Low velocity atomic beam generating device, physical package, and physical package system

Abstract

The high-temperature cell (116) includes an optical window provided at one end of the high-temperature cell (116) and passing the laser light (132) therethrough, and a right-angle conical mirror (102) provided at the other end of the high-temperature cell (116) and having an opening portion (106) at the apex, reflecting a portion of the laser light (132) incident from the optical window toward the one end outside the opening portion (106). A magnetic field generating device (112) generates a magnetic field at a region where the laser light reflected by the right-angle conical mirror (102) intersects. A magnetic field gradient relaxation module (130) generates a relaxation magnetic field that relaxes the gradient of the magnetic field generated by the magnetic field generating device (112) at the opening portion (106).

Description

Technical Field

[0001] This invention relates to a low-speed atomic beam generation device, physical packaging, physical packaging for optical lattice clocks, physical packaging for atomic clocks, physical packaging for atomic interferometers, physical packaging for quantum information processing equipment, and physical packaging systems. Background Technology

[0002] The optical lattice clock is an atomic clock proposed in 2001 by Hidetoshi Katori, one of the inventors of this application. In an optical lattice clock, atomic clusters are enclosed within an optical lattice formed by laser light, measuring the resonant frequency in the visible light region. Therefore, it can perform measurements with 18-bit precision, far exceeding the accuracy of current cesium clocks. The optical lattice clock has not only been the subject of intensive research and development by the inventors, but also by various domestic and international organizations, and is being developed into the next generation of atomic clocks.

[0003] Regarding recent optical lattice clock technology, examples include the following patent documents 1-3. Patent document 1 describes forming a one-dimensional movable optical lattice inside an optical waveguide with a hollow channel. Patent document 2 describes a scheme for setting an effective magic frequency. In fact, the magic wavelength has been theoretically and experimentally determined using elements such as strontium, ytterbium, mercury, cadmium, and magnesium. Furthermore, patent document 3 describes a radiation shielding device that reduces the influence of blackbody radiation emitted from the surrounding walls.

[0004] Optical lattice clocks, due to their high-precision timekeeping, can detect even a 1cm difference in elevation on Earth, based on the general relativistic effects of gravity, as a deviation in the course of time. Therefore, if optical lattice clocks can be miniaturized and made portable for field use outside research facilities, their applications will expand to new geodetic technologies such as underground resource exploration, underground cavern detection, and magma chamber detection. By mass-producing and deploying optical lattice clocks in various locations, continuous monitoring of temporal variations in gravitational potential will enable applications such as crustal movement detection and spatial mapping of gravitational fields. Thus, optical lattice clocks are expected to transcend the limitations of high-precision timekeeping and contribute to society as a new fundamental technology.

[0005] Furthermore, in recent years, research has been advancing into precision measuring devices that utilize low-velocity atoms cooled by lasers to near absolute zero. In such precision measuring devices, high-flow-rate and efficient generation of low-velocity atomic beams is crucial.

[0006] As a device that can be considered for generating low-speed atomic beams, i.e., a low-speed atomic beam generator, the aforementioned optical lattice clock can be cited as an example. Furthermore, neutral atoms cooled to extremely low temperatures have recently attracted attention as qubits in quantum computing. In quantum computers using cooled atoms as qubits, compared to other qubits using electron spin or nuclear spin in solids or liquids, they are less susceptible to environmental influences. Therefore, quantum information can be preserved for extended periods. Additionally, the potential to increase the number of qubits using Bose condensation technology is anticipated.

[0007] In addition, in recent years, attempts have been made to apply the magneto-optical trap (MOT) method between multiple different energy levels of atoms.

[0008] Non-Patent Document 1 describes an experiment in which calcium (Ca) atoms are simultaneously used from the ground state. 1 S0 is in an excited state 1 The magneto-optical trap for the transition of P1, and for the transition from 1 P1 is a metastable state. 3 The atom undergoing the P2 transition utilizes the energy from... 3 P2 direction 3 The magneto-optical trap of the D3 transition. From the metastable state. 3 P2 energy level towards 3 The transition to the D3 level has a narrow natural width, which allows for a long lifetime and cooling to low temperatures.

[0009] Non-Patent Document 2 describes an experiment in which the ytterbium (Yb) atom is simultaneously used to utilize the energy from its ground state. 1 S0 is in an excited state 1 The magneto-optical trap for the transition of P1, and the use of... 1 S0 direction 3 The magneto-optical trap for the P1 transition. The former transition has a wide natural width, while the latter transition has a narrow natural width. By using them simultaneously, atoms can be trapped with a relatively low magnetic field gradient compared to using a single transition, which can lead to a simplification and cost reduction of the device.

[0010] Non-patent document 3 discusses that in achieving a wide capture speed range and low cooling temperature in two-stage cooling, it is difficult to achieve two-stage cooling with the same MOT device because the optimal magnetic field of each magneto-optical trap is different.

[0011] Here, we will explain the two-stage cooling process.

[0012] When atoms in each energy level are captured by a magneto-optical trap, the acceleration a0 of the captured atoms is described by equation (1) as shown below under the thermal insulation condition.

[0013] [Mathematical Expression 1]

[0014]

[0015] Δμ represents the effective magnetic moment, and dB / dz represents the magnetic gradient. The Doppler temperature T of the trapped atoms... D As shown in equation (2) below.

[0016] [Mathematical Expression 2]

[0017]

[0018] Acceleration a0 and Doppler temperature T D As shown in equation (3) below.

[0019] [Mathematical Expression 3]

[0020]

[0021] Equation (4) is derived from equations (1) and (3).

[0022] [Mathematical Expression 4]

[0023]

[0024] Once the transition used for atomic cooling or atomic trapping is selected, the natural width (γ) of the transition is determined. Based on this natural width, the Doppler temperature T is uniquely given by equation (2). D Equation (3) uniquely gives the maximum acceleration, and Equation (1) uniquely gives the magnetic field gradient. For example, if we want to increase the magnetic field gradient to shorten the deceleration distance, we will use transitions with a large natural width, which means that the Doppler temperature has to be increased. On the other hand, if we want to decrease the Doppler temperature, we will use transitions with a small natural width, which means that the magnetic field gradient has to be decreased.

[0025] When considering that the maximum acceleration varies depending on the transition, if the contents of (1) and (2) above can be realized in different spaces while applying magneto-optical traps to multiple energy levels, and an appropriate magnetic field gradient corresponding to the energy level of each atom is given, then it is expected that a further cooled atomic beam can be generated efficiently.

