Low power wake-up signal

Abstract

A wireless transmit / receive unit (WTRU) may determine a number of information bits of a signal by determining a puncturing scheme, for example, based on a power parameter. The WTRU may determine an Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) resource. The WTRU may determine a puncturing scheme associated with the OFDM resources based on a power parameter associated with the transmission. The WTRU may determine a number of information bits associated with the OFDM resource based on the puncturing scheme. The WTRU may decode the transmission based on the number of information bits. The WTRU may determine an on resource in the OFDM resources. The WTRU may determine a closed resource in the OFDM resources. The WTRU may determine the ON resource and the OFF resource based on a transmit power threshold. The WTRU may determine the puncturing scheme based on the determined on and off resources.

Description

[0001] CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

[0002] This application claims the benefit of Provisional U.S. Patent Application No. 63 / 334,870, filed on April 26, 2022, the disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. Background Art

[0003] Mobile communications using wireless communications continue to evolve. The fifth generation may be referred to as 5G. Previous (legacy) mobile communications may be, for example, fourth generation (4G) Long Term Evolution (LTE). Summary of the invention

[0004] Systems, methods, and tools associated with a wireless transmit / receive unit (WTRU) configured to determine a number of information bits for a signal by, for example, determining a puncturing scheme based on a power parameter are described herein.

[0005] Orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) resources may be used for a transmission. The WTRU may determine OFDM resources. The WTRU may determine a puncturing scheme associated with the OFDM resources based on a power parameter associated with the transmission. The WTRU may determine a number of information bits associated with the OFDM resources based on the puncturing scheme. The WTRU may decode the transmission based on the number of information bits. The number of information bits may indicate a numerical amount of the information bits.

[0006] The WTRU may determine the on resources in the OFDM resources. The WTRU may determine the off resources in the OFDM resources. The WTRU may determine the on resources and the off resources based on a transmit power threshold. The WTRU may determine the puncturing scheme based on the determined on resources and the off resources. In an example, the WTRU may determine the number of on resources in the OFDM resources and the number of off resources in the OFDM resources that may be used to determine the puncturing scheme based on the transmit power threshold.

[0007] The on resource and the off resource may be determined based on the average transmit power and the transmit power threshold. In an example, the first average transmit power during the duration of the on resource may be greater than or equal to the transmit power threshold. The second average transmit power during the duration of the off resource may be less than the transmit power threshold.

[0008] The power parameter associated with the transmission may include a power variation associated with the transmission. The WTRU may determine an on-off resource pattern based on one or more power variations associated with the transmission. The WTRU may determine the puncturing scheme based on the on-off resource pattern. In an example, the puncturing scheme may indicate a time point associated with the on resource. The WTRU may decode the transmission based on the time point associated with the on resource.

[0009] The transmission may include first information and second information. In an example, the transmission may be an on-off keyed low power wake-up signal. The first information may be indicated by on-off keying associated with the on-off keyed low power wake-up signal and indicates whether the WTRU is to be woken up in a discontinuous reception (DRX) mode. The second information may be included in the information bit. In an example, the number of the information bits may be determined based on the number of the open resources indicated by the puncturing scheme. The information bit may indicate, for example, an identifier associated with the WTRU.

[0010] The WTRU may include multiple receivers, for example, one receiver and one low power receiver. When the first information includes an activation-deactivation indication, the first information may indicate to the WTRU whether the WTRU is to deactivate the low power receiver and activate the receiver.

[0011] The WTRU may use discrete Fourier transform spread-OFDM demodulation to decode the information bits. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0012] Figure 1A is a system diagram illustrating an example communication system in which one or more disclosed embodiments may be implemented.

[0013] Figure 1B is a diagram showing that according to the embodiment Figure 1A A system diagram of an example wireless transmit / receive unit (WTRU) for use within a communication system is shown.

[0014] Figure 1C is a diagram showing that according to the embodiment Figure 1A System diagram of an example radio access network (RAN) and an example core network (CN) for use within a communication system is shown.

[0015] Figure 1D is a diagram showing that according to the embodiment Figure 1A System diagram of another example RAN and another example CN used within the communication system shown.

[0016] Figure 2 is a diagram showing an example of an ON / OFF keying (OOK) signal.

[0017] Figure 2A An example DFT is shown.

[0018] Figure 3 is a diagram showing an example of ON / OFF duration (eg, ON / OFF interval after IDFT of an OFDM modulator).

[0019] Figure 4 An example of determining (eg, dynamically determining) the number of information bits is shown.

[0020] Figure 5 An example of determining (eg, dynamically determining) the number of information bits is shown. DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0021] Figure 1A 1 is a diagram illustrating an example communication system 100 in which one or more disclosed embodiments may be implemented. The communication system 100 may be a multiple access system that provides content such as voice, data, video, messaging, broadcast, etc. to multiple wireless users. The communication system 100 may enable multiple wireless users to access such content through sharing of system resources (including wireless bandwidth). For example, the communication system 100 may employ one or more channel access methods such as code division multiple access (CDMA), time division multiple access (TDMA), frequency division multiple access (FDMA), orthogonal FDMA (OFDMA), single carrier FDMA (SC-FDMA), zero tail unique word DFT spread OFDM (ZT UW DTS-s OFDM), unique word OFDM (UW-OFDM), resource block filtered OFDM, filter bank multi-carrier (FBMC), etc.

[0022] like Figure 1AAs shown, the communication system 100 may include wireless transmit / receive units (WTRUs) 102a, 102b, 102c, 102d, RAN 104 / 113, CN 106 / 115, public switched telephone network (PSTN) 108, Internet 110 and other networks 112, but it should be understood that the disclosed embodiments contemplate any number of WTRUs, base stations, networks, and / or network elements. Each of the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, 102d may be any type of device configured to operate and / or communicate in a wireless environment. By way of example, the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, 102d (any of which may be referred to as a “station” and / or “STA”) may be configured to send and / or receive wireless signals and may include user equipment (UE), a mobile station, a fixed or mobile subscriber unit, a subscription-based unit, a pager, a cellular phone, a personal digital assistant (PDA), a smart phone, a laptop, a netbook, a personal computer, a wireless sensor, a hotspot or Mi-Fi device, an Internet of Things (IoT) device, a watch or other wearable device, a head-mounted display (HMD), a vehicle, a drone, medical devices and applications (e.g., remote surgery), industrial devices and applications (e.g., robots and / or other wireless devices operating in an industrial and / or automated process chain environment), a consumer electronic device, a device operating on a commercial and / or industrial wireless network, etc. Any of the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, and 102d may be interchangeably referred to as a UE.

[0023] The communication system 100 may also include a base station 114a and / or a base station 114b. Each of the base stations 114a, 114b may be any type of device that is configured to wirelessly interface with at least one of the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, 102d to facilitate access to one or more communication networks, such as the CN 106 / 115, the Internet 110, and / or other networks 112. By way of example, the base stations 114a, 114b may be a base transceiver station (BTS), a Node B, an evolved Node B (eNB), a Home Node B, a Home evolved Node B, a next generation Node B (gNB), an NR Node B, a site controller, an access point (AP), a wireless router, and the like. While the base stations 114a, 114b are each depicted as a single element, it will be appreciated that the base stations 114a, 114b may include any number of interconnected base stations and / or network elements.

[0024] The base station 114a may be part of the RAN 104 / 113, which may also include other base stations and / or network elements (not shown), such as a base station controller (BSC), a radio network controller (RNC), a relay node, etc. The base station 114a and / or the base station 114b may be configured to send and / or receive wireless signals on one or more carrier frequencies (which may be referred to as cells (not shown)). These frequencies may be in a licensed spectrum, an unlicensed spectrum, or a combination of licensed and unlicensed spectrums. A cell may provide coverage of wireless services to a specific geographic area, which may be relatively fixed or may change over time. The cell may be further divided into cell sectors. For example, a cell associated with the base station 114a may be divided into three sectors. Therefore, in one embodiment, the base station 114a may include three transceivers, i.e., one transceiver for each sector of the cell. In an embodiment, the base station 114a may employ multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) technology and may utilize multiple transceivers for each sector of the cell. For example, beamforming may be used to send and / or receive signals in a desired spatial direction.

[0025] The base stations 114a, 114b may communicate with one or more of the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, 102d over an air interface 116, which may be any suitable wireless communication link (e.g., radio frequency (RF), microwave, centimeter wave, micrometer wave, infrared (IR), ultraviolet (UV), visible light, etc.). The air interface 116 may be established using any suitable radio access technology (RAT).

[0026] More specifically, as noted above, the communication system 100 may be a multiple access system and may employ one or more channel access schemes such as CDMA, TDMA, FDMA, OFDMA, SC-FDMA, etc. For example, the base station 114a in the RAN 104 / 113 and the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c may implement a radio technology such as Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS) Terrestrial Radio Access (UTRA), which may use Wideband CDMA (WCDMA) to establish the air interface 115 / 116 / 117. WCDMA may include communication protocols such as High Speed ​​Packet Access (HSPA) and / or Evolved HSPA (HSPA+). HSPA may include High Speed ​​Downlink (DL) Packet Access (HSDPA) and / or High Speed ​​UL Packet Access (HSUPA).

[0027] In an embodiment, the base station 114a and the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c may implement a radio technology such as Evolved UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access (E-UTRA) that may establish the air interface 116 using Long Term Evolution (LTE) and / or Advanced LTE (LTE-A) and / or Advanced LTE Pro (LTE-A Pro).

[0028] In an embodiment, the base station 114a and the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c may implement a radio technology such as NR radio access, which may establish the air interface 116 using New Radio (NR).

[0029] In an embodiment, the base station 114a and the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c may implement multiple radio access technologies. For example, the base station 114a and the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c may together implement LTE radio access and NR radio access, for example using the dual connectivity (DC) principle. Thus, the air interface utilized by the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c may be characterized by multiple types of radio access technologies and / or transmissions transmitted to / from multiple types of base stations (e.g., eNBs and gNBs).

[0030] In other embodiments, the base station 114a and the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c may implement radio technologies such as IEEE 802.11 (i.e., Wireless Fidelity (WiFi)), IEEE 802.16 (i.e., Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access (WiMAX)), CDMA2000, CDMA2000 1X, CDMA2000 EV-DO, Interim Standard 2000 (IS-2000), Interim Standard 95 (IS-95), Interim Standard 856 (IS-856), Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM), Enhanced Data rates for GSM Evolution (EDGE), GSM EDGE (GERAN), etc.

[0031] Figure 1AThe base station 114b in the may be, for example, a wireless router, a Home NodeB, a Home eNodeB, or an access point, and may utilize any suitable RAT to facilitate wireless connectivity in a local area, such as a business location, a home, a vehicle, a campus, an industrial facility, an air corridor (e.g., for use by drones), a road, and the like. In one embodiment, the base station 114b and the WTRUs 102c, 102d may implement a radio technology (such as IEEE 802.11) to establish a wireless local area network (WLAN). In an embodiment, the base station 114b and the WTRUs 102c, 102d may implement a radio technology (such as IEEE 802.15) to establish a wireless personal area network (WPAN). In yet another embodiment, the base station 114b and the WTRUs 102c, 102d may utilize a cellular-based RAT (e.g., WCDMA, CDMA2000, GSM, LTE, LTE-A, LTE-A Pro, NR, etc.) to establish a picocell or a femtocell. As Figure 1A As shown, base station 114b may have a direct connection to Internet 110. Therefore, base station 114b may not need to access Internet 110 via CN 106 / 115.

[0032] The RAN 104 / 113 may be in communication with the CN 106 / 115, which may be any type of network configured to provide voice, data, applications, and / or Voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP) services to one or more of the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, 102d. The data may have different quality of service (QoS) requirements, such as different throughput requirements, latency requirements, error tolerance requirements, reliability requirements, data throughput requirements, mobility requirements, etc. The CN 106 / 115 may provide call control, billing services, mobile location-based services, prepaid calling, Internet connectivity, video distribution, etc., and / or perform advanced security functions, such as user authentication. Although not described in detail in the text, the CN 106 / 115 may be configured to provide voice, data, applications, and / or Voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP) services to one or more of the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, 102d. The data may have different quality of service (QoS) requirements, such as different throughput requirements, latency requirements, error tolerance requirements, reliability requirements, data throughput requirements, mobility requirements, etc. The CN 106 / 115 may provide call control, billing services, mobile location-based services, prepaid calling, Internet connectivity, video distribution, etc., and / or perform advanced security functions, such as user authentication. Figure 1A Although not shown in the figure, it will be appreciated that the RAN 104 / 113 and / or the CN 106 / 115 may be in direct or indirect communication with other RANs that employ the same RAT as the RAN 104 / 113 or a different RAT. For example, in addition to being connected to the RAN 104 / 113, which may utilize NR radio technology, the CN 106 / 115 may also be in communication with another RAN (not shown) that employs GSM, UMTS, CDMA 2000, WiMAX, E-UTRA, or WiFi radio technology.

[0033] The CN 106 / 115 may also serve as a gateway for the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, 102d to access the PSTN 108, the Internet 110, and / or other networks 112. The PSTN 108 may include a circuit-switched telephone network that provides plain old telephone service (POTS). The Internet 110 may include a global system of interconnected computer networks and devices that use common communication protocols, such as the Transmission Control Protocol (TCP), the User Datagram Protocol (UDP), and / or the Internet Protocol (IP) in the TCP / IP Internet protocol suite. The networks 112 may include wired communication networks and / or wireless communication networks owned and / or operated by other service providers. For example, the networks 112 may include another CN connected to one or more RANs, which may employ the same RAT as the RAN 104 / 113 or a different RAT.

[0034] Some or all of the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, 102d in the communication system 100 may include multi-mode capabilities (e.g., the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, 102d may include multiple transceivers for communicating with different wireless networks via different wireless links). Figure 1A The illustrated WTRU 102c may be configured to communicate with the base station 114a, which may employ a cellular-based radio technology, and with the base station 114b, which may employ an IEEE 802 radio technology.

[0035] Figure 1B is a system diagram illustrating an example WTRU 102. Figure 1B As shown, the WTRU 102 may include, among other things, a processor 118, a transceiver 120, a transmit / receive element 122, a speaker / microphone 124, a keypad 126, a display / touchpad 128, non-removable memory 130, removable memory 132, a power source 134, a global positioning system (GPS) chipset 136, and / or other peripherals 138. It will be appreciated that the WTRU 102 may include any sub-combination of the foregoing elements while remaining consistent with an embodiment.

[0036] The processor 118 may be a general purpose processor, a special purpose processor, a conventional processor, a digital signal processor (DSP), a plurality of microprocessors, one or more microprocessors associated with a DSP core, a controller, a microcontroller, an application specific integrated circuit (ASIC), a field programmable gate array (FPGA) circuit, any other type of integrated circuit (IC), a state machine, etc. The processor 118 may perform signal decoding, data processing, power control, input / output processing, and / or any other functionality that enables the WTRU 102 to operate in a wireless environment. The processor 118 may be coupled to the transceiver 120, which may be coupled to the transmit / receive element 122. Although Figure 1B The processor 118 and the transceiver 120 are depicted as separate components, but it is understood that the processor 118 and the transceiver 120 may be integrated together in an electronic package or chip.

[0037] The send / receive element 122 may be configured to send a signal to a base station (e.g., base station 114a) or receive a signal from the base station via an air interface 116. For example, in one embodiment, the send / receive element 122 may be an antenna configured to send and / or receive an RF signal. In an embodiment, the send / receive element 122 may be a transmitter / detector configured to send and / or receive, for example, IR, UV or visible light signals. In another embodiment, the send / receive element 122 may be configured to send and / or receive both RF signals and optical signals. It should be understood that the send / receive element 122 may be configured to send and / or receive any combination of wireless signals.

[0038] Although the transmit / receive element 122 Figure 1B 1 as a single element, the WTRU 102 may include any number of transmit / receive elements 122. More specifically, the WTRU 102 may employ MIMO technology. Thus, in one embodiment, the WTRU 102 may include two or more transmit / receive elements 122 (e.g., multiple antennas) for transmitting and receiving wireless signals over the air interface 116.

[0039] The transceiver 120 may be configured to modulate signals to be transmitted by the transmit / receive element 122 and to demodulate signals received by the transmit / receive element 122. As noted above, the WTRU 102 may have multi-mode capabilities. For example, the transceiver 120 may include multiple transceivers for enabling the WTRU 102 to communicate via multiple RATs, such as NR and IEEE 802.11.

[0040] The processor 118 of the WTRU 102 may be coupled to a speaker / microphone 124, a keypad 126, and / or a display / touchpad 128 (e.g., a liquid crystal display (LCD) display unit or an organic light emitting diode (OLED) display unit) and may receive user input data therefrom. The processor 118 may also output user data to the speaker / microphone 124, the keypad 126, and / or the display / touchpad 128. In addition, the processor 118 may access information from and store data in any type of suitable memory, such as a non-removable memory 130 and / or a removable memory 132. The non-removable memory 130 may include a random access memory (RAM), a read-only memory (ROM), a hard disk, or any other type of memory storage device. The removable memory 132 may include a subscriber identity module (SIM) card, a memory stick, a secure digital (SD) memory card, and the like. In other embodiments, the processor 118 may access information from and store data in a memory that is not physically located on the WTRU 102, such as on a server or a home computer (not shown).

[0041] The processor 118 may receive power from the power source 134, and may be configured to distribute and / or control power to other components in the WTRU 102. The power source 134 may be any suitable device for powering the WTRU 102. For example, the power source 134 may include one or more dry cell batteries (e.g., nickel-cadmium (NiCd), nickel-zinc (NiZn), nickel-metal hydride (NiMH), lithium-ion (Li-ion), etc.), solar cells, fuel cells, etc.

[0042] The processor 118 may also be coupled to the GPS chipset 136, which may be configured to provide location information (e.g., longitude and latitude) regarding the current location of the WTRU 102. In addition to or in lieu of the information from the GPS chipset 136, the WTRU 102 may receive location information from a base station (e.g., base stations 114a, 114b) over the air interface 116 and / or determine its location based on the timing of signals received from two or more nearby base stations. It will be appreciated that the WTRU 102 may acquire location information by any suitable location-determination method while remaining consistent with an embodiment.

[0043] The processor 118 may also be coupled to other peripherals 138, which may include one or more software modules and / or hardware modules that provide additional features, functionality, and / or wired or wireless connectivity. For example, the peripherals 138 may include an accelerometer, an electronic compass, a satellite transceiver, a digital camera (for photos and / or video), a universal serial bus (USB) port, a vibration device, a television transceiver, a hands-free headset, module, a frequency modulation (FM) radio unit, a digital music player, a media player, a video game player module, an Internet browser, a virtual reality and / or augmented reality (VR / AR) device, an activity tracker, etc. Peripheral device 138 may include one or more sensors, which may be one or more of the following: a gyroscope, an accelerometer, a Hall effect sensor, a magnetometer, an orientation sensor, a proximity sensor, a temperature sensor, a time sensor; a geolocation sensor; an altimeter, a light sensor, a touch sensor, a magnetometer, a barometer, a gesture sensor, a biometric sensor, and / or a humidity sensor.

[0044] The WTRU 102 may include a full-duplex radio for which transmission and reception of some or all signals (e.g., associated with specific subframes for UL (e.g., for transmission) and downlink (e.g., for reception)) may be concurrent and / or simultaneous. The full-duplex radio may include an interference management unit for reducing and / or substantially eliminating self-interference via signal processing performed via hardware (e.g., a choke) or via a processor (e.g., a separate processor (not shown) or via the processor 118). In an embodiment, the WRTU 102 may include a half-duplex radio for which transmission and reception of some or all signals (e.g., associated with specific subframes for UL (e.g., for transmission) or downlink (e.g., for reception)) may be concurrent and / or simultaneous.

[0045] Figure 1C 1 is a system diagram showing the RAN 104 and the CN 106 in accordance with an embodiment. As noted above, the RAN 104 may employ an E-UTRA radio technology to communicate with the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c over the air interface 116. The RAN 104 may also be in communication with the CN 106.

[0046] The RAN 104 may include evolved Node-Bs 160a, 160b, 160c, though it will be appreciated that the RAN 104 may include any number of evolved Node-Bs while remaining consistent with an embodiment. The evolved Node-Bs 160a, 160b, 160c may each include one or more transceivers for communicating with the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c over the air interface 116. In one embodiment, the evolved Node-Bs 160a, 160b, 160c may implement MIMO technology. Thus, the evolved Node-B 160a, for example, may use multiple antennas to transmit wireless signals to and / or receive wireless signals from the WTRU 102a.

[0047] Each of the evolved Node Bs 160a, 160b, 160c may be associated with a particular cell (not shown) and may be configured to handle radio resource management decisions, handover decisions, scheduling of users in UL and / or DL, etc. Figure 1C As shown, the eNode-Bs 160a, 160b, 160c may communicate with one another via an X2 interface.

[0048] Figure 1C The illustrated CN 106 may include a mobility management entity (MME) 162, a serving gateway (SGW) 164, and a packet data network (PDN) gateway (or PGW) 166. While each of the foregoing elements is depicted as part of the CN 106, it should be understood that any of these elements may be owned and / or operated by an entity other than a CN operator.

[0049] The MME 162 may be connected to each of the evolved Node-Bs 160a, 160b, 160c in the RAN 104 via an S1 interface and may serve as a control node. For example, the MME 162 may be responsible for authenticating users of the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, bearer activation / deactivation, selecting a particular serving gateway during an initial attach of the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, etc. The MME 162 may provide a control plane function for switching between the RAN 104 and other RANs (not shown) that employ other radio technologies, such as GSM and / or WCDMA.

[0050] The SGW 164 may be connected to each of the evolved Node-Bs 160a, 160b, 160c in the RAN 104 via an S1 interface. The SGW 164 may generally route and forward user data packets to / from the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c. The SGW 164 may perform other functions, such as anchoring the user plane during inter-evolved Node-B handover, triggering paging when DL data is available for the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, managing and storing the context of the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, and the like.

[0051] The SGW 164 may be connected to the PGW 166, which may provide the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c with access to packet-switched networks, such as the Internet 110, to facilitate communications between the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c and IP-enabled devices.

[0052] The CN 106 may facilitate communications with other networks. For example, the CN 106 may provide the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c with access to circuit-switched networks, such as the PSTN 108, to facilitate communications between the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c and traditional land-line communications devices. For example, the CN 106 may include, or may be in communication with, an IP gateway (e.g., an IP Multimedia Subsystem (IMS) server) that acts as an interface between the CN 106 and the PSTN 108. In addition, the CN 106 may provide the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c with access to other networks 112, which may include other wired and / or wireless networks owned and / or operated by other service providers.

[0053] Although the WTRU Figures 1A to 1D Although described as wireless terminals, it is contemplated that in certain representative embodiments, such terminals may (eg, temporarily or permanently) use a wired communications interface with a communications network.

[0054] In a representative embodiment, the other network 112 may be a WLAN.

[0055] A WLAN in infrastructure basic service set (BSS) mode may have an access point (AP) for the BSS and one or more stations (STA) associated with the AP. The AP may have access or an interface to a distribution system (DS) or another type of wired / wireless network that carries traffic to and / or carries traffic away from the BSS. Traffic originating from outside the BSS and leading to the STA may be reached by the AP and may be delivered to the STA. Traffic originating from the STA and leading to a destination outside the BSS may be transmitted to the AP to be delivered to the corresponding destination. Traffic between STAs within the BSS may be transmitted by the AP, for example, wherein the source STA may transmit traffic to the AP, and the AP may deliver traffic to the destination STA. Traffic between STAs within the BSS may be considered and / or referred to as point-to-point traffic. Point-to-point traffic may be transmitted between the source STA and the destination STA (e.g., directly between them) using a direct link establishment (DLS). In certain representative embodiments, the DLS may use 802.11e DLS or 802.11z tunnel DLS (TDLS). A WLAN using an independent BSS (IBSS) mode may not have an AP, and STAs within or using the IBSS (eg, all STAs in the STA) may communicate directly with each other. The IBSS communication mode may sometimes be referred to herein as an "ad hoc" communication mode.

[0056] When using the 802.11ac infrastructure operating mode or a similar operating mode, the AP may send beacons on a fixed channel (such as a primary channel). The primary channel may be a fixed width (e.g., a 20 MHz wide bandwidth) or a width dynamically set via signaling. The primary channel may be an operating channel of the BSS and may be used by the STA to establish a connection with the AP. In certain representative embodiments, carrier sense multiple access / collision avoidance (CSMA / CA) may be implemented, for example, in an 802.11 system. For CSMA / CA, a STA (e.g., each STA) (including the AP) may sense the primary channel. If the primary channel is sensed / detected and / or determined to be busy by a particular STA, the particular STA may back off. One STA (e.g., only one station) may transmit at any given time in a given BSS.

[0057] High throughput (HT) STAs may communicate using a 40 MHz wide channel, for example, via a combination of a primary 20 MHz channel and adjacent or non-adjacent 20 MHz channels to form a 40 MHz wide channel.

[0058] Very high throughput (VHT) STA can support 20MHz, 40MHz, 80MHz and / or 160MHz wide channels. 40MHz channels and / or 80MHz channels can be formed by combining continuous 20MHz channels. 160MHz channels can be formed by combining 8 continuous 20MHz channels, or by combining two non-continuous 80MHz channels (this can be called 80+80 configuration). For 80+80 configuration, after channel coding, the data can pass through a segment parser that can divide the data into two streams. Each stream can be processed by inverse fast Fourier transform (IFFT) and time domain processing separately. These streams can be mapped to two 80MHz channels, and data can be sent by the transmitter STA. At the receiver of the receiver STA, the above-mentioned operation for the 80+80 configuration can be reversed, and the combined data can be transmitted to the medium access control (MAC).

[0059] 802.11af and 802.11ah support operating modes below 1 GHz. Channel operating bandwidths and carriers are reduced in 802.11af and 802.11ah relative to those used in 802.11n and 802.11ac. 802.11af supports 5 MHz, 10 MHz, and 20 MHz bandwidths in the TV White Space (TVWS) spectrum, and 802.11ah supports 1 MHz, 2 MHz, 4 MHz, 8 MHz, and 16 MHz bandwidths using non-TVWS spectrum. According to a representative embodiment, 802.11ah may support instrument type control / machine type communications, such as MTC devices in macro coverage areas. MTC devices may have certain capabilities, such as limited capabilities, including support for (e.g., only support for) certain bandwidths and / or limited bandwidths. MTC devices may include batteries with battery life above a threshold (e.g., to maintain very long battery life).

[0060] WLAN systems that can support multiple channels and channel bandwidths (such as 802.11n, 802.11ac, 802.11af, and 802.11ah) include channels that can be designated as primary channels. The primary channel may have a bandwidth equal to the maximum common operating bandwidth supported by all STAs in the BSS. The bandwidth of the primary channel may be set and / or limited by a STA (which supports the minimum bandwidth operating mode) from all STAs operating in the BSS. In the example of 802.11ah, for STAs (e.g., MTC-type devices) that support (e.g., only support) a 1MHz mode, the primary channel may be 1MHz wide, even if the AP and other STAs in the BSS support 2MHz, 4MHz, 8MHz, 16MHz, and / or other channel bandwidth operating modes. Carrier sensing and / or network allocation vector (NAV) settings may depend on the state of the primary channel. If the primary channel is busy, for example, because a STA (supporting only a 1MHz operating mode) is sending to the AP, the entire available band may be considered busy even if most of the band remains idle and may be available.

[0061] In the United States, the available frequency band for 802.11ah is 902MHz to 928MHz. In South Korea, the available frequency band is 917.5MHz to 923.5MHz. In Japan, the available frequency band is 916.5MHz to 927.5MHz. The total bandwidth available for 802.11ah is 6MHz to 26MHz, depending on the country code.

[0062] Figure 1D 1 is a system diagram illustrating the RAN 113 and the CN 115 according to one embodiment. As noted above, the RAN 113 may employ NR radio technology to communicate with the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c over the air interface 116. The RAN 113 may also be in communication with the CN 115.

[0063] The RAN 113 may include gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c, though it will be appreciated that the RAN 113 may include any number of gNBs while remaining consistent with an embodiment. The gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c may each include one or more transceivers for communicating with the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c over the air interface 116. In one embodiment, the gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c may implement MIMO technology. For example, the gNBs 180a, 180b may utilize beamforming to send signals to and / or receive signals from the gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c. Thus, the gNB 180a may, for example, use multiple antennas to send wireless signals to and / or receive wireless signals from the WTRU 102a. In an embodiment, the gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c may implement carrier aggregation technology. For example, the gNB 180a may transmit multiple component carriers to the WTRU 102a (not shown). A subset of these component carriers may be on an unlicensed spectrum, while the remaining component carriers may be on a licensed spectrum. In an embodiment, the gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c may implement coordinated multi-point (CoMP) technology. For example, the WTRU 102a may receive coordinated transmissions from the gNB 180a and the gNB 180b (and / or the gNB 180c).

[0064] The WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c may communicate with the gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c using transmissions associated with parameter sets that may be scalable. For example, OFDM symbol spacing and / or OFDM subcarrier spacing may vary for different transmissions, different cells, and / or different portions of the wireless transmission spectrum. The WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c may communicate with the gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c using subframes or Transmission Time Intervals (TTIs) of varying or scalable lengths (e.g., containing different numbers of OFDM symbols and / or varying absolute time lengths over time).

[0065] The gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c may be configured to communicate with the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c in a standalone configuration and / or a non-standalone configuration. In a standalone configuration, the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c may communicate with the gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c while not accessing other RANs (e.g., such as the eNodeBs 160a, 160b, 160c). In a standalone configuration, the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c may use one or more of the gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c as mobility anchors. In a standalone configuration, the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c may communicate with the gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c using signals in an unlicensed band. In a non-standalone configuration, the WTRU 102a, 102b, 102c may communicate / connect with the gNB 180a, 180b, 180c while also communicating / connecting with another RAN, such as the evolved Node-B 160a, 160b, 160c. For example, the WTRU 102a, 102b, 102c may implement the DC principle to communicate with one or more gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c and one or more evolved Node-Bs 160a, 160b, 160c substantially simultaneously. In a non-standalone configuration, the evolved Node-B 160a, 160b, 160c may act as a mobility anchor for the WTRU 102a, 102b, 102c, and the gNB 180a, 180b, 180c may provide additional coverage and / or throughput for serving the WTRU 102a, 102b, 102c.

[0066] Each of the gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c may be associated with a particular cell (not shown) and may be configured to handle radio resource management decisions, handover decisions, scheduling of users in UL and / or DL, support of network slicing, dual connectivity, interworking between NR and E-UTRA, routing of user plane data towards a user plane function (UPF) 184a, 184b, routing of control plane information towards an access and mobility management function (AMF) 182a, 182b, etc. Figure 1D As shown, gNBs 180a, 180b, and 180c may communicate with each other via an Xn interface.

[0067] Figure 1DThe CN 115 shown in FIG. 1 may include at least one AMF 182a, 182b, at least one UPF 184a, 184b, at least one session management function (SMF) 183a, 183b, and possible data networks (DNs) 185a, 185b. Although each of the aforementioned elements is depicted as part of the CN 115, it should be understood that any of these elements may be owned and / or operated by an entity other than the CN operator.

[0068] The AMF 182a, 182b may be connected to one or more of the gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c in the RAN 113 via the N2 interface and may serve as a control node. For example, the AMF 182a, 182b may be responsible for authenticating users of the WTRU 102a, 102b, 102c, support of network slicing (e.g., handling of different PDU sessions with different requirements), selecting a specific SMF 183a, 183b, management of registration areas, termination of NAS signaling, mobility management, etc. The AMF 182a, 182b may use network slicing in order to customize CN support for the WTRU 102a, 102b, 102c based on the type of services utilized by the WTRU 102a, 102b, 102c. For example, different network slices may be established for different use cases, such as services relying on ultra-reliable low latency (URLLC) access, services relying on enhanced mobile broadband (eMBB) access, services for machine type communication (MTC) access, etc. The AMF 162 may provide a control plane function for switching between the RAN 113 and other RANs (not shown) that employ other radio technologies, such as LTE, LTE-A, LTE-A Pro, and / or non-3GPP access technologies, such as WiFi.

[0069] The SMF 183a, 183b may be connected to the AMF 182a, 182b in the CN 115 via the N11 interface. The SMF 183a, 183b may also be connected to the UPF 184a, 184b in the CN 115 via the N4 interface. The SMF 183a, 183b may select and control the UPF 184a, 184b, and configure the traffic routing through the UPF 184a, 184b. The SMF 183a, 183b may perform other functions, such as managing and allocating UE IP addresses, managing PDU sessions, controlling policy enforcement and QoS, providing downlink data notification, etc. The PDU session type may be IP-based, non-IP-based, Ethernet-based, etc.

[0070] The UPF 184a, 184b may be connected to one or more of the gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c in the RAN 113 via the N3 interface, which may provide the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c with access to packet-switched networks, such as the Internet 110, to facilitate communications between the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c and IP-enabled devices. The UPF 184, 184b may perform other functions, such as routing and forwarding packets, enforcing user plane policies, supporting multi-homed PDU sessions, handling user plane QoS, buffering downlink packets, providing mobility anchoring, etc.

[0071] The CN 115 may facilitate communications with other networks. For example, the CN 115 may include or may communicate with an IP gateway (e.g., an IP Multimedia Subsystem (IMS) server) that acts as an interface between the CN 115 and the PSTN 108. In addition, the CN 115 may provide the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c with access to other networks 112, which may include other wired networks and / or wireless networks owned and / or operated by other service providers. In one embodiment, the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c may be connected to local data networks (DNs) 185a, 185b via the UPF 184a, 184b via the N3 interface to the UPF 184a, 184b and the N6 interface between the UPF 184a, 184b and the DN 185a, 185b.

[0072] Given that Figures 1A to 1D as well as Figures 1A to 1D Corresponding to the description of the present invention, one or more or all of the functions described herein with reference to one or more of the following may be performed by one or more simulation devices (not shown): WTRU102a-102d, base station 114a-114b, evolved Node B 160a-160c, MME 162, SGW 164, PGW 166, gNB 180a-180c, AMF 182a-182b, UPF 184a-184b, SMF 183a-183b, DN 185a-185b and / or any other device described herein. The simulation device may be one or more devices configured to mimic one or more or all of the functions described herein. For example, the simulation device may be used to test other devices and / or simulate network and / or WTRU functions.

[0073] The simulation device may be designed to implement one or more tests of other devices in a laboratory environment and / or in an operator network environment. For example, one or more simulation devices may perform one or more functions or all functions while being fully or partially implemented and / or deployed as part of a wired and / or wireless communication network in order to test other devices within the communication network. One or more simulation devices may perform one or more functions or all functions while being temporarily implemented / deployed as part of a wired and / or wireless communication network. The simulation device may be directly coupled to another device for testing purposes and / or may use over-the-air wireless communications to perform testing.

[0074] One or more simulation devices can perform one or more (including all) functions without being implemented / deployed as part of a wired and / or wireless communication network. For example, the simulation device can be used in a test scenario in a test laboratory and / or a non-deployed (e.g., testing) wired and / or wireless communication network to implement testing of one or more components. One or more simulation devices can be test equipment. Direct RF coupling and / or wireless communication via RF circuits (e.g., which may include one or more antennas) can be used by the simulation device to send and / or receive data.

[0075] Systems, methods, and tools associated with a wireless transmit / receive unit (WTRU) configured to send multiple levels of information in a low power wake-up signal (LP WUS) are described herein. A first level of information may include an ON / OFF symbol. A second level of information may include information bits embedded in the LP WUS.

[0076] In an example, a WTRU may be configured to receive a LP WUS. The LP WUS may include an ON / OFF symbol. The LP WUS may also include embedded information bits. The WTRU may determine first information based on the ON / OFF symbol. The WTRU may determine second information based on the information bits embedded in the LP WUS. The WTRU may obtain an indication of whether the WTRU will be awakened based on the first information and the second information. The LP WUS may include a signal or a portion of the signal sent in a specific bandwidth with a predefined modulation. The WTRU may receive an indication for monitoring the LP WUS and monitor the LP WUS based on the received indication, for example, before the WTRU receives the LP WUS. The WTRU may receive configuration information associated with the LP WUS in system information or in a radio resource control (RRC) message.

[0077] The first information and the second information may be independent of each other or related to each other. In an example, the first information may include an indication of whether to wake up, and the second information may include identification information of the WTRU or a group of WTRUs to which the WTRU belongs. The WTRU may use the first information and the second information to determine whether the indication of whether to wake up is for the WTRU. The first information may be determined using power detection, and the second information may be determined using discrete Fourier transform spread orthogonal frequency division multiplexing or using single carrier modulation.

[0078] A configuration of an LP WUS including one or more examples herein may be described in which a main receiver is turned off and a low power receiver is used to start a process of monitoring the LP WUS.

[0079] Systems, methods, and tools associated with a wireless transmit / receive unit (WTRU) configured to determine a number of information bits for a signal by, for example, determining a puncturing scheme based on a power parameter are described herein.

[0080] Orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) resources may be used for a transmission. The WTRU may determine OFDM resources. The WTRU may determine a puncturing scheme associated with the OFDM resources based on a power parameter associated with the transmission. The WTRU may determine a number of information bits associated with the OFDM resources based on the puncturing scheme. The WTRU may decode the transmission based on the number of information bits. The number of information bits represents a numerical amount of the information bits.

[0081] The WTRU may determine the on resources in the OFDM resources. The WTRU may determine the off resources in the OFDM resources. The WTRU may determine the on resources and the off resources based on a transmit power threshold. The WTRU may determine the puncturing scheme based on the determined on resources and the off resources. In an example, the WTRU may determine the number of on resources in the OFDM resources and the number of off resources in the OFDM resources that may be used to determine the puncturing scheme based on the transmit power threshold.

[0082] The on resource and the off resource may be determined based on the average transmit power and the transmit power threshold. In an example, the first average transmit power during the duration of the on resource may be greater than or equal to the transmit power threshold. The second average transmit power during the duration of the off resource may be less than the transmit power threshold.

[0083] The power parameter associated with the transmission may include a power variation associated with the transmission. The WTRU may determine an on-off resource pattern based on one or more power variations associated with the transmission. The WTRU may determine the puncturing scheme based on the on-off resource pattern. In an example, the puncturing scheme may indicate a time point associated with the on resource. The WTRU may decode the transmission based on the time point associated with the on resource.

[0084] The transmission may include first information and second information. In an example, the transmission may be an on-off keyed low power wake-up signal. The first information may be indicated by on-off keying associated with the on-off keyed low power wake-up signal and indicates whether the WTRU is to be woken up in a discontinuous reception (DRX) mode. The second information may be included in the information bit. In an example, the number of the information bits may be determined based on the number of the open resources indicated by the puncturing scheme. The information bit may indicate, for example, an identifier associated with the WTRU.

[0085] The WTRU may include multiple receivers, for example, one receiver and one low power receiver. When the first information includes an activation-deactivation indication, the first information may indicate to the WTRU whether the WTRU is to deactivate the low power receiver and activate the receiver.

[0086] The WTRU may use discrete Fourier transform spread-OFDM demodulation to decode the information bits.

[0087] In some examples, the WTRU may be awakened periodically once per DRX cycle, which dominates the power consumption in periods without signaling or data traffic. If the WTRU is awakened when it is triggered (e.g., via paging) (e.g., only when it is triggered), power consumption can be reduced. The wake-up signal can be used to trigger a main radio (e.g., a main receiver) and a separate receiver (e.g., a low power receiver) having the ability to monitor the wake-up signal with low power consumption (e.g., ultra-low power consumption). The main radio can be used for data transmission and / or reception, unless it is turned on, it can be turned off or set to sleep (e.g., set to deep sleep). The power consumption for monitoring the WUS may depend on the design of the hardware modules of the WUS and / or receiver (e.g., wake-up receiver) for signal detection and processing. One or more examples herein may be used in association with an LP WUS / wake-up receiver (WUR) for power-sensitive, small form factor devices including Internet of Things (IoT) use cases (e.g., industrial sensors, controllers) and / or wearable devices, and / or other use cases (e.g., XR / smart glasses, smart phones).

[0088] In some examples, there is no need to use an existing signal as a WUS. One or more examples herein may be used to operate in a cell (e.g., a cell supporting legacy WTRUs). One or more of the following may be improved: detection performance, coverage, power savings, or WTRU complexity.

[0089] A physical downlink control channel (PDCCH) and / or search space may be used in one or more examples as described herein (e.g., one or more examples herein may be applicable to new radio (NR)). In systems such as NR for 5G wireless systems, a structure and / or design employed for PDCCH and a physical downlink shared channel (PDSCH) may be used. One or more of slot-based, non-slot-based transmissions, or different monitoring rates may be used for PDCCH.

[0090] A resource element group (REG) may be a building block (e.g., a minimum building block) for PDCCH transmission. (E.g., each) REG may include (e.g., consist of) 12 REs in one OFDM symbol in time and one resource block (RB) in frequency. In one example, in (e.g., each) REG, 9 resource elements (REs) may be used for control information and 3 REs may be used for demodulation reference signals (DMRS). A plurality of REGs (e.g., 2, 3, or 6 REGs adjacent in time or frequency) may form a REG bundle (e.g., the REG bundle is used with the same pre-decoder), and their DMRS may be used together for channel estimation. In one example, 6 REGs (e.g., in the format of 1, 2, or 3 REG bundles) may form a control channel element (CCE) (e.g., the CCE may be the smallest possible PDCCH). (Each) PDCCH may include (e.g., consist of) one or more CCEs (e.g., 1, 2, 4, 8, or 16 CCEs). The number of CCEs used for a PDCCH transmission may be referred to as its aggregation level (AL).

[0091] The mapping of REG bundles may use interleaving or non-interleaving. In non-interleaved mapping, consecutive REG bundles (e.g., adjacent in frequency) may form a CCE, and CCEs adjacent in frequency may form a PDCCH. In interleaved mapping, REGs may be interleaved (or permuted) before being mapped to CCEs, for example, resulting in generally non-adjacent REG bundles in one CCE and non-adjacent CCEs in one PDCCH.

[0092] A control resource set (CORESET) may be configured by or may include at least one of: i) a frequency assignment (e.g., as a block of 6 RBs); ii) a time length (e.g., 1 to 3 OFDM symbols); iii) a type of REG bundle; and / or iv) a type of mapping from a REG bundle to a CCE (e.g., whether it is interleaved or non-interleaved). In (e.g., each) bandwidth part (BWP), there may be up to N (e.g., 3) CORESETs. For example, there may be 12 CORESETs in 4 possible bandwidth parts.

[0093] The WTRU may monitor a set of PDCCH candidates or may be assigned a set of PDCCH candidates (e.g., for monitoring). A set of PDCCH candidates may be monitored, for example, during blind detection of the PDCCH. A search space or a set of search spaces (e.g., for multiple aggregation levels) may be or may include a set of PDCCH candidates (e.g., a set of PDCCH candidates for monitoring (such as monitoring using blind detection)). (Each) search space or a set of search spaces may be configured by at least one of: i) an associated CORESET; ii) the number of candidates for (e.g., each) aggregation level or within (e.g., each) aggregation level; or iii) a set of monitoring opportunities. The monitoring opportunities may be determined by one or more of: monitoring periodicity (e.g., per time slot); monitoring offset; monitoring pattern (e.g., having 14 bits corresponding to possible patterns of symbols within a time slot).

[0094] A discontinuous reception (DRX) mode (e.g., a DRX idle mode) and / or paging may be used in one or more examples herein (e.g., applicable to one or more examples of NR). The WTRU may use DRX in the RRC_IDLE and / or RRC_INACTIVE states, for example, to reduce power consumption. The WTRU may monitor, for example, one paging opportunity (PO) per DRX cycle. The PO may include a set of PDCCH monitoring opportunities. The PO may include (e.g., consist of) a plurality of time slots (e.g., subframes or OFDM symbols) in which paging downlink control information (DCI) may be transmitted. A paging frame (PF) may be a radio frame and / or may include one or more POs or the starting point of one or more POs.

[0095] In some example multi-beam operations, the WTRU may assume that the same paging message and the same short message are repeated in some or all transmitted beams (e.g., the selection of beams for receiving paging messages and short messages may be configured for the WTRU). The paging message may be the same for RAN-initiated and CN-initiated paging.

[0096] The WTRU may initiate an RRC connection recovery procedure based on receiving a RAN initiated paging (e.g., upon receiving a RAN initiated paging). If the WTRU receives a CN initiated paging in the RRC_INACTIVE state, the WTRU may move to the RRC_IDLE state and / or notify the non-access stratum (NAS) (layer).

[0097] The WTRU may monitor or listen to paging messages, for example, to learn of one or more of the following: incoming calls, system information changes, Earthquake and Tsunami Warning Service (ETWS) notifications for WTRUs supporting ETWS, Commercial Mobile Alert System (CMAS) notifications, and / or extended access restriction parameter modifications.

[0098] In the RRC idle state, the WTRU may monitor short messages sent via DCI using a paging radio network temporary identifier (P-RNTI) and / or monitor paging channels such as CN paging using 5G-S-TMSI. In the RRC inactive state, the WTRU may monitor short messages sent via DCI using P-RNTI and / or monitor paging channels such as CN paging using 5G-S-TMSI and RAN paging using full RNTI. In the RRC connected state, the WTRU may monitor short messages sent via DCI using P-RNTI.

[0099] The waveform sent (for example, an ON / OFF key signal) can be Figure 2 In an example, data may be embedded in an ON / OFF keying signal. ON and OFF symbols may be used for transmission. An ON symbol may include one or more samples. An OFF symbol may include one or more samples.

[0100] The transmission may include a WUS. In an example, a WUS (e.g., a low power (LP) WUS) may be formed by a time domain signal. ON / OFF keying (OOK) may be used for the WUS. For example, an OOK signal may be transmitted using an on-resource and a off-resource. An on-resource may include one or more ON symbols. An off-resource may include one or more OFF symbols. For example, a time domain signal may include ON and OFF symbols (e.g., indicating OOK). An on-resource may be associated with a first power parameter, and an off-resource may be associated with a second power parameter. A power parameter may be one or more of an average power, a total power, a power variation, etc. For example, an ON symbol may include a signal whose power and / or energy (e.g., average power / energy, total power / energy, etc.) is equal to or greater than a threshold value in an interval in which an ON symbol is determined to be transmitted. An OFF symbol may include a signal whose power and / or energy (e.g., average power / energy, total power / energy, etc.) is less than a threshold value in an interval in which an OFF symbol is determined to be transmitted. The power / energy of an OFF symbol may be zero.

[0101] For example, an on-off resource pattern may be determined for a transmitted OOK signal. The WTRU may determine the on-off resource pattern based on one or more power parameters of the OOK signal. For example, the WTRU may determine the on-off resource pattern based on one or more power variations. The power variation associated with the ON symbol and the OFF symbol may be determined, for example, using one or more power parameters associated with the transmission. The power variation associated with the ON symbol and the OFF symbol may be determined based on the difference between the average power over the duration of the ON symbol and the average power over the duration of the OFF symbol. The power variation associated with the ON symbol and the OFF symbol may be determined based on the ratio of the average power over the duration of the ON symbol to the average power over the duration of the OFF symbol. In one example, a high to low power / energy ratio between the ON symbol duration and the OFF symbol duration (e.g., a minimum high to low power / energy ratio between the ON symbol duration and the OFF symbol duration) may be defined. If the ratio of the average power over the duration of an ON symbol to the average power over the duration of an OFF symbol is greater than or equal to a minimum value (e.g., a predefined minimum value), then one or more of the ON symbol, the OFF symbol, and / or the transition from the ON symbol to the OFF symbol may be determined to be, for example, part of an on-off resource mode.

[0102] Figure 2 is a diagram showing an example of an ON / OFF keying (OOK) signal. Figure 2 An example of sending (eg, sending a signal) is shown. Figure 2 As shown, an example OOK signal (eg, an OOK signal that has been transmitted or is to be transmitted) may include a duration corresponding to an ON symbol (eg, an ON symbol interval) and a duration corresponding to an OFF symbol (eg, an OFF symbol interval). Figure 2 The x-axis of the example graph indicates time (eg, time domain samples), and Figure 2 The y-axis of the example graph indicates amplitude. Figure 2 In the example shown, an ON symbol or an OFF symbol (eg, each of the ON symbol or the OFF symbol) includes 24 time-domain samples. Figure 2 The OOK signal in may be associated with an on-off resource pattern (eg, an on-off resource pattern corresponding to OOK). Figure 2 The on-off resource mode associated with the OOK signal in can be ON, OFF, OFF, ON, OFF, ON, OFF, and ON. Figure 2The ON symbol in the TX signal (e.g., the ON symbol in the TX signal) may be associated with an average power greater than or equal to a certain value (e.g., a transmit power threshold). The average power associated with the ON resource may be determined over the duration of the ON resource. Figure 2 The OFF symbol in the OFF symbol may be associated with an average power less than this value. The average power associated with the turned-off resource may be determined over the duration of the turned-off resource. In some examples, the OFF symbol may have zero power.

[0103] Turning on a resource may be associated with a first data bit (e.g., data bit "1"), and turning off a resource may be associated with a second data bit (e.g., data bit "0"). A data bit may be represented by a resource (e.g., an ON symbol or an OFF symbol). In an example, one data bit may be represented by at least one symbol (e.g., an ON / OFF symbol). For example, one ON symbol may represent data bit "1", and one OFF symbol may represent data bit "0". In some examples, [ON OFF] may represent data bit "1", and [OFF ON] may represent data bit "0". A combination of ON / OFF symbols may represent one data bit or more than one data bit.

[0104] The association of a first data bit (e.g., data bit "1") with turning on a resource and / or the association of turning off a resource with a second data bit (e.g., data bit "0") may be predefined. The association between a data bit and an ON symbol or an OFF symbol may include a mapping from an ON / OFF symbol to a data bit. In an example, the mapping from an ON / OFF symbol to a data bit may be predefined and / or known to a transmitter and a receiver.

[0105] The WTRU may include multiple receivers (e.g., multiple types of receivers). For example, the WTRU may include a first receiver and a second receiver that is a low-power receiver. The low-power receiver may be dedicated to receiving a low-power signal (e.g., LPWUS). The low-power receiver of the WTRU may be configured to consume less power than the first receiver. In an example, a low-power receiver (e.g., a receiver that consumes less power than a conventional receiver) may be used to detect a WUS (e.g., LP WUS). In an example, the low-power receiver may include a WUR. The WUR may be associated with a simpler design than the first receiver (e.g., a conventional receiver). The WUR may use the power or frequency of the received signal to detect symbols. In some examples, the WUR may not be expected to perform channel decoding, channel estimation, or FFT.

[0106] In one or more examples herein, LP WUS may refer to an entire signal transmitted in a specific bandwidth with a predefined waveform and / or modulation (e.g., ON / OFF keying), or a portion of such a signal. In one or more examples herein, LP WUS may be used as an example of a WUS and / or an example of a low power signal.

[0107] In an example, multiple information, multiple types of information, and / or multiple levels of information (eg, at least two levels of information) may be included (eg, encoded) in a transmission (eg, Figure 2 The transmission may include a wake-up signal (e.g., an LP WUS). For example, the first information (e.g., a first level of information, a first type of information, etc.) may be indicated by an on-off resource pattern (e.g., on-off keying associated with an on-off keyed low power wake-up signal). The first information may be included (e.g., encoded) in an ON / OFF symbol. The first information may be determined based on an association of a first data bit (e.g., data bit "1") with an on resource and / or an association of a second data bit (e.g., data bit "0") with an off resource. For example, the first information may be retrieved using a mapping from an ON / OFF symbol to a data bit (e.g., a "1" or "0" data bit). The first information may indicate whether the WTRU is to be awakened (e.g., awakened from a sleep state in a DRX mode (e.g., a DRX idle mode or a DRX connected mode)). The first information may indicate a value of the WUS (e.g., indicated by a series of data bits). The first information may be associated with a packet. For example, multiple ON / OFF symbols may constitute a packet. A packet may include one or more of: a payload, a synchronization signal, and / or a reference signal.

[0108] The second information (e.g., second level of information, second type of information, etc.) may be included in the information bits (e.g., data vector including information other than the WUS value). In an example, the second information may be included (e.g., encoded) in a low power signal (e.g., a low power signal constituting an ON / OFF symbol). For example, the second information may be retrieved by further processing the low power signal. The information bits may be included in the transmitted on-resources. The WTRU may determine the puncturing scheme (e.g., as described in one or more examples) based on the determined on-off resource pattern as described herein. Figure 5 The WTRU may determine the number of information bits based on the puncturing scheme. The WTRU may decode the information bits based on the determination of the number of information bits (e.g., as shown in FIG. 516 ). Figure 4 410 or Figure 5 Examples of what the information bits indicate may include one or more of cell information, paging, short message, user ID, or user data.

[0109] Discrete Fourier transform spread orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (DFT-s-OFDM) modulation may be used to generate the transmission (e.g., Figure 2 In an example, the transmission may be received using a low power receiver of the WTRU and demodulated using DFT-s-OFDM demodulation.

[0110] DFT modulation (e.g., DFT-s-OFDM modulation) may be used to generate the transmission (e.g., Figure 2 In an example, a low power signal may be generated using DFT modulation. For example, DFT-s-OFDM modulation may include OFDM modulation with transform precoding. In some examples, a low power signal may be generated using single carrier (SC) modulation. SC modulation may include upsampling a symbol sequence and pulse shaping the upsampled sequence, for example, using a filter.

[0111] A low power signal may include a signal, the entirety of which can be detected using a low power receiver (e.g., a receiver that uses less power than a conventional receiver; examples of a low power receiver may include a receiver that uses power that is an order of magnitude, a factor, or a degree less than the power consumed by a conventional receiver).

[0112] Can generate send (for example, Figure 2 OOK signal in (for example, in the OOK signal ... For example, vector x may be modulated using DFT-s-OFDM or SC modulation. When using DFT-s-OFDM, the DFT of x may be mapped to a set of subcarriers, for example, before applying OFDM modulation (eg, IDFT and / or cyclic prefix addition).

[0113] For example, a vector including a data vector d and zeros may be generated according to a rate matching scheme or a puncturing scheme. In an example, a scheme for generating a vector including a data vector d and zeros (e.g., the scheme shown in equation (1)) may include a puncturing scheme (e.g., the puncturing scheme may indicate how the coded bits are punctured, e.g., the number of punctured coded bits and the order in which the coded bits are punctured). A vector x may be formed using a continuous set of elements (e.g., data chunks) of the data vector d and / or a continuous set of zero elements (e.g., zero chunks).

[0114] Example DFT in Figure 2A Shown in. Figure 2A The DFT size in may be L (eg, L=96). Figure 2A The input shown can be used to generate Figure 2 The time domain signal is shown in Figure 2A As shown, if the IDFT size is M (e.g., M=192), each of the ON or OFF durations (e.g., periods) at the output of the IDFT may include 12×(M / L)=24 samples. The 12 symbols of d0 at the input of the DFT precoder may correspond to the ON duration at the output of the IDFT, the next 12 symbols of zeros at the input of the DFT precoder may correspond to the OFF duration, and so on.

[0115] A puncturing scheme or a rate matching scheme may be used to generate the DFT input (e.g., vector x = [d0 0 0 d1 0 d20 d3]). For example, in the puncturing scheme, an entity (e.g., a base station or a WTRU) may prepare N symbols for an OFDM symbol (e.g., each OFDM symbol) to be fed into the DFT encoder. Depending on the on-off resource pattern to be generated, the input symbols corresponding to the OFF duration (e.g., some of the N symbols) may be replaced with zeros. In the rate matching scheme, the number of symbols prepared to be fed into the DFT encoder may be equal to the number of non-zero inputs.

[0116] The device (e.g., a WTRU at the receiver side) may determine the ON and OFF durations (e.g., periods), for example, using energy detection. After an M-size IDFT, subcarrier demapping, and an L-size DFT, the device may determine the non-zero input symbols (e.g., create estimates of the non-zero input symbols). The indexes of the zero symbols and the non-zero symbols may be determined based on the ON / OFF symbols (e.g., the positions of the ON / OFF symbols).

[0117] For example, according to a rate matching scheme, blocks of data vectors may be multiplexed with blocks of zero elements. For example, if a data vector is represented as d=[d0 d1 d2 d3], then x=[d0 d1 0 0 d2 0 d3 0] may be formed. An example is shown in formula (1). In one or more examples herein, formula (1) may be used as a rate matching or puncturing scheme.

[0118]

[0119] In the example shown in formula (1), (e.g., each) chunk includes (e.g., consists of) L elements. The first subscript represents the chunk index, and the second subscript represents the element index within the chunk. di may be referred to as chunk i. For example, d 11 Can be the second element in block 1. 31 It may be the second element in block 3. In some examples, the vector may be generated using the following formula x=[d0 0 d1 0 d2 d3 0 0] or using the following formula x=[d0 0 0 d1 0 d2 0 d3], which corresponds to Figure 2 The sizes of the chunks need not be the same. For example, chunk 1 may be associated with a first size and chunk 3 may be associated with a second size different from the first size. The size of a chunk may indicate the number of elements in the chunk. A chunk (e.g., each chunk or more than one chunk) may include one or more of a prefix, a suffix, or a guard interval. One or more of the prefix, the suffix, or the guard interval may include (e.g., consist of) a fixed set of coefficients (e.g., zeros). One or more of the prefix, the suffix, or the guard interval may be added to (e.g., each) chunk.

[0120] With on-off resource mode (for example, Figure 2 A rate matching scheme associated with an on-off resource pattern of the OOK signal shown in the figure) or a puncturing scheme associated with the on-off resource pattern may be used to send information bits. In an example, the on-off resource pattern may have a one-to-one correspondence with how the encoded bits are punctured or how the encoded bits are rate matched. For example, on resources may correspond to information bits (e.g., data chunks) and off resources may correspond to zeros (e.g., zero chunks). The puncturing scheme or the rate matching scheme may indicate one or more of the following: an order of one or more data chunks and one or more zero chunks; a pattern of one or more data chunks and one or more zero chunks, or a sequence of one or more data chunks and one or more zero chunks. In an example, the order of data chunks and zero chunks in the vector x may be determined based on the ON / OFF symbol pattern of the LP WUS signal. There may be a one-to-one mapping such that an ON symbol may correspond to a data chunk and an OFF symbol may correspond to a zero chunk, for example, as Figure 3 shown. Figure 3 is a diagram showing an example of ON / OFF duration time.

[0121] Figure 2 The ON / OFF signal in includes (e.g., consists of) an ON / OFF symbol corresponding to an on-off resource pattern 3012 [ON OFF OFF ON OFF ONOFF ON]. As described herein, the vector x may be generated to include four data chunks d0-d3. Figure 3 As shown, the vector x may be generated using an input x=[d0 0 0d1 0d2 0d3], for example, as a rate matching or puncturing scheme 3002. Figure 3 The vector x in may have been generated using WUS value 3020 (which is [1 0 0 1 0 1 0 1]). Data chunks d0, d1, d2, and d3 may be input to DFT precoding as input blocks (e.g., data input blocks) for DFT precoding. 3004 may correspond to one or more open resources (e.g., 3004 may correspond to OFDM resources (e.g., OFDM symbols)). Open resource 3004 corresponds to data chunk d0. Open resource 3006 corresponds to data chunk d1. Open resource 3008 may correspond to data chunk d2. Open resource 3010 may correspond to data chunk d3. Figure 3 A closed resource in may correspond to a zero chunk. Figure 3 The figure shows an example of ON / OFF duration (eg, ON / OFF interval after IDFT of an OFDM modulator). Figure 3 As shown, the time point of turning on a resource (eg, turning on any one of resources 3004-3010) may be determined based on a puncturing / rate matching scheme and / or a duration of turning on a resource / turning off a resource. Figure 3 As shown, the number of turned-on resources (eg, turned-on resources 3004 - 3010 ) and / or the number of turned-off resources may be used to determine a puncturing / rate matching scheme.

[0122] A puncturing scheme may be used, for example, by an encoder. The puncturing scheme may indicate how the encoded bits are punctured (e.g., the puncturing scheme may indicate which resources are used to send zeros and / or which resources are used to send information bits). The information bits may include a data vector d0 d1 d2 d3 ... dk. In an example, the encoder may determine a value of WUS (e.g., OOK WUS). The encoder may generate a vector x based on the value of WUS. The vector x may be generated using a formula indicating the puncturing scheme. The encoder may, for example, use the determined value of WUS to determine an on-off resource pattern for sending WUS (e.g., such as Figure 2The on-off resource pattern 3012 is shown. The on-off resource pattern can be used (eg, by a decoder) to determine the puncturing scheme used by an encoder.

[0123] The number of information bits transmitted (e.g., in a transmission) may be dictated by a puncturing scheme or a rate matching scheme. In an example, the number of available resources (e.g., the number of DFT input resources that are not zero) may depend on the number of ON symbols. Figure 3 In the example, L resources (eg, L samples) may be used to transmit a signal (eg, Figure 2 Some of the L resources may include zeros. Other resources of the L resources may be used to send information bits. Figure 3 As shown, a vector x including data blocks and zero blocks can be input to DFT precoding. Figure 3 The number of input blocks (e.g., data chunks) to DFT precoding can be determined based on the association of the start resources with the input blocks (e.g., from Figure 3 The one-to-one mapping shown in Figure 2 is used to determine the Figure 3 As shown, four turn-on resources (e.g., ON symbols) 3004-3010 may indicate the presence of (e.g., for Figure 2 4 input blocks (e.g., 4 data chunks or data vectors d0, d1, d2, and d3) are available.

[0124] For example, a base station (e.g., a gNB) may decide to transmit a WUS having a value of 10010101 on a symbol (e.g., on one symbol). The WUS value may transition to, for example, an on-off resource pattern [ON-OFF-OFF-ON-OFF-ON-OFF-ON] for a symbol corresponding to 8X time samples. "ON" (e.g., turning on resources) may correspond to X samples, and "OFF" (e.g., turning off resources) may correspond to X samples. The base station may use the ON samples to transmit information bits (e.g., data vectors). The number of samples that can be used to send and / or receive information bits may change (e.g., dynamically) based on the WUS value. As Figure 3 As shown, the four open resources 3004-3010 can provide 4X samples for the transmission of information bits. The base station can encode the information bits. The base station can puncture the encoded bits or rate match the encoded bits based on, for example, the DFT size. For example, the base station can fit (e.g., by rate matching or puncturing) the encoded information bits into 4X / 2 samples (e.g., based on the DFT size divided by 2).

[0125] In some examples, if each input block consists of 12 QPSK modulation symbols, there may be 12*4=48 QPSK symbols, resulting in 96 bits (e.g., because QPSK modulation sends two bits per symbol). The number of coded bits may be greater than 96 bits. The information bits may be coded (e.g., encoded) and / or the coded bits may be appropriately punctured so that the information bits fit into the available resources (e.g., as in Figure 4 The resource identified by 404 or as in Figure 5 For example, if the number of coded (e.g., encoded) bits is 192, then 96 of the 192 bits (i.e., 192-96=96) may be (e.g., required to be) punctured (e.g., because only 96 bits will be sent to include information bits).

[0126] In an example, the modulated code block may be sent on K (e.g., K=14) OFDM symbols, and the data vector dk (k=0, ..., K-1) may be mapped to the kth OFDM symbol. In some examples, the decoded bits (e.g., the encoded bits) may be punctured first before being modulated. For example, puncturing may be performed so that the bits that are not punctured may constitute dk.

[0127] The WTRU may determine resources allocated for the OOK signal. The resources may be OFDM resources (e.g., a set of REs or on at least one OFDM symbol and at least one subcarrier). For example, the OFDM resources may be scheduled for reception of the OOK WUS. The WTRU may receive configuration information indicating the resources and / or dynamically determine the resources.

[0128] The WTRU may determine the power parameters based on the power parameters (e.g., as described at 406 or Figure 4 The rate matching scheme or puncturing scheme (e.g., the puncturing scheme used by the encoder) may be determined by the receiver. For example, at the receiver, the transmission (e.g., an LP WUS signal such as an OOK LPWUS signal) may first be processed to identify ON / OFF symbols. The ON / OFF symbols may be identified by, for example, energy detection using a power parameter. Figure 5 As shown at 514 of , an ON / OFF symbol may be determined. The power parameter may include one or more of the following: average power over the duration of an ON symbol, total power over the duration of an ON symbol, average power over the duration of an OFF symbol, total power over the duration of an OFF symbol, a power change from the average power of an ON symbol to the average power of an OFF symbol, a power change from the total power of an ON symbol to the total power of an OFF symbol, or a transmit power threshold. In an example, the transmit power threshold may be a predetermined or predefined value.

[0129] The WTRU may determine the data bit indicated by the ON / OFF symbol (e.g., the data bit encoded by the ON / OFF symbol). The data bit indicated by the ON / OFF symbol may include a first level of information associated with the transmission. The WTRU may determine the data bit indicated by the ON / OFF symbol using an association of a first data bit (e.g., data bit "1") with the ON symbol and / or an association of a second data bit (e.g., data bit "0") with the OFF symbol (e.g., a mapping between the ON / OFF symbol and the data bit).

[0130] The WTRU (e.g., on the receiving side) may use a puncturing scheme (e.g., Figure 4 408 of ) to determine the information bits (e.g., data vectors). The information bits may include a second level of information associated with the transmission. For example, further processing may be used to extract the second level of information associated with the transmission. DFT-s-OFDM demodulation or SC demodulation may be used to determine the information bits. For example, a DFT-s-OFDM receiver or an SC receiver may be used to estimate the data vector d. A rate matching scheme or a puncturing scheme may be used to determine the information bits (e.g., data vector d) and / or information related to the information bits, such as one or more of the number of data chunks containing information bits, the number of zero chunks, or the order of data chunks and zero chunks. For example, in order to estimate d, the WTRU may use a rate matching scheme or a puncturing scheme to obtain an index corresponding to the data chunk (e.g., an index of the vector x) and / or an index corresponding to zero. In some examples, the WTRU may need to know such an index. This information may be obtained from the detected ON / OFF symbols (e.g., using energy detection in the first step). The WTRU may determine the number of data chunks containing information bits, the number of zero chunks, and / or the order of data chunks and zero chunks based on the rate matching or puncturing scheme that has been determined based on the power parameter. As an example, if the WTRU estimates Figure 3 If the ON / OFF symbol is shown, the WTRU may use the association of turned-on resources with data chunks and / or turned-off resources with zero chunks (e.g., Figure 3 The one-to-one mapping shown in Figure 2) determines the value corresponding to d i and an index of zero. The WTRU may obtain modulation information (e.g., in some cases, the WTRU may need to know the modulation information). For example, the modulation information may include the size of the inverse discrete Fourier transform (IDFT) and / or the DFT. As an example, if the size of the IDFT is 1024, each ON / OFF symbol consists of 64 samples, and the size of the DFT is 256, then each block may contain 16 samples (i.e., (256 / 1024)*64=16). If a cyclic prefix / suffix or a guard interval is present, the samples corresponding to the cyclic prefix / suffix or the guard interval may be discarded.

[0131] Figure 4 An example of determining (e.g., dynamically determining) the number of information bits is shown. At 404, the device may determine, for example, resources (e.g., OFDM symbols or samples) for the transmitted OOK signal. At 406, the device may determine, for example, a puncturing scheme or a rate matching scheme based on a power parameter. At 408, the device may determine the number of information bits based on the puncturing scheme or the rate matching scheme. At 410, the device may decode the transmission based on the number of information bits.

[0132] Figure 5 An example of determining (eg, dynamically determining) the number of information bits is shown. Figure 5 Shows Figure 4 Example. At 512, the device may receive a set of samples in at least one OFDM symbol (e.g., the samples may be samples of a low-power wake-up signal using ON-OFF keying). At 514, the device may determine whether (e.g., each) sample is "ON" or "OFF" based on energy detection in the time domain. Based on the number of samples determined to be "OFF", the device may determine a rate matching scheme or a puncturing scheme at 516 (e.g., a scheme used by a transmitter after encoding a set of information bits). At 518, the device may decode a set of information bits based on the received samples determined to be ON and / or the determined rate matching scheme or puncturing scheme.

[0133] In an example, at least one chunk (e.g., a data chunk) may be allocated for a data demodulation reference signal (DM-RS) (e.g., transmission or reception of a DM-RS). In some examples, a separate DFT-s-OFDM or SC symbol may be used to transmit the DM-RS. In this case, the OOK signal may include ON symbols (e.g., consisting of only ON symbols).

[0134] In an example, a WUS (e.g., an LP WUS) may be generated, for example, by masking a single carrier or a multi-carrier signal. For example, an OFDM signal may be generated. The OFDM signal may then be point-wise multiplied with a mask (e.g., where the mask may consist of ones and zeros). A cyclic prefix may be added after the masking operation. For example, a guard interval may be added before or after an ON / OFF symbol.

[0135] In an example, the second information (e.g., information of the second level for generating an OFDM signal) may be determined based on a sequence (e.g., determined from a pseudo-random sequence). For example, the sequence (e.g., pseudo-random sequence) may be generated based on (e.g., according to) at least one system parameter. In one or more examples, the sequence may be initialized using at least one of a symbol index (e.g., current OFDM symbol index), a slot index (e.g., current slot index), a system frame number (SFN) (e.g., current SFN), a cell ID (e.g., current cell ID), etc. In some examples, the second level of information may be communicated and / or determined by applying a cyclic shift to the pseudo-random sequence. The cyclic shift may be determined, for example, according to an OFDM symbol index or according to a slot index. In one or more examples, the cyclic shift may be determined based on (e.g., according to) at least one of a symbol index (e.g., current OFDM symbol index), a slot index (e.g., current slot index), a SFN (e.g., current SFN), a cell ID (e.g., current cell ID), etc. In some examples, the second level of information may be communicated and / or determined by applying a cyclic shift to a fixed sequence. The cyclic shift applied to the fixed sequence may be determined, for example, according to an OFDM symbol index or according to a slot index. The cyclic shift applied to the fixed sequence may be determined based on (e.g., according to) at least one of a symbol index (e.g., a current OFDM symbol index), a slot index (e.g., a current slot index), a SFN (e.g., a current SFN), a cell ID (e.g., a current cell ID), etc.

[0136] The ON / OFF symbol may be repeated in an OFDM symbol (e.g., one OFDM symbol) or across OFDM symbols. When repetition is applied, the ON / OFF symbol may be flipped, for example, per OFDM symbol. For example, in the first OFDM symbol, [ON ON OFF ON OFF] (e.g., with values ​​[1 1 0 1 0]) may be sent, and in the second OFDM symbol, [OFF OFF ON OFF ON] (e.g., with values ​​[0 0 1 0 1]) may be sent.

[0137] In one or more examples herein, the content and ON / OFF symbol of the data may vary. In one or more examples herein, other waveforms (e.g., OFDM with a mask) may be used. In one or more examples herein, the first level of information may be used as an example of the first information or the first type of information. In one or more examples herein, the first information, the first level of information, or the first type of information may be used interchangeably. In one or more examples herein, the second level of information may be used as an example of the second information or the second type of information. In one or more examples herein, the second information, the second level of information, or the second type of information may be used interchangeably.

[0138] The first level of information may include (e.g., consist of) a wake-up indication, and the second level of information may be associated with a WTRU ID (e.g., a group ID). For example, the WTRU may determine the wake-up indication based on or from the first level of information. The WTRU may also determine the wake-up indication (e.g., an indication of whether to wake up) for the group ID and / or for the WTRU ID associated with the WTRU based on or from the second level of information.

[0139] The first level information and the second level information may be associated with an ID (e.g., a WTRU group ID). For example, a portion of the ID may be sent in the first level information and another portion of the ID may be sent in the second level information. A specific combination of the first level information and the second level information may be used to wake up a group of WTRUs. For example, the same WTRU group ID information may be transmitted as part of the first level information and as part of the second level information, thereby indicating that the WTRUs associated with (e.g., belonging to) the group ID are woken up.

[0140] The second level of information may include (e.g., consist of) WTRU-specific data. For example, the second level of information may be directed to a second WTRU (e.g., a WTRU operating in a non-low power mode or a WTRU whose low power receiver is disabled). In an example, a first WTRU may use a low power receiver to receive an OOK signal. The OOK signal received by the first WTRU may include the first level of information and the second level of information. The second level of information may be directed to the second WTRU. The second level of information may be used for the coexistence of the first WTRU and the second WTRU. The second WTRU (e.g., a WTRU operating in a low power mode) may first determine the ON / OFF symbol pattern of the WUS (e.g., an LP WUS). The second WTRU may process the WUS, and the second WTRU may detect the information bits, for example, using a mapping between the ON / OFF symbols and the information bits.

[0141] The information bits embedded in the WUS (e.g., LP WUS) (e.g., the second level of information in one or more examples herein) and the data bits represented by the ON / OFF symbols (e.g., the first level of information in one or more examples herein) may be related. For example, the information bits embedded in the WUS and the data bits represented by the ON / OFF symbols may include the same information. For example, the ON / OFF symbols may be encoded and sent to add a layer of security. The WTRU may first determine the ON / OFF symbols. Using the ON / OFF symbols, the WTRU may determine the association of the ON symbols with the information bits (e.g., the mapping of the ON symbols to the information bits) and / or extract the information bits. If the information bits embedded in the WUS match the data bits represented by the ON / OFF symbols, the WTRU may process the information bits. If at least one cyclic redundancy check (CRC) associated with the information bits passes, the WTRU may process the corresponding bits. If one information bit (e.g., only one information bit) has a CRC, the WTRU may check this CRC.

[0142] The data (eg, information bits in one or more examples herein) may include cell common information. For example, the data may include a configuration (eg, a cell ID).

[0143] In one or more examples herein, the first level of information may be a signal (eg, a signal used for synchronization).

[0144] In one or more examples herein, the second level of information may be paging information (eg, a short message).

[0145] The second level of information may be decoded based on the WTRU capabilities. For example, a WTRU with a DFT-s-OFDM receiver or a receiver with the capability to process multiple levels of information (e.g., the first level of information and the second level of information) may decode the second level of information. The second level of information may be processed (e.g., encoded or decoded) using a modulation and coding scheme (MCS) (e.g., a fixed MCS). The WTRU capabilities may be reported by the WTRU to, for example, a base station (e.g., a gNB).

[0146] Packets for WUS (e.g., LP WUS) may be defined. Packets may include (e.g., consist of) multiple ON / OFF symbols, where the ON / OFF symbols may represent data (e.g., payload) and / or physical signals (e.g., synchronization (SYNC) signals, reference signals). Certain packets may be sent periodically. These packets may contain cell common information (e.g., system information).

[0147] For example, by using different symbol durations, different data rates may be supported for ON / OFF keying modulation. For example, the ON / OFF symbol duration may be reduced to support a higher data rate. The data rate may be indicated in a periodic signal (e.g., a signal that is periodically transmitted). The periodic signal may be sent at a specific data rate (e.g., a fixed data rate). As an example, when the WTRU operates in a specific power mode (e.g., a normal power mode such as a non-low power mode), a fixed data rate may be configured. A common signal (e.g., a SYNC signal) may be used to indicate the data rate.

[0148] In some examples, for in-band WUS monitoring, the WTRU may, for example, monitor for WUS (e.g., LP WUS) at a specific frequency location of the CORESET size for a specific sequence that may be a sounding reference signal (SRS) type. This sequence may be sent, for example, over 2 or 3 symbols, and / or may be orthogonal to a shifted version of the sequence itself. For example, this sequence may have the same coverage properties as the PDCCH channel of the cell. The sequence may be scrambled, for example, with a cell ID or a different cell identifier. For example, the sequence (e.g., WUS sequence) may be transmitted at a specific time location driven by the cell SFN and the number of time slots. The WTRU may maintain cell synchronization of the WTRU. The sequence may be shifted relative to a seed of the sequence (e.g., shifted by a known number relative to the seed of the sequence each time it occurs). When a specific sequence shift is detected, the WTRU may know (e.g., based on the specific sequence shift) that the WTRU belongs to the same cell, and / or, for example, based on the detection of a specific sequence shift, the SFN and / or time slot count may be increased. A sequence shift may be applied to some or all WUS symbols, or a different shift may be applied to (e.g., each) WUS symbol, for example, to increase synchronization information transmitted to the WTRU or WUS message decoding (e.g., message decoding such as wake-up, entering sleep). In an example, a WUS (e.g., LP WUS) may have a mask applied to the symbol of the WUS in the frequency domain or one of the symbols in the frequency domain to indicate other information (e.g., group ID wake-up). In some examples, different masks may be applied to different symbols (e.g., applying a different mask to each symbol in the frequency domain). The amount of information transmitted to the WTRU may be increased. The mask may be applied in a manner that maintains the orthogonality of the sequence. In an example, a base station (e.g., gNB) may configure the WTRU with one or more of the following: WUS sequence; number of symbols to monitor; frequency region for monitoring; time domain occurrence; masks that may be relevant. The configuration information may be signaled in a system information block (SIB) or via dedicated signaling.

[0149] Configuration of a WUS (e.g., LP WUS) may include, for example, activation or deactivation. Configuration information of a WUS (e.g., LP WUS) may be sent, for example, in a SIB and / or in higher layer signaling (e.g., RRC signaling) (e.g., sent by a gNB in ​​system information). A configured WUS may be activated or deactivated. If a configured WUS (e.g., LP WUS) is activated, the WTRU may expect the configured WUS to be sent in associated resources. If a configured WUS (e.g., LP WUS) is deactivated, the WTRU may expect the configured WUS not to be sent in associated resources and / or for the configured WUS to stop being sent.

[0150] The activation and / or deactivation indication may be sent (eg, by a base station) using at least one of the following and / or a combination of the following.

[0151] The activation and / or deactivation indication may be carried in a paging PDCCH (e.g., a PDCCH transmission). For example, the activation and / or deactivation may be indicated using a bit in a short message within the paging PDCCH (e.g., "1" indicates activation, "0" indicates deactivation). The activation and / or deactivation may be indicated using a bit in the paging PDCCH (e.g., via a bit reserved for use outside of a short message).

[0152] The activation and / or deactivation indication may be carried in the SIB.

[0153] The activation and / or deactivation indication may be carried in a common control channel (e.g., a common control channel transmission) or a group common control channel (e.g., a group common control channel transmission). The control channel may be monitored using a specific RNTI. In an example, the WTRU may be configured with the monitoring occasions of the control channel. The WTRU may be configured with the position of the indication bit within the DCI and / or the WTRU may use a WTRU specific parameter (e.g., a WTRU ID) to determine the position of the bit.

[0154] The activation and / or deactivation indication may be carried in a WTRU-specific control channel (eg, a WTRU-specific control channel transmission).

[0155] The activation and / or deactivation indication may be carried in a Medium Access Control Control Element (MAC CE).

[0156] An activation and / or deactivation indication may be carried with the LP WUS. In one example, the indication may be carried in a WUS payload (e.g., as part of the first information in one or more examples herein). The payload may be part of common signaling (e.g., potentially monitored by some or all WTRUs), group common signaling (e.g., potentially monitored by a group of WTRUs), or WTRU-specific signaling. Based on a determination that a deactivation indication has been received (e.g., based on the value of the activation-deactivation indication), the WTRU may stop monitoring the LP WUS (e.g., by deactivating a low power receiver) and / or transmit an indication (e.g., to a primary receiver, which is a receiver other than the low power receiver) to turn on or activate the primary receiver. The indication may be carried in a physical signal. For example, if a particular SYNC signal is detected, the WTRU may determine that a deactivation indication has been received. The SYNC signal may be part of a preamble and / or may be sent periodically, for example for synchronization purposes.

[0157] The WTRU may determine to monitor the LP WUS based on receiving an activation indication. The WTRU may determine not to monitor the low power signal based on receiving a deactivation indication. The WTRU that determines and / or is instructed to monitor the low power signal (e.g., LP WUS) may determine to turn off or deactivate the primary receiver and / or may determine to operate the primary receiver in a power saving mode (e.g., low power mode).

[0158] The WTRU may be indicated to the WTRU whether or not the WTRU is to start monitoring the LP WUS. In an example, an indication (e.g., a "Go to Sleep" (GTS) indication) may be used to indicate to the WTRU whether or not to start monitoring the LP WUS. Based on receiving the GTS indication, the WTRU may start monitoring the LP WUS, for example, after a delay. When the WTRU is instructed to monitor the LP WUS, the WTRU may be expected to turn off or disable the primary receiver and not receive signals (e.g., not receive any signals). When the WTRU is instructed to monitor the LP WUS, the WTRU may be expected to turn off or disable the channel associated with the primary receiver. When the WTRU is instructed to monitor the LP WUS, the WTRU may be expected to operate the primary receiver in a power save mode.

[0159] In an example, a base station (e.g., a gNB) may indicate to the WTRU whether to enter sleep (e.g., using a one-bit indication: bit "1" may indicate entering sleep; bit "0" may indicate not entering sleep). In an example, the WTRU may be expected to acknowledge receipt of the indication. The indication may be sent in a PDCCH transmission (e.g., WTRU-specific information or WTRU group common information) and / or a MAC CE. One or more examples of activation / deactivation of the WUS herein may apply to a GTS indication. In some examples, the activation / deactivation indication and the GTS indication may refer to the same signal. For example, after a delay from the time of transmitting an acknowledgment of receipt of the GTS indication, the WTRU may begin monitoring the LP WUS.

[0160] In an example, a WUS (e.g., LP WUS) may be used by a WTRU with predefined conditions (e.g., a WTRU with low mobility and / or good coverage). The WTRU may perform measurements including one or more of: reference signal received power (RSRP), speed, location, etc. These measurements may be reported to a base station (e.g., gNB), which may then transmit a GTS indication to the WTRU.

[0161] In some examples, the WTRU may indicate a decision to a base station (e.g., gNB), for example, based on measurements. The decision may include a decision on whether the use of LP WUS is feasible. After the WTRU indicates the decision to the base station, the WTRU may wait for a GTS indication.

[0162] In an example, a WTRU may send a request to a base station to indicate that the WTRU is to enter sleep. For example, a request (e.g., a request to enter sleep) may be sent using one or more of the following: a random access channel (RACH) transmission; a physical uplink control channel (PUCCH) transmission; a MAC CE. Preconfigured resources may be used for the request. For example, an explicit or implicit acknowledgement may be transmitted by the base station. In one example, for a contention-free physical random access channel (PRACH), the request may be transmitted in message 2. For contention-based PRACH, the request may be transmitted in message 2 or 4. For example, contention resolution may indicate a GTS.

[0163] The WTRU may perform measurements in low power mode. For example, the WTRU may perform measurements using a SYNC signal and / or other reference signals. If the power of a signal (e.g., average power, total power, etc.) or some other measurement related to the signal, for example, may be below a threshold within a time interval, the WTRU may instruct the primary receiver to wake up. This may be evaluated periodically. The WTRU may be configured with one or more of the following: a threshold, a time interval, a measurement period, etc. After the WTRU is awakened, a wake-up indication may be sent to a base station (e.g., a gNB). In an example, a WTRU ID may be used for the wake-up indication. As an example, the WTRU ID used for the wake-up indication may be an ID used when the WTRU is in low power mode. The WTRU may, for example, confirm the wake-up by responding to a WUS (e.g., an LPWUS transmitted by a gNB) with a non-LP WUS indication within the maximum confirmation period after reestablishing the connection mode. If the WTRU fails to confirm the wake-up, the base station (e.g., gNB) may, for example, retransmit the WUS at the same data rate, or reduce the data rate if possible.

[0164] The WTRU may be configured to monitor for a WUS (e.g., LP WUS), for example, in a subband of a BWP. The BWP may be one or more of: an initial BWP; an active BWP; a specific BWP (e.g., a BWP assigned to a LP WUS). The WTRU may be configured with a low power signal. The WTRU may determine to use a BW (e.g., a BWP) in which a low power signal is determined, for example, for LP WUS monitoring. For example, 4 subbands of a BWP may be configured for possible LP WUS monitoring. The SYNC signal may have the format [zz]; [zz]; [-zz]; [-zz]. The WTRU may be configured with one of these formats and / or use a BWP in which a SYNC signal is detected. The SYNC signal may be included in the preamble or may be synchronization signal block (SSB)-like. The SYNC signal may be included in other physical signals. The SYNC signal may be a sequence itself, for example, as a function of a subband index or a configured index. In an example, one or more subbands may be scanned, for example, until a match is found.

[0165] For example, the subband to be monitored may be determined based on (e.g., by) a WTRU group ID. A subband (e.g., each subband) may be associated with an index within a BWP and / or channel. The index may be sent using a physical signal (e.g., a SYNC and / or preamble in a SSB-like), a reference signal, and / or a payload (e.g., in a header). The WTRU may determine the index to monitor (e.g., the correct index).

[0166] Although the above features and elements are described in particular combinations, each feature or element may be used alone without the other features and elements of the preferred embodiments, or in various combinations with or without the other features and elements.

[0167] Although the implementations described herein may consider 3GPP specific protocols, it should be understood that the implementations described herein are not limited to such scenarios and may be applicable to other wireless systems. For example, although the solutions described herein consider LTE, LTE-A, New Radio (NR) or 5G specific protocols, it should be understood that the solutions described herein are not limited to such scenarios and may be applicable to other wireless systems.

[0168] The processes described above may be implemented in a computer program, software, and / or firmware incorporated in a computer-readable medium for execution by a computer and / or processor. Examples of computer-readable media include, but are not limited to, electronic signals (sent via wired and / or wireless connections) and / or computer-readable storage media. Examples of computer-readable storage media include, but are not limited to, read-only memory (ROM), random access memory (RAM), registers, cache memory, semiconductor memory devices, magnetic media (such as, but not limited to, built-in hard disks and removable disks), magneto-optical media, and / or optical media (such as compact disk (CD)-ROM disks and / or digital versatile disks (DVDs)). A processor associated with the software may be used to implement a radio frequency transceiver for a WTRU, a terminal, a base station, an RNC, and / or any host computer.

Claims

1. A wireless transmit / receive unit (WTRU), the wireless transmit / receive unit (WTRU) comprising: A processor, the processor being configured to: determining a plurality of orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) resources; determining a puncturing scheme associated with the plurality of OFDM resources based on a power parameter associated with transmitting; determining a number of information bits associated with the plurality of OFDM resources based on the puncturing scheme; as well as The transmission is decoded based on the number of information bits.

2. The WTRU of claim 1 , wherein the processor is further configured to: On resources among the plurality of OFDM resources and off resources among the plurality of OFDM resources are determined based on a transmit power threshold, and wherein the puncturing scheme is further determined based on the determined on resources and off resources.

3. The WTRU of claim 2, wherein the on-resource is associated with a first average transmit power during a duration of the on-resource, wherein the power parameter associated with the transmission includes the first average transmit power, wherein the off-resource is associated with a second average transmit power during a duration of the off-resource, wherein the first average transmit power is greater than or equal to the transmit power threshold, and wherein the second average transmit power is less than the transmit power threshold.

4. The WTRU of claim 2, wherein the processor is further configured to determine an on-off resource pattern based on a plurality of power variations associated with the transmission, and wherein the puncturing scheme is further determined based on the on-off resource pattern.

5. The WTRU of claim 4, wherein the processor is further configured to determine a point in time associated with the on-resource based on the puncturing scheme, and wherein the transmission is decoded based on the point in time associated with the on-resource.

6. The WTRU of claim 1 , wherein the processor is further configured to: The number of on resources in the plurality of OFDM resources and the number of off resources in the plurality of OFDM resources are determined based on a transmit power threshold, wherein the puncturing scheme is further determined based on the number of on resources and the number of off resources.

7. The WTRU of claim 1 , wherein the transmission comprises an on-off keyed low power wake-up signal, and the on-off keyed low power wake-up signal indicates whether the WTRU is to be woken up in a discontinuous reception (DRX) mode.

8. A WTRU according to claim 7, wherein the transmission includes first information and second information, wherein the first information is indicated by an on-off keying associated with the on-off keying low power wake-up signal and indicates whether the WTRU will be woken up in the DRX mode, wherein the second information includes the information bit, and wherein the information bit indicates an identifier associated with the WTRU.

9. The WTRU of claim 8, wherein the WTRU further comprises a receiver and a low power receiver, wherein the first information further comprises an activation-deactivation indication, and wherein the activation-deactivation indication indicates whether the WTRU will deactivate the low power receiver and activate the receiver.

10. The WTRU of claim 1, wherein the processor is further configured to decode the information bits using discrete Fourier transform spread-orthogonal frequency division multiplexing demodulation.

11. A WTRU according to claim 1, wherein the number of information bits indicates the numerical amount of the information bits, the puncturing scheme indicates the number of open resources in the OFDM resources, and wherein the numerical amount of the information bits is determined based on the number of open resources indicated by the puncturing scheme.

12. A method performed by a wireless transmit / receive unit (WTRU), the method comprising: determining a plurality of orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) resources; determining a puncturing scheme associated with the plurality of OFDM resources based on a power parameter associated with transmitting; determining a number of information bits associated with the plurality of OFDM resources based on the puncturing scheme; as well as The transmission is decoded based on the number of information bits.

13. The method according to claim 12, wherein the method further comprises determining on resources among the multiple OFDM resources and off resources among the multiple OFDM resources based on a transmit power threshold, wherein the on resources are associated with a first average transmit power within a duration of the on resources, wherein the power parameter associated with the transmission includes the first average transmit power, wherein the off resources are associated with a second average transmit power within the duration of the off resources, wherein the first average transmit power is greater than or equal to the transmit power threshold, wherein the second average transmit power is less than the transmit power threshold, and wherein the puncturing scheme is further determined based on the determined on resources and off resources.

14. The method according to claim 13, wherein the method further comprises: determining an on-off resource pattern based on a plurality of power variations associated with the transmitting, wherein the puncturing scheme is further determined based on the on-off resource pattern; as well as A time point associated with the on-resource is determined based on the puncturing scheme, wherein the transmission is decoded based on the time point associated with the on-resource.

15. The method of claim 12, wherein the transmission comprises an on-off keyed low power wake-up signal, the on-off keyed low power wake-up signal indicating whether the WTRU will be woken up in a discontinuous reception (DRX) mode, wherein the transmission comprises first information and second information, wherein the first information is indicated by an on-off keying indication associated with the on-off keyed low power wake-up signal and indicates whether the WTRU will be woken up in the DRX mode, wherein the second information comprises the information bit, wherein the information bit indicates an identifier associated with the WTRU, wherein the WTRU further comprises a receiver and a low power receiver, wherein the first information further comprises an activation-deactivation indication, and wherein the activation-deactivation indication indicates whether the WTRU will deactivate the low power receiver and activate the receiver.

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