A reusable energy-absorbing automatic support device and energy-absorbing support method

Abstract

A reusable energy-absorbing automatic support device and energy-absorbing support method, the device: the outer support sleeve is arranged outside the inner rod body, six front supports are connected to the front end of the front retaining ring, and six strip-shaped sliding grooves are arranged on the front section pipe body; six rear supports slidingly arranged in the six strip-shaped sliding grooves are fixedly connected to the circular retaining disc; the six anchor rods are hingedly connected to the six front supports, six sliding small sleeves are slidingly arranged outside the six anchor rods, and the six support rods are hingedly connected to the six sliding small sleeves and the six rear supports at the front end and the rear end respectively; the outer fixed sleeve is connected to the end of the outer support sleeve, the inner locking pipe body is sleeved on the end of the inner rod body and slidingly arranged in the outer fixed sleeve, and the inner sliding pipe body is slidingly arranged in the outer fixed sleeve and connected to the pressing rod. The method comprises the following steps: drilling a hole and installing the support device; monitoring the state, replacing the energy-absorbing tray when it fails; and recycling the components when the support is completed. The device and method can effectively meet the continuous energy-absorbing support requirements.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] This invention belongs to the field of underground tunnel and mine roadway support technology, specifically relating to a reusable energy-absorbing automatic support device and energy-absorbing support method. Background Technology

[0002] Rock bolt support is an active support method that plays a crucial role in underground engineering support in my country. The three main theories commonly used in rock bolt support are composite beams, composite arches, and suspended beams. This method primarily involves creating an anchoring zone in the shallow part of the surrounding rock and applying pre-tightening force to the rock surface, thereby forming a support zone in the shallow part of the surrounding rock. Traditional energy-absorbing rock bolts utilize anchoring agents or rock bolt components to form a large anchor body at the bottom of the borehole. This method is simple and effective in generating a large anchoring force in the surrounding rock, thus providing tunnel support. However, existing energy-absorbing rock bolts have the following problems in practical engineering: First, they cannot meet the requirement of continuous energy absorption under high stress; second, the energy-absorbing rock bolts will fail after exceeding the energy absorption range; third, they are all one-time energy-absorbing supports and cannot be reused; fourth, the rod body and related components cannot be reused; fifth, automatic anchoring cannot be achieved; and sixth, issues with the performance of the anchoring agent materials can easily lead to the rod body detaching from the surrounding rock, affecting the energy-absorbing support. Therefore, it is necessary to solve the problem of anchor detachment and replace the pollution caused by anchoring agents; to achieve the continuous energy absorption function of energy-absorbing anchors and enable their recycling to save support costs; and to enable real-time monitoring of energy-absorbing anchors to facilitate timely implementation of corresponding measures and ensure the safety and stability of the roadway. Therefore, there is an urgent need for a continuous energy-absorbing anchor suitable for roadway stability support under continuous high stress, capable of real-time monitoring and enabling the recycling and reuse of all components.

[0003] In order to effectively solve the above problems, there is an urgent need to provide an energy-absorbing support device and method that can effectively deal with energy absorption failure and anchoring agent performance issues, meet the continuous energy absorption requirements, and be reusable multiple times. Summary of the Invention

[0004] To address the problems existing in the prior art, this invention provides a reusable energy-absorbing automatic support device and energy-absorbing support method. This device has strong support capacity, significant energy absorption effect, and is environmentally friendly and pollution-free. It can effectively adapt to working conditions with continuous high stress and pressure, and can effectively meet continuous energy absorption needs, ensuring the stability of roadway support. This support method has ideal support effect, excellent energy absorption effect, and good environmental performance. It has continuous energy absorption capacity, can monitor the support status in real time, is recyclable and reusable, and can effectively prevent disasters caused by deep high stress in roadways, showing broad application prospects.

[0005] To achieve the above objectives, the present invention provides a reusable energy-absorbing automatic support device, comprising an inner rod, a circular baffle, an outer support sleeve, a telescopic sleeve, a pressing rod, an umbrella-shaped anchor head, a sensor, an energy-absorbing tray, a washer, and a nut. The circular baffle is fixedly fitted on the outer side of the front part of the inner rod body, and divides the inner rod body into a front section rod body and a rear section rod body; The inner diameter of the outer support sleeve is larger than the outer diameter of the inner rod. The outer support sleeve consists of a front retaining ring, a front section of the tube, a rear section of the tube, and a rear retaining ring. The inner diameter of the front section of the tube is larger than the inner diameter of the front retaining ring and larger than the outer diameter of the circular retaining plate. The front end of the front section of the tube is coaxially fixedly connected to the rear end of the front retaining ring, and a front limiting step is formed at the connection between the two on the inner side of the outer support sleeve. The inner diameter of the rear retaining ring is smaller than the inner diameter of the front section of the tube and smaller than the outer diameter of the circular retaining plate. The rear end of the front section of the tube and the front end of the rear section of the tube are coaxially fixedly connected. On opposite sides of the rear retaining ring, and at the connection between the front section tube and the rear retaining ring, a rear limiting step is formed inside the outer support sleeve; six strip-shaped sliding grooves are evenly opened in the rear circumference of the rear section tube; the outer support sleeve is coaxially sleeved on the outside of the inner rod, and the front retaining ring is slidably sleeved on the outside of the front section rod, and the rear retaining ring is slidably sleeved on the outside of the rear section rod. The rear retaining ring is limited and matched with the circular retaining plate through the rear limiting step, and when the rear retaining ring abuts against the circular retaining plate, the end of the rear section tube is located in front of the end of the rear section rod. The telescopic sleeve consists of an outer fixed sleeve, an inner locking tube body, and an inner sliding tube body. The outer fixed sleeve comprises a large-diameter tube body A located at the front and a small-diameter tube body A coaxially connected to the rear end of the large-diameter tube body A. The front end of the large-diameter tube body A is coaxially fixedly connected to the rear end of the rear tube body. The outer surface of the small-diameter tube body A is provided with an external thread structure. The front end of the small-diameter tube body A is provided with multiple ratchet teeth spaced apart circumferentially. The front section of the small-diameter tube body A has multiple strip-shaped guide grooves evenly formed circumferentially between the multiple ratchet teeth. Each ratchet tooth consists of two consecutive wedge-shaped teeth with the same bevel direction, forming a wedge-shaped groove between adjacent wedge-shaped teeth. The inner locking tube body consists of a large-diameter section tube B located at the front and a small-diameter section tube B coaxially connected to the rear end of the large-diameter section tube B. The outer diameter of the large-diameter section tube B is adapted to the inner diameter of the large-diameter section tube A, and its inner diameter is adapted to the outer diameter of the inner rod. Multiple locking bars are uniformly fixedly connected to the outer circumference of the large-diameter section tube B. The multiple locking bars are adapted to multiple strip-shaped guide grooves, and the rear ends of the multiple locking bars are exposed. On the rear side of the small-diameter section pipe B, and with multiple locking blocks having corresponding beveled teeth at their rear ends, the outer diameter of the small-diameter section pipe B is adapted to the inner diameter of the small-diameter section pipe A. The inner locking pipe body is axially slidable and radially rotatable, fitted onto the outside of the end of the inner rod body via the large-diameter section pipe B. Simultaneously, the inner locking pipe body is axially slidable inside the telescopic sleeve, and multiple locking blocks are slidably inserted into multiple strip-shaped guide grooves, or the multiple beveled teeth at the rear ends of the multiple locking blocks correspond to the multiple wedge-shaped grooves at the front ends of the small-diameter section pipe A. The inner sliding tube body is meshed with the inner diameter of the small diameter section tube body A, and its inner diameter is meshed with the outer diameter of the small diameter section tube body B. Multiple strip-shaped sliders are uniformly fixedly connected to the outer circumference of the front section of the inner sliding tube body, and multiple positive gear teeth are continuously provided on the front end of the inner sliding tube body. The inner sliding tube body is located behind the inner locking tube body and is axially slidably inserted into the small diameter section tube body A. The multiple strip-shaped sliders are correspondingly inserted into multiple strip-shaped guide grooves, and the multiple positive gear teeth on the front end of the inner sliding tube body mesh with multiple inclined teeth. The outer diameter of the pressing rod is smaller than the inner diameter of the small diameter section tube A. It is axially slidably inserted into the small diameter section tube A, and its front end is fixedly fitted onto the outside of the end of the inner sliding tube. The umbrella-shaped anchor head consists of a spring, a front support, a rear support, anchor rods, sliding sleeves, and support rods. The spring is fitted onto the outside of the front section of the rod and located inside the front section of the tube. The front end of the spring abuts against the front limiting step, and its rear end abuts against the front end of the circular baffle. Six front supports are circumferentially and evenly fixedly connected to the edge of the rear end of the front baffle. Six rear supports are correspondingly and slidably arranged in six strip sliding grooves and are circumferentially and evenly fixedly connected to the outer surface of the circular baffle. Six anchor rods are circumferentially and evenly distributed on the outside of the front section of the tube, and their front ends are correspondingly hinged to the six front supports. Six sliding sleeves are slidably assembled onto the outside of the rear sections of the six anchor rods. Six support rods are circumferentially and evenly distributed on the outside of the rear section of the tube, and their rear ends are correspondingly hinged to the six rear supports, and their front ends are correspondingly hinged to the six sliding sleeves. The sensor is a ring structure that is slidably sleeved on the outside of the small-diameter section pipe A. The sensor has the function of stress detection based on its own stress changes, and at the same time, it has the function of detecting the displacement change of the energy-absorbing tray based on the change of the compression amount of the energy-absorbing tray. A signal line is connected to it. The energy-absorbing tray consists of multiple honeycomb rigid frames and multiple rubber pads. Each honeycomb rigid frame consists of an inner ring, an outer ring, and a honeycomb connecting frame. The inner diameter of the inner ring is adapted to the outer diameter of the small-diameter section pipe A. The outer ring is coaxially fitted on the outside of the inner ring. The honeycomb connecting frame connects the inner ring and the outer ring. Multiple honeycomb rigid frames are arranged sequentially at intervals along the axial direction. Multiple rubber pads are placed in multiple spaces formed by the multiple honeycomb rigid frames, and the two end faces of each rubber pad are respectively connected to the end faces of the outer rings in two adjacent honeycomb rigid frames. The energy-absorbing tray and washer are slidably fitted on the outside of the small-diameter section pipe A, and the energy-absorbing tray is connected to the sensor in close contact; the nut is connected to the outside of the small-diameter section pipe A by threaded engagement, and is connected to the washer in close contact.