[0026] Existing technical documents

[0027] Patent documents

[0028] Patent Document 1: Japanese Patent No. 6206973

[0029] Patent Document 2: Japanese Patent Publication No. 2018-510494

[0030] Patent Document 3: Japanese Patent Application Publication No. 2019-129166

[0031] Non-patent literature

[0032] Non-patent literature 1: J. Grünert et al., “Sub-Doppler magneto-optical trap for calcium”, Phys. Rev. A 65 (2002) 041401

[0033] Non-patent literature 2: A. Kawasaki et al. “Two-color magneto-optical trap with small magnetic field for ytterbium” J. Phys. B Mol Opt. Phys. 48 (2015) 155302.

[0034] Non-patent document 3: Hidetoshi Katori.Tetsuya Ido.Yoshitomo Isoya.and MakotoKuwata-Gonokami. "Magneto-Optical Trapping and Cooling of Strontium Atoms downto the Photon Recoil Temperature".Phys.Rev.Lett.82.1116.1999 Summary of the Invention

[0035] The problem the invention aims to solve

[0036] As described in the aforementioned non-patent document 3, it is difficult to achieve two-stage cooling using the same MOT device in the existing configuration of the MOT device.

[0037] The object of the present invention is to realize, in the same device, a magneto-optical trap for atoms at a certain energy level and another magneto-optical trap for atoms at a different energy level.

[0038] Solution for solving the problem

[0039] One aspect of the present invention is a low-speed atomic beam generation device, characterized in that it comprises: a high-temperature tank, the high-temperature tank including: an atomic source; an optical window disposed at one end of the high-temperature tank and allowing laser light to pass through; and a mirror disposed at the other end of the high-temperature tank and having an opening at the apex, reflecting a portion of the laser light incident from the optical window outside the opening toward the one end; a heater that generates atomic gas from the atomic source within the high-temperature tank by heating the high-temperature tank; a magnetic field generating device that generates a magnetic field in the region where the laser light, after being reflected by the mirror, intersects; and a magnetic field gradient mitigation module that generates a mitigating magnetic field at the opening to mitigate the gradient of the magnetic field generated by the magnetic field generating device, and forms an atomic beam from the atomic gas using a magneto-optical trap implemented by the laser and the magnetic field, allowing the atomic beam to exit from the opening to the outside.

[0040] According to the above configuration, the gradient of the magnetic field generated by the magnetic field generating device is mitigated at the opening by the magnetic field gradient mitigation module. This creates strong and weak magnetic field gradients, and different magneto-optical traps are achieved by each magnetic field gradient. In other words, a magneto-optical trap for atoms at a specific energy level and another magneto-optical trap for atoms at a different energy level are realized. This can be achieved using the same low-speed atomic beam generating device.

[0041] Alternatively, the magnetic field generating device may be an anti-Helmholtz coil that forms a magnetic field gradient, and the magnetic field gradient mitigation module may be a coil having a similar shape to the anti-Helmholtz coil but with current flowing in the opposite direction to that of the anti-Helmholtz coil.

[0042] Alternatively, the magnetic field generating device may be a cylindrical permanent magnet that forms a magnetic field gradient, and the magnetic field gradient mitigation module may have a shape similar to the cylindrical permanent magnet and be magnetized in the opposite orientation to the cylindrical permanent magnet.

[0043] Alternatively, the magnetic field generating device can generate a magnetic field gradient, and the magnetic field gradient mitigation module can include a soft magnet that mitigates the internal magnetic field gradient by absorbing the magnetic flux inside it.

[0044] Alternatively, the opening may be formed in a location other than the axis of the laser.

[0045] Alternatively, the atomic source could be, for example, strontium or ytterbium. Using the above configuration, a low-velocity atomic beam of strontium or ytterbium can be generated. Strontium or ytterbium is merely one example; other elements whose saturated vapor pressure is too low at room temperature to produce a sufficient atomic gas can also be used. The set temperature of the heater can also be varied depending on the element used. For example, by setting the heater to a temperature at which an atomic gas of the element used can be obtained, a sufficient atomic gas of that element can be obtained.

[0046] The high-temperature bath has, for example, a right-angled conical shape with 2n (n = 2 or more) axis symmetry, or a right-angled quadrangular pyramid shape. That is, the high-temperature bath can have a cylindrical shape or a multi-faceted pyramid shape.

[0047] One aspect of the present invention is a physical package, characterized in that it comprises: the aforementioned low-speed atomic beam generation device; and a vacuum cavity that surrounds the clock transition space in which atoms are arranged.

[0048] One aspect of the present invention is a physical package for an optical lattice clock, characterized in that it includes the physical package.

[0049] One aspect of the present invention is a physical package for an atomic clock, characterized in that it includes the physical package.

[0050] One aspect of the present invention is a physical package for an atomic interferometer, characterized in that it includes the physical package.

[0051] One aspect of the present invention is a physical package for a quantum information processing device targeting atoms or ionized atoms, characterized in that it includes the physical package.

[0052] One aspect of the present invention is a physical packaging system, comprising: the physical package; and a control device that controls the operation of the physical package.

[0053] Invention Effects

[0054] According to the present invention, a magneto-optical trap for atoms at a certain energy level and another magneto-optical trap for atoms at a different energy level can be realized in the same device. Attached Figure Description

[0055] Figure 1 This is a block diagram illustrating the overall configuration of an optical lattice clock according to an embodiment.

[0056] Figure 2 This is a schematic diagram showing the configuration of the low-speed atomic beam generation apparatus of the first embodiment.

[0057] Figure 3 This is a schematic diagram showing the configuration of the low-speed atomic beam generation apparatus of the first embodiment.

[0058] Figure 4 This is a 3D view showing the high-temperature bath and the magnetic field gradient easing module.

[0059] Figure 5 This is a 3D view showing the high-temperature bath and the magnetic field gradient easing module.

[0060] Figure 6This is a graph showing the calculated results of the magnetic field distribution.

[0061] Figure 7 This is a graph showing the magnetic field curve.

[0062] Figure 8 This is a graph showing the magnetic field curve.

[0063] Figure 9 This is a schematic diagram showing the configuration of the low-speed atomic beam generation apparatus of the first embodiment.

[0064] Figure 10 It is a diagram illustrating energy transitions.

[0065] Figure 11 This is a schematic diagram illustrating the configuration of the low-speed atomic beam generation apparatus of the second embodiment. Detailed Implementation

[0066] <The Composition of an Optical Lattice Clock>

[0067] Reference Figure 1 The general configuration of the optical lattice clock 10 of the low-speed atomic beam generation apparatus using this embodiment will be described. Figure 1 This is a block diagram showing the overall configuration of the optical lattice clock 10. Here, the optical lattice clock 10 is used as an example of an apparatus for using a low-speed atomic beam generation device, but the low-speed atomic beam generation device of this embodiment can of course also be used in apparatuses other than the optical lattice clock 10.

[0068] The optical lattice clock 10 includes, for example, a physics package 12, an optical system device 14, a control device 16, and a PC (personal computer) 18.

[0069] The physical package 12 is a device that captures atomic clusters and encloses them in an optical lattice to induce clock transitions. The optical system device 14 is a device equipped with optical devices such as an atom-capturing laser source, a clock transition-excitation laser source, and a laser frequency control device. In addition to sending laser light to the physical package 12, the optical system device 14 also receives fluorescence signals emitted by atomic clusters within the physical package 12, converts them into electrical signals, and feeds them back to the laser source to match the resonant frequencies of the atoms. The control device 16 is a device that controls the physical package 12 and the optical system device 14. The control device 16 performs analytical processing, such as controlling the operation of the physical package 12, controlling the operation of the optical system device 14, and analyzing the frequency of the clock transitions obtained through measurement. Through the cooperation of the physical package 12, the optical system device 14, and the control device 16, the function of the optical lattice clock 10 is realized.

[0070] PC18 is a general-purpose computer containing a processor and memory. The functions of PC18 are implemented by software executed by the hardware containing the processor and memory. An application program for controlling the optical lattice clock 10 is installed on PC18. PC18 is connected to control device 16, and can control not only control control device 16, but also the entire optical lattice clock 10, including the physical package 12 and the optical system device 14. In addition, PC18 provides the user interface (UI) for the optical lattice clock 10. Users can use PC18 to start the optical lattice clock 10, measure time, and confirm results.

[0071] Furthermore, a system that includes the physical package 12 and the components required for controlling the physical package 12 is sometimes referred to as a "physical package system". The components required for control can be contained in the control device 16 or PC 18, or they can be contained in the physical package 12. In addition, some or all of the functions of the control device 16 can also be contained in the physical package 12.

[0072] The low-speed atomic beam generation apparatus of this embodiment will be described in detail below.

[0073] <The configuration of the low-speed atomic beam generation apparatus of the first embodiment>

[0074] Reference Figure 2 The configuration of the low-speed atomic beam generation apparatus of the first embodiment will be explained. Figure 2 This diagram schematically illustrates the configuration of the low-speed atomic beam generating apparatus 100 according to the first embodiment. Hereinafter, the axis parallel to the long side direction of the low-speed atomic beam generating apparatus 100 will be referred to as the Z-axis.

[0075] The low-speed atomic beam generation device 100 generally includes a high-temperature section and a room-temperature section. It is a device that realizes magneto-optical traps for atoms at a certain energy level and other magneto-optical traps for atoms at different energy levels by locally forming magnetic fields with different gradients.

[0076] The high-temperature section includes: a right-angle conical mirror 102, an optical window 104, an opening 106, a heater 108, a sample 110, a magnetic field generating device 112, a thermometer 114, and a high-temperature bath 116.

[0077] The room temperature section includes: a flange 118, a heat radiation shield 120, a heat insulation support rod 122, a cooling filter window 124, a vacuum-resistant window 126, and a vacuum-resistant electrical connector 128.

[0078] The high-temperature section also includes a magnetic field gradient mitigation module 130.

[0079] The high-temperature tank 116 has a shape that is axially symmetric about the Z-axis. For example, the high-temperature tank 116 has a shape that is 2n (n = 2 or more) axially symmetric about the Z-axis. Specifically, the high-temperature tank 116 has a right-angled conical shape that is 2n (n = 2 or more) axially symmetric. The high-temperature tank 116 can have a cylindrical shape or a polygonal pyramidal shape.

[0080] The high-temperature bath 116 includes: a sample 110 serving as an atomic source; an optical window 104 disposed at one end of the high-temperature bath 116 to allow laser light to pass through; and a right-angle conical mirror 102 disposed at the other end of the high-temperature bath 116. An axisymmetric space about the Z-axis is formed inside the high-temperature bath 116, and a right-angle conical mirror 102 is disposed on its inner surface opposite the optical window 104 at one end. Furthermore, if the high-temperature bath 116 has a shape that is 4-fold axisymmetric about the Z-axis, a right-angled square pyramidal mirror is used instead of the right-angle conical mirror 102. The right-angle conical mirror 102 causes laser light (laser 132 described later) incident from the optical window 104 into the space inside the high-temperature bath 116 to be reflected towards the optical window 104. Additionally, an opening 106 is formed at the apex of the right-angle conical mirror 102. The opening 106 is a hole formed at its apex. Since the apex is located on the Z-axis, the opening 106 is also located on the Z-axis. As will be described later, the atomic beam exits from the opening 106 and exits to the outside of the high-temperature tank 116.

[0081] A thermometer 114 is installed on the side of the high-temperature bath 116 to measure the temperature of the high-temperature bath 116. The thermometer 114 is, for example, a thermocouple thermometer or a resistance thermometer using platinum or the like.

[0082] A heater 108 for heating the high-temperature bath 116 and a magnetic field generating device 112 for generating a magnetic field are provided on the outer peripheral surface of the high-temperature bath 116. A magnetic field gradient mitigation module 130 is provided inside the magnetic field generating device 112. The magnetic field gradient mitigation module 130 will be described in detail later.

[0083] The magnetic field generating device 112 uses the magneto-optical trap (MOT) method to generate a magnetic field inside the high-temperature tank 116 for trapping atoms. The magnetic field generating device 112 can be disposed on the outer peripheral surface of the high-temperature tank 116 or on the inner surface of the thermal radiation shield 120.

[0084] The magnetic field generating device 112 is, for example, a coil. The coil is, for example, an anti-Helmholtz coil having a shape that is axially symmetric about the Z-axis and in which the current flows anti-symmetrically relative to its central axis. By allowing current to flow through the coil, a gradient magnetic field is formed. To form a larger gradient magnetic field, for example, it is necessary to wind a wire with a larger diameter with more turns to allow a larger current to flow. Of course, other types of coils can also be used.

[0085] When the set temperature of the high-temperature bath 116 is below 250°C, coated copper wires that can withstand this temperature are used as coils.

