A thermal management control method for fuel cells with waste heat recovery mode

Abstract

This invention discloses a fuel cell thermal management control method with waste heat recovery mode, relating to the field of fuel cell thermal management. The method includes the following steps: Step 1, based on the fuel cell thermal management control system, waste heat from the fuel cell is used to transfer heat to the passenger compartment thermal management loop via a heat exchanger, and a heat pump is used as a heat source to heat the passenger compartment, forming the fuel cell thermal management control model; Step 2, based on the fuel cell thermal management model, it is determined whether the fuel cell thermal management control system is in heat dissipation mode or heating mode. Compared with existing technologies, the advantages of this invention are: improved accuracy in fuel cell thermal management control; reduced control difficulty and lower cost through a combination of feedforward and feedback control; and optimized design of the feedforward controller, achieving optimal energy consumption for the water pump and cooling fan, resulting in high economic efficiency.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] This invention relates to the field of fuel cell thermal management, specifically a fuel cell thermal management control method with waste heat recovery mode. Background Technology

[0002] In the electrochemical reaction process of proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs), a large amount of heat is often generated. In existing PEMFC vehicle technology, the temperature of the fuel cell directly affects its performance. Excessive temperature leads to dehydration of the proton exchange membrane, resulting in irreversible performance loss; excessively low temperature affects efficiency. Therefore, thermal management of fuel cells is crucial. However, the electrochemical reaction efficiency of PEMFCs is between 40% and 60%, generating a significant amount of heat. Currently, utilizing the waste heat from fuel cells is of great research significance. In low-temperature environments, the waste heat from fuel cells is often used to heat the vehicle's passenger compartment, improving its economic efficiency. However, in the control process of fuel cell thermal management, the disturbances inherent in waste heat recovery increase the difficulty of fuel cell control.

[0003] In existing technologies, Jiang (Jiang H, Xu L, Li JQ, et al. Design and Control of Thermal Management System for the Fuel Cell Vehicle in Low-Temperature Environment[C] / / WCX SAE World Congress Experience.2020.DOI:10.4271 / 2020-01-0851.) et al. proposed the design of a thermal management coupling system that uses the waste heat of the fuel cell to heat the passenger compartment in a low-temperature environment. The system uses sliding diaphragm control to control the disturbance heat exchanged by the heat exchanger to a stable value, thereby realizing independent thermal management control of the fuel cell system and the passenger compartment.

[0004] In fuel cell thermal management systems, there are disturbances in the heat exchanger. The heat control design by Jiang et al., which controls the heat exchanger's heat, may result in excessive heat loss from the fuel cell's performance, while insufficient heat may not achieve optimal energy consumption; both designs require improvement. Summary of the Invention

[0005] The purpose of this invention is to provide a thermal management control method for fuel cells with waste heat recovery mode, so as to solve the problems mentioned in the background art.

[0006] To achieve the above objectives, the present invention provides the following technical solution:

[0007] A thermal management control method for a fuel cell with waste heat recovery mode includes the following steps:

[0008] Step 1: Based on the fuel cell thermal management control system, the waste heat of the fuel cell is used to transfer heat to the passenger compartment thermal management loop through a heat exchanger, and a heat pump is used as a heat source to heat the passenger compartment as the fuel cell thermal management control model.

[0009] Step 2: Determine whether the fuel cell thermal management control system is in heat dissipation mode or heating mode based on the fuel cell thermal management control model;

[0010] Step 3: In heat dissipation mode, an optimized feedforward MAP controller is designed to control the working state of the fuel cell thermal management control system, and control correction is performed through PID feedback adjustment.

[0011] As a further aspect of the present invention: in step 1, the fuel cell thermal management control model includes a passenger compartment thermal management loop and a fuel cell thermal management loop;

[0012] The passenger compartment thermal management circuit includes an expansion valve, a heat exchanger, a compressor, and an evaporator. The waste heat from the fuel cell is transferred to the passenger compartment thermal management circuit through the heat exchanger. In low-temperature environments, the heat pump serves as an auxiliary heat source. After the refrigerant is further compressed and heated by the compressor, the resulting refrigerant (R134a) supplies heat to the passenger compartment through the evaporator.