[0006] Furthermore, to prevent the sliding sleeve from sliding out of the end of the anchor rod, a limit block is fixedly connected to the end of the anchor rod.

[0007] Furthermore, to ensure support strength, the umbrella-shaped anchor head and the outer support sleeve are both made of 304 stainless steel, while the inner rod, support rod, pressing rod, telescopic sleeve, and anchor rod are all made of Q235 carbon steel.

[0008] Furthermore, in order to allow the front end of the inner rod to smoothly slide into the front retaining ring and the front section tube, and smoothly slide out of the front retaining ring and the front section tube, the front end of the inner rod is a pointed structure.

[0009] In this invention, a circular baffle is fixedly connected to the outer front part of the inner rod, and six rear supports are evenly connected to the circumference of the circular baffle, which facilitates the movable connection of the rear ends of the six support rods to the six rear supports. Six strip-shaped sliding grooves are formed on the rear circumference of the front section of the outer support sleeve. After the outer support sleeve is fitted onto the inner rod, the six rear supports are slidably inserted into the six strip-shaped sliding grooves before being fixedly connected to the circular baffle. This ensures axial sliding capability between the outer support sleeve and the inner rod, while the radial limiting effect of the six rear supports prevents relative rotation between the outer support sleeve and the inner rod. By uniformly fixing six front supports to the front retaining ring on the outer support sleeve, it is easy to movably connect the front ends of the six anchor rods to the six front supports. Then, six sliding sleeves are slidably fitted onto the rear sections of the six anchor rods. At the same time, the front ends of the six supports are movably connected to the six sliding sleeves respectively. In this way, the six supports and the six anchor rods can be movably connected. Furthermore, by changing the relative displacement between the inner rod and the outer support sleeve, the six sliding sleeves can be slid to different positions on the six anchor rods, thereby allowing the umbrella-shaped anchor head to reach an open or retracted state. A front limiting step is formed at the connection between the front section of the outer support sleeve and the front retaining ring. The two ends of the spring fitted around the inner rod abut against the front limiting step and the circular retaining plate, respectively. The spring provides elastic restoring force between the inner rod and the outer support sleeve. Thus, when the inner rod slides relative to the outer support sleeve towards the bottom of the hole, the elastic force automatically pushes the inner rod towards the hole opening, automatically achieving the inner rod's reset action. A rear limiting step is formed at the connection between the front section of the outer support sleeve and the rear retaining ring. This allows the limiting effect between the rear limiting step and the circular retaining plate to limit the maximum sliding stroke of the inner rod towards the hole opening. The large-diameter section A of the outer fixed sleeve is fixedly connected to the rear end of the rear section. This allows the fixedly connected outer fixed sleeve and outer support sleeve to serve as the main load-bearing rod of the support device, while also ensuring sufficient space for axial sliding of the inner rod at the axis.Multiple ratchet teeth are provided at the front end of the small-diameter section A of the outer fixed sleeve, and each ratchet tooth consists of two consecutively arranged wedge-shaped teeth, forming a wedge-shaped groove between the two wedge-shaped teeth. Multiple strip-shaped guide grooves are also provided between the ratchet teeth. At the same time, multiple locking blocks are uniformly fixed to the outer side of the large-diameter section B of the inner locking sleeve, and multiple inclined teeth are provided at the rear end of the multiple locking blocks. In this way, the multiple locking blocks can slide into the multiple strip-shaped guide grooves, so that the inner rod can move a certain distance relative to the outer support sleeve towards the orifice under the action of the spring, so that the circular baffle and the front baffle ring can reach the distance required for the contracted state, and the umbrella-shaped anchor head can return to the contracted state. At the same time, the multiple inclined teeth can also engage with the multiple wedge-shaped grooves in the multiple ratchet teeth, so that the inner rod can move a certain distance relative to the outer support sleeve towards the bottom of the orifice, so that the circular baffle and the front baffle ring can reach the distance required for the open state, and the umbrella-shaped anchor head can be converted to the open state. Multiple strip-shaped sliders are uniformly fixedly connected to the outer side of the front section of the inner sliding tube, and these sliders are slidably inserted into multiple strip-shaped guide grooves. Multiple positive gear teeth are continuously provided at the front end of the inner sliding tube, facilitating the action of these teeth on the multiple beveled teeth at the end of the inner locking tube. Thus, when the inner sliding tube needs to move relative to the outer fixed sleeve towards the bottom of the hole, the positive gear teeth can lift the multiple beveled teeth, guiding the inner locking tube to rotate relative to the inner rod at an angle. This allows the multiple locking bars to rotate to a position aligned with the multiple strip-shaped guide grooves, or the multiple beveled teeth at the rear end of the multiple locking bars to rotate to a position aligned with the multiple ratchet teeth at the front end of the small-diameter section tube A. The pressing rod is axially slidably inserted into the small-diameter section of pipe A, with its front end fixedly fitted onto the outside of the end of the inner sliding pipe. This facilitates pressing the inner sliding pipe towards the bottom of the hole, and consequently, allows the inner rod to be moved relative to the outer support sleeve towards the bottom of the hole via the inner locking pipe. This facilitates driving the umbrella-shaped anchor head from a retracted state to an open state, or vice versa. Thus, the change in support state can be automatically controlled solely by the pressing rod, significantly improving the automation of the support process and effectively simplifying the construction steps. An external thread structure is provided on the outer surface of the small-diameter section of pipe A, facilitating the assembly of sensors, energy-absorbing trays, washers, and nuts, thereby facilitating the anchoring operation of the support device. By designing the sensor as a ring structure and assembling it on the front of the energy-absorbing tray, it can detect changes in the stress of the surrounding rock in real time during interaction with the surrounding rock. At the same time, it can also detect changes in the compression of the energy-absorbing tray in real time by cooperating with the energy-absorbing tray. This allows for real-time monitoring of the energy absorption status of the energy-absorbing tray and timely detection of tray failure, which is conducive to taking remedial support measures in a timely manner and ensuring the safety and stability of the roadway.The energy-absorbing tray is composed of multiple honeycomb-shaped rigid frames and multiple rubber pads. This ensures sufficient rigidity while significantly increasing the energy absorption effect through the multiple rubber pads. The honeycomb-shaped rigid frame, consisting of an inner ring, an outer ring, and a honeycomb connecting frame, ensures sufficient compressive strength, thus guaranteeing the tray's rigidity meets support requirements. Because the umbrella-shaped anchor head has radial expansion capability when open, simply assembling it at the head of the support device and placing it in the borehole allows for expansion deformation of the umbrella-shaped anchor head around the front section of the pipe by pushing the inner rod inward. This ensures tight embedding into the surrounding rock, significantly improving the anchoring support effect. The umbrella-shaped anchor head allows for reliable installation of the support device without the use of anchoring agents, effectively ensuring support performance. This not only effectively solves the problem of anchoring detachment caused by suboptimal anchoring agent performance but also effectively avoids environmental pollution caused by chemical substances in anchoring agents. By employing an energy-absorbing tray located at the borehole opening as the primary energy-absorbing component, the tray can be easily removed and replaced after failure, effectively saving support costs. Furthermore, since the energy-absorbing tray uses rubber pads as its main energy-absorbing component, it can quickly return to its normal state after deformation upon recovery, facilitating repeated energy-absorbing support. This device boasts strong support capacity, significant energy absorption effect, is environmentally friendly and pollution-free, easily automates support operations, is highly reusable, effectively adapts to high-stress, continuous pressure conditions, and can effectively meet continuous energy absorption needs, ensuring the stability of roadway support and possessing broad application prospects.

[0010] The present invention also provides an energy-absorbing support method, which employs a reusable automatic energy-absorbing support device, comprising the following steps: Step 1: Drill holes into the surrounding rock surface of the area to be supported in the tunnel, and ensure that the diameter of the drill holes is slightly larger than the outer diameter of the umbrella-shaped anchor head in its contracted state; Step 2: Push the reusable energy-absorbing automatic support device into the borehole, and ensure that the umbrella-shaped anchor head reaches the bottom of the borehole. At the same time, ensure that the small-diameter section of pipe A is exposed at the borehole opening for a certain length. Step 3: Sequentially install the sensor, energy-absorbing tray, washer, and nut on the outside of the exposed small-diameter section of pipe A at the borehole opening; Step 4: Manually press the pressing rod once towards the bottom of the hole. The pressing rod pushes the inner sliding tube and inner rod relative to the outer support sleeve towards the bottom of the hole and compresses the spring. At the same time, push the rear support towards the front support. The movement of the rear support will spread multiple support rods outward and drive multiple sliding small sleeves to slide towards the front section of multiple anchor rods. This will further spread multiple anchor rods outward, so that the spread umbrella-shaped anchor head is embedded into the surrounding rock to a certain depth and generates greater friction. During the pressing of the pressing rod, the front end of the inner sliding tube pushes multiple locking blocks located in multiple strip guide grooves towards the bottom of the hole. When the multiple locking blocks are pushed out of the multiple strip guide grooves, the meshing action of multiple positive wheel teeth at the front end of the inner sliding tube and multiple inclined teeth at the rear end of the multiple locking blocks guides the inner locking tube to rotate radially by an angle, thereby causing the multiple locking blocks to rotate to a state where they are misaligned with the multiple strip guide grooves and the multiple inclined teeth are aligned with the multiple ratchet teeth. After the pressing pressure is removed, the spring's restoring force pushes the inner rod and the inner sliding tube to move towards the hole, thereby causing the multiple inclined teeth at the rear end of the multiple locking blocks to contact the multiple ratchet teeth at the front end of the small diameter section tube A. During the process of the inclined teeth contacting the wedge-shaped teeth in the corresponding ratchet teeth, they slide into the wedge-shaped slot through sliding engagement to achieve the positioning of the open state. Step 5: Use the lock to rotate the nut to make the sensor fit tightly against the surrounding rock surface at the orifice, so as to generate a large anchoring force at the head of the support device. When the torque force increases slightly, the umbrella-shaped anchor head achieves the best anchoring effect. Stop rotating the nut to complete the anchoring construction of a single reusable energy-absorbing automatic support device. Step Six: Using a certain spacing and row spacing, complete the anchoring support work for the entire surrounding rock of the tunnel; Step 7: During the support process, monitor the stress values ​​and displacement changes. The signal line of each reusable energy-absorbing automatic support device is connected to the monitoring equipment in the ground monitoring center. The sensors collect the stress signal and the compression signal of the energy-absorbing tray of each reusable energy-absorbing automatic support device in real time and send them to the monitoring equipment. The monitoring equipment obtains the stress data of the support device during the support process through the received stress signal and the compression deformation data of the energy-absorbing tray during the support process through the received compression signal, and displays it in real time on the display screen connected to it. Step 8: Technicians monitor the surrounding rock deformation and the energy absorption effect of the energy-absorbing tray in real time through the displayed monitoring data; when it is detected that the surrounding rock in a certain area of ​​the roadway is subjected to high stress and produces a large change in surface displacement, and the energy-absorbing tray is compressed and deformed under continuous high stress, a secondary anchoring support operation is carried out to achieve multiple energy-absorbing support operations without removing the inner rod. S81: Rotate the nut on the failed support device to remove it, and then take out the washer, deformed energy-absorbing tray and sensor in sequence; S82: If the deformed energy-absorbing tray can return to its initial state within a certain period of time under the combined action of multiple rubber pads and multiple honeycomb rigid frames, then the energy-absorbing tray can be reused; if the deformed energy-absorbing tray cannot return to its initial state, then a new energy-absorbing tray should be replaced. S83: Flatten the rock mass that protrudes outward due to deformation on the surface of the surrounding rock, and then install the sensor, energy-absorbing tray, washer and nut on the small-diameter section pipe A in sequence; S84: Tighten the nut with the lock to reapply the preload, so that the umbrella-shaped anchor head can generate a larger anchoring force again; Step 9: Once the tunnel has completed its predetermined service life, the support system shall be recycled. S91: Rotate the nut to remove it, then remove the washer, energy-absorbing tray and sensor in sequence; S92: Manually press the pressing rod once towards the bottom of the hole. The pressing rod pushes the inner sliding tube towards the bottom of the hole, so that the inner sliding tube lifts the inner locking tube. Through the meshing of multiple positive gear teeth and multiple bevel teeth, the inner locking tube is guided to rotate radially by an angle, thereby causing multiple locking blocks to rotate to be aligned with multiple strip guide grooves, and multiple bevel teeth to be misaligned with multiple ratchet teeth. When the pressing force is removed, under the action of the spring's return force, the inner rod and the inner sliding tube move towards the hole opening, thereby causing multiple locking blocks to slide into multiple strip guide grooves, and the rear support moves to a position away from the front support. The movement of the rear support drives multiple support rods to retract inward, and drives multiple sliding sleeves to slide towards the rear end of multiple anchor rods, further driving multiple anchor rods to retract inward, so that the umbrella-shaped anchor head retracts to the initial state. S93: After the umbrella-shaped anchor head retracts to its initial state, remove the support device from the borehole; S94: Repeat S91 to S93 to remove the support devices in the entire roadway in sequence and complete the overall recycling of each support device so that it can be reused in the next support operation. Step 10: Repeat steps 1 to 9 to achieve stable control of the surrounding rock in the roadway under high stress, and recycle the corresponding components to improve the support effect and save support materials.

[0011] This method, focusing on high support performance, continuous energy absorption, real-time monitoring, and environmental protection, replaces the traditional method of anchoring with anchoring agents. It employs an umbrella-shaped anchor head with expansion function, using a friction-based anchoring method with the surrounding rock. This allows for reliable anchor installation without anchoring agents, effectively ensuring support performance. This not only effectively solves the problem of anchor detachment caused by suboptimal anchoring agent performance but also effectively avoids groundwater pollution caused by chemicals in anchoring agents. A sensor with simultaneous monitoring functions for the compression of the energy-absorbing tray and the stress of the surrounding rock is installed at the end of the external fixed sleeve. This allows for real-time monitoring of the support effect of the support device and the stress characteristics of the surrounding rock under high stress, realizing unmanned monitoring technology in the energy-absorbing anchor support process and effectively reducing the need for regular inspections, thus improving the safety of workers. Simultaneously, under high stress, monitoring the deformation and stress of the energy-absorbing tray allows for the assessment of the energy absorption effect of the support device, effectively simplifying the monitoring process and facilitating timely implementation of corresponding preventative measures. Because the energy-absorbing tray is positioned at the orifice opening, it can be removed without replacing the support rod if it deforms and fails. This also facilitates replacement with a new tray, enabling repeated energy absorption. Before replacing the tray, leveling the surrounding rock at the orifice opening ensures effective support. Since the umbrella-shaped anchor head can switch between open and retracted states, it can be easily retracted by pushing the pressing rod after installation, allowing for convenient removal of all components. This enables zero-waste reuse of the support system, significantly reducing costs. This support method offers ideal support, excellent energy absorption, and good environmental performance. It provides continuous energy absorption, allows real-time monitoring of the support status, and is recyclable, achieving stable control of the surrounding rock and embodying a green and environmentally friendly support concept. It effectively prevents disasters caused by deep high stress in the roadway and has broad application prospects. Attached Figure Description

[0012] Figure 1 This is a schematic diagram of the state of the support device supporting the surrounding rock in this invention; Figure 2 This is a schematic diagram of the support device in its natural retraction state according to the present invention; Figure 3 This is a schematic diagram of the support device in this invention without the sensor, energy-absorbing tray, washer, and nut installed; Figure 4 yes Figure 3 A cross-sectional schematic diagram; Figure 5 This is a schematic diagram of the assembly of the umbrella-shaped anchor head with the inner rod and the outer support sleeve in this invention. Figure 6 yes Figure 5 A cross-sectional schematic diagram; Figure 7 This is an assembly diagram of the inner rod, spring, circular stop plate, rear support, support rod and sliding sleeve in this invention; Figure 8 This is an assembly diagram of the outer support sleeve, front support and anchor rod in this invention; Figure 9 This is a schematic diagram of the split structure of the telescopic sleeve in this invention; Figure 10 This is an assembly diagram of the small-diameter pipe body B and the small-diameter pipe body A in this invention; Figure 11 This is a schematic diagram of the energy-absorbing tray in this invention; Figure 12 This is a schematic diagram of the honeycomb rigid frame structure in this invention.

[0013] In the diagram: 1. Surrounding rock; 2. Drill hole; 3. Inner rod; 31. Circular baffle; 32. Rear rod section; 33. Front rod section; 4. Outer support sleeve; 41. Rear retaining ring; 42. Strip sliding groove; 43. Front tube section; 44. Rear tube section; 45. Front limiting step; 46. Rear limiting step; 47. Front retaining ring; 5. Umbrella-shaped anchor head; 51. Anchor rod; 52. Sliding sleeve; 53. Front support; 54. Rear support; 55. Support rod; 56. Spring; 6. Pressing rod; 7. Sensor; 8. Signal line; 9. Energy-absorbing tray; 91. Honeycomb rigid frame; 92. Inner ring; 93. 3. Rubber pad; 94. Outer ring; 95. Honeycomb connector; 10. Washer; 11. Nut; 12. Telescopic sleeve; 120. Small diameter section tube body B; 121. Inner locking tube body; 122. Strip guide groove; 123. Inner sliding tube body; 1231. Positive gear teeth; 124. Outer fixed sleeve; 125. Strip slider; 126. Locking strip block; 1261. Bevel teeth; 127. Large diameter section tube body A; 128. Small diameter section tube body A; 1281. Rattle teeth; 1282. Wedge teeth; 1283. Wedge groove; 129. Large diameter section tube body B; 13. External thread structure. Detailed Implementation

[0014] The invention will now be further described with reference to the accompanying drawings.

[0015] like Figures 1 to 12 As shown, the present invention provides a reusable energy-absorbing automatic support device, including an inner rod 3, a circular baffle 31, an outer support sleeve 4, a telescopic sleeve 12, a pressing rod 6, an umbrella-shaped anchor head 5, a sensor 7, an energy-absorbing tray 9, a washer 10, and a nut 11. The circular baffle 31 is fixedly fitted on the outer side of the front part of the inner rod 3, and divides the inner rod 3 into the front section rod 33 and the rear section rod 32; The inner diameter of the outer support sleeve 4 is larger than the outer diameter of the inner rod 3. The outer support sleeve 4 is composed of a front retaining ring 47, a front section tube 43, a rear section tube 44, and a rear retaining ring 41. The inner diameter of the front section tube 43 is larger than the inner diameter of the front retaining ring 47 and larger than the outer diameter of the circular retaining plate 31. The front end of the front section tube 43 is coaxially fixedly connected to the rear end of the front retaining ring 47, and a front limiting step 45 is formed at the connection between the two on the inner side of the outer support sleeve. The inner diameter of the rear retaining ring 41 is smaller than the inner diameter of the front section tube 43 and smaller than the outer diameter of the circular retaining plate 31. The rear end of the front section tube 43 and the front end of the rear section tube 44 are coaxially fixedly connected to the rear retaining ring 41. On opposite sides of the retaining ring 41, and at the connection between the front section tube 43 and the rear retaining ring 41, a rear limiting step 46 is formed inside the outer support sleeve; the rear section tube 44 is circumferentially provided with six strip-shaped sliding grooves 42; the outer support sleeve 4 is coaxially sleeved on the outside of the inner rod 3, and the front retaining ring 47 is slidably sleeved on the outside of the front section rod 33, and the rear retaining ring 41 is slidably sleeved on the outside of the rear section rod 32. The rear retaining ring 41 is limited and matched with the circular retaining plate 31 through the rear limiting step 46, and when the rear retaining ring 41 abuts against the circular retaining plate 31, the end of the rear section tube 44 is located in front of the end of the rear section rod 32. The telescopic sleeve 12 consists of an outer fixed sleeve 124, an inner locking tube body 121, and an inner sliding tube body 123. The outer fixed sleeve 124 consists of a large-diameter tube body A127 located at the front and a small-diameter tube body A128 coaxially connected to the rear end of the large-diameter tube body A127. The front end of the large-diameter tube body A127 is coaxially fixedly connected to the rear end of the rear tube body 44. The outer surface of the small-diameter tube body A128 is provided with an external thread structure 13. The front end of the small-diameter tube body A128 is provided with multiple ratchet teeth 1281 spaced apart in the circumferential direction. The front section of the small-diameter tube body A128 is provided with multiple strip-shaped guide grooves 122 evenly in the circumferential direction between the multiple ratchet teeth 1281. Each ratchet tooth 1281 is composed of two continuous wedges with the same inclined plane direction. The device consists of teeth 1282, forming a wedge-shaped groove 1283 between adjacent teeth 1282. All wedge-shaped teeth 1282 located at the front end of the small-diameter section A128 have the same inclined surface direction. The inner locking tube 121 consists of a large-diameter section B129 located at the front and a small-diameter section B120 coaxially connected to the rear end of the large-diameter section B129. The outer diameter of the large-diameter section B129 matches the inner diameter of the large-diameter section A127, and its inner diameter matches the outer diameter of the inner rod 3. Multiple locking bars 126 are uniformly fixedly connected to the outer circumference of the large-diameter section B129. These locking bars 126 are adapted to multiple strip-shaped guide grooves 122, and their rear ends are exposed in the small-diameter section B120. On the rear side of the rear end, and corresponding to the rear end of multiple locking bars 126, multiple inclined teeth 1261 are provided. The inclined directions of the multiple inclined teeth 1261 are all the same, and each inclined tooth 1261 meshes with a wedge tooth 1282, slidingly engaging between the inclined surfaces. The outer diameter of the small-diameter section tube B120 is adapted to the inner diameter of the small-diameter section tube A128. The inner locking tube 121 is axially slidable and radially rotatable fitted onto the outside of the end of the inner rod 3 through the large-diameter section tube B129. At the same time, the inner locking tube 121 is axially slidably inserted into the interior of the telescopic sleeve 12, and the multiple locking bars 126 are slidably inserted into multiple strip guide grooves 122, or the multiple inclined teeth 1261 at the rear end of the multiple locking bars 126 mesh with... Multiple wedge-shaped grooves 1283 at the front end of the small-diameter section tube A128 are engaged with each other; the outer diameter of the inner sliding tube 123 is adapted to the inner diameter of the small-diameter section tube A128, and its inner diameter is adapted to the outer diameter of the small-diameter section tube B120; multiple strip-shaped sliders 125 are uniformly fixedly connected to the outer circumference of the front section of the inner sliding tube 123; multiple positive gear teeth 1231 are continuously arranged circumferentially at the front end of the inner sliding tube 123; the inner sliding tube 123 is located behind the inner locking tube 121 and is axially slidably inserted into the small-diameter section tube A128; multiple strip-shaped sliders 125 are correspondingly inserted into multiple strip-shaped guide grooves 122; and multiple positive gear teeth 1231 at the front end of the inner sliding tube 123 are engaged with multiple inclined teeth 1261. The outer diameter of the pressing rod 6 is smaller than the inner diameter of the small diameter section tube A128. It is axially slidably inserted into the small diameter section tube A128, and its front end is fixedly fitted onto the outside of the end of the inner sliding tube 123. The umbrella-shaped anchor head 5 consists of a spring 56, a front support 53, a rear support 54, an anchor rod 51, a sliding sleeve 52, and a support rod 55. The spring 56 is fitted onto the outside of the front rod body 33 and located inside the front tube body 43. The front end of the spring 56 abuts against the front limiting step 45, and its rear end abuts against the front end of the circular baffle 31. The six front supports 53 are circumferentially and evenly fixed to the edge of the rear end of the front retaining ring 47. The six rear supports 54 are correspondingly and slidably arranged in the six strip sliding grooves 4. In section 2, the six anchor rods 51 are evenly and circumferentially fixed to the outer surface of the circular baffle 31; the six anchor rods 51 are evenly distributed circumferentially on the outside of the front section of the front pipe 43, and their front ends are correspondingly hinged to the six front supports 53; the six sliding sleeves 52 are slidably assembled on the outside of the rear section of the six anchor rods 51; the six support rods 55 are evenly distributed circumferentially on the outside of the rear section of the front pipe 43, and their rear ends are correspondingly hinged to the six rear supports 54, and their front ends are correspondingly hinged to the six sliding sleeves 52. The sensor 7 is a ring structure, which is slidably sleeved on the outside of the small-diameter section pipe body A128. The sensor 7 has the function of stress detection based on its own stress change, and at the same time, it has the function of detecting the displacement change of the energy-absorbing tray 9 based on the change of the compression amount of the energy-absorbing tray 9. A signal line 8 is connected to it. The energy-absorbing tray 9 is composed of multiple honeycomb rigid frames 91 and multiple rubber pads 93. The honeycomb rigid frame 91 is composed of an inner ring 92, an outer ring 94 and a honeycomb connecting frame 95. The inner diameter of the inner ring 92 is adapted to the outer diameter of the small-diameter section pipe A128. The outer ring 94 is coaxially sleeved on the outside of the inner ring 92. The honeycomb connecting frame 95 connects the inner ring 92 and the outer ring 94. The multiple honeycomb rigid frames 91 are arranged sequentially at intervals along the axial direction. The multiple rubber pads 93 are arranged in multiple spaces formed by the multiple honeycomb rigid frames 91, and the two end faces of each rubber pad 93 are respectively connected to the end faces of the outer rings 94 in the two adjacent honeycomb rigid frames 91. The energy-absorbing tray 9 and the washer 10 are slidably fitted on the outside of the small-diameter section pipe A128, and the energy-absorbing tray 9 is in close contact with the sensor 7; the nut 11 is connected to the outside of the small-diameter section pipe A128 by threaded engagement, and is in close contact with the washer 10.

[0016] To prevent the sliding sleeve from sliding out of the end of the anchor rod, a limit block is fixedly connected to the end of the anchor rod 51.

[0017] To ensure support strength, the umbrella-shaped anchor head 5 and the outer support sleeve 4 are both made of 304 stainless steel, while the inner rod 3, support rod 55, pressing rod 6, telescopic sleeve 12 and anchor rod 51 are all made of Q235 carbon steel.

[0018] In order to enable the front end of the inner rod to slide smoothly into the front retaining ring and the front section tube, and to slide smoothly out of the front retaining ring and the front section tube, the front end of the inner rod is a pointed structure.

[0019] In this invention, a circular baffle is fixedly connected to the outer front part of the inner rod, and six rear supports are evenly connected to the circumference of the circular baffle, which facilitates the movable connection of the rear ends of the six support rods to the six rear supports. Six strip-shaped sliding grooves are formed on the rear circumference of the front section of the outer support sleeve. After the outer support sleeve is fitted onto the inner rod, the six rear supports are slidably inserted into the six strip-shaped sliding grooves before being fixedly connected to the circular baffle. This ensures axial sliding capability between the outer support sleeve and the inner rod, while the radial limiting effect of the six rear supports prevents relative rotation between the outer support sleeve and the inner rod. By uniformly fixing six front supports to the front retaining ring on the outer support sleeve, it is easy to movably connect the front ends of the six anchor rods to the six front supports. Then, six sliding sleeves are slidably fitted onto the rear sections of the six anchor rods. At the same time, the front ends of the six supports are movably connected to the six sliding sleeves respectively. In this way, the six supports and the six anchor rods can be movably connected. Furthermore, by changing the relative displacement between the inner rod and the outer support sleeve, the six sliding sleeves can be slid to different positions on the six anchor rods, thereby allowing the umbrella-shaped anchor head to reach an open or retracted state. A front limiting step is formed at the connection between the front section of the outer support sleeve and the front retaining ring. The two ends of the spring fitted around the inner rod abut against the front limiting step and the circular retaining plate, respectively. The spring provides elastic restoring force between the inner rod and the outer support sleeve. Thus, when the inner rod slides relative to the outer support sleeve towards the bottom of the hole, the elastic force automatically pushes the inner rod towards the hole opening, automatically achieving the inner rod's reset action. A rear limiting step is formed at the connection between the front section of the outer support sleeve and the rear retaining ring. This allows the limiting effect between the rear limiting step and the circular retaining plate to limit the maximum sliding stroke of the inner rod towards the hole opening. The large-diameter section A of the outer fixed sleeve is fixedly connected to the rear end of the rear section. This allows the fixedly connected outer fixed sleeve and outer support sleeve to serve as the main load-bearing rod of the support device, while also ensuring sufficient space for axial sliding of the inner rod at the axis.Multiple ratchet teeth are provided at the front end of the small-diameter section A of the outer fixed sleeve, and each ratchet tooth consists of two consecutively arranged wedge-shaped teeth, forming a wedge-shaped groove between the two wedge-shaped teeth. Multiple strip-shaped guide grooves are also provided between the ratchet teeth. At the same time, multiple locking blocks are uniformly fixed to the outer side of the large-diameter section B of the inner locking sleeve, and multiple inclined teeth are provided at the rear end of the multiple locking blocks. In this way, the multiple locking blocks can slide into the multiple strip-shaped guide grooves, so that the inner rod can move a certain distance relative to the outer support sleeve towards the orifice under the action of the spring, so that the circular baffle and the front baffle ring can reach the distance required for the contracted state, and the umbrella-shaped anchor head can return to the contracted state. At the same time, the multiple inclined teeth can also engage with the multiple wedge-shaped grooves in the multiple ratchet teeth, so that the inner rod can move a certain distance relative to the outer support sleeve towards the bottom of the orifice, so that the circular baffle and the front baffle ring can reach the distance required for the open state, and the umbrella-shaped anchor head can be converted to the open state. Multiple strip-shaped sliders are uniformly fixedly connected to the outer side of the front section of the inner sliding tube, and these sliders are slidably inserted into multiple strip-shaped guide grooves. Multiple positive gear teeth are continuously provided at the front end of the inner sliding tube, facilitating the action of these teeth on the multiple beveled teeth at the end of the inner locking tube. Thus, when the inner sliding tube needs to move relative to the outer fixed sleeve towards the bottom of the hole, the positive gear teeth can lift the multiple beveled teeth, guiding the inner locking tube to rotate relative to the inner rod at an angle. This allows the multiple locking bars to rotate to a position aligned with the multiple strip-shaped guide grooves, or the multiple beveled teeth at the rear end of the multiple locking bars to rotate to a position aligned with the multiple ratchet teeth at the front end of the small-diameter section tube A. The pressing rod is axially slidably inserted into the small-diameter section of pipe A, with its front end fixedly fitted onto the outside of the end of the inner sliding pipe. This facilitates pressing the inner sliding pipe towards the bottom of the hole, and consequently, allows the inner rod to be moved relative to the outer support sleeve towards the bottom of the hole via the inner locking pipe. This facilitates driving the umbrella-shaped anchor head from a retracted state to an open state, or vice versa. Thus, the change in support state can be automatically controlled solely by the pressing rod, significantly improving the automation of the support process and effectively simplifying the construction steps. An external thread structure is provided on the outer surface of the small-diameter section of pipe A, facilitating the assembly of sensors, energy-absorbing trays, washers, and nuts, thereby facilitating the anchoring operation of the support device. By designing the sensor as a ring structure and assembling it on the front of the energy-absorbing tray, it can detect changes in the stress of the surrounding rock in real time during interaction with the surrounding rock. At the same time, it can also detect changes in the compression of the energy-absorbing tray in real time by cooperating with the energy-absorbing tray. This allows for real-time monitoring of the energy absorption status of the energy-absorbing tray and timely detection of tray failure, which is conducive to taking remedial support measures in a timely manner and ensuring the safety and stability of the roadway.The energy-absorbing tray is composed of multiple honeycomb-shaped rigid frames and multiple rubber pads. This ensures sufficient rigidity while significantly increasing the energy absorption effect through the multiple rubber pads. The honeycomb-shaped rigid frame, consisting of an inner ring, an outer ring, and a honeycomb connecting frame, ensures sufficient compressive strength, thus guaranteeing the tray's rigidity meets support requirements. Because the umbrella-shaped anchor head has radial expansion capability when open, simply assembling it at the head of the support device and placing it in the borehole allows for expansion deformation of the umbrella-shaped anchor head around the front section of the pipe by pushing the inner rod inward. This ensures tight embedding into the surrounding rock, significantly improving the anchoring support effect. The umbrella-shaped anchor head allows for reliable installation of the support device without the use of anchoring agents, effectively ensuring support performance. This not only effectively solves the problem of anchoring detachment caused by suboptimal anchoring agent performance but also effectively avoids environmental pollution caused by chemical substances in anchoring agents. By employing an energy-absorbing tray located at the borehole opening as the primary energy-absorbing component, the tray can be easily removed and replaced after failure, effectively saving support costs. Furthermore, since the energy-absorbing tray uses rubber pads as its main energy-absorbing component, it can quickly return to its normal state after deformation upon recovery, facilitating repeated energy-absorbing support. This device boasts strong support capacity, significant energy absorption effect, is environmentally friendly and pollution-free, easily automates support operations, is highly reusable, effectively adapts to high-stress, continuous pressure conditions, and can effectively meet continuous energy absorption needs, ensuring the stability of roadway support and possessing broad application prospects.

[0020] The present invention also provides an energy-absorbing support method, which employs a reusable automatic energy-absorbing support device, comprising the following steps: Step 1: Drill holes 2 into the surface of the surrounding rock 1 in the area to be supported in the tunnel, and ensure that the diameter of the drill holes 2 is slightly larger than the outer diameter of the umbrella-shaped anchor head 5 in its contracted state. Step 2: Push the reusable energy-absorbing automatic support device into borehole 2, and ensure that the umbrella-shaped anchor head 5 reaches the bottom of borehole 2. At the same time, ensure that the small-diameter section of pipe A128 is exposed at the opening of borehole 2 for a certain length. Step 3: Install sensor 7, energy-absorbing tray 9, washer 10 and nut 11 in sequence on the outside of the small-diameter section of pipe A128 exposed at the opening of borehole 2; Step 4: Manually press the pressing rod 6 towards the bottom of the hole once. The pressing rod 6 pushes the inner sliding tube 123 and the inner rod 3 relative to the outer support sleeve 4 towards the bottom of the hole and compresses the spring 56. At the same time, push the rear support 54 towards the front support 53. The movement of the rear support 54 will spread the multiple support rods 55 outward and drive the multiple sliding small sleeves 52 to slide towards the front section of the multiple anchor rods 51. This will further spread the multiple anchor rods 51 outward, so that the spread umbrella-shaped anchor head 5 is embedded into the surrounding rock 1 to a certain depth and generates a large friction force. During the pressing of the pressing rod 6, the front end of the inner sliding tube 123 pushes multiple locking bars 126 located in multiple strip guide grooves 122 towards the bottom of the hole. When the multiple locking bars 126 are pushed out of the multiple strip guide grooves 122, the meshing action of multiple positive gear teeth 1231 at the front end of the inner sliding tube 123 and multiple inclined teeth 1261 at the rear end of the multiple locking bars 126 guides the inner locking tube 121 to rotate radially by an angle, thereby causing the multiple locking bars 126 to rotate to be misaligned with the multiple strip guide grooves 122, and the multiple inclined teeth 1261 to be misaligned. When the face teeth 1261 and multiple ratchet teeth 1281 are in a relative position, after the pressing pressure is removed, the spring 56 pushes the inner rod 3 and the inner sliding tube 123 towards the orifice through the restoring force, thereby causing multiple bevel teeth 1261 at the rear end of multiple locking blocks 126 to contact multiple ratchet teeth 1281 at the front end of the small diameter tube A128. During the process of the bevel teeth 1261 contacting the wedge teeth 1282 in the corresponding ratchet teeth 1281, they slide into the wedge groove 1283 through sliding engagement to achieve the positioning of the open state. Step 5: Use the lock to rotate the nut 11 to make the sensor 7 fit tightly against the surface of the surrounding rock 1 at the orifice, so as to generate a large anchoring force at the head of the support device. When the torque force increases slightly, the umbrella-shaped anchor head 5 achieves the best anchoring effect. Stop rotating the nut 11 to complete the anchoring construction of a single reusable energy-absorbing automatic support device. Step Six: Using a certain spacing and row spacing, complete the anchoring support work for the entire surrounding rock 1 of the roadway; Step 7: During the support process, monitor the stress values ​​and displacement changes. The signal line 8 of each reusable energy-absorbing automatic support device is connected to the monitoring equipment in the ground monitoring center. The sensor 7 is used to collect the stress signal of each reusable energy-absorbing automatic support device and the compression signal of the energy-absorbing tray 9 in real time, and send them to the monitoring equipment. The monitoring equipment obtains the stress data of the support device during the support process through the received stress signal, and obtains the compression deformation data of the energy-absorbing tray 9 during the support process through the received compression signal, and displays it in real time on the display screen connected to it. Step 8: When the surrounding rock is subjected to high stress, the surface of the surrounding rock 1 in the roadway will bulge and deform. At this time, the sensor 7 will collect and record the high stress value of the surrounding rock 1. Then, the force generated on the surface of the surrounding rock 1 will act on the energy-absorbing tray 9, and the energy-absorbing tray 9 will tend to compress and deform under the force. When the high stress continues to act, the displacement change of the surface of the surrounding rock 1 will increase, the energy-absorbing tray 9 will gradually compress and deform under the force, and the axial length of the energy-absorbing tray 9 will decrease. The sensor 7 will collect and record the deformation of the surrounding rock and the compression of the energy-absorbing tray 9. Technicians monitor the deformation of the surrounding rock 1 and the energy absorption effect of the energy-absorbing tray 9 in real time through the displayed monitoring data. When the surrounding rock 1 in a certain area of ​​the roadway is subjected to high stress and produces a large change in surface displacement, and the energy-absorbing tray 9 is compressed and deformed under continuous high stress, a secondary anchoring support operation is carried out to achieve multiple energy-absorbing support operations without removing the inner rod 3. S81: Rotate the nut 11 on the failed support device to remove it, and then take out the washer 10, the deformed energy-absorbing tray 9 and the sensor 7 in sequence. S82: If the deformed energy-absorbing tray 9 can return to its initial state within a certain period of time under the combined action of multiple rubber pads 93 and multiple honeycomb rigid frames 91, then the energy-absorbing tray 9 can be reused; if the deformed energy-absorbing tray 9 cannot return to its initial state, then a new energy-absorbing tray 9 should be replaced. S83: Flatten the rock mass that protrudes outward due to deformation on the surface of the surrounding rock 1, and then install the sensor 7, energy-absorbing tray 9, washer 10 and nut 11 on the small diameter section pipe A128 in sequence. S84: Tighten nut 11 using the lock to reapply preload force, so that umbrella-shaped anchor head 5 can generate a larger anchoring force again; Step 9: Once the tunnel has completed its predetermined service life, the support system shall be recycled. S91: Rotate the nut 11 to remove it, and then remove the washer 10, the energy-absorbing tray 9 and the sensor 7 in sequence; S92: Manually press the pressing rod 6 once towards the bottom of the hole. The pressing rod 6 pushes the inner sliding tube 123 towards the bottom of the hole, so that the inner sliding tube 123 lifts the inner locking tube 121. Through the meshing of multiple positive gear teeth 1231 and multiple bevel teeth 1261, the inner locking tube 121 is guided to rotate radially by an angle, thereby causing multiple locking bars 126 to rotate to a state that is opposite to multiple strip guide grooves 122, and the multiple bevel teeth 1261 are misaligned with the multiple ratchet teeth 1281. When the pressure is removed, under the restoring force of the spring 56, the inner rod 3 and the inner sliding tube 123 move toward the orifice, thereby causing multiple locking blocks 126 to slide into multiple strip guide grooves 122, and the rear support 54 moves away from the front support 53. The movement of the rear support 54 drives multiple support rods 55 to retract inward, and drives multiple sliding small sleeves 52 to slide toward the rear end of multiple anchor rods 51, further driving multiple anchor rods 51 to retract inward, so that the umbrella-shaped anchor head 5 retracts to the initial state. S93: After the umbrella-shaped anchor head 5 retracts to its initial state, the support device is removed from the borehole 2; S94: Repeat S91 to S93 to remove the support devices in the entire roadway in sequence and complete the overall recycling of each support device so that it can be reused in the next support operation. Step 10: Repeat steps 1 to 9 to achieve stable control of the surrounding rock 1 in the roadway under high stress, and recycle the corresponding components to improve the support effect and save support materials.

[0021] In step six, the row spacing of the multiple rows of support devices along the entire length of the roadway is 1000mm, and the spacing between two adjacent support devices in each row is 800mm.

[0022] This method, focusing on high support performance, continuous energy absorption, real-time monitoring, and environmental protection, replaces the traditional method of anchoring with anchoring agents. It employs an umbrella-shaped anchor head with expansion function, using a friction-based anchoring method with the surrounding rock. This allows for reliable anchor installation without anchoring agents, effectively ensuring support performance. This not only effectively solves the problem of anchor detachment caused by suboptimal anchoring agent performance but also effectively avoids groundwater pollution caused by chemicals in anchoring agents. A sensor with simultaneous monitoring functions for the compression of the energy-absorbing tray and the stress of the surrounding rock is installed at the end of the external fixed sleeve. This allows for real-time monitoring of the support effect of the support device and the stress characteristics of the surrounding rock under high stress, realizing unmanned monitoring technology in the energy-absorbing anchor support process and effectively reducing the need for regular inspections, thus improving the safety of workers. Simultaneously, under high stress, monitoring the deformation and stress of the energy-absorbing tray allows for the assessment of the energy absorption effect of the support device, effectively simplifying the monitoring process and facilitating timely implementation of corresponding preventative measures. Because the energy-absorbing tray is positioned at the orifice opening, it can be removed without replacing the support rod if it deforms and fails. This also facilitates replacement with a new tray, enabling repeated energy absorption. Before replacing the tray, leveling the surrounding rock at the orifice opening ensures effective support. Since the umbrella-shaped anchor head can switch between open and retracted states, it can be easily retracted by pushing the pressing rod after installation, allowing for convenient removal of all components. This enables zero-waste reuse of the support system, significantly reducing costs. This support method offers ideal support, excellent energy absorption, and good environmental performance. It provides continuous energy absorption, allows real-time monitoring of the support status, and is recyclable, achieving stable control of the surrounding rock and embodying a green and environmentally friendly support concept. It effectively prevents disasters caused by deep high stress in the roadway and has broad application prospects.

Claims

1. A reusable energy-absorbing automatic support device, comprising an inner rod (3); characterized in that, It also includes a circular baffle (31), an outer support sleeve (4), a telescopic sleeve (12), a pressing rod (6), an umbrella-shaped anchor head (5), a sensor (7), an energy-absorbing tray (9), a washer (10), and a nut (11). The circular baffle (31) is fixedly fitted on the outer side of the front part of the inner rod (3) and divides the inner rod (3) into the front rod (33) and the rear rod (32). The inner diameter of the outer support sleeve (4) is larger than the outer diameter of the inner rod (3). The outer support sleeve (4) is composed of a front retaining ring (47), a front section tube (43), a rear section tube (44), and a rear retaining ring (41). The inner diameter of the front section tube (43) is larger than the inner diameter of the front retaining ring (47) and larger than the outer diameter of the circular retaining plate (31). The front end of the front section tube (43) is coaxially fixedly connected to the rear end of the front retaining ring (47), and a front limiting step (45) is formed at the connection between the two on the inner side of the outer support sleeve (4). The inner diameter of the rear retaining ring (41) is smaller than the inner diameter of the front section tube (43) and smaller than the outer diameter of the circular retaining plate (31). The rear end of the front section tube (43) and the front end of the rear section tube (44) are coaxially fixedly connected to the rear retaining ring (41). On the opposite sides of the ring (41), and at the connection between the front section tube (43) and the rear retaining ring (41), a rear limiting step (46) is formed inside the outer support sleeve (4); the rear section tube (44) is uniformly provided with six strip sliding grooves (42) in the rear circumferential direction; the outer support sleeve (4) is coaxially sleeved on the outside of the inner rod (3), and the front retaining ring (47) is slidably sleeved on the outside of the front section rod (33), and the rear retaining ring (41) is slidably sleeved on the outside of the rear section rod (32). The rear retaining ring (41) is limited and matched with the circular retaining plate (31) through the rear limiting step (46), and when the rear retaining ring (41) abuts against the circular retaining plate (31), the end of the rear section tube (44) is located in front of the end of the rear section rod (32); The telescopic sleeve (12) is composed of an outer fixed sleeve (124), an inner locking tube body (121), and an inner sliding tube body (123). The outer fixed sleeve (124) is composed of a large-diameter tube body A (127) located at the front and a small-diameter tube body A (128) coaxially connected to the rear end of the large-diameter tube body A (127). The front end of the large-diameter tube body A (127) is coaxially fixedly connected to the rear end of the rear tube body (44). The outer surface of the small-diameter tube body A (128) is provided with an external thread structure (13). The front end of the small-diameter tube body A (128) is provided with multiple ratchet teeth (1281) spaced apart in the circumferential direction. The front section of the small-diameter tube body A (128) has multiple ratchet teeth. Multiple strip-shaped guide grooves (122) are uniformly opened circumferentially between the teeth (1281). Each ratchet tooth (1281) is composed of two consecutive wedge-shaped teeth (1282) with the same inclined plane direction, and a wedge-shaped groove (1283) is formed between two adjacent wedge-shaped teeth (1282). The inner locking tube body (121) is composed of a large-diameter section tube body B (129) located on the front side and a small-diameter section tube body B (120) coaxially connected to the rear end of the large-diameter section tube body B (129). The outer diameter of the large-diameter section tube body B (129) is adapted to the inner diameter of the large-diameter section tube body A (127), and its inner diameter is adapted to the outer diameter of the inner rod body (3). The outer diameter of the large-diameter section tube body B (129) is... Multiple locking strips (126) are uniformly fixedly connected around the periphery. The multiple locking strips (126) are adapted to multiple strip guide grooves (122). The rear ends of the multiple locking strips (126) are exposed on the rear side of the rear end of the small diameter section pipe body B (120). The rear ends of the multiple locking strips (126) are correspondingly provided with multiple inclined teeth (1261). The outer diameter of the small diameter section pipe body B (120) is adapted to the inner diameter of the small diameter section pipe body A (128). The inner locking pipe body (121) is axially slidable and radially rotatable on the outside of the end of the inner rod body (3) through the large diameter section pipe body B (129). At the same time, the inner locking pipe body (121) is axially slidable and inserted into the telescopic sleeve. Inside the tube (12), multiple locking blocks (126) are slidably inserted into multiple strip guide grooves (122), or multiple inclined teeth (1261) at the rear end of multiple locking blocks (126) mesh with multiple wedge-shaped slots (1283) at the front end of the small diameter section tube body A (128); the outer diameter of the inner sliding tube body (123) is adapted to the inner diameter of the small diameter section tube body A (128), and its inner diameter is adapted to the outer diameter of the small diameter section tube body B (120). Multiple strip sliders (125) are uniformly fixedly connected to the outer circumference of the front section of the inner sliding tube body (123), and multiple positive wheel teeth (1231) are continuously provided at the front end of the inner sliding tube body (123).The inner sliding tube (123) is located behind the inner locking tube (121) and is axially slidably inserted into the small diameter section tube A (128). Multiple strip sliders (125) are correspondingly inserted into multiple strip guide grooves (122). Multiple positive gear teeth (1231) at the front end of the inner sliding tube (123) mesh with multiple inclined surface teeth (1261). The outer diameter of the pressing rod (6) is smaller than the inner diameter of the small diameter section tube A (128), and it is axially slidably inserted into the small diameter section tube A (128), and its front end is fixedly fitted on the outside of the end of the inner sliding tube (123). The umbrella-shaped anchor head (5) consists of a spring (56), a front support (53), a rear support (54), an anchor rod (51), a sliding sleeve (52), and a support rod (55). The spring (56) is fitted on the outside of the front rod body (33) and located inside the front tube body (43). The front end of the spring (56) abuts against the front limiting step (45), and its rear end abuts against the front end of the circular baffle (31). The six front supports (53) are circumferentially and evenly fixed to the edge of the rear end of the front retaining ring (47). The six rear supports (54) are correspondingly and slidably arranged on the six strips. The six anchor rods (51) are evenly distributed around the front section of the front section of the pipe body (43), and their front ends are correspondingly hinged to the six front supports (53); the six sliding sleeves (52) are slidably assembled around the rear section of the six anchor rods (51); the six support rods (55) are evenly distributed around the rear section of the front section of the pipe body (43), and their rear ends are correspondingly hinged to the six rear supports (54), and their front ends are correspondingly hinged to the six sliding sleeves (52); The sensor (7) is a ring structure, which is slidably sleeved on the outside of the small diameter section pipe body A (128). The sensor (7) has the function of stress detection based on its own stress change, and at the same time, it has the function of detecting the displacement change of the energy absorption tray (9) based on the change of the compression amount of the energy absorption tray (9). A signal line (8) is connected to it. The energy-absorbing tray (9) is composed of multiple honeycomb rigid frames (91) and multiple rubber pads (93); the honeycomb rigid frame (91) is composed of an inner ring (92), an outer ring (94) and a honeycomb connecting frame (95). The inner diameter of the inner ring (92) is adapted to the outer diameter of the small diameter section pipe A (128). The outer ring (94) is coaxially sleeved on the outside of the inner ring (92). The honeycomb connecting frame (95) is connected between the inner ring (92) and the outer ring (94). Multiple honeycomb rigid frames (91) are arranged sequentially at intervals along the axial direction. Multiple rubber pads (93) are set in multiple spaces formed by multiple honeycomb rigid frames (91), and the two end faces of each rubber pad (93) are respectively connected to the end faces of the outer rings (94) in the two adjacent honeycomb rigid frames (91). The energy-absorbing tray (9) and the washer (10) are slidably fitted on the outside of the small-diameter section pipe body A (128), and the energy-absorbing tray (9) is in close contact with the sensor (7); the nut (11) is connected to the outside of the small-diameter section pipe body A (128) by threaded engagement, and is in close contact with the washer (10).

2. The reusable energy-absorbing automatic support device according to claim 1, characterized in that, The end of the anchor rod (51) is fixedly connected to a limiting block.

3. The reusable energy-absorbing automatic support device according to claim 2, characterized in that, The umbrella-shaped anchor head (5) and the outer support sleeve (4) are both made of 304 stainless steel, and the inner rod body (3), support rod (55), pressing rod (6), telescopic sleeve (12) and anchor rod (51) are all made of Q235 carbon steel.

4. The reusable energy-absorbing automatic support device according to claim 3, characterized in that, The front end of the inner rod (3) is a pointed structure.

5. An energy-absorbing support method, employing a reusable automatic energy-absorbing support device as described in any one of claims 1 to 4, characterized in that, Includes the following steps: Step 1: Drill holes (2) into the surface of the surrounding rock (1) in the area to be supported in the tunnel, and ensure that the diameter of the drill holes (2) is slightly larger than the outer diameter of the umbrella-shaped anchor head (5) in the contracted state; Step 2: Push the reusable energy-absorbing automatic support device into the borehole (2) and ensure that the umbrella-shaped anchor head (5) reaches the bottom of the borehole (2). At the same time, ensure that the small-diameter section of the pipe body A (128) is exposed at the opening of the borehole (2) for a certain length. Step 3: Install the sensor (7), energy-absorbing tray (9), washer (10) and nut (11) in sequence on the outside of the small-diameter section of pipe A (128) exposed at the borehole (2). Step 4: Manually press the pressing rod (6) towards the bottom of the hole once. The pressing rod (6) pushes the inner sliding tube (123) and the inner rod (3) relative to the outer support sleeve (4) towards the bottom of the hole and compresses the spring (56). At the same time, push the rear support (54) towards the front support (53). The movement of the rear support (54) will spread the multiple support rods (55) outward and drive the multiple sliding small sleeves (52) to slide towards the front section of the multiple anchor rods (51). Further spread the multiple anchor rods (51) outward so that the umbrella-shaped anchor head (5) after being spread out is embedded in the surrounding rock (1) to a certain depth and generates friction. During the pressing of the pressing rod (6), the front end of the inner sliding tube (123) pushes out multiple locking blocks (126) located in multiple strip guide grooves (122) towards the bottom of the hole. When the multiple locking blocks (126) are pushed out of the multiple strip guide grooves (122), the meshing action of multiple positive gear teeth (1231) at the front end of the inner sliding tube (123) and multiple inclined teeth (1261) at the rear end of the multiple locking blocks (126) guides the inner locking tube (121) to rotate radially by an angle, thereby causing the multiple locking blocks (126) to rotate to be misaligned with the multiple strip guide grooves (122), and the multiple inclined teeth (1261) to be misaligned with the multiple strip guide grooves (122). When the face teeth (1261) and multiple ratchet teeth (1281) are in relative position, after the pressure is removed, the inner rod (3) and the inner sliding tube (123) are pushed towards the orifice by the restoring force of the spring (56), thereby causing multiple bevel teeth (1261) at the rear end of multiple locking blocks (126) to contact multiple ratchet teeth (1281) at the front end of the small diameter tube A (128). During the process of the bevel teeth (1261) contacting the wedge teeth (1282) in the corresponding ratchet teeth (1281), they slide into the wedge groove (1283) through sliding fit to achieve the positioning of the open state. Step 5: Use the lock to rotate the nut (11) so that the sensor (7) fits tightly against the surface of the surrounding rock (1) at the orifice, so as to generate anchoring force at the head of the support device. When the torque force increases by a small amount, the umbrella-shaped anchor head (5) achieves the best anchoring effect. Stop rotating the nut (11) to complete the anchoring construction of a single reusable energy-absorbing automatic support device. Step 6: Using a certain spacing and row spacing, complete the anchoring support operation of the entire surrounding rock (1) of the tunnel; Step 7: During the support process, monitor the stress values ​​and displacement changes. The signal line (8) of each reusable energy-absorbing automatic support device is connected to the monitoring equipment in the ground monitoring center. The stress signal of each reusable energy-absorbing automatic support device and the compression signal of the energy-absorbing tray (9) are collected in real time by the sensor (7) and sent to the monitoring equipment. The monitoring equipment obtains the stress data of the support device during the support process through the received stress signal and obtains the compression deformation data of the energy-absorbing tray (9) during the support process through the received compression signal, and displays it in real time through the display screen connected to it. Step 8: Technicians monitor the deformation of the surrounding rock (1) and the energy absorption effect of the energy-absorbing tray (9) in real time through the displayed monitoring data; when it is detected that the surrounding rock (1) in a certain area of ​​the roadway is subjected to high stress and causes surface displacement, and the energy-absorbing tray (9) is compressed and deformed under continuous high stress, a secondary anchoring support operation is carried out to achieve multiple energy-absorbing support operations without removing the inner rod (3); S81: Rotate the nut (11) on the failed support device to remove it, and then take out the washer (10), the deformed energy-absorbing tray (9) and the sensor (7) in sequence. S82: If the deformed energy-absorbing tray (9) can recover to its initial state within a certain time under the combined action of multiple rubber pads (93) and multiple honeycomb rigid frames (91), then the energy-absorbing tray (9) can be reused; if the deformed energy-absorbing tray (9) cannot recover to its initial state, then a new energy-absorbing tray (9) should be replaced. S83: Flatten the rock mass that protrudes outward due to deformation on the surface of the surrounding rock (1), and then install the sensor (7), energy-absorbing tray (9), washer (10) and nut (11) on the small diameter section pipe A (128) in sequence. S84: Tighten the nut (11) with the lock to reapply the preload force so that the umbrella-shaped anchor head (5) can generate anchor force again; Step 9: Once the tunnel has completed its predetermined service life, the support system shall be recycled. S91: Rotate the nut (11) to remove it, and then remove the washer (10), energy-absorbing tray (9) and sensor (7) in sequence. S92: Manually press the pressing rod (6) once towards the bottom of the hole. The pressing rod (6) pushes the inner sliding tube (123) towards the bottom of the hole, so that the inner sliding tube (123) lifts the inner locking tube (121). Through the meshing of multiple positive gear teeth (1231) and multiple inclined teeth (1261), the inner locking tube (121) is guided to rotate radially by an angle, thereby causing multiple locking bars (126) to rotate to a position opposite to multiple strip guide grooves (122), and the multiple inclined teeth (1261) to be misaligned with multiple ratchet teeth (1281). When the pressure is removed, under the restoring force of the spring (56), the inner rod (3) and the inner sliding tube (123) move toward the orifice, thereby causing multiple locking blocks (126) to slide into multiple strip guide grooves (122), and the rear support (54) moves away from the front support (53). The movement of the rear support (54) drives multiple support rods (55) to retract inward, and drives multiple sliding sleeves (52) to slide toward the rear end of multiple anchor rods (51), further driving multiple anchor rods (51) to retract inward, so that the umbrella-shaped anchor head (5) retracts to the initial state. S93: After the umbrella-shaped anchor head (5) retracts to its initial state, the support device is removed from the borehole (2); S94: Repeat S91 to S93 to remove the support devices in the entire roadway in sequence and complete the overall recycling of each support device so that it can be reused in the next support operation. Step 10: Repeat steps 1 to 9 to achieve stable control of the surrounding rock (1) of the tunnel under high stress, and recycle the corresponding components to improve the support effect and save support materials.

6. The energy-absorbing support method according to claim 5, characterized in that, In step six, the row spacing of the multiple rows of support devices along the entire length of the roadway is 1000mm, and the spacing between two adjacent support devices in each row is 800mm.

Images