Requesting beam characteristics supported by user equipment for predictive beam management

Abstract

Aspects of the present disclosure generally relate to wireless communications. In some aspects, a user equipment (UE) may send a request to a network node indicating one or more beam characteristics supported by the UE for UE-based predictive beam management. The UE may receive, based at least in part on the request, one or more of a downlink reference signal or an indication of a virtual resource from the network node, wherein the downlink reference signal or the virtual resource is associated with the one or more beam characteristics indicated in the request. Numerous other aspects are described.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] Aspects of the present disclosure relate generally to wireless communications and to techniques and apparatus for requesting beam characteristics supported by a user equipment (UE) for predictive management. Background Art

[0002] Wireless communication systems are widely deployed to provide a variety of telecommunication services, such as telephony, video, data, messaging, and broadcasting. Typical wireless communication systems may employ multiple access technologies that can support communication with multiple users by sharing available system resources (e.g., bandwidth, transmit power, etc.). Examples of such multiple access technologies include code division multiple access (CDMA) systems, time division multiple access (TDMA) systems, frequency division multiple access (FDMA) systems, orthogonal frequency division multiple access (OFDMA) systems, single carrier frequency division multiple access (SC-FDMA) systems, time division synchronous code division multiple access (TD-SCDMA) systems, and long term evolution (LTE). LTE / LTE-Advanced is a set of enhancements to the Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS) mobile standard promulgated by the Third Generation Partnership Project (3GPP).

[0003] A wireless network may include one or more network nodes that support communications for wireless communication devices, such as user equipment (UE) or multiple UEs. A UE may communicate with a network node via downlink communications and uplink communications. A "downlink" (or "DL") refers to a communication link from a network node to a UE, and an "uplink" (or "UL") refers to a communication link from a UE to a network node. Some wireless networks may support device-to-device communications, such as via a local link (e.g., a side link (SL), a wireless local area network (WLAN) link, and / or a wireless personal area network (WPAN) link, etc.).

[0004] The above-mentioned multiple access technologies have been adopted in various telecommunication standards to provide a common protocol that enables different UEs to communicate at a city, country, region and / or global level. New Radio (NR) (which may be referred to as 5G) is a set of enhancements to the LTE mobile standard promulgated by 3GPP. NR is designed to better support mobile broadband Internet access by: improving spectrum efficiency; reducing costs; improving services; utilizing new spectrum; and using orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) (CP-OFDM) with cyclic prefix (CP) on the downlink, CP-OFDM and / or single carrier frequency division multiplexing (SC-FDM) (also known as discrete Fourier transform spread OFDM (DFT-s-OFDM)) on the uplink to better integrate with other open standards; and supporting beamforming, multiple input multiple output (MIMO) antenna technology and carrier aggregation. As the demand for mobile broadband access continues to increase, further improvements in LTE, NR and other radio access technologies remain useful. Summary of the invention

[0005] In some specific implementations, an apparatus for wireless communication at a user equipment (UE) includes a memory and one or more processors, which are coupled to the memory and configured to: send a request to a network node indicating one or more beam characteristics supported by the UE for UE-based predictive beam management; and receive one or more of a downlink reference signal or an indication of a virtual resource from the network node based at least in part on the request, wherein the downlink reference signal or the virtual resource is associated with the one or more beam characteristics indicated in the request.

[0006] In some specific implementations, an apparatus for wireless communication at a network node includes a memory and one or more processors, which are coupled to the memory and configured to: receive a request from a UE indicating one or more beam characteristics supported by the UE for UE-based predictive beam management; and send one or more of a downlink reference signal or an indication of a virtual resource to the UE based at least in part on the request, wherein the downlink reference signal or the virtual resource is associated with the one or more beam characteristics indicated in the request.

[0007] In some specific implementations, a method of wireless communication performed by a device of a UE includes: sending a request to a network node indicating one or more beam characteristics supported by the UE for UE-based predictive beam management; and receiving one or more of a downlink reference signal or an indication of a virtual resource from the network node based at least in part on the request, wherein the downlink reference signal or the virtual resource is associated with the one or more beam characteristics indicated in the request.

[0008] In some specific implementations, a method of wireless communication performed by an apparatus of a network node includes: receiving a request from a UE indicating one or more beam characteristics supported by the UE for UE-based predictive beam management; and sending one or more of a downlink reference signal or an indication of a virtual resource to the UE based at least in part on the request, wherein the downlink reference signal or the virtual resource is associated with the one or more beam characteristics indicated in the request.