[0013] The fuel cell thermal management loop includes the fuel cell, electronic thermostat, radiator, water tank, and electronic water pump. The fuel cell thermal management loop is divided into a large loop and a small loop. The large loop consists of the fuel cell, electronic water pump, water tank, and radiator, and is used to dissipate heat from the fuel cell system, which is the heat dissipation mode. The small loop consists of the fuel cell, electronic water pump, water tank, and electronic thermostat, and is used to maintain the temperature of the fuel cell system, which is the heating mode.

[0014] As a further aspect of the present invention: in step 2, the current fuel cell outlet temperature is obtained. The first control input signal is determined, and the optimal operating temperature of the fuel cell is obtained. , determine This is the second control input signal; when Less than At that time, the fuel cell thermal management system is in heating mode. Greater than At this time, the fuel cell thermal management system is in heat dissipation mode.

[0015] As a further aspect of the present invention: Step 3 includes:

[0016] Step 31: In heat dissipation mode, obtain the current heat dissipation requirements of the fuel cell. The fuel cell output current is determined based on the aforementioned heat dissipation requirements. This serves as the third control input signal; it also acquires the actual ambient temperature. This is determined as the fourth control input signal; the disturbance heat exchanged by the current heat exchanger is acquired. This is determined to be the fifth control input signal;

[0017] Step 32, based on the currently obtained heat dissipation requirements Ambient temperature Disturbance heat exchanged by the heat exchanger An extended state observer (ESO) is used to estimate the disturbances caused by the heat exchanger, and an optimized feedforward MAP controller is designed to control the working state of the fuel cell thermal management control system.

[0018] Step 33: Design PID feedback regulation for control correction, and control the first control output signal to control the water pump speed. The second control output signal is used to control the fan speed. The PID feedback regulation and the MAP controller together form a closed-loop optimized feedforward MAP-PID control system.

[0019] As a further aspect of the present invention: in step 31, the heat dissipation requirement of the fuel cell... Current output from fuel cell Sure:

[0020] (1);

[0021] In the formula: This refers to the number of individual fuel cell units. The electromotive force is based on thermodynamic theory. This refers to the output voltage of the fuel cell.

[0022] In fuel cell thermal management systems, there is disturbance heat exchanged by the heat exchanger. Therefore, the actual heat dissipation demand for:

[0023] (2);

[0024] As a further aspect of the present invention: in step 32, based on actual heat dissipation requirements... and ambient temperature A MAP controller was designed, which is based on the principle of optimizing the energy consumption of electric water pumps and fans.

[0025] The ambient temperature is adjusted to reflect the actual heat dissipation requirement.

[0026] (3);

[0027] In the formula: Adjustments based on actual heat dissipation requirements. This represents the actual temperature difference between the air side and the cooling side of the radiator, after correction. The temperature difference calibrated between the air side and the cooling side of the current radiator;

[0028] The cooling power of the radiator :

[0029] (4);

[0030] In the formula: This refers to the airflow rate entering the radiator. The specific heat capacity of air, This refers to the temperature difference between the front and back ends of the radiator through which the coolant flows;

[0031] Therefore, the optimal temperature of the coolant at the fuel cell stack outlet can be determined. It can be represented as:

[0032] (5).

[0033] As a further aspect of the present invention: in step 32, an extended state observer (ESO) is used to estimate and compensate for the disturbance to the heat exchanger, thereby improving the model accuracy and robustness;

[0034] Formula (5) can be rearranged into the following form:

[0035] ;

[0036] (6);

[0037] in, , , , , = , For disturbances to the system's heat exchanger, This is called the total disturbance;

[0038] Will Expanding to a state of the system, the original system can then be reconstructed as follows:

[0039] ;

[0040] ;

[0041] (7);

[0042] The specific form of the extended state observer is as follows:

[0043] (8);

[0044] (9);

[0045] In the formula, , System status , The estimated value; , For observer gain;

[0046] Observation error:

[0047] (10);

[0048] (11);

[0049] Written in matrix form:

[0050] (12);

[0051] in, It is the identity matrix. , , , , , ;

[0052] Choose the appropriate Make the matrix The eigenvalues ​​have negative real parts, thus reducing the error. It converges to 0 within a finite time.

[0053] This results in the system's heat exchanger disturbance:

[0054] (13);

[0055] Substitute the above equation into formula (6). The heat exchange rate can be obtained from this value:

[0056] (14);

[0057] The heat exchanger disturbance is a loss in the fuel cell system, and it is a negative value here.

[0058] As a further aspect of the present invention: In step 32, the MAP controller is optimized, and the power consumption of the electronic water pump is reduced. for:

[0059] (15);

[0060] In the formula: The flow rate of coolant flowing through the electric water pump, The pressure difference across the two ends of the electronic water pump. For the efficiency of the electronic water pump;

[0061] The power consumption of the fan is for:

[0062] (16);

[0063] In the formula: For airflow resistance, Air volume velocity;

[0064] Therefore, the total heat dissipation power consumption of the fuel cell for:

[0065] (17);

[0066] Considering economic efficiency, the optimization problem for maximizing power consumption reduction can be expressed as:

[0067] (18);

[0068] (19);

[0069] (20);

[0070] (twenty one);

[0071] In the formula: It is the system state equation. It is the system's state variable. It is the system's control variable, which is achieved by changing the water pump speed in real time. and fan speed Change the real-time power of the water pump and fan. , These represent the total power consumption from the start point to the end point;

[0072] , The boundary conditions for system state variables and control variables are as follows:

[0073] (twenty two);

[0074] In the formula: , The lowest and highest power consumption of an electric water pump , These represent the fan's minimum and maximum power consumption. , The lowest and highest temperatures are at the fuel cell cooling water outlet. , The minimum and maximum speeds of the electric water pump. , These are the minimum and maximum fan speeds.

[0075] Compared with existing technologies, the beneficial effects of this invention are as follows: This invention uses a genetic algorithm to optimize the power consumption of different combinations of control variables. Based on the boundary constraints and power consumption optimization, it finds the optimal operating points of the electric water pump and fan under different heat dissipation requirements. This yields the MAP curve of the electric water pump and fan speed corresponding to the actual heat dissipation requirements after optimization, thus improving the accuracy of fuel cell thermal management control. Through the combination of feedforward and feedback control, the control difficulty is reduced and the cost is lower. The feedforward controller is optimized to achieve optimal energy consumption of the water pump and cooling fan, resulting in high economic efficiency. Attached Figure Description

[0076] Figure 1 This is a schematic diagram of a fuel cell thermal management control model.

[0077] Figure 2 This is a schematic diagram illustrating the working mode determination of the fuel cell thermal management control model.

[0078] Figure 3 To optimize the MAP-PID control block diagram of the feedforward. Detailed Implementation

[0079] The technical solutions of the present invention will be clearly and completely described below with reference to the accompanying drawings of the embodiments of the present invention. Obviously, the described embodiments are only some embodiments of the present invention, and not all embodiments. All other embodiments obtained by those skilled in the art based on the embodiments of the present invention without creative effort are within the scope of protection of the present invention.

[0080] Please see Figure 1 A thermal management control method for a fuel cell with waste heat recovery mode includes the following steps:

[0081] Step 1: Based on the fuel cell thermal management control system, the waste heat of the fuel cell is used to transfer heat to the passenger compartment thermal management loop through a heat exchanger, and a heat pump is used as a heat source to heat the passenger compartment as the fuel cell thermal management control model.

[0082] Step 2: Determine whether the fuel cell thermal management control system is in heat dissipation mode or heating mode based on the fuel cell thermal management control model;

[0083] Step 3: In heat dissipation mode, an optimized feedforward MAP controller is designed to control the working state of the fuel cell thermal management control system, and control correction is performed through PID feedback adjustment.

[0084] In a specific embodiment: In the existing technology, Jiang (Jiang H, Xu L, Li JQ, et al. Design and Control of Thermal Management System for the Fuel Cell Vehicle in Low-Temperature Environment[C] / / WCX SAE World Congress Experience.2020.DOI:10.4271 / 2020-01-0851.) et al. proposed the design of a thermal management coupling system for heating the passenger compartment using the waste heat of the fuel cell in a low-temperature environment. The system uses sliding diaphragm control to control the disturbance heat exchanged by the heat exchanger to a stable value, thereby realizing independent thermal management control of the fuel cell system and the passenger compartment.

[0085] Wang (Wang Yuteng. Energy-saving control of integrated thermal management system for fuel cell vehicles [D]. Jiangsu University, 2023. DOI:10.27170 / d.cnki.gjsuu.2022.002359.) Considering the impact of heat exchange disturbance of liquid-liquid exchanger in waste heat utilization subsystem on the precise control of fuel cell operating temperature, heat exchange disturbance of liquid-liquid exchanger was added to the constraints, and a predictive controller for optimal operating temperature of cooling subsystem was designed, which improved the accuracy of thermal management control.

[0086] In fuel cell thermal management systems, there are disturbances in the heat exchanger. The heat exchanger control design by Jiang et al. may result in excessive heat loss from the fuel cell, while insufficient heat may not achieve optimal energy consumption. Wang designed a predictive controller for the optimal operating temperature of the cooling subsystem by adding constraints to the heat exchanger disturbance; however, real-time prediction places high demands on the controller's hardware and software, leading to high costs.

[0087] Since the thermal management system is a complex control system with nonlinearity, strong coupling, multiple inputs and multiple outputs, and a certain degree of hysteresis, this invention provides a fuel cell thermal management control method based on waste heat recovery, considering heat exchanger disturbances without degrading fuel cell performance and achieving energy consumption optimization. The advantages of this method are that it can predict the fuel cell's heat generation in real time through a feedforward controller, achieving decoupled control of the water pump and fan. Considering the disturbance factors of the heat exchanger, this paper designs an optimized feedforward MAP controller to improve the control accuracy of the fuel cell thermal management temperature and optimize energy consumption.

[0088] PID control is an existing control technology, and the innovation of this invention lies in optimizing the feedforward MAP controller. PID control is not the focus of this invention and will not be described in detail here.

[0089] In this embodiment: Please refer to Figure 1 In step 1, the fuel cell thermal management control model includes the passenger compartment thermal management loop and the fuel cell thermal management loop.

[0090] The passenger compartment thermal management circuit includes an expansion valve, a heat exchanger, a compressor, and an evaporator. The waste heat from the fuel cell is transferred to the passenger compartment thermal management circuit through the heat exchanger. In low-temperature environments, the heat pump serves as an auxiliary heat source. After the refrigerant is further compressed and heated by the compressor, the resulting refrigerant (R134a) supplies heat to the passenger compartment through the evaporator.

[0091] The fuel cell thermal management loop includes the fuel cell, electronic thermostat, radiator, water tank, and electronic water pump. The fuel cell thermal management loop is divided into a large loop and a small loop. The large loop consists of the fuel cell, electronic water pump, water tank, and radiator, and is used to dissipate heat from the fuel cell system, which is the heat dissipation mode. The small loop consists of the fuel cell, electronic water pump, water tank, and electronic thermostat, and is used to maintain the temperature of the fuel cell system, which is the heating mode.

[0092] In this embodiment: Please refer to Figure 2 In step 2, the current fuel cell outlet temperature is obtained. The first control input signal is determined, and the optimal operating temperature of the fuel cell is obtained. , determine This is the second control input signal; when Less than At that time, the fuel cell thermal management system is in heating mode. Greater than At this time, the fuel cell thermal management system is in heat dissipation mode.

[0093] In this embodiment: Please refer to Figure 3 Step 3 includes:

[0094] Step 31: In heat dissipation mode, obtain the current heat dissipation requirements of the fuel cell. The fuel cell output current is determined based on the aforementioned heat dissipation requirements. This serves as the third control input signal; it also acquires the actual ambient temperature. This is determined as the fourth control input signal; the disturbance heat exchanged by the current heat exchanger is acquired. This is determined to be the fifth control input signal;

[0095] Step 32, based on the currently obtained heat dissipation requirements Ambient temperature Disturbance heat exchanged by the heat exchanger An extended state observer (ESO) is used to estimate the disturbances caused by the heat exchanger, and an optimized feedforward MAP controller is designed to control the working state of the fuel cell thermal management control system.

[0096] Step 33: Design PID feedback regulation for control correction, and control the first control output signal to control the water pump speed. The second control output signal is used to control the fan speed. The PID feedback regulation and the MAP controller together form a closed-loop optimized feedforward MAP-PID control system.

[0097] In this embodiment: Please refer to Figure 3 In step 31, the heat dissipation requirements of the fuel cell Current output from fuel cell Sure:

[0098] (1);

[0099] In the formula: This refers to the number of individual fuel cell units. The electromotive force is based on thermodynamic theory. This refers to the output voltage of the fuel cell.

[0100] In fuel cell thermal management systems, there is disturbance heat exchanged by the heat exchanger. Therefore, the actual heat dissipation demand for:

[0101] (2);

[0102] In this embodiment: Please refer to Figure 3 In step 32, based on actual heat dissipation requirements... and ambient temperature A MAP controller was designed, which is based on the principle of optimizing the energy consumption of electric water pumps and fans.

[0103] The ambient temperature is adjusted to reflect the actual heat dissipation requirement.

[0104] (3);

[0105] In the formula: Adjustments based on actual heat dissipation requirements. This represents the actual temperature difference between the air side and the cooling side of the radiator, after correction. The temperature difference calibrated between the air side and the cooling side of the current radiator;

[0106] The cooling power of the radiator :

[0107] (4);

[0108] In the formula: This refers to the airflow rate entering the radiator. The specific heat capacity of air, This refers to the temperature difference between the front and back ends of the radiator through which the coolant flows;

[0109] Therefore, the optimal temperature of the coolant at the fuel cell stack outlet can be determined. It can be represented as:

[0110] (5).

[0111] In this embodiment: Please refer to Figure 3 In step 32, an extended state observer (ESO) is used to estimate and compensate for the disturbance to the heat exchanger, thereby improving the model accuracy and robustness.

[0112] Formula (5) can be rearranged into the following form:

[0113] ;

[0114] (6);

[0115] in, , , , , = , For disturbances to the system's heat exchanger, This is called the total disturbance;

[0116] Will Expanding to a state of the system, the original system can then be reconstructed as follows:

[0117] ;

[0118] ;

[0119] (7);

[0120] The specific form of the extended state observer is as follows:

[0121] (8);

[0122] (9);

[0123] In the formula, , System status , The estimated value; , For observer gain;

[0124] Observation error:

[0125] (10);

[0126] (11);

[0127] Written in matrix form:

[0128] (12);

[0129] in, It is the identity matrix. , , , , , ;

[0130] Choose the appropriate Make the matrix The eigenvalues ​​have negative real parts, thus reducing the error. It converges to 0 within a finite time.

[0131] This results in the system's heat exchanger disturbance:

[0132] (13);

[0133] Substitute the above equation into formula (6). The heat exchange rate can be obtained from this value:

[0134] (14);

[0135] The heat exchanger disturbance is a loss in the fuel cell system, and it is a negative value here.

[0136] In this embodiment: Please refer to Figure 3 In step 32, the MAP controller is optimized, and the power consumption of the electric water pump is reduced. for:

[0137] (15);

[0138] In the formula: The flow rate of coolant flowing through the electric water pump, The pressure difference across the two ends of the electronic water pump. For the efficiency of the electronic water pump;

[0139] The power consumption of the fan is for:

[0140] (16);

[0141] In the formula: For airflow resistance, Air volume velocity;

[0142] Therefore, the total heat dissipation power consumption of the fuel cell for:

[0143] (17);

[0144] Considering economic efficiency, the optimization problem for maximizing power consumption reduction can be expressed as:

[0145] (18);

[0146] (19);

[0147] (20);

[0148] (twenty one);

[0149] In the formula: The system state equation is composed of formulas (4) and (7). It is the system's state variable. It is the system's control variable, which is achieved by changing the water pump speed in real time. and fan speed Change the real-time power of the water pump and fan. , These represent the total power consumption from the start point to the end point;

[0150] , The boundary conditions for system state variables and control variables are as follows:

[0151] (twenty two);

[0152] In the formula: , The lowest and highest power consumption of an electric water pump , These represent the fan's minimum and maximum power consumption. , The lowest and highest temperatures are at the fuel cell cooling water outlet. , The minimum and maximum speeds of the electric water pump. , These are the minimum and maximum fan speeds.

[0153] This invention uses a genetic algorithm to control variables. The power consumption of different combinations is optimized. Based on the boundary constraints and power consumption optimization, the optimal operating points of the electric water pump and fan are determined to meet different heat dissipation requirements. Thus, the MAP curves of the electric water pump and fan speeds corresponding to the actual heat dissipation requirements after optimization are obtained.

[0154] It will be apparent to those skilled in the art that the present invention is not limited to the details of the exemplary embodiments described above, and that the invention can be implemented in other specific forms without departing from its spirit or essential characteristics. Therefore, the embodiments should be considered in all respects as exemplary and non-limiting, and the scope of the invention is defined by the appended claims rather than the foregoing description. Thus, all variations falling within the meaning and scope of equivalents of the claims are intended to be included within the present invention. No reference numerals in the claims should be construed as limiting the scope of the claims.

[0155] Furthermore, it should be understood that although this specification describes embodiments, not every embodiment contains only one independent technical solution. This narrative style is merely for clarity. Those skilled in the art should consider the specification as a whole, and the technical solutions in each embodiment can also be appropriately combined to form other embodiments that can be understood by those skilled in the art.

Claims

1. A thermal management and control method for a fuel cell with waste heat recovery mode, characterized in that, The fuel cell thermal management control method of this waste heat recovery mode includes the following steps: Step 1: Based on the fuel cell thermal management control system, the waste heat of the fuel cell is used to transfer heat to the passenger compartment thermal management loop through a heat exchanger, and a heat pump is used as a heat source to heat the passenger compartment as the fuel cell thermal management control model. Step 2: Determine whether the fuel cell thermal management control system is in heat dissipation mode or heating mode based on the fuel cell thermal management control model; Step 3: In heat dissipation mode, an optimized feedforward MAP controller is designed to control the working state of the fuel cell thermal management control system, and control correction is performed through PID feedback adjustment. Step 3 includes: Step 31: In heat dissipation mode, obtain the current heat dissipation requirements of the fuel cell. The output current of the fuel cell is determined based on the aforementioned heat dissipation requirements. This serves as the third control input signal; it also acquires the actual ambient temperature. This is determined as the fourth control input signal; the disturbance heat exchanged by the current heat exchanger is acquired. This is determined to be the fifth control input signal; Step 32, based on the currently obtained heat dissipation requirements Ambient temperature Disturbance heat exchanged by the heat exchanger An extended state observer is used to estimate the disturbance caused by the heat exchanger, and an optimized feedforward MAP controller is designed to control the working state of the fuel cell thermal management control system. Step 33: Design PID feedback regulation for control correction, and control the first control output signal to control the water pump speed. The second control output signal is used to control the fan speed. The PID feedback regulation and the MAP controller together form a closed-loop optimized feedforward MAP-PID control system.

2. The fuel cell thermal management and control method according to claim 1, characterized in that, In step 1, the fuel cell thermal management control model includes the passenger compartment thermal management loop and the fuel cell thermal management loop; The passenger compartment thermal management circuit includes an expansion valve, a heat exchanger, a compressor, and an evaporator. The waste heat from the fuel cell is transferred to the passenger compartment thermal management circuit through the heat exchanger. In low-temperature environments, the heat pump serves as an auxiliary heat source. After the refrigerant is further compressed and heated by the compressor, the resulting refrigerant is used to heat the passenger compartment through the evaporator. The fuel cell thermal management loop includes the fuel cell, electronic thermostat, radiator, water tank, and electronic water pump. The fuel cell thermal management loop is divided into a large loop and a small loop. The large loop consists of the fuel cell, electronic water pump, water tank, and radiator, and is used to dissipate heat from the fuel cell system, which is the heat dissipation mode. The small loop consists of the fuel cell, electronic water pump, water tank, and electronic thermostat, and is used to maintain the temperature of the fuel cell system, which is the heating mode.

3. The fuel cell thermal management and control method according to claim 1, characterized in that, In step 2, the current fuel cell outlet temperature is obtained. The first control input signal is determined, and the optimal operating temperature of the fuel cell is obtained. , determine This is the second control input signal; when Less than At that time, the fuel cell thermal management system is in heating mode. Greater than At this time, the fuel cell thermal management system is in heat dissipation mode.

4. The fuel cell thermal management and control method according to claim 1, characterized in that, In step 31, the heat dissipation requirements of the fuel cell Current output from fuel cell Sure: （1）； In the formula: This refers to the number of individual fuel cell units. The electromotive force is based on thermodynamic theory. This refers to the output voltage of the fuel cell. In fuel cell thermal management systems, there is disturbance heat exchanged by the heat exchanger. Therefore, the actual heat dissipation demand for: （2）。 5. The fuel cell thermal management and control method according to claim 4, characterized in that, In step 32, based on actual heat dissipation requirements... and ambient temperature A MAP controller was designed, which is based on the principle of optimizing the energy consumption of electric water pumps and fans. The ambient temperature is adjusted to reflect the actual heat dissipation requirement. （3）； In the formula: Adjustments based on actual heat dissipation requirements. This represents the actual temperature difference between the air side and the cooling side of the radiator, after correction. The temperature difference calibrated between the air side and the cooling side of the current radiator; The cooling power of the radiator : （4）； In the formula: This refers to the airflow rate entering the radiator. The specific heat capacity of air, This refers to the temperature difference between the front and back ends of the radiator through which the coolant flows; Therefore, the optimal temperature of the coolant at the fuel cell stack outlet can be determined. It can be represented as: （5）。 6. The fuel cell thermal management and control method according to claim 5, characterized in that, In step 32, an extended state observer is used to estimate and compensate for the disturbances of the heat exchanger, thereby improving the model accuracy and robustness. Formula (5) can be rearranged into the following form: ； （6）； in, , , , , = , For disturbances to the system's heat exchanger, This is called the total disturbance; Will Expanding to a state of the system, the original system can then be reconstructed as follows: ； ； （7）； The specific form of the extended state observer is as follows: （8）； （9）； In the formula, , System status , The estimated value; , For observer gain; Observation error: （10）； (11); Written in matrix form: （12）； in, It is the identity matrix. , , , , , ; Choose the appropriate Make the matrix The eigenvalues ​​have negative real parts, thus reducing the error. It converges to 0 within a finite time. This results in the system's heat exchanger disturbance: （13）； Substitute the above equation into formula (6). The heat exchange rate can be obtained from this value: （14）； The heat exchanger disturbance is a loss in the fuel cell system, and it is a negative value here.

7. The fuel cell thermal management and control method according to claim 1, characterized in that, In step 32, the MAP controller is optimized, and the power consumption of the electric water pump is reduced. for: （15）； In the formula: The flow rate of coolant flowing through the electric water pump, The pressure difference across the two ends of the electronic water pump For the efficiency of the electronic water pump; The power consumption of the fan is for: （16）； In the formula: For airflow resistance, Air volume velocity; Therefore, the total heat dissipation power consumption of the fuel cell for: （17）； Considering economic efficiency, the optimization problem for maximizing power consumption reduction can be expressed as: （18）； （19）； （20）； （21）； In the formula: It is the system state equation. It is the system's state variable. It is the system's control variable, which is achieved by changing the water pump speed in real time. and fan speed Change the real-time power of the water pump and fan. , These represent the total power consumption from the start point to the end point; , The boundary conditions for system state variables and control variables are as follows: （22）； In the formula: , The lowest and highest power consumption of an electric water pump , These represent the fan's minimum and maximum power consumption. , The lowest and highest temperatures are at the fuel cell cooling water outlet. , The minimum and maximum speeds of the electric water pump. , These are the minimum and maximum fan speeds.

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