[0086] When the low-speed atomic beam generating apparatus 100 is used in a high-temperature environment, such as when the high-temperature bath 116 is set to a temperature of 270°C, uncoated copper wire is used as a coil. For example, a bobbin made of alumina ceramic or the like is used, and grooves are formed on the bobbin to prevent adjacent copper wires from contacting each other. The copper wires are wound onto the bobbin using these grooves as guides.

[0087] As another example, the magnetic field generating device 112 can also be a permanent magnet. A permanent magnet can be, for example, a pair of permanent magnets that are axially symmetric rings and antisymmetrically magnetized relative to their central axis. As another example, a permanent magnet can also be a permanent magnet with an axially symmetric cylindrical shape covering the high-temperature tank 116 and magnetized in the radial direction. Of course, other types of permanent magnets can also be used. The same gradient magnetic field is formed by the permanent magnet.

[0088] In addition, a permanent magnet with a Curie temperature that is sufficiently large compared to the set temperature is used. For example, samarium cobalt magnets, alnico magnets, or strontium ceramic magnets are used as permanent magnets in this embodiment.

[0089] The magnetic field generating device 112 forms a quadrupole magnetic field distribution suitable for the right-angled conical mirror 102. The high-temperature bath 116 can also have a right-angled square pyramid shape instead of a right-angled cone shape. That is, a right-angled square pyramid mirror can also be used instead of the right-angled conical mirror 102.

[0090] As another example, the magnetic field generating device 112 can also consist of 2n (n=2 or more) rectangular or saddle-shaped coils of equal shape disposed on the side of the high-temperature bath 116 surrounding the 2n (n=2 or more) rotational symmetry axis (on the outer peripheral surface of the high-temperature bath 116). For example, the control device 16 generates a two-dimensional quadrupole magnetic field from the magnetic field generating device 112 by causing the currents of the coils facing each other across the 2n rotational symmetry axis to flow in opposite directions.

[0091] Furthermore, as another example, the magnetic field generating device 112 can also consist of 2n identically shaped permanent magnets (permanent magnets with a cross-section of four sides or a circular arc) disposed on the side of the high-temperature tank 116 surrounding the 2n rotational symmetry axis (the outer circumferential surface of the high-temperature tank 116). The permanent magnets are magnetized in a direction angular to the symmetry axis (circumferentially surrounding the symmetry axis). Additionally, the permanent magnets facing each other across the 2n rotational symmetry axis have opposite magnetization directions. Thus, a quadrupole magnetic field is formed.

[0092] Heater 108 heats the high-temperature bath 116 to bring it to a set temperature. For example, heater 108 heats a portion or the entire high-temperature bath 116. Heating by heater 108 causes the atomic source to transition from a solid to a gaseous state, generating atomic gas which is released into the interior space of the high-temperature bath 116. Furthermore, heating by heater 108 prevents the atomic gas from condensing again upon collision with the optical window 104 or the inner wall of the high-temperature bath 116. The transition of the atomic source from a solid to a gaseous state can be achieved not only by heater 108 but also by laser ablation.

[0093] The sample 110 contains an atomic source and is housed in a small chamber located on the side of the inner wall of the high-temperature bath 116. The sample 110 can be inserted and removed through the opening 106, or by disassembling the low-speed atomic beam generating device and removing the optical window.

[0094] The material used in the high-temperature bath 116 is one that does not chemically react with or alloy with the atomic gas at the set temperature.

[0095] The temperature of the high-temperature bath 116 is set such that the saturated vapor pressure of the sample 110 is sufficiently large compared to the vacuum level of the environment in which the sample 110 is placed, and the saturated vapor pressure of the heated parts, such as the high-temperature bath 116, is sufficiently small. For example, when the atomic source is strontium (Sr), the set temperature of the high-temperature bath 116 is set to 270°C.

[0096] The materials for the right-angle conical mirror 102 and the high-temperature bath 116 are, for example, aluminum, aluminum-coated metal, aluminum-coated insulator, silver, silver-coated metal, silver-coated insulator, SUS (stainless steel), or glass coated with an optical multilayer film. The insulator is, for example, ceramic (e.g., high-purity alumina) or glass.

[0097] The material of the right-angle conical mirror 102 can be the same as or different from the material of the high-temperature bath 116. For example, if the material of the right-angle conical mirror 102 is the same as that of the high-temperature bath 116, its surface can be machined into a mirror finish by mechanically grinding the surface that functions as the right-angle conical mirror 102. If the material of the right-angle conical mirror 102 is different from that of the high-temperature bath 116, the surface that functions as the right-angle conical mirror 102 can be coated with aluminum or silver. Alternatively, an optical multilayer film can be coated onto the surface that functions as the right-angle conical mirror 102.

[0098] For the materials used in the right-angle conical mirror 102 and the high-temperature bath 116, materials that have low vapor pressure when heated to a set temperature and whose gas release is suppressed under ultra-high vacuum can be used. Materials used in the right-angle conical mirror 102 and the high-temperature bath 116 can also be materials that, when heated to a set temperature, allow the right-angle conical mirror 102 to have sufficient reflectivity for the incident laser (laser 132 described later), and whose surface does not chemically react with or alloy with the atomic gas, thus maintaining sufficient reflectivity. Furthermore, the surface of the right-angle conical mirror 102 is ground to a surface roughness sufficiently small relative to the wavelength of the incident laser.

[0099] As the material for the optical window 104, a material that maintains translucency at a set temperature (e.g., sapphire) is used. A film capable of maintaining translucency at a set temperature may also be formed on the optical window 104, including sapphire. For example, a titanium dioxide / silicon dioxide multilayer film may also be formed on the optical window 104 using electron beam evaporation.

[0100] The thermal radiation shield 120 is provided to prevent thermal radiation to components disposed around the low-speed atomic beam generating apparatus 100. The thermal radiation shield 120 is configured to cover the heater 108, the magnetic field generating device 112, and the high-temperature bath 116. That is, the heater 108, the magnetic field generating device 112, and the high-temperature bath 116 are disposed within the space surrounded by the thermal radiation shield 120. For example, a material with low surface emissivity (e.g., mirror-finished aluminum or mirror-finished stainless steel) is used. Alternatively, multiple thermal radiation shields 120 can be stacked. For example, when using a double-layer sheet, by making the outer sheet from a material with high magnetic permeability such as permalloy, it is possible to serve as both a thermal radiation shield and an electromagnetic shield.

[0101] The windows are arranged in the following order on the Z-axis: optical window 104, cooling filter window 124, and vacuum-resistant window 126. The optical window 104 is positioned opposite the right-angle conical mirror 102 at one end of the high-temperature bath 116.

[0102] The vacuum-resistant window 126 can be made of materials such as Pyrex (registered trademark) glass or quartz glass. Alternatively, an anti-reflective coating or other film that maintains translucency can be applied to the surface of the vacuum-resistant window 126.

[0103] The cooling filter window 124 is coated with a coating that increases the reflectivity at the center wavelength of the spectrum of radiation from the high-temperature region. It is positioned between the optical window 104 and the vacuum-resistant window 126 in the optical path of the laser incident on the optical window 104, preventing heat from flowing from the optical window 104 to the vacuum-resistant window 126. Alternatively, an anti-reflective coating "specifically for lasers incident on the optical window 104" may be applied to the cooling filter window 124. The material of the cooling filter window 124 may be, for example, the same material as the vacuum-resistant window 126. Alternatively, a heat ray cutting filter may be used instead of the cooling filter window 124.

[0104] The heat-insulating support rod 122 extends from the high-temperature groove 116 to the flange 118. A material with low thermal conductivity is used as the material for the heat-insulating support rod 122 to prevent heat from flowing from the high-temperature section to the room-temperature section, thereby improving the thermal efficiency of the heater in the high-temperature section and maintaining the temperature stability of the room-temperature section. For example, magnesium oxide or talc ceramic is used as the material for the heat-insulating support rod 122.

[0105] The vacuum-resistant electrical connector 128 is a hermetic connector used for receiving and transmitting electrical signals between vacuum space and atmospheric space. The vacuum-resistant electrical connector 128 is used, for example, for signal input / output of the thermometer 114, current supply to the heater 108, and current supply to the magnetic field generating device 112. Furthermore, for ease of explanation, in... Figure 2 Wiring is not shown.

[0106] The flange 118 is a physical package for assembling the low-speed atomic beam generation device 100 into atomic clock devices such as the optical lattice clock 10 or an atom interferometer, or into a physical package for assembling a quantum computer device that uses atoms as qubits. The physical package includes a vacuum container; the high-temperature bath 116 of the low-speed atomic beam generation device 100 is used in an ultra-high vacuum environment, and the interior of the high-temperature bath 116 is maintained at an ultra-high vacuum. Therefore, the flange 118 has a sealing mechanism for sealing the vacuum, such as a metal gasket. Furthermore, heat may transfer from the high-temperature section to the flange 118. To address this, a water-cooling mechanism can also be provided in the flange 118.

[0107] The magnetic field gradient mitigation module 130 will now be described. The magnetic field gradient mitigation module 130 is positioned closer to the magnetic field generating device 112 than the magnetic field generating device 112 (i.e., closer to the opening 106 than the magnetic field generating device 112) and within a narrower range in the Z-axis direction than the magnetic field generating device 112, mitigating the gradient of the magnetic field generated by the magnetic field generating device 112 in and around the opening 106. Furthermore, the magnetic field gradient mitigation module 130 is not positioned in the area surrounded by the high-temperature tank 116, i.e., the area where the right-angle conical mirror 102 is formed, but rather in the high-temperature tank 116 itself. In this way, the laser 132 will not be obstructed by the magnetic field gradient mitigation module 130 and will be incident on the right-angle conical mirror 102, and reflected by the right-angle conical mirror 102.

[0108] An axisymmetric space about the Z-axis is formed inside the high-temperature bath 116. Figure 2 In the example shown, regions A and B, indicated by dashed lines, are formed. Regions A and B are regions surrounded by the high-temperature bath 116. Region B is closer to the opening 106 than region A, and region A is farther away from the opening 106 than region B.

[0109] The magnetic field generating device 112 is designed to create a magnetic field gradient that is as uniform as possible within the space inside the high-temperature bath 116 (i.e., the space containing regions A and B). The magnetic field gradient mitigation module 130 is designed not to affect the magnetic field generated in region A, but to locally create a magnetic field gradient in region B. In other words, the magnetic field gradient mitigation module 130 is designed to be narrower than the entire region containing regions A and B where the magnetic field is generated by the magnetic field generating device 112, creating a magnetic field gradient in region B, which is inside this entire region. For example, the magnetic field gradient mitigation module 130 is positioned around the opening 106 with the Z-axis as its center, creating a magnetic field gradient in region B.

[0110] The magnetic field gradient mitigation module 130 is designed, for example, to have a shape similar to that of the magnetic field generating device 112, and to realize magnetic poles with signs opposite to those formed by the magnetic field generating device 112.

[0111] For example, when the magnetic field generating device 112 is an anti-Helmholtz coil centered on the Z-axis, the magnetic field gradient mitigation module 130 is an anti-Helmholtz coil with a similar shape to the anti-Helmholtz coil, and is arranged around the opening 106 with the Z-axis as its center. The direction of the current flowing through each coil is set such that the current flows in opposite directions in the anti-Helmholtz coil of the magnetic field generating device 112 and the anti-Helmholtz coil of the magnetic field gradient mitigation module 130. That is, the direction of the current in each coil is set such that in the anti-Helmholtz coil of the magnetic field gradient mitigation module 130, the current flows in a direction opposite to the direction of the current flowing through the anti-Helmholtz coil of the magnetic field generating device 112.

[0112] As another example, when the magnetic field generating device 112 is a cylindrical permanent magnet magnetized in the radial direction, the magnetic field gradient mitigation module 130 is a cylindrical permanent magnet having a similar shape to the cylindrical permanent magnet, and is a permanent magnet magnetized in the opposite direction to the permanent magnet of the magnetic field generating device 112.

[0113] Moreover, as yet another example, magnetic field gradient mitigation modules are made of soft magnets with high permeability, such as permalloy. Figure 3 The image shows a low-speed atomic beam generation device using soft magnets. Figure 3 The magnetic field gradient mitigation module 130a shown is a soft magnet. A soft magnet with high permeability absorbs the magnetic flux around it. The absorbed magnetic flux is mitigated. For example, the magnetic field gradient mitigation module 130a includes a ring-shaped soft magnet, arranged at a distance equal to its radius from the center of the quadrupole magnetic field generated by the magnetic field generating device 112. The magnetic field gradient mitigation module including the ring-shaped soft magnet can also be configured such that its axis is parallel to the central axis of the magnetic field generating device 112 and their center points coincide.

[0114] exist Figure 4 The image shows a specific example of assembling a magnetic field gradient mitigation module into a high-temperature bath 116. Figure 4 This is a perspective view showing a high-temperature bath 116 and a magnetic field gradient mitigation module 130a including a soft magnet. In the high-temperature bath 116, a groove 116a is formed around the opening 106. An annular magnetic field gradient mitigation module 130a is embedded in this groove 116a. Alternatively, a magnetic field gradient mitigation module 130 including an annular permanent magnet may be embedded in the groove 116a.

[0115] exist Figure 5 Another specific example is shown in the figure. Figure 5 This is a perspective view showing a high-temperature bath 116 and a magnetic field gradient mitigation module 130a including a soft magnet. In the high-temperature bath 116, a protrusion 116b is formed around an opening 106. An annular magnetic field gradient mitigation module 130a is embedded in this protrusion 116b. Alternatively, a magnetic field gradient mitigation module 130 including an annular permanent magnet may be embedded in the protrusion 116b.

[0116] exist Figure 6 The diagram shows the calculated results of the magnetic field distribution formed by the magnetic field generating device 112 and the magnetic field gradient mitigation module 130. Calculation results A1 and A2 are the calculated results of the magnetic field distribution formed by the magnetic field generating device 112. Calculation results B1 and B2 are the calculated results when the magnetic field gradient mitigation module 130, which includes two parallel ring-shaped soft magnets, is used, and are the calculated results of the magnetic field distribution formed by the magnetic field generating device 112 and the magnetic field gradient mitigation module 130. Calculation results C1 and C2 are the calculated results when the magnetic field gradient mitigation module 130, which includes cylindrical soft magnets, is used, and are the calculated results of the magnetic field distribution formed by the magnetic field generating device 112 and the magnetic field gradient mitigation module 130.

[0117] The calculation results A1, B1, and C1 show the magnetic field mapping using hues (saturation) to represent the magnetic field strength. The calculation results A2, B2, and C2 show the contour lines of the magnetic field.

[0118] Calculation results A1 and A2 show that, for example, at Z=0 (vertical axis), contour lines with equal spacing are formed in the radial direction (horizontal axis), indicating a uniform magnetic field gradient. In contrast, calculation results B1, B2, C1, and C2 show that although contour lines remain unchanged from calculation results A1 and A2 at locations far from the center, sparse contour lines form near the center, indicating a region where the magnetic field gradient is mitigated.

[0119] exist Figure 7 The image shows the magnetic field profiles corresponding to the calculated results B1 and B2. Figure 8 The diagram shows the magnetic field curves corresponding to the calculated results C1 and C2. Figure 7 , Figure 8 In (a) and (c), the vertical axis represents the magnetic field; in (b) and (d), the vertical axis represents the gradient of the magnetic field. Figure 7 , 8 In (a) and (b), the horizontal axis represents the distance in the radial direction, while in (c) and (d), the horizontal axis represents the distance in the z-axis direction.

[0120] Figure 7 , Figure 8 Curve D1 in the diagram is the magnetic field curve formed by the magnetic field generating device 112 and the magnetic field gradient mitigation module 130. Curve D2 is the magnetic field curve formed by the magnetic field generating device 112 alone without using the magnetic field gradient mitigation module 130. It can be understood that by using the magnetic field gradient mitigation module 130, the magnetic field gradient can be locally mitigated.

[0121] As described above, by setting up the magnetic field generating device 112 and the magnetic field gradient mitigation module 130, a strong magnetic field gradient is formed in region A and a weak magnetic field gradient is formed in region B. That is, in region B, the strong magnetic field gradient generated by the magnetic field generating device 112 is mitigated by the magnetic field gradient mitigation module 130, thereby locally forming a weak magnetic field gradient.

[0122] The following is for reference Figure 2 , Figure 9 and Figure 10 To illustrate the operation of the low-speed atomic beam generating device 100. Figure 9 This is a schematic diagram showing the configuration of the low-speed atomic beam generation apparatus of the first embodiment. Figure 10 It is a diagram illustrating energy transitions.

[0123] like Figure 2 and Figure 9 As shown, laser 132 is incident on the low-speed atomic beam generating apparatus 100 from the outside through a vacuum-resistant window 126. Laser 132 has circular polarization (e.g., σ+). The laser 132 incident on the low-speed atomic beam generating apparatus 100 is incident on a cooling filter window 124 and an optical window 104, and is reflected twice by a right-angle conical mirror 102 within a high-temperature tank 116 (refer to reference numeral 136). The reflected laser 132 has circular polarization (e.g., σ-) opposite to its path, and is incident on the outside of the low-speed atomic beam generating apparatus 100 after passing through the optical window 104, the cooling filter window 124, and the vacuum-resistant window 126.

[0124] Figure 2 The laser 134 shown is a push laser that is transmitted along the Z-axis from the outside of the low-speed atomic beam generating device 100 through the vacuum window 126 and into the low-speed atomic beam generating device 100.

[0125] The atomic source is heated by the heater 108, causing the atoms to evaporate and be released into the space inside the high-temperature tank 116. The atomic gas is then trapped and cooled inside the high-temperature tank 116 using a magneto-optical trap.

[0126] A magnetic field gradient is generated within the space of the high-temperature bath 116 (including regions A and B) by the magnetic field generating device 112, and the magnetic field gradient in region B is mitigated by the magnetic field gradient mitigation module 130. For example, forming Figure 7or Figure 8 The magnetic field and magnetic field gradient shown in the magnetic field curve D1 are illustrated.

[0127] By using the reflected laser 132 and the magnetic field formed by the magnetic field generating device 112 and the magnetic field gradient mitigation module 130, a trapping space for trapping atoms is formed inside the high-temperature tank 116, thereby realizing a magneto-optical trap (MOT) for trapping atoms.

[0128] Reference Figure 10 To explain the magneto-optical trap in detail. First, by utilizing the magneto-optical trap with energy transitions indicated by reference numeral 140, atoms are bound within... Figure 2 On the central axis of region A shown. A portion of the atoms bound in region A are transported to region B by laser 134, which acts as a driving laser, and are utilized. Figure 10 The magneto-optical trap, indicated by reference numeral 142 in the attached figure, is confined to an energy transition and then cooled to a low temperature.

[0129] In other words, it utilizes the ground state 1 S0 is in an excited state 1 The magneto-optical trap for the transition of P1, and for the transition from 1 P1 is a metastable state. 3 The atom undergoing the P2 transition utilizes the energy from... 3 P2 direction 3 The magneto-optical trap for the D3 transition was realized in the same low-speed atomic beam generation device 100. From the metastable state... 3 P2 energy level towards 3 The transition to the D3 level has a narrow natural width, which allows for a long lifetime and cooling to low temperatures.

[0130] Atoms, trapped and cooled using a magneto-optical trap, are emitted from the opening 106 to the outside of the high-temperature tank 116 via a laser 134 acting as a driving laser. A low-speed atomic beam is formed from the atoms emitted in this manner. Furthermore, an opening is formed in the thermal radiation shield 120 along the Z-axis, and the low-speed atomic beam emitted from the high-temperature tank 116 exits from the opening in the thermal radiation shield 120 to the outside of the thermal radiation shield 120.

[0131] Furthermore, according to the low-speed atomic beam generation apparatus 100, the entire high-temperature bath 116, including the optical window 104, is heated, in addition to the sample 110. Therefore, even elements whose saturated vapor pressure is too low to produce sufficient atomic gas at room temperature can be obtained by increasing their saturated vapor pressure through heating. For example, strontium can be used as the atomic source. By heating the high-temperature bath 116 to approximately 270°C, sufficient atomic gas can be obtained even when strontium is used as the atomic source. Additionally, a high-flow-rate cooled atomic beam can be generated by using a magneto-optical trap. Moreover, elements other than strontium can be used as the atomic source, even if their saturated vapor pressure is low at room temperature. For example, ytterbium can also be used as the atomic source.

[0132] In addition, since the area around the heated high-temperature bath 116, except for the opening 106 that outputs the low-speed atomic beam, is covered by the heat radiation shield 120 or the cooling filter window 124, the heat radiation emitted by the high-temperature part can be suppressed.

[0133] Regarding the miniaturization of the low-speed atomic beam generation apparatus, the length of the heat-insulating support rod 122, which bears the main heat conduction between the high-temperature section and the room-temperature section, is an important parameter. Magnesium oxide (MgO) is suitable as the material for the heat-insulating support rod 122, considering the amount of outgas in a UHV environment. From the viewpoint of heat release, it is preferable to have three heat-insulating support rods 122. Of course, this number is just an example, and a number other than three is also possible. Aluminum, which has high reflectivity and is not easily chemically reactive with atomic gases, is preferably used as the material for the high-temperature tank 116. By using aluminum, a lightweight metal, the low-speed atomic beam generation apparatus can be made lighter, and the risk of deformation of the support rods can be reduced.

[0134] <The configuration of the low-speed atomic beam generation apparatus in the second embodiment>

[0135] Reference Figure 11 The configuration of the low-speed atomic beam generation apparatus of the second embodiment will be explained. Figure 11 This is a schematic diagram showing the configuration of the low-speed atomic beam generation apparatus 200 according to the second embodiment.

[0136] The low-speed atomic beam generation apparatus 200 of the second embodiment includes a high-temperature tank 202 instead of the high-temperature tank 116 of the low-speed atomic beam generation apparatus 100 of the first embodiment. The configuration of the low-speed atomic beam generation apparatus 200, except for the high-temperature tank 202, is the same as that of the low-speed atomic beam generation apparatus 100. Therefore, the configuration of the high-temperature tank 202 will be described below, and descriptions of the configuration other than the high-temperature tank 202 will be omitted. Furthermore, in Figure 11In the example, a magnetic field gradient mitigation module 130a including a soft magnet is shown as a magnetic field gradient mitigation module, but a magnetic field gradient mitigation module 130 can also be used.

[0137] A right-angle conical mirror 102 is provided on the inner surface of the high-temperature tank 202, similar to that in the first embodiment. In the second embodiment, no opening 106 is formed at the apex of the right-angle conical mirror 102, but a channel 204 extending along the X-axis orthogonal to the Z-axis is formed near the apex. The channel 204 extends along the X-axis and penetrates the high-temperature tank 202.

[0138] Similar to the first embodiment, a gradient magnetic field is formed in the space inside the high-temperature bath 202 (including regions A and B) by the magnetic field generating device 112, and the magnetic field gradient in region B is mitigated by the magnetic field gradient mitigation module 130a (or magnetic field gradient mitigation module 130).

[0139] By irradiating the channel 204 with an optical lattice beam and slightly varying the wavelength of the beam, the optical lattice can be moved in the direction of the beam's travel. The moving unit formed by this moving optical lattice allows atoms trapped in region B to move within the channel 204. The atoms moving within the channel 204 are then output to the outside through the opening 206. A low-speed atomic beam is formed from these output atoms.

[0140] According to the second embodiment, similar to the low-speed atomic beam generating apparatus 100 of the first embodiment, two-stage cooling can be achieved in the same low-speed atomic beam generating apparatus 200. Furthermore, according to the second embodiment, it has the advantage that the laser 132 used in the magneto-optical trap will not leak from the opening 106 to the outside.

[0141] <The Composition of Physical Package 12>

[0142] The physical package 12 of the optical lattice clock of this embodiment will now be described. The physical package 12 includes: the low-speed atomic beam generation apparatus 100 of the first embodiment, a vacuum cavity surrounding the clock transition space where atoms are arranged, and a mechanism for realizing the magneto-optical trap and clock transition within the vacuum cavity. The operation of the physical package 12 will now be described.

[0143] In the physical encapsulation 12, the interior of the vacuum cavity is evacuated. A low-speed atomic beam, sufficiently slowed by the low-speed atomic beam generating device 100, exits from the device and arrives at the magneto-optical trap (MOT) device within the vacuum cavity. Within the MOT device, a magnetic field with a linear spatial gradient is formed centered on the trapping space for the trapped atoms, and MOT light is also irradiated. Thus, atoms are trapped in the trapping space. The low-speed atomic beam arriving at the MOT device is slowed down in the trapping space, thereby trapping clusters of atoms within the trapping space. Additionally, an optical lattice beam is incident into the trapping space and reflected by an optical resonator disposed within the vacuum cavity, thereby forming an optical lattice potential formed by a standing wave extending in the direction of the optical lattice beam's travel. Clusters of atoms are trapped by this optical lattice potential.

[0144] By slightly altering the wavelength, the optical lattice can be moved along the direction of the optical beam. Through the moving units formed by this moving optical lattice, clusters of atoms are moved to the clock transition beam splitting region. As a result, the clock transition space is deflected from the beam axis of the low-speed atomic beam.

[0145] In the clock transition space, atoms are irradiated with a frequency-controlled laser, and high-precision beam splitting (i.e., resonant transitions of atoms that serve as the clock reference) is performed to measure the inherent and invariant frequencies of the atoms. This enables the realization of an accurate atomic clock. Furthermore, beam splitting can be performed within the capture space without moving the atomic cluster from the capture space to the clock transition space.

[0146] To improve the accuracy of atomic clocks, it is necessary to eliminate disturbances around the atoms and accurately read the frequency. Of particular importance is eliminating the frequency shift caused by the Doppler effect resulting from the thermal motion of the atoms. In optical lattice clocks, the motion of the atoms is frozen by using an optical lattice created by laser interference to confine the atoms within a space sufficiently small compared to the wavelength of the clock laser. On the other hand, within the optical lattice, the frequency of the atoms can deviate due to the laser that forms the lattice. Therefore, by selecting a specific wavelength and frequency, known as the "magic wavelength" or "magic frequency," as the optical lattice beam, the influence of the optical lattice on the resonant frequency is eliminated.

[0147] The result of the clock transition is that the emitted light is received by the optical system device 14 and the frequency is determined by the control device 16 through beam splitting and other processes.

[0148] Alternatively, the low-speed atomic beam generating apparatus 200 of the second embodiment can be used instead of the low-speed atomic beam generating apparatus 100 of the first embodiment.

[0149] In the above description, an optical lattice clock was used as an example. However, those skilled in the art can apply the techniques of each embodiment to other than optical lattice clocks. Specifically, it can also be applied to atomic clocks other than optical lattice clocks or to atomic interferometers that use atoms as interferometers. For example, it can also be used to construct a physical package for an atomic clock that includes the low-speed atomic beam generation device and vacuum cavity of the embodiment, or a physical package for an atomic interferometer. In addition, this embodiment can also be applied to various quantum information processing devices targeting atoms or ionized atoms. Quantum information processing devices refer to devices that use the quantum states of atoms or light to perform measurement, sensing, and information processing. In addition to atomic clocks and atomic interferometers, examples include magnetometers, electric field meters, quantum computers, quantum simulators, quantum repeaters, etc. In the physical package of quantum information processing devices, miniaturization or portability can be achieved in the same way as the physical package of optical lattice clocks by using the techniques of the embodiment. Furthermore, it should be noted that in such devices, the clock transition space is sometimes not a space for time measurement, but is merely used as a space for causing the splitting of light that causes clock transitions.

[0150] In these devices, by using the low-speed atomic beam generation apparatus of each embodiment, elements for which sufficient atomic gas cannot be obtained at room temperature due to low saturated vapor pressure can be used. Furthermore, these devices can be miniaturized and made portable.

[0151] In the above description, specific solutions have been shown for ease of understanding. However, these are merely illustrative embodiments, and various other embodiments can also be adopted.

[0152] Explanation of reference numerals in the attached figures

[0153] 10 Optical lattice clock; 12 Physical packaging; 14 Optical system device; 16 Control device; 100, 200 Low-speed atomic beam generation device; 102 Right-angle conical mirror; 104 Optical window; 106 Opening; 108 Heater; 110 Sample; 112 Magnetic field generating device; 116 High-temperature bath; 120 Thermal radiation shield; 130, 130a Magnetic field gradient mitigation module; 132, 134 Laser.

Claims

1. A low-speed atomic beam generation device, characterized in that, Include: A high-temperature bath, comprising: an atomic source; an optical window disposed at one end of the high-temperature bath and allowing laser light to pass through; and a mirror disposed at the other end of the high-temperature bath and having an opening at the apex, reflecting a portion of the laser light incident from the optical window outside the opening toward the one end. A heater that generates atomic gas from the atomic source within the high-temperature bath by heating the high-temperature bath. A magnetic field generating device that generates a magnetic field in the region where lasers cross after being reflected by the mirror; as well as A magnetic field gradient mitigation module is designed to have a shape similar to that of the magnetic field generating device, to realize magnetic poles with signs opposite to those formed by the magnetic field generating device, and to generate a mitigating magnetic field at the opening that mitigates the gradient of the magnetic field generated by the magnetic field generating device. The atomic gas forms an atomic beam by using a magneto-optical trap, which is formed by a laser and a magnetic field generated by the magnetic field generating device and the magnetic field gradient easing module. The atomic beam exits from the opening to the outside.

2. The low-speed atomic beam generation apparatus according to claim 1, characterized in that, The magnetic field generating device is an anti-Helmholtz coil that forms a magnetic field gradient. The magnetic field gradient easing module is a coil with a shape similar to the anti-Helmholtz coil, but with current flowing in the opposite direction to that of the anti-Helmholtz coil.

3. The low-speed atomic beam generation apparatus according to claim 1, characterized in that, The magnetic field generating device is a cylindrical permanent magnet that forms a magnetic field gradient. The magnetic field gradient mitigation module has a shape similar to the cylindrical permanent magnet and is magnetized in the opposite orientation to the cylindrical permanent magnet.

4. The low-speed atomic beam generation apparatus according to claim 1, characterized in that, The magnetic field generating device creates a magnetic field gradient. The magnetic field gradient mitigation module includes a soft magnet that mitigates the internal magnetic field gradient by absorbing the magnetic flux within it.

5. The low-speed atomic beam generation apparatus according to any one of claims 1 to 4, characterized in that, The opening is formed in a location other than the axis of the laser.

6. The low-speed atomic beam generating apparatus according to any one of claims 1 to 4, characterized in that, The atomic source is strontium.

7. The low-speed atomic beam generating apparatus according to any one of claims 1 to 4, characterized in that, The atomic source is ytterbium.

8. The low-speed atomic beam generating apparatus according to any one of claims 1 to 4, characterized in that, The high-temperature tank has a right-angled cone shape that is 2n-axis symmetric, where n is an integer greater than or equal to 2.

9. The low-speed atomic beam generating apparatus according to any one of claims 1 to 4, characterized in that, The high-temperature tank has a right-angled quadrangular pyramid shape.

10. A physical package, characterized in that, Include: The low-speed atomic beam generating apparatus according to any one of claims 1 to 9; and A vacuum cavity, which surrounds the clock transition space where atoms are arranged.

11. A physical package for an optical lattice clock, characterized in that, Includes the physical package as described in claim 10.

12. A physical encapsulation for an atomic clock, characterized in that, Includes the physical package as described in claim 10.

13. A physical package for an atomic interferometer, characterized in that, Includes the physical package as described in claim 10.

14. A physical package for a quantum information processing device targeting atoms or ionized atoms, characterized in that, Includes the physical package as described in claim 10.

15. A physical packaging system, characterized in that, Include: The physical package as described in claim 10; and A control device that controls the actions of the physical package.

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