[0009] In some specific implementations, a non-transitory computer-readable medium storing an instruction set for wireless communication includes one or more instructions that, when executed by one or more processors of a UE, cause the UE to: send a request to a network node indicating one or more beam characteristics supported by the UE for UE-based predictive beam management; and receive one or more of a downlink reference signal or an indication of a virtual resource from the network node based at least in part on the request, wherein the downlink reference signal or the virtual resource is associated with the one or more beam characteristics indicated in the request.

[0010] In some specific implementations, a non-transitory computer-readable medium storing an instruction set for wireless communication includes one or more instructions that, when executed by one or more processors of a network node, cause the network node to: receive a request from a UE indicating one or more beam characteristics supported by the UE for UE-based predictive beam management; and send one or more of a downlink reference signal or an indication of a virtual resource to the UE based at least in part on the request, wherein the downlink reference signal or the virtual resource is associated with the one or more beam characteristics indicated in the request.

[0011] In some specific embodiments, an apparatus for wireless communication includes: a component for sending a request to a network node indicating one or more beam characteristics supported by the apparatus for predictive beam management based on the apparatus; and a component for receiving one or more of a downlink reference signal or an indication of a virtual resource from the network node based at least in part on the request, wherein the downlink reference signal or the virtual resource is associated with the one or more beam characteristics indicated in the request.

[0012] In some specific implementations, an apparatus for wireless communication includes: a component for receiving a request from a UE indicating one or more beam characteristics supported by the UE for UE-based predictive beam management; and a component for sending one or more of a downlink reference signal or an indication of a virtual resource to the UE based at least in part on the request, wherein the downlink reference signal or the virtual resource is associated with the one or more beam characteristics indicated in the request.

[0013] Aspects collectively include methods, apparatus, systems, computer program products, non-transitory computer-readable media, user equipment, base stations, network entities, network nodes, wireless communication devices and / or processing systems as fully described herein with reference to the drawings and description and as illustrated in the drawings and description.

[0014] The features and technical advantages of examples according to the present disclosure have been outlined quite broadly above so that the following specific embodiments may be better understood. Additional features and advantages will be described below. The disclosed concepts and specific examples may be easily used as a basis for modifying or designing other structures for achieving the same purpose of the present disclosure. Such equivalent constructions do not depart from the scope of the appended claims. The characteristics of the concepts disclosed herein, both in terms of their organization and method of operation, and the associated advantages will be better understood by considering the following description in conjunction with the accompanying drawings. Each of the figures in the accompanying drawings is provided for the purpose of illustration and description and not as a definition of limitations of the claims.

[0015] Although various aspects are described in the present disclosure by illustrating some examples, it will be understood by those skilled in the art that such aspects can be implemented in many different arrangements and scenarios. The technology described herein can be implemented using different platform types, devices, systems, shapes, sizes and / or packaging arrangements. For example, some aspects can be implemented via integrated chip implementations or other devices based on non-module components (e.g., end-user devices, vehicles, communication equipment, computing equipment, industrial equipment, retail / shopping equipment, medical equipment and / or artificial intelligence devices). Various aspects can be implemented in chip-level components, modular components, non-modular components, non-chip-level components, device-level components and / or system-level components. The equipment incorporating the various aspects and features described may include additional components and features for implementing and practicing the various aspects claimed and described. For example, the transmission and reception of wireless signals may include one or more components for analog and digital purposes (e.g., hardware components, including antennas, radio frequency (RF) chains, power amplifiers, modulators, buffers, processors, interleavers, adders and / or summers). The various aspects described herein are intended to be practiced in various devices, components, systems, distributed arrangements and / or end-user devices of various sizes, shapes and configurations. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0016] In order to be able to understand the above-mentioned features of the present disclosure in detail, a more specific description briefly summarized above may be obtained by reference to various aspects (some of which are illustrated in the accompanying drawings). However, it should be noted that the accompanying drawings illustrate only certain typical aspects of the present disclosure and are therefore not to be considered as limiting the scope thereof, as the specification may admit of other equally effective aspects. The same reference numerals in different drawings may identify the same or similar elements.

[0017] Figure 1 is a diagram illustrating an example of a wireless network according to the present disclosure.

[0018] Figure 2 is a diagram illustrating an example of communication between a network node and a user equipment (UE) in a wireless network according to the present disclosure.

[0019] Figure 3 is a diagram illustrating an example decomposed base station architecture according to the present disclosure.

[0020] Figure 4 is a diagram illustrating an example of a beam management process according to the present disclosure.

[0021] Figure 5 is a diagram illustrating an example of beam management according to the present disclosure.

[0022] Figures 6 to 12 is a diagram illustrating an example associated with requesting beam characteristics supported by a UE for predictive management according to the present disclosure.

[0023] Figure 13 to Figure 14 is a diagram illustrating an example process associated with requesting beam characteristics supported by a UE for predictive management according to the present disclosure.

[0024] Figure 15 to Figure 16 is a diagram of an example apparatus for wireless communications according to the present disclosure. DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0025] The various aspects of the present disclosure are described more fully below with reference to the accompanying drawings. However, the present disclosure can be embodied in many different forms, and should not be construed as being limited to any specific structure or function presented throughout the present disclosure. Instead, these aspects are provided so that the present disclosure will be thorough and complete, and the scope of the present disclosure will be fully conveyed to those skilled in the art. It should be understood by those skilled in the art that the scope of the present disclosure is intended to cover any aspect of the disclosure disclosed herein, whether it is independently or in combination with any other aspect of the disclosure. For example, any number of aspects set forth herein may be used to implement a device or practice method. In addition, the scope of the present disclosure is intended to cover such a device or method practiced using other structures, functionality, or structure and functionality in addition to or different from the various aspects of the disclosure set forth herein. It should be understood that any aspect of the disclosure disclosed herein may be embodied by one or more elements of the present invention.

[0026] Several aspects of telecommunication systems will now be presented with reference to various devices and techniques. These devices and techniques will be described in the following detailed description and illustrated in the accompanying drawings by various blocks, modules, components, circuits, steps, processes, algorithms, etc. (collectively referred to as "elements"). These elements may be implemented using hardware, software, or a combination thereof. Whether such elements are implemented as hardware or software depends on the specific application and the design constraints imposed on the overall system.

[0027] Although various aspects may be described herein using terms generally associated with 5G or new radio (NR) radio access technology (RAT), various aspects of the present disclosure may be applicable to other RATs, such as 3G RAT, 4G RAT and / or RATs beyond 5G (e.g., 6G).

[0028] Figure 1 1 is a diagram illustrating an example of a wireless network 100 according to the present disclosure. The wireless network 100 may be a 5G (e.g., NR) network and / or a 4G (e.g., Long Term Evolution (LTE)) network, or may include elements of a 5G (e.g., NR) network and / or elements of a 4G (e.g., Long Term Evolution (LTE)) network, etc. The wireless network 100 may include one or more network nodes 110 (shown as network node 110a, network node 110b, network node 110c, and network node 110d), user equipment (UE) 120 or multiple UEs 120 (shown as UE 120a, UE 120b, UE 120c, UE 120d, and UE 120e), and / or other entities. The network node 110 is a network node that communicates with the UE 120. As shown in the figure, the network node 110 may include one or more network nodes. For example, the network node 110 may be a converged network node, which means that the converged network node is configured to utilize a radio protocol stack that is physically or logically integrated within a single radio access network (RAN) node (e.g., within a single device or unit). As another example, the network node 110 may be a decomposed network node (sometimes referred to as a decomposed base station), which means that the network node 110 is configured to utilize a protocol stack that is physically or logically distributed between two or more nodes (such as one or more central units (CUs), one or more distributed units (DUs), or one or more radio units (RUs)).

[0029] In some examples, the network node 110 is or includes a network node that communicates with the UE 120 via a radio access link, such as an RU. In some examples, the network node 110 is or includes a network node that communicates with other network nodes 110 via a fronthaul link or a midhaul link, such as a DU. In some examples, the network node 110 is or includes a network node that communicates with other network nodes 110 via a midhaul link or communicates with the core network via a backhaul link, such as a CU. In some examples, the network node 110 (such as an aggregated network node 110 or a decomposed network node 110) may include multiple network nodes, such as one or more RUs, one or more CUs, and / or one or more DUs. The network node 110 may include, for example, an NR base station, an LTE base station, a Node B, an eNB (e.g., in 4G), a gNB (e.g., in 5G), an access point, a transmit receive point (TRP), a DU, a RU, a CU, a mobility element of a network, a core network node, a network element, a network equipment, a RAN node, or a combination thereof. In some examples, network nodes 110 may be interconnected to each other or to one or more other network nodes 110 in wireless network 100 via various types of fronthaul, midhaul, and / or backhaul interfaces, such as direct physical connections, air interfaces, or virtual networks, using any suitable transport network.

[0030] In some examples, the network node 110 may provide communication coverage for a particular geographic area. In the Third Generation Partnership Project (3GPP), the term "cell" may refer to the coverage area of ​​the network node 110 and / or the network node subsystem serving the coverage area, depending on the context in which the term is used. The network node 110 may provide communication coverage for a macro cell, a pico cell, a femto cell, and / or another type of cell. A macro cell may cover a relatively large geographic area (e.g., a radius of several kilometers) and may allow unrestricted access by a UE 120 with a service subscription. A pico cell may cover a relatively small geographic area and may allow unrestricted access by a UE 120 with a service subscription. A femto cell may cover a relatively small geographic area (e.g., a home) and may allow restricted access by a UE 120 associated with the femto cell (e.g., a UE 120 in a closed subscriber group (CSG)). A network node 110 for a macro cell may be referred to as a macro network node. A network node 110 for a pico cell may be referred to as a pico network node. The network node 110 for a femto cell may be referred to as a femto network node or a home network node. Figure 1In the example shown in , network node 110a may be a macro network node for macro cell 102a, network node 110b may be a pico network node for pico cell 102b, and network node 110c may be a femto network node for femto cell 102c. A network node may support one or more (e.g., three) cells. In some examples, a cell may not necessarily be stationary, and the geographic area of ​​a cell may move depending on the location of a mobile network node 110 (e.g., a mobile network node).

[0031] In some aspects, the term "base station" or "network node" may refer to an aggregated base station, a decomposed base station, an integrated access and backhaul (IAB) node, a relay node, or one or more components thereof. For example, in some aspects, a "base station" or "network node" may refer to a CU, a DU, a RU, a near real-time (near RT) RAN intelligent controller (RIC), or a non-real-time (non-RT) RIC, or a combination thereof. In some aspects, the term "base station" or "network node" may refer to a device configured to perform one or more functions (such as those described herein in conjunction with network node 110). In some aspects, the term "base station" or "network node" may refer to multiple devices configured to perform one or more functions. For example, in some distributed systems, each of a plurality of different devices (which may be located in the same geographic location or in different geographic locations) may be configured to perform at least a portion of a function, or to repeatedly perform at least a portion of the function, and the term "base station" or "network node" may refer to any one or more of these different devices. In some aspects, the term "base station" or "network node" may refer to one or more virtual base stations or one or more virtual base station functions. For example, in some aspects, two or more base station functions may be instantiated on a single device. In some aspects, the term "base station" or "network node" may refer to one of the base station functions, but not another base station function. In this way, a single device may include more than one base station.

[0032] The wireless network 100 may include one or more relay stations. A relay station is a network node that can receive transmissions of data from an upstream node (e.g., a network node 110 or a UE 120) and transmit transmissions of data to a downstream node (e.g., a UE 120 or a network node 110). A relay station may be a UE 120 that is capable of relaying transmissions for other UEs 120. Figure 1 In the example shown in , a network node 110d (e.g., a relay network node) may communicate with a network node 110a (e.g., a macro network node) and a UE 120d to facilitate communication between the network node 110a and the UE 120d. A network node 110 that relays communications may be referred to as a relay station, a relay base station, a relay network node, a relay node, a relay, etc.

[0033] The wireless network 100 may be a heterogeneous network that includes different types of network nodes 110, such as macro network nodes, pico network nodes, femto network nodes, relay network nodes, etc. These different types of network nodes 110 may have different transmit power levels, different coverage areas, and / or different impacts on interference in the wireless network 100. For example, a macro network node may have a high transmit power level (e.g., 5 watts to 40 watts), while a pico network node, a femto network node, and a relay network node may have a lower transmit power level (e.g., 0.1 watt to 2 watts).

[0034] The network controller 130 may be coupled to or in communication with a set of network nodes 110 and may provide coordination and control for the network nodes 110. The network controller 130 may communicate with the network nodes 110 via a backhaul communication link or a midhaul communication link. The network nodes 110 may also communicate directly with each other or indirectly via a wireless or wired backhaul communication link. In some aspects, the network controller 130 may be, or may include, a CU or a core network device.

[0035] UE 120 may be dispersed throughout the wireless network 100, and each UE 120 may be stationary or mobile. UE 120 may include, for example, an access terminal, a terminal, a mobile station, and / or a subscriber unit. UE 120 may be a cellular phone (e.g., a smart phone), a personal digital assistant (PDA), a wireless modem, a wireless communication device, a handheld device, a laptop computer, a cordless phone, a wireless local loop (WLL) station, a tablet computer, a camera, a gaming device, a netbook, a smartbook, an ultrabook, a medical device, a biometric device, a wearable device (e.g., a smart watch, smart clothing, smart glasses, a smart wristband, smart jewelry (e.g., a smart ring or a smart bracelet)), an entertainment device (e.g., a music device, a video device, and / or a satellite radio), a vehicle component or sensor, a smart meter / sensor, an industrial manufacturing equipment, a global positioning system device, a UE function of a network node, and / or any other suitable device configured to communicate via a wireless or wired medium.

[0036] Some UEs 120 may be considered as machine type communication (MTC) or evolved or enhanced machine type communication (eMTC) UEs. MTC UEs and / or eMTC UEs may include, for example, robots, drones, remote devices, sensors, meters, monitors, and / or location tags that may communicate with a network node, another device (e.g., a remote device), or some other entity. Some UEs 120 may be considered as Internet of Things (IoT) devices and / or may be implemented as NB-IoT (narrowband IoT) devices. Some UEs 120 may be considered as customer premises equipment. UE 120 may be included inside a housing that houses components of UE 120, such as a processor component and / or a memory component. In some examples, the processor component and the memory component may be coupled together. For example, a processor component (e.g., one or more processors) and a memory component (e.g., a memory) may be operably coupled, communicatively coupled, electronically coupled, and / or electrically coupled.

[0037] In general, any number of wireless networks 100 may be deployed in a given geographic area. Each wireless network 100 may support a specific RAT and may operate on one or more frequencies. RAT may be referred to as a radio technology, air interface, etc. Frequency may be referred to as a carrier, frequency channel, etc. Each frequency may support a single RAT in a given geographic area to avoid interference between wireless networks of different RATs. In some cases, NR or 5G RAT networks may be deployed.

[0038] In some examples, two or more UEs 120 (e.g., shown as UE 120a and UE 120e) may communicate directly using one or more sidelink channels (e.g., without using network node 110 as an intermediary to communicate with each other). For example, UE 120 may communicate using peer-to-peer (P2P) communication, device-to-device (D2D) communication, vehicle-to-everything (V2X) protocols (e.g., which may include vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) protocols, vehicle-to-infrastructure (V2I) protocols, or vehicle-to-pedestrian (V2P) protocols), and / or mesh networks. In such examples, UE 120 may perform scheduling operations, resource selection operations, and / or other operations described elsewhere herein as being performed by network node 110.

[0039] The devices of the wireless network 100 may communicate using an electromagnetic spectrum that may be subdivided into various categories, bands, channels, etc., based on frequency or wavelength. For example, the devices of the wireless network 100 may communicate using one or more operating bands. In 5G NR, two initial operating bands have been identified as frequency ranges designated FR1 (410 MHz-7.125 GHz) and FR2 (24.25 GHz-52.6 GHz). It should be understood that, although a portion of FR1 is greater than 6 GHz, FR1 is often (interchangeably) referred to as the “below 6 GHz” band in various documents and articles. A similar naming issue sometimes occurs with respect to FR2, which is often (interchangeably) referred to as the “millimeter wave” band in documents and articles, although different from the extremely high frequency (EHF) band (30 GHz–300 GHz) identified as the “millimeter wave” band by the International Telecommunication Union (ITU).

[0040] Frequencies between FR1 and FR2 are generally referred to as mid-band frequencies. Recent 5G NR research has identified the operating bands for these mid-band frequencies as frequency range designation FR3 (7.125 GHz–24.25 GHz). The bands falling within FR3 can inherit FR1 characteristics and / or FR2 characteristics, and thus the features of FR1 and / or FR2 can be effectively extended to mid-band frequencies. In addition, higher frequency bands are currently being explored to extend 5G NR operations to more than 52.6 GHz. For example, three higher operating bands have been identified as frequency range designations FR4a or FR4-1 (52.6 GHz-71 GHz), FR4 (52.6 GHz-114.25 GHz), and FR5 (114.25 GHz-300 GHz). Each of these higher frequency bands falls within the EHF band.

[0041] Considering the above examples, unless otherwise specifically stated, it should be understood that if the term "below 6 GHz" or the like is used herein, the term may broadly refer to frequencies that may be lower than 6 GHz, may be within FR1, or may include mid-band frequencies. In addition, unless otherwise specifically stated, it should be understood that if the term "millimeter wave" or the like is used herein, the term may broadly refer to frequencies that may include mid-band frequencies, may be within FR2, FR4, FR4-a or FR4-1, and / or FR5, or may be within the EHF band. It is contemplated that the frequencies included in these operating bands (e.g., FR1, FR2, FR3, FR4, FR4-a, FR4-1, and / or FR5) may be modified, and the techniques described herein are applicable to those modified frequency ranges.

[0042] In some aspects, a UE (e.g., UE 120) may include a communication manager 140. As described in more detail elsewhere herein, the communication manager 140 may send a request to a network node indicating one or more beam characteristics supported by the UE for UE-based predictive beam management; and receive one or more of a downlink reference signal or an indication of a virtual resource from the network node based at least in part on the request, wherein the downlink reference signal or the virtual resource is associated with the one or more beam characteristics indicated in the request. Additionally or alternatively, the communication manager 140 may perform one or more other operations described herein.

[0043] In some aspects, a network node (e.g., network node 110) may include a communication manager 150. As described in more detail elsewhere herein, the communication manager 150 may receive a request from a UE indicating one or more beam characteristics supported by the UE for UE-based predictive beam management; and send one or more of a downlink reference signal or an indication of a virtual resource to the UE based at least in part on the request, wherein the downlink reference signal or the virtual resource is associated with the one or more beam characteristics indicated in the request. Additionally or alternatively, the communication manager 150 may perform one or more other operations described herein.

[0044] As indicated above, Figure 1 are provided as examples. Other examples can be found in the Figure 1 The examples described are different.

[0045] Figure 2 2 is a diagram illustrating an example 200 of a network node 110 communicating with a UE 120 in a wireless network 100 according to the present disclosure. The network node 110 may be equipped with a set of antennas 234a to 234t, such as T antennas (T≥1). The UE 120 may be equipped with a set of antennas 252a to 252r, such as R antennas (R≥1). The network node 110 of example 200 includes one or more radio frequency components, such as an antenna 234 and a modem 254. In some examples, the network node 110 may include an interface, a communication component, or another component that facilitates communication with the UE 120 or another network node. Some network nodes 110 may not include a radio frequency component that facilitates direct communication with the UE 120, such as one or more CUs or one or more DUs.

[0046] At the network node 110, a transmit processor 220 may receive data intended for a UE 120 (or a set of UEs 120) from a data source 212. The transmit processor 220 may select one or more modulation and coding schemes (MCS) for the UE 120 based at least in part on one or more channel quality indicators (CQIs) received from the UE 120. The network node 110 may process (e.g., encode and modulate) the data for the UE 120 based at least in part on the MCS selected for the UE 120, and may provide data symbols for the UE 120. The transmit processor 220 may process system information (e.g., for semi-static resource allocation information (SRPI)) and control information (e.g., CQI requests, grants, and / or upper layer signaling), and provide overhead symbols and control symbols. The transmit processor 220 may generate reference symbols for reference signals (e.g., cell-specific reference signals (CRS) or demodulation reference signals (DMRS)) and synchronization signals (e.g., primary synchronization signals (PSS) or secondary synchronization signals (SSS)). The transmit (TX) multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) processor 230 may perform spatial processing (e.g., precoding) on ​​data symbols, control symbols, overhead symbols, and / or reference symbols, where applicable, and may provide a set of output symbol streams (e.g., T output symbol streams) to a corresponding set of modems 232 (e.g., T modems) (shown as modems 232a to 232t). For example, each output symbol stream may be provided to a modulator component (shown as MOD) of the modem 232. Each modem 232 may process a corresponding output symbol stream (e.g., for OFDM) using a corresponding modulator component to obtain an output sample stream. Each modem 232 may also process (e.g., convert to analog, amplify, filter, and / or upconvert) the output sample stream using a corresponding modulator component to obtain a downlink signal. The modems 232a through 232t may transmit a set of downlink signals (eg, T downlink signals) via a corresponding set of antennas 234 (eg, T antennas) (shown as antennas 234a through 234t).

[0047] At the UE 120, a set of antennas 252 (shown as antennas 252a to 252r) may receive downlink signals from the network node 110 and / or other network nodes 110 and may provide a set of received signals (e.g., R received signals) to a set of modems 254 (e.g., R modems) (shown as modems 254a to 254r). For example, each received signal may be provided to a demodulator component (shown as DEMOD) of the modem 254. Each modem 254 may use a corresponding demodulator component to condition (e.g., filter, amplify, downconvert, and / or digitize) the received signal to obtain input samples. Each modem 254 may use a demodulator component to further process the input samples (e.g., for OFDM) to obtain received symbols. A MIMO detector 256 may obtain received symbols from the modem 254, may perform MIMO detection on the received symbols where applicable, and may provide detected symbols. The receive processor 258 may process (e.g., demodulate and decode) the detected symbols, may provide decoded data for the UE 120 to the data sink 260, and may provide decoded control information and system information to the controller / processor 280. The term "controller / processor" may refer to one or more controllers, one or more processors, or a combination thereof. The channel processor may determine a reference signal received power (RSRP) parameter, a received signal strength indicator (RSSI) parameter, a reference signal received quality (RSRQ) parameter, and / or a CQI parameter, among other things. In some examples, one or more components of the UE 120 may be included in the housing 284.

[0048] The network controller 130 may include a communication unit 294, a controller / processor 290, and a memory 292. The network controller 130 may include, for example, one or more devices in a core network. The network controller 130 may communicate with the network node 110 via the communication unit 294.

[0049] One or more antennas (e.g., antennas 234a to 234t and / or antennas 252a to 252r) may include or be included within one or more antenna panels, one or more antenna groups, one or more sets of antenna elements, and / or one or more antenna arrays, etc. Antenna panels, antenna groups, sets of antenna elements, and / or antenna arrays may include one or more antenna elements (in a single housing or multiple housings), sets of coplanar antenna elements, sets of non-coplanar antenna elements, and / or may be coupled to one or more transmit and / or receive components (such as, Figure 2 One or more antenna elements of one or more components in.

[0050] On the uplink, at the UE 120, the transmit processor 264 may receive and process data from the data source 262 and control information from the controller / processor 280 (e.g., for reports including RSRP, RSSI, RSRQ, and / or CQI). The transmit processor 264 may generate reference symbols for one or more reference signals. The symbols from the transmit processor 264 may be pre-decoded by the TX MIMO processor 266, where applicable, further processed by the modem 254 (e.g., for DFT-s-OFDM or CP-OFDM), and sent to the network node 110. In some examples, the modem 254 of the UE 120 may include a modulator and a demodulator. In some examples, the UE 120 includes a transceiver. The transceiver may include any combination of an antenna 252, a modem 254, a MIMO detector 256, a receive processor 258, a transmit processor 264, and / or a TX MIMO processor 266. The transceiver may be used by a processor (eg, controller / processor 280) and memory 282 to perform the functions described herein (eg, with reference to Figures 6 to 16 ) any aspects of any of the methods described herein.

[0051] At the network node 110, uplink signals from the UE 120 and / or other UEs may be received by the antenna 234, processed by the modem 232 (e.g., a demodulator component (shown as DEMOD) of the modem 232), detected by the MIMO detector 236 (where applicable), and further processed by the receive processor 238 to obtain decoded data and control information transmitted by the UE 120. The receive processor 238 may provide the decoded data to the data sink 239 and the decoded control information to the controller / processor 240. The network node 110 may include a communication unit 244 and may communicate with the network controller 130 via the communication unit 244. The network node 110 may include a scheduler 246 to schedule one or more UEs 120 for downlink communication and / or uplink communication. In some examples, the modem 232 of the network node 110 may include a modulator and a demodulator. In some examples, the network node 110 includes a transceiver. The transceiver may include any combination of antenna 234, modem 232, MIMO detector 236, receive processor 238, transmit processor 220, and / or TX MIMO processor 230. The transceiver may be used by a processor (e.g., controller / processor 240) and memory 242 to perform operations described herein (e.g., with reference to Figures 6 to 16 ) any aspects of any of the methods described herein.

[0052] The controller / processor 240 of the network node 110, the controller / processor 280 of the UE 120, and / or Figure 2 Any other components of the controller / processor 240 of the network node 110, the controller / processor 280 of the UE 120, and / or Figure 2 Any other component of the Fig.13 The process of 1300 Fig.14 1400 and / or operations of other processes as described herein. Memory 242 and memory 282 may store data and program codes for network node 110 and UE 120, respectively. In some examples, memory 242 and / or memory 282 may include a non-transitory computer-readable medium storing one or more instructions (e.g., code and / or program code) for wireless communication. For example, the one or more instructions, when executed by one or more processors of network node 110 and / or UE 120 (e.g., directly executed, or executed after compilation, conversion, and / or interpretation), may cause one or more processors, UE 120, and / or network node 110 to perform or direct, for example, Fig.13 The process of 1300 Fig.14 The process 1400 and / or operations of other processes as described herein. In some examples, executing instructions may include running instructions, converting instructions, compiling instructions, and / or interpreting instructions, etc.

[0053] In some aspects, a UE (e.g., UE 120) includes: a component for sending a request to a network node indicating one or more beam characteristics supported by the UE for UE-based predictive beam management; and / or a component for receiving one or more of a downlink reference signal or an indication of a virtual resource from the network node based at least in part on the request, wherein the downlink reference signal or the virtual resource is associated with the one or more beam characteristics indicated in the request. In some aspects, the components for the UE to perform the operations described herein may include, for example, one or more of the communication manager 140, the antenna 252, the modem 254, the MIMO detector 256, the receive processor 258, the transmit processor 264, the TX MIMO processor 266, the controller / processor 280, or the memory 282.

[0054] In some aspects, a network node (e.g., network node 110) includes: a component for receiving a request from a UE indicating one or more beam characteristics supported by the UE for UE-based predictive beam management; and / or a component for sending one or more of a downlink reference signal or an indication of a virtual resource to the UE based at least in part on the request, wherein the downlink reference signal or the virtual resource is associated with the one or more beam characteristics indicated in the request. In some aspects, the components for the network node to perform operations described herein may include, for example, one or more of the communication manager 150, the transmit processor 220, the TX MIMO processor 230, the modem 232, the antenna 234, the MIMO detector 236, the receive processor 238, the controller / processor 240, the memory 242, or the scheduler 246.

[0055] Although Figure 2 The blocks in the 2000 and 2010 are illustrated as distinct components, but the functionality described above for these blocks may be implemented in a single hardware, software, or combined component or in various combinations of components. For example, the functionality described for the transmit processor 264, the receive processor 258, and / or the TX MIMO processor 266 may be performed by or under the control of the controller / processor 280.

[0056] As indicated above, Figure 2 are provided as examples. Other examples can be found in the Figure 2 The examples described are different.

[0057] The deployment of a communication system (such as a 5G NR system) can be arranged with various components or components in a variety of ways. In a 5G NR system or network, a network node, a network entity, a mobility element of a network, a RAN node, a core network node, a network element, a base station or network equipment can be implemented in an aggregated or decomposed architecture. For example, a base station (such as a node B (NB), an evolved NB (eNB), an NR BS, a 5G NB, an access point (AP), a TRP or a cell, etc.) or one or more units (or one or more components) that perform base station functionality can be implemented as an aggregated base station (also referred to as an independent base station or a monolithic base station) or a decomposed base station. "Network entity" or "network node" may refer to a decomposed base station or one or more units of a decomposed base station (such as one or more CUs, one or more DUs, one or more RUs, or a combination thereof).

[0058] An aggregated base station (e.g., an aggregated network node) may be configured to utilize a radio protocol stack that is physically or logically integrated within a single RAN node (e.g., within a single device or unit). A decomposed base station (e.g., a decomposed network node) may be configured to utilize a protocol stack that is physically or logically distributed between two or more units (such as one or more CUs, one or more DUs, or one or more RUs). In some examples, a CU may be implemented within a network node, and one or more DUs may be co-located with the CU, or alternatively, may be geographically or virtually distributed across one or more other network nodes. A DU may be implemented to communicate with one or more RUs. Each of a CU, a DU, and a RU may also be implemented as a virtual unit, such as a virtual central unit (VCU), a virtual distributed unit (VDU), or a virtual radio unit (VRU), and the like.

[0059] Base station type operations or network designs may take into account the aggregated nature of base station functionality. For example, a decomposed base station may be utilized in an IAB network, an open radio access network (O-RAN (such as a network configuration initiated by the O-RAN Alliance)), or a virtualized radio access network (vRAN, also known as a cloud radio access network (C-RAN)) to facilitate the scaling of a communication system by separating base station functionality into one or more units that can be deployed separately. A decomposed base station may include functionality implemented across two or more units at various physical locations, as well as functionality implemented virtually for at least one unit, which may enable flexibility in network design. Individual units of a decomposed base station may be configured for wired or wireless communication with at least one other unit of the decomposed base station.

[0060] Figure 3 3 is a diagram illustrating an example disaggregated base station architecture 300 according to the present disclosure. The disaggregated base station architecture 300 may include a CU 310 that may communicate directly with a core network 320 via a backhaul link, or indirectly with the core network 320 through one or more disaggregated control units, such as a near-RT RIC 325 via an E2 link, or a non-RT RIC 315 associated with a service management and orchestration (SMO) framework 305, or both. The CU 310 may communicate with one or more DUs 330 via respective midhaul links, