the associated training information associated with the set of signals from. Petition 870250085357, dated 09 / 22 / 2025, pages 235 / 294 99 / 129 positioning 724 received as positioning feedback 732 and / or positioning feedback 738.

[0128] Figure 10 is a diagram 1000 illustrating an example of a hardware implementation for a network entity 1002. The network entity 1002 can be a BS, a component of a BS, or it can implement BS functionality. The network entity 1002 can include at least one of a CU 1010, a DU 1030, or a RU 1040. For example, depending on the layer functionality handled by component 199, the network entity 1002 can include the CU 1010; both CU 1010 and DU 1030; each of the CU 1010, DU 1030, and RU 1040; the DU 1030; both DU 1030 and RU 1040; or the RU 1040. The CU 1010 may include a CU 1012 processor. The CU 1012 processor may include a 1012' chip memory. In some respects, the CU 1010 may additionally include additional 1014 memory modules and a 1018 communication interface. The CU 1010 communicates with the DU 1030 via a midhaul link, such as an F1 interface. The DU 1030 may include a DU 1032 processor.The DU 1032 processor may include a 1032' chip memory. In some aspects, the DU 1030 may additionally include 1034 additional memory modules and a 1038 communication interface. The DU 1030 communicates with the RU 1040 via a fronthaul link. The RU 1040 may include an RU 1042 processor. The RU 1042 processor may include a 1042' chip memory. In some aspects, the RU 1040 may additionally include 1044 additional memory modules, one or more 1046 transceivers, 1080 antennas, and a 1048 communication interface. The RU 1040 communicates with the UE 104. The 1012', 1032', 1042' chip memory and the... Petition 870250085357, dated 09 / 22 / 2025, pp. 236 / 294 100 / 129 additional memory modules 1014, 1034, 1044 can each be considered a computer-readable memory / medium. Each computer-readable memory / medium can be non-transient. Each of the processors 1012, 1032, 1042 is responsible for general processing, including the execution of software stored in memory / computer-readable media. The software, when executed by the corresponding processor(s), causes the processor(s) to perform the various functions described above. Memory / computer-readable media can also be used to store data that is manipulated by the processor(s) when executing the software.

[0129] As discussed above, component 198 can be configured to receive a set of SRSs from a wireless device such as the UE 104. Component 198 can be configured to measure the set of SRSs. Component 198 can be configured to output at least one of a set of estimated positioning markers, associated training information, or marking assistance information associated with the set of measured SRSs for a positioning model. Component 198 can be in one or more processors from one or more of the CU 1010, DU 1030, and RU 1040. Component 198 can be one or more hardware components specifically configured to perform the declared processes / algorithm, implemented by one or more processors configured to perform the declared processes / algorithm, stored on a computer-readable medium for implementation by one or more processors, or some combination thereof. The entity of. Petition 870250085357, dated 09 / 22 / 2025, pp. 237 / 294 Network 101 / 129 1002 may include a variety of components configured for various functions. In one configuration, network entity 1002 may include means to receive a set of SRSs from a wireless device. Network entity 1002 may include means to measure the set of SRSs. Network entity 1002 may include means to output at least one of a set of estimated position markers, associated training information, or marking assistance information associated with the measured set of SRSs to a positioning model.The 1002 network entity may include means to output at least one of the set of estimated positioning markers, associated training information, or marking assistance information by locally training the positioning model based on at least one of the set of estimated positioning markers, associated training information, marking assistance information, or the set of measured SRSs in a memory of the 1002 network entity.Network entity 1002 may include means to transmit at least one of the set of estimated position markers, associated training information, or marking assistance information to another network entity (e.g., an LMF, a training entity) for at least one of the set of estimated position markers, associated training information, or the set of measured SRSs to train the positioning model. Network entity 1002 may include means to receive from the other network entity a request for at least one of the... Petition 870250085357, dated 09 / 22 / 2025, pages 238 / 294 102 / 129 set of estimated positioning markers, associated training information, or the set of measured SRSs. Network entity 1002 may include means to transmit at least one of the set of estimated positioning markers, associated training information, or the set of measured SRSs in response to the request. The request may include an NRPPa message. Network entity 1002 may include means to receive a configuration for the set of SRSs associated with the request. The configuration may include an indication to measure at least one of (a) a TDoA associated with the set of SRSs, (b) an AoA associated with the set of SRSs, or (c) a multi-RTT associated with the set of SRSs.Network entity 1002 may include means to estimate the set of estimated positioning markers based on at least one of the associated training information, the marking assistance information, or the set of measured SRSs. The set of measured SRSs may include at least one of (a) an RTOA, (b) an RSRP, (c) an RSRPP, (d) an AoA, (e) a LOS identification, (f) a first probability of the RTOA, (g) a second probability of the RSRP, (h) a third probability of the RSRPP, (i) a fourth probability of the AoA, (j) a first range of the RTOA, (k) a second range of the RSRP, (l) a third range of the RSRPP, (m) a fourth range of the AoA, (n) a CIR, (o) a CFR, or (p) a PDP.The set of estimated positioning markers may include at least one of (a) an RTOA, (b) an RSRP, (c) an RSRPP, (d) an AoA, (e) a LOS identification, (f) a first probability of the RTOA, (g) a second probability of the RSRP, (h) a third probability of the. Petition 870250085357, dated 09 / 22 / 2025, pp. 239 / 294 103 / 129 RSRPP, (i) a fourth AoA probability, (j) a first RTOA band, (k) a second RSRP band, (l) a third RSRPP band, (m) a fourth AoA band, (n) a CIR, (o) a CFR, (p) a PDP, (q) an indication of a wireless device location, or (r) a ToA. Network entity 1002 may include means to receive, from another network entity (e.g., a core network component, an LMF), at least one of the set of estimated position markers or marking assistance information. Network entity 1002 may include means to transmit, to the other network entity, a request for at least one of the set of estimated position markers or marking assistance information. Network entity 1002 may include means to receive at least one of the set of estimated position markers or marking assistance information in response to the request.The request may include an NRPPa message. Network entity 1002 may include means to receive a configuration for the SRS set in response to the request. The configuration may include an indication to measure at least one of (a) a TDoA associated with the SRS set, (b) an AoA associated with the SRS set, or (c) a multi-RTT associated with the SRS set. Marking assistance information may include at least one of (a) a frame number associated with a subset of the estimated position marker set, (b) a slot index associated with the subset of the estimated position marker set, (c) an OFDM symbol associated with the subset of the estimated position marker set, (d) a. Petition 870250085357, dated 09 / 22 / 2025, pp. 240 / 294 104 / 129 hyperframe number associated with the subset of the estimated position marker set, or (and) an indication of a UTC timing associated with the subset of the estimated position marker set.The associated training information may include at least one of (a) a frame number associated with the measured SRSs set, (b) a slot index associated with the measured SRSs set, (c) an OFDM symbol associated with the measured SRSs set, (d) a hyperframe number associated with the measured SRSs set, (e) a first indication of a UTC timing associated with the measured SRSs set, (f) a second indication of a first network node location, (g) a third indication of a second TRP location associated with the network node, (h) a fourth indication of an implementation error, (i) a feature mapping associated with the SRSs set, (j) a fifth indication of a marker quality, (k) a sixth indication of a quality associated with at least one of the measured SRSs set, or (l) a beam angle associated with the measured SRSs set. The wireless device may include a UE or a PRU.Network entity 1002 may include media for 888. The media may be component 198 of network entity 1002 configured to perform the functions mentioned by the media. As described above, network unit 1002 may include TX processor 316, RX processor 370, and controller / processor 375. Thus, in one configuration, the media may be TX processor 316, RX processor 370, and / or controller / processor 375 configured to perform the functions mentioned by the media. Petition 870250085357, dated 09 / 22 / 2025, pages 241 / 294 105 / 129

[0130] As discussed above, component 199 can be configured to transmit, to a network node, such as another network entity 1002, a configuration for a set of SRSs from a wireless device, such as UE 104. Component 199 can be configured to receive at least one of a set of measured SRSs, a first set of estimated position markers, or associated training information associated with the set of SRSs. Component 199 can be configured to output at least one of a second set of estimated position markers, marking assistance information, the set of measured SRSs, or the associated training information associated with the set of SRSs to a positioning model. Component 199 can be in one or more processors of one or more of the CU 1010, DU 1030, and RU 1040.Component 199 may be one or more hardware components specifically configured to perform the declared processes / algorithm, implemented by one or more processors configured to perform the declared processes / algorithm, stored on a computer-readable medium for implementation by one or more processors, or some combination thereof. Network entity 1002 may include a variety of components configured for various functions. In one configuration, network entity 1002 may include means to transmit, to a network node, a configuration for a set of SRSs from a wireless device. Network entity 1002 may include means to receive at least one of a set of measured SRSs, an initial set of estimated position markers, or associated information from. Petition 870250085357, dated 09 / 22 / 2025, pages 242 / 294 106 / 129 training associated with the set of SRSs. Network entity 1002 may include means to output at least one of a second set of estimated positioning markers, marking assistance information, the set of measured SRSs, or the associated training information associated with the set of SRSs for a positioning model. Network entity 1002 may include means to output at least one of the second set of estimated positioning markers, marking assistance information, the set of measured SRSs, or the associated training information by training the positioning model in a local memory of network entity 1002 based on at least one of the second set of estimated positioning markers, marking assistance information, the set of measured SRSs, or the associated training information.The network entity 1002 may include means to emit at least one of the second set of estimated positioning markers, the marking assistance information, the set of measured SRSs, or the associated training information, transmitting to the network node at least one of the second set of estimated positioning markers or the marking assistance information to train the positioning model. The network entity 1002 may include means to receive from the network node a request for at least one of the second set of estimated positioning markers or the marking assistance information. The network entity 1002 may include means to transmit at least one of the second set of estimated positioning markers or the information. Petition 870250085357, dated 09 / 22 / 2025, pages 243 / 294 107 / 129 Marking assistance in response to a request. The request may include an NRPPa message. Network entity 1002 may include means to transmit the SRS set configuration in response to the request. Network entity 1002 may include an LMF. Network entity 1002 may include means to transmit a request for at least one of the measured SRS set, the first set of estimated position markers, or the associated training information. Network entity 1002 may include means to receive at least one of the measured SRS set, the first set of estimated position markers, or the associated training information in response to the request. The request may include an NRPPa message.Network entity 1002 may include means for configuration that may include an indication to measure at least one of (a) a TDoA associated with the set of SRSs, (b) an AoA associated with the set of SRSs, or (c) a multi-RTT associated with the set of SRSs. Network entity 1002 may include means to estimate the second set of estimated positioning markers based on at least one of the measured set of SRSs, the first set of estimated positioning markers, or the associated training information. The set of measured SRSs may include at least one of (a) an RTOA, (b) an RSRP, (c) an RSRPP, (d) an AoA, (e) a LOS identification, (f) a first probability of the RTOA, (g) a second probability of the RSRP, (h) a third probability of the RSRPP, (i) a fourth probability of the AoA, (j) a first range of the RTOA, (k) a second range of the RSRP, (l) a third range of the RSRPP. Petition 870250085357, dated 09 / 22 / 2025, pp. 244 / 294 108 / 129 (m) a fourth AoA band, (n) a CIR, (o) a CFR, or (p) a PDP. The first set of estimated positioning markers may include at least one of (a) an RTOA, (b) an RSRP, (c) an RSRPP, (d) an AoA, (e) a LOS identification, (f) a first probability RTOA, (g) a second probability RSRP, (h) a third probability RSRPP, (i) a fourth probability AoA, (j) a first RTOA band, (k) a second RSRP band, (l) a third RSRPP band, (m) a fourth AoA band, (n) a CIR, (o) a CFR, (p) a PDP, (q) an indication of a wireless device location, or (r) a ToA. The 1002 network entity may include means for receiving the first set of estimated position markers by receiving, from the wireless device, a first subset of the first set of estimated position markers.The network entity 1002 may include means for receiving the first set of estimated position markers by receiving, from the network node, a second subset of the first set of estimated position markers. The marking assistance information may include at least one of (a) a frame number associated with a subset of the estimated position marker set, (b) a slot index associated with the subset of the estimated position marker set, (c) an OFDM symbol associated with the subset of the estimated position marker set, (d) a hyperframe number associated with the subset of the estimated position marker set, or (e) an indication of a UTC timing associated with the subset of the estimated position marker set. As. Petition 870250085357, dated 09 / 22 / 2025, pp. 245 / 294 109 / 129 associated training information may include at least one of (a) a frame number associated with the set of measured SRSs, (b) a slot index associated with the set of measured SRSs, (c) an orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) symbol associated with the set of measured SRSs, (d) a hyperframe number associated with the set of measured SRSs, (e) a first indication of a coordinated universal time (UTC) timing associated with the set of measured SRSs, (f) a second indication of a first network node location, (g) a third indication of a second transmit / receive point (TRP) location associated with the network node, (h) a fourth indication of an implementation error, (i) a feature mapping associated with the set of SRSs, (j) a fifth indication of a marker quality, (k) a sixth indication of a quality associated with at least one of the set of measured SRSs,or (l) a beam angle associated with the set of measured SRSs. The wireless device may include a UE or a PRU. The means may be the component, 199 of network entity 1002 configured to perform the functions mentioned by the means. As described above, network unit 1002 may include the TX 316 processor, the RX 370 processor, and the controller / processor 375. Thus, in one configuration, the means may be the TX 316 processor, the RX 370 processor, and / or the controller / processor 375 configured to perform the functions mentioned by the means.

[0131] Figure 11 is a diagram 1100 illustrating an example of a hardware implementation for a network entity 1160. In one example, the network entity 1160 can Petition 870250085357, dated 09 / 22 / 2025, pages 246 / 294 110 / 129 is on the core network 110. The network entity 1160 may include a network processor 1112. The network processor 1112 may include a chip memory 1112'. In some respects, the network entity 1160 may additionally include additional memory modules 1114. The network entity 1160 communicates via the network interface 1180 directly (e.g., backhaul link) or indirectly (e.g., through a RIC) with the CU 1102. The chip memory 1112' and the additional memory modules 1114 may each be considered a computer-readable memory / medium. Each computer-readable memory / medium may be non-transient. The processor 1112 is responsible for general processing, including the execution of software stored in the computer-readable memory / medium. The software, when executed by the corresponding processor(s), causes the processor(s) to perform the various functions described above.Computer-readable memory / media can also be used to store data that is manipulated by the processor(s) when running software.

[0132] As discussed above, component 199 can be configured to transmit, to a network node, such as another network entity 1002, a configuration for a set of SRSs from a wireless device, such as the UE 104. Component 199 can be configured to receive at least one of a set of measured SRSs, a first set of estimated position markers, or associated training information associated with the set of SRSs. Component 199 can be configured to transmit at least one of a second set of markers. Petition 870250085357, dated 09 / 22 / 2025, pp. 247 / 294 111 / 129 estimated positioning, marking assistance information, the set of measured SRSs, or the associated training information associated with the set of SRSs for a positioning model. Component 199 may be in processor 1112. Component 199 may be one or more hardware components specifically configured to perform the declared processes / algorithm, implemented by one or more processors configured to perform the declared processes / algorithm, stored on a computer-readable medium for implementation by one or more processors, or some combination thereof. Network entity 1160 may include a variety of components configured for various functions. In one configuration, network entity 1160 may include means to transmit, to a network node, a configuration for a set of SRSs from a wireless device.The 1160 network entity may include means to receive at least one of a set of measured SRSs, a first set of estimated positioning markers, or associated training information associated with the set of SRSs. The 1160 network entity may include means to output at least one of a second set of estimated positioning markers, marking assistance information, the set of measured SRSs, or the associated training information associated with the set of SRSs to a positioning model. The 1160 network entity may include means to output at least one of the second set of estimated positioning markers, the marking assistance information, the set of measured SRSs, or the associated training information training the model. Petition 870250085357, dated 09 / 22 / 2025, pages 248 / 294 112 / 129 positioning in a local memory of the 1160 network entity based on at least one of the second set of estimated positioning markers, the marking assistance information, the set of measured SRSs, or the associated training information. The 1160 network entity may include means to output at least one of the second set of estimated positioning markers, the marking assistance information, the set of measured SRSs, or the associated training information, transmitting to the network node at least one of the second set of estimated positioning markers or the marking assistance information to train the positioning model. The 1160 network entity may include means to receive from the network node a request for at least one of the second set of estimated positioning markers or the marking assistance information.The 1160 network entity may include means to transmit at least one of the second set of estimated position markers or the marking assistance information in response to a request. The request may include an NRPPa message. The 1160 network entity may include means to transmit the SRS set configuration in response to a request. The 1160 network entity may include an LMF. The 1160 network entity may include means to transmit a request for at least one of the measured SRS set, the first set of estimated position markers, or the associated training information. The 1160 network entity may include means to receive at least one of the measured SRS set, the first set of... Petition 870250085357, dated 09 / 22 / 2025, pages 249 / 294 113 / 129 estimated positioning markers or associated training information in response to the request. The request may include an NRPPa message. Network entity 1160 may include means for configuration that may include an indication to measure at least one of (a) a TDoA associated with the set of SRSs, (b) an AoA associated with the set of SRSs, or (c) a multi-RTT associated with the set of SRSs. Network entity 1160 may include means to estimate the second set of estimated positioning markers based on at least one of the measured set of SRSs, the first set of estimated positioning markers, or associated training information.The set of measured SRSs may include at least one of (a) an RTOA, (b) an RSRP, (c) an RSRPP, (d) an AoA, (e) a LOS identification, (f) a first probability of the RTOA, (g) a second probability of the RSRP, (h) a third probability of the RSRPP, (i) a fourth probability of the AoA, (j) a first range of the RTOA, (k) a second range of the RSRP, (l) a third range of the RSRPP, (m) a fourth range of the AoA, (n) a CIR, (o) a CFR, or (p) a PDP.The first set of estimated positioning markers may include at least one of (a) an RTOA, (b) an RSRP, (c) an RSRPP, (d) an AoA, (e) a LOS identification, (f) a first probability of the RTOA, (g) a second probability of the RSRP, (h) a third probability of the RSRPP, (i) a fourth probability of the AoA, (j) a first range of the RTOA, (k) a second range of the RSRP, (l) a third range of the RSRPP, (m) a fourth range of the AoA, (n) a CIR, (o) a CFR, (p) a PDP, (q) an indication of a wireless device location, or (r) a ToA. A. Petition 870250085357, dated 09 / 22 / 2025, pp. 250 / 294 Network entity 114 / 129 1160 may include means to receive the first set of estimated position markers by receiving, from the wireless device, a first subset of the first set of estimated position markers. Network entity 1160 may include means to receive the first set of estimated position markers by receiving, from the network node, a second subset of the first set of estimated position markers.Marking assistance information may include at least one of (a) a frame number associated with a subset of the estimated position marker set, (b) a slot index associated with the subset of the estimated position marker set, (c) an OFDM symbol associated with the subset of the estimated position marker set, (d) a hyperframe number associated with the subset of the estimated position marker set, or (e) an indication of a UTC timing associated with the subset of the estimated position marker set.The associated training information may include at least one of (a) a frame number associated with the measured SRS set, (b) a slot index associated with the measured SRS set, (c) an orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) symbol associated with the measured SRS set, (d) a hyperframe number associated with the measured SRS set, (e) a first indication of a coordinated universal time (UTC) timing associated with the measured SRS set, (f) a second indication of a first network node location, (g) a third indication of a second point location. Petition 870250085357, dated 09 / 22 / 2025, pp. 251 / 294 115 / 129 transmission and reception (TRP) associated with the network node, (h) a fourth indication of an implementation error, (i) a resource mapping associated with the set of SRSs, (j) a fifth indication of a marker quality, (k) a sixth indication of a quality associated with at least one of the measured set of SRSs, or (l) a beam angle associated with the measured set of SRSs. The wireless device may include a UE or a PRU. The media may be the component 199 of the network entity 1160 is configured to perform the aforementioned functions by means of.

[0133] It is understood that the specific order or hierarchy of blocks in the disclosed processes / flowcharts is an illustration of example approaches. Based on design preferences, it should be understood that the specific order or hierarchy of blocks in the processes / flowcharts may be rearranged. In addition, some blocks may be combined or omitted. The method claims in the appendix present elements of the various blocks in a sample order and are not limited to the specific order or hierarchy presented.

[0134] The above description is provided to enable any person skilled in the art to practice the various aspects described in the present invention. Various modifications of these aspects will be readily apparent to those skilled in the art, and the generic principles defined in the present invention may be applied to other aspects. Thus, the claims are not limited to the aspects described in the present invention, but must be in accordance with the complete scope and consistent with the language of the claims. Reference to a singular element does not Petition 870250085357, dated 09 / 22 / 2025, pages 252 / 294 116 / 129 means one and only one, except where specifically stated otherwise, in which case one or more. Terms such as if, when, and while do not imply an immediate temporal relationship or reaction. That is, these phrases, for example, when, do not imply an immediate action in response to or during the occurrence of an action, but simply imply that if a condition is met, then an action will occur, but without requiring a specific or immediate time constraint for the action to occur. The word exemplifier is used in the present invention to mean serving as an example, an instance, or an illustration. Any aspect described in the present invention as exemplifier should not necessarily be interpreted as preferential or advantageous in relation to other aspects. Unless specifically stated otherwise, the term any refers to one or more.Combinations such as at least one of A, B, or C, one or more of A, B, or C, at least one of A, B, and C, one or more of A, B, and C, and A, B, and C, or any combination thereof, include any combination of A, B, and / or C and may include multiples of A, multiples of B, or multiples of C. Specifically, combinations such as at least one of A, B, or C, one or more of A, B, or C, at least one of A, B, and C, one or more of A, B, and C, and A, B, and C, or any combination thereof, may be only A, only B, only C, A and B, A and C, B and C, or A and B and C, where any of these combinations may contain one or more members from A, B, or C. Sets should be interpreted as a set of elements, where the elements total one or more. Consequently, for a set of X, X would include one or more elements. If one... Petition 870250085357, dated 09 / 22 / 2025, pp. 253 / 294 117 / 129 The first device may receive data from or transmit data to a second device; the data may be received / transmitted directly between the first and second devices or indirectly between the first and second devices through a set of devices. A device configured to emit data, such as a transmission, signal, or message, may transmit the data, for example with a transceiver, may send the data to a device that transmits the data, or may send the data to another portion of the device, for example a positioning model training system. A device configured to obtain data, such as a transmission, signal, or message, may receive the data, for example with a transceiver, may obtain the data from a device that receives the data, or may obtain the data from another portion of the device, for example a positioning model training system.All structural and functional equivalents of the elements of the various aspects described throughout this disclosure that are known or may become known to those skilled in the art are expressly incorporated into the present invention by reference and are covered by the claims. Furthermore, nothing disclosed in the present invention is intended for the public, regardless of whether such disclosure is explicitly mentioned in the claims. The words module, mechanism, element, device, and the like may not be substitutes for the word means. Thus, no claimed element should be interpreted as a means plus function unless the element is expressly mentioned using the phrase means for. Petition 870250085357, dated 09 / 22 / 2025, pages 254 / 294 118 / 129

[0135] As used in the present invention, the phrase "based on" should not be interpreted as referring to a closed set of information, one or more conditions, one or more factors, or the like. In other words, the expression "based on A" (where A may be information, a condition, a factor, or the like) should be interpreted as "based at least on A," unless specifically stated otherwise.

[0136] The following aspects are for illustrative purposes only and may be combined with other aspects or teachings described in the present invention, without limitation.

[0137] Aspect 1 is a wireless communication method at a network node, comprising receiving a set of sounding reference signals (SRSs) from a wireless device. The method comprises measuring the set of SRSs. The method comprises emitting at least one of a set of estimated position markers, associated training information, or marking assistance information associated with the measured set of SRSs to a positioning model.

[0138] Aspect 2 is the method of aspect 1, wherein the output of at least one of the set of estimated positioning markers, associated training information or marking assistance information comprises training the positioning model based on at least one of the set of estimated positioning markers, associated training information, marking assistance information or the set of measured SRSs. Petition 870250085357, dated 09 / 22 / 2025, pages 255 / 294 119 / 129

[0139] Aspect 3 is the method of aspect 1, wherein the transmission of at least one of the set of estimated position markers, the associated training information or the marking assistance information comprises transmitting, to a network entity (or to another device for transmission to the network entity), at least one of the set of estimated position markers, the associated training information or the set of measured SRSs to train the positioning model.

[0140] Aspect 4 is the method of aspect 3, where the network entity comprises a location management function (LMF).

[0141] Aspect 5 is the method of either aspect 3 or 4, which comprises receiving from the network entity a request for at least one of the set of estimated position markers, the associated training information, or the set of measured SRSs, wherein the transmission of at least one of the set of estimated position markers, the associated training information, or the set of measured SRSs is in response to the request.

[0142] Aspect 6 is the method of aspect 5, wherein the request comprises an attached New Radio Positioning Protocol (NRPP) message (NRPPa).

[0143] Aspect 7 is the method of either aspect 5 or 6, which involves receiving a configuration for the set of SRSs associated with the request.

[0144] Aspect 8 is the method of aspect 7, in which the configuration includes an indication to measure at least Petition 870250085357, dated 09 / 22 / 2025, pp. 256 / 294 120 / 129 one of (a) a time difference of arrival (TDoA) associated with the set of SRSs, (b) an angle of arrival (AoA) associated with the set of SRSs, or (c) a multi-cell round-trip time (multi-RTT) associated with the set of SRSs.

[0145] Aspect 9 is the method of any of aspects 1 to 8, which comprises estimating the set of estimated positioning markers based on at least one of the associated training information, the marking assistance information, or the set of measured SRSs.

[0146] Aspect 10 is the method of any of aspects 1 to 9, wherein the set of measured SRSs comprises at least one of (a) a relative time of arrival (RTOA), (b) a received power of the reference signal (RSRP), (c) a received power in the path of the reference signal (RSRPP), (d) an angle of arrival (AoA), (e) a line-of-sight identification (LOS), (f) a first probability of the RTOA, (g) a second probability of the RSRP, (h) a third probability of the RSRPP, (i) a fourth probability of the AoA, (j) a first range of the RTOA, (k) a second range of the RSRP, (l) a third range of the RSRPP, (m) a fourth range of the AoA, (n) a channel impulse response (CIR), (o) a channel frequency response (CFR) or (p) a power delay profile (PDP).

[0147] Aspect 11 is the method of any of aspects 1 to 10, wherein the set of estimated position markers comprises at least one of (a) a relative time of arrival (RTOA), (b) a received reference signal power (RSRP), (c) a power Petition 870250085357, dated 09 / 22 / 2025, pp. 257 / 294 121 / 129 received on the reference signal path (RSRPP), (d) an angle of arrival (AoA), (e) a line-of-sight identification (LOS), (f) a first probability of RTOA, (g) a second probability of RSRP, (h) a third probability of RSRPP, (i) a fourth probability of AoA, (j) a first RTOA band, (k) a second RSRP band, (l) a third RSRPP band, (m) a fourth AoA band, (n) a channel impulse response (CIR), (o) a channel frequency response (CFR), (p) a power delay profile (PDP), (q) an indication of a wireless device location or (r) a time of arrival (ToA).

[0148] Aspect 12 is the method of any of aspects 1 to 11, which comprises receiving, from a network entity, at least one of the set of estimated position markers or marking assistance information.

[0149] Aspect 13 is the method of any of aspects 1 to 12, in which the network entity comprises a location management function (LMF).

[0150] Aspect 14 is the method of either aspect 12 or 13, comprising transmitting to the network entity (or to another device for transmission to the network entity) a request for at least one of the set of estimated position markers or marking assistance information, wherein the receipt of at least one of the set of estimated position markers or marking assistance information is in response to the request. Petition 870250085357, dated 09 / 22 / 2025, pages 258 / 294 122 / 129

[0151] Aspect 15 is the method of aspect 14, wherein the request comprises an attached New Radio Positioning Protocol (NRPP) message (NRPPa).

[0152] Aspect 16 is the method of either aspect 14 or 15, which involves receiving a configuration for the set of SRSs in response to the request.

[0153] Aspect 17 is the method of aspect 16, wherein the configuration comprises a statement to measure at least one of (a) a time-of-arrival difference (TDoA) associated with the set of SRSs, (b) an angle of arrival (AoA) associated with the set of SRSs, or (c) a multi-cell round-trip time (multi-RTT) associated with the set of SRSs.

[0154] Aspect 18 is the method of any of aspects 1 to 17, wherein the marking assistance information comprises at least one of (a) a frame number associated with a subset of the estimated position marker set, (b) a slot index associated with the subset of the estimated position marker set, (c) an orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) symbol associated with the subset of the estimated position marker set, (d) a hyperframe number associated with the subset of the estimated position marker set, or (e) an indication of a coordinated universal time (UTC) timing associated with the subset of the estimated position marker set.

[0155] Aspect 19 is the method of any of aspects 1 to 18, in which the associated training information comprises at least one of (a) a number Petition 870250085357, dated 09 / 22 / 2025, pp. 259 / 294 (a) a frame associated with the measured set of SRSs, (b) a slot index associated with the measured set of SRSs, (c) an orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) symbol associated with the measured set of SRSs, (d) a hyperframe number associated with the measured set of SRSs, (e) a first indication of a coordinated universal time (UTC) timing associated with the measured set of SRSs, (f) a second indication of a first network node location, (g) a third indication of a second transmit / receive point (TRP) location associated with the network node, (h) a fourth indication of an implementation error, (i) a feature mapping associated with the set of SRSs, (j) a fifth indication of a marker quality, (k) a sixth indication of a quality associated with at least one of the measured set of SRSs, or (l) a beam angle associated with the measured set of SRSs.

[0156] Aspect 20 is the method of any of aspects 1 to 19, wherein the wireless device comprises a user equipment (UE) or a positioning reference unit (PRU).

[0157] Aspect 21 is a wireless communication method within a network entity, comprising transmitting to a network node a configuration for a set of sounding reference signals (SRSs) from a wireless device. The method comprises receiving at least one of a set of measured SRSs, a first set of estimated position markers or associated training information associated with the set of SRSs. The method comprises transmitting at least one of a second set of estimated position markers, information of Petition 870250085357, dated 09 / 22 / 2025, pages 260 / 294 124 / 129 marking assistance, the set of measured SRSs or the associated training information associated with the set of SRSs for a positioning model.

[0158] Aspect 22 is the method of aspect 21, wherein the output of at least one of the second set of estimated positioning markers, the marking assistance information, the set of measured SRSs, or the associated training information comprises training the positioning model based on at least one of the second set of estimated positioning markers, the marking assistance information, the set of measured SRSs, or the associated training information.

[0159] Aspect 23 is the method of aspect 21, wherein the transmission of at least one of the second set of estimated position markers, the marking assistance information, the set of measured SRSs, or the associated training information comprises transmitting, to the network node (or to another device for transmission to the network node), at least one of the second set of estimated position markers or the marking assistance information to train the positioning model.

[0160] Aspect 24 is the method of aspect 23, which comprises receiving from the network node a request for at least one of the second set of estimated position markers or marking assistance information, wherein the transmission of at least one of the second set of estimated position markers or marking assistance information is in response to the request. Petition 870250085357, dated 09 / 22 / 2025, pp. 261 / 294 125 / 129

[0161] Aspect 25 is the method of aspect 24, wherein the request comprises an attached New Radio Positioning Protocol (NRPP) message (NRPPa).

[0162] Aspect 26 is the method of either aspect 24 or 25, where the transmission of the SRSs set configuration is in response to the request.

[0163] Aspect 27 is the method of any of aspects 21 to 26, in which the network entity comprises a location management function (LMF).

[0164] Aspect 28 is the method of any of aspects 21 to 27, which comprises transmitting a request for at least one of the set of measured SRSs, the first set of estimated position markers, or the associated training information, wherein the receipt of at least one of the set of measured SRSs, the first set of estimated position markers, or the associated training information is in response to the request.

[0165] Aspect 29 is the method of aspect 28, wherein the request comprises an attached New Radio Positioning Protocol (NRPP) message (NRPPa).

[0166] Aspect 30 is the method of any of aspects 21 to 29, wherein the configuration comprises an indication to measure at least one of (a) a time-of-arrival difference (TDoA) associated with the set of SRSs, (b) an angle of arrival (AoA) associated with the set of SRSs, or (c) a multi-cell round-trip time (multi-RTT) associated with the set of SRSs.

[0167] Aspect 31 is the method of any of aspects 21 to 30, which comprises estimating the second set. Petition 870250085357, dated 09 / 22 / 2025, pp. 262 / 294 126 / 129 of estimated positioning markers based on at least one of the measured SRSs set, the first set of estimated positioning markers, or the associated training information.

[0168] Aspect 32 is the method of any of aspects 21 to 31, wherein the set of measured SRSs comprises at least one of (a) a relative time of arrival (RTOA), (b) a received power of the reference signal (RSRP), (c) a received power in the path of the reference signal (RSRPP), (d) an angle of arrival (AoA), (e) a line-of-sight identification (LOS), (f) a first probability of the RTOA, (g) a second probability of the RSRP, (h) a third probability of the RSRPP, (i) a fourth probability of the AoA, (j) a first range of the RTOA, (k) a second range of the RSRP, (l) a third range of the RSRPP, (m) a fourth range of the AoA, (n) a channel impulse response (CIR), (o) a channel frequency response (CFR), or (p) a power delay profile (PDP).

[0169] Aspect 33 is the method of any of aspects 21 to 32, wherein the first set of estimated position markers comprises at least one of (a) a relative time of arrival (RTOA), (b) a received reference signal power (RSRP), (c) a received reference signal path power (RSRPP), (d) an angle of arrival (AoA), (e) a line-of-sight identification (LOS), (f) a first probability of the RTOA, (g) a second probability of the RSRP, (h) a third probability of the RSRPP, (i) a fourth probability of the AoA, (j) a first range of the RTOA, (k) a second range of the Petition 870250085357, dated 09 / 22 / 2025, pp. 263 / 294 127 / 129 RSRP, (l) a third band of RSRPP, (m) a fourth band of AoA, (n) a channel impulse response (CIR), (o) a channel frequency response (CFR), (p) a power delay profile (PDP), (q) an indication of a wireless device location or (r) a time of arrival (ToA).

[0170] Aspect 34 is the method of aspect 33, wherein the reception of the first set of estimated position markers comprises receiving, from the wireless device, a first subset of the first set of estimated position markers, wherein the reception of the first set of estimated position markers comprises receiving, from the network node, a second subset of the first set of estimated position markers.

[0171] Aspect 35 is the method of any of aspects 21 to 34, wherein the marking assistance information comprises at least one of (a) a frame number associated with a subset of the estimated position marker set, (b) a slot index associated with the subset of the estimated position marker set, (c) an orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) symbol associated with the subset of the estimated position marker set, (d) a hyperframe number associated with the subset of the estimated position marker set, or (e) an indication of a coordinated universal time (UTC) timing associated with the subset of the estimated position marker set.

[0172] Aspect 36 is the method of any of aspects 21 to 35, in which the associated information of Petition 870250085357, dated 09 / 22 / 2025, pp. 264 / 294 128 / 129 training comprises at least one of (a) a frame number associated with the set of measured SRSs, (b) a slot index associated with the set of measured SRSs, (c) an orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) symbol associated with the set of measured SRSs, (d) a hyperframe number associated with the set of measured SRSs, (e) a first indication of a Coordinated Universal Time (UTC) timing associated with the set of measured SRSs, (f) a second indication of a first network node location, (g) a third indication of a second transmit / receive point (TRP) location associated with the network node, (h) a fourth indication of an implementation error, (i) a feature mapping associated with the set of SRSs, (j) a fifth indication of a marker quality, (k) a sixth indication of a quality associated with at least one of the set of measured SRSs,or (l) a beam angle associated with the set of measured SRSs.

[0173] Aspect 37 is the method of any of aspects 21 to 36, in which the wireless device comprises a UE or a PRU.

[0174] Aspect 38 is a wireless communication apparatus comprising: a memory; and at least one processor coupled to the memory and, based at least in part on the information stored in the memory, the at least one processor is configured to implement any of aspects 1 to 37.

[0175] Aspect 39 is the apparatus of aspect 38, which additionally includes at least one of an antenna or a transceiver coupled to at least one processor. Petition 870250085357, dated 09 / 22 / 2025, pp. 265 / 294 129 / 129

[0176] Aspect 40 is a wireless communication apparatus that includes means for implementing any of aspects 1 to 37.

[0177] Aspect 41 is a computer-readable medium (i.e., a non-transient computer-readable medium) that stores computer-executable code, wherein the code, when executed by a processor, causes the processor to implement any of aspects 1 through 37. Petition 870250085357, dated 09 / 22 / 2025, pages 266 / 294

Claims

1 / 12 CLAIMS 1. Apparatus for wireless communication in a network node characterized by comprising: a memory; and at least one processor coupled to the memory and, based at least in part on the information stored in the memory, the at least one processor being configured to: receive a set of probe reference signals (SRSs) from a wireless device; measure the set of SRSs; and output at least one of a set of estimated position markers, associated training information or marking assistance information associated with the measured set of SRSs for a positioning model.

2. Apparatus, according to claim 1, characterized in that, to output at least one of the set of estimated positioning markers, the associated training information or the marking assistance information, at least one processor is configured to: train the positioning model based on at least one of the set of estimated positioning markers, the associated training information, the marking assistance information or the set of measured SRSs.

3. Device according to claim 1, characterized in that, to emit at least one of the set of estimated positioning markers, the associated training information or the marking assistance information, at least one processor is configured to: transmit, to a network entity, at least one of the set of estimated positioning markers, the associated training information or the set of measured SRSs to train the positioning model.

4. Device according to claim 3, characterized in that the network entity comprises a location management function (LMF).

5. Device according to claim 3, characterized in that at least one processor is additionally configured to: receive, from the network entity, a request for at least one of the set of estimated positioning markers, the associated training information or the set of measured SRSs, wherein the transmission of at least one of the set of estimated positioning markers, the associated training information or the set of measured SRSs is in response to the request.

6. Device according to claim 5, characterized in that the application comprises an attached New Radio (NR) Positioning Protocol (NRPP) (NRPPa) message.

7. Device, according to claim 5, characterized in that at least one processor is additionally configured to: receive a configuration for the set of SRSs associated with the request. Petition 870250085357, dated 09 / 22 / 2025, pp. 268 / 294 3 / 12 8. Apparatus, according to claim 7, characterized in that the configuration comprises an indication for measuring at least one of: a time-of-arrival difference (TDoA) associated with the set of SRSs; an angle of arrival (AoA) associated with the set of SRSs; or a round-trip time between multiple cells (multi-RTT) associated with the set of SRSs.

9. Device according to claim 1, characterized in that at least one processor is additionally configured to: estimate the set of estimated positioning markers based on at least one of the associated training information, the marking assistance information, or the set of measured SRSs.

10. Apparatus, according to claim 1, characterized in that the set of measured SRSs comprises at least one of: a relative time of arrival (RTOA); a received power of the reference signal (RSRP); a received power on the path of the reference signal (RSRPP); angle of arrival (AoA); a target line identification (LOS); a first probability of the RTOA; a second probability of the RSRP; a third probability of the RSRPP; a fourth probability of the AoA; Petition 870250085357, dated 09 / 22 / 2025, p. 269 / 294 4 / 12 a first range of the RTOA; a second range of the RSRP; a third range of the RSRPP; a fourth range of the AoA; a channel impulse response (CIR); a channel frequency response (CFR); or a power delay profile (PDP).

11. Apparatus, according to claim 1, characterized in that the set of estimated positioning markers comprises at least one of: a relative time of arrival (RTOA); a received power of the reference signal (RSRP); a received power on the path of the reference signal (RSRPP); angle of arrival (AoA); a target line identification (LOS); a first probability of the RTOA; a second probability of the RSRP; a third probability of the RSRPP; a fourth probability of the AoA; a first range of the RTOA; a second range of the RSRP; a third range of the RSRPP; a fourth range of the AoA; a channel impulse response (CIR); a channel frequency response (CFR); a power delay profile (PDP); an indication of a wireless device location; or a time of arrival (ToA).

12. Device according to claim 1, characterized in that at least one processor is additionally configured to: receive, from a network entity, at least one of the set of estimated positioning markers or marking assistance information.

13. Device according to claim 12, characterized in that at least one processor is configured to: transmit to the network entity a request for at least one of the set of estimated position markers or marking assistance information, wherein the reception of at least one of the set of estimated position markers or marking assistance information is in response to the request.

14. Device according to claim 13, characterized in that the application comprises an attached New Radio (NR) Positioning Protocol (NRPP) (NRPPa) message.

15. Device according to claim 13, characterized in that at least one processor is additionally configured to: receive a configuration for the set of SRSs in response to a request.

16. Device according to claim 15, characterized in that the configuration comprises an indication for measuring at least one of: Petition 870250085357, dated 09 / 22 / 2025, pp. 271 / 294 6 / 12 a time difference of arrival (TDoA) associated with the set of SRSs; an angle of arrival (AoA) associated with the set of SRSs; or a round-trip time between multiple cells (multi-RTT) associated with the set of SRSs.

17. Device according to claim 1, characterized in that the dialing assistance information comprises at least one of: a frame number associated with a subset of the estimated position marker set; a slot index associated with the subset of the estimated position marker set; an orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) symbol associated with the subset of the estimated position marker set; a hyperframe number associated with the subset of the estimated position marker set; or an indication of a Coordinated Universal Time (UTC) timing associated with the subset of the estimated position marker set.

18. Device according to claim 1, characterized in that the associated training information comprises at least one of: a frame number associated with the set of measured SRSs; a slot index associated with the set of measured SRSs; Petition 870250085357, dated 09 / 22 / 2025, p.272 / 294 7 / 12 an orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) symbol associated with the measured set of SRSs; a hyperframe number associated with the measured set of SRSs; a first indication of a Coordinated Universal Time (UTC) timing associated with the measured set of SRSs; a second indication of a first network node location; a third indication of a second transmit / receive point (TRP) location associated with the network node; a fourth indication of an implementation error; a feature mapping associated with the set of SRSs; a fifth indication of a marker quality; a sixth indication of a quality associated with at least one of the measured set of SRSs; or a beam angle associated with the measured set of SRSs.

19. Device according to claim 1, characterized in that the wireless device comprises a user equipment (UE) or a positioning reference unit (PRU).

20. Device, according to claim 1, characterized by further comprising a transceiver coupled to at least one processor, wherein, to receive the set of SRSs, the at least one processor is configured to: Petition 870250085357, dated 09 / 22 / 2025, pp. 273 / 294 8 / 12 receive, via the transceiver, the set of SRSs from the wireless device.

21. Device for wireless communication in a network entity characterized by comprising: a memory; and at least one processor coupled to the memory and, based at least in part on the information stored in the memory, the at least one processor being configured to: transmit, to a network node, a configuration for a set of probe reference signals (SRSs) from a wireless device; receive at least one of a set of measured SRSs, a first set of estimated position markers or associated training information associated with the set of SRSs; and transmit at least one of a second set of estimated position markers, marking assistance information, the set of measured SRSs or the associated training information associated with the set of SRSs to a positioning model.

22. Apparatus, according to claim 21, characterized in that, to emit at least one of the second set of estimated positioning markers, the marking assistance information, the set of measured SRSs or the associated training information, at least one processor is configured to: train the positioning model based on at least one of the second set of estimated positioning markers, the marking assistance information, the set of measured SRSs or the associated training information.

23. Apparatus, according to claim 21, characterized by further comprising a transceiver coupled to at least one processor, wherein, to transmit at least one of the second set of estimated positioning markers, the marking assistance information, the set of measured SRSs or the associated training information, the at least one processor is configured to: transmit, via the transceiver, to the network node at least one of the second set of estimated positioning markers or the marking assistance information to train the positioning model.

24. Device according to claim 23, characterized in that at least one processor is additionally configured to: receive from the network node a request for at least one of the second set of estimated position markers or marking assistance information, wherein the transmission of at least one of the second set of estimated position markers or marking assistance information is in response to the request.

25. Device according to claim 21, characterized in that at least one processor is additionally configured to: transmit a request for at least one of the set of measured SRSs, the first set of estimated positioning markers, or the associated training information, wherein the reception of at least one of the set of measured SRSs, the first set of estimated positioning markers, or the associated training information is in response to the request.

26. Device according to claim 21, characterized in that at least one processor is additionally configured to: estimate the second set of estimated positioning markers based on at least one of the measured set of SRSs, the first set of estimated positioning markers, or the associated training information.

27. Apparatus, according to claim 21, characterized in that the first set of estimated positioning markers comprises at least one of: a relative time of arrival (RTOA); a received power of the reference signal (RSRP); a received power on the path of the reference signal (RSRPP); angle of arrival (AoA); a target line identification (LOS); a first probability of the RTOA; a second probability of the RSRP; a third probability of the RSRPP; a fourth probability of the AoA; a first range of the RTOA; a second range of the RSRP; a third range of the RSRPP; a fourth range of the AoA; Petition 870250085357, dated 09 / 22 / 2025, p. 276 / 294 11 / 12 a channel impulse response (CIR); a channel frequency response (CFR); a power delay profile (PDP); an indication of a wireless device location; or a time of arrival (ToA).

28. Device according to claim 27, characterized in that, to receive the first set of estimated position markers, at least one processor is configured to: receive, from the wireless device, a first subset of the first set of estimated position markers; or receive, from the network node, a second subset of the first set of estimated position markers.

29. A wireless communication method in a network node characterized by comprising: receiving a set of probe reference signals (SRSs) from a wireless device; measuring the set of SRSs; and emitting at least one of a set of estimated position markers, associated training information, or marking assistance information associated with the measured set of SRSs to a positioning model.

30. Wireless communication method in a network entity characterized by comprising: transmitting, to a network node, a configuration for a set of SRSs from a wireless device; Petition 870250085357, dated 09 / 22 / 2025, pp. 277 / 294 12 / 12; receiving at least one of a set of measured sounding reference signals (SRSs), a first set of estimated position markers, or associated training information associated with the set of SRSs; and transmitting at least one of a second set of estimated position markers, marking assistance information, the set of measured SRSs, or the associated training information associated with the set of SRSs to a positioning model. Petition 870250085357, dated 09 / 22 / 2025, pp. 278 / 294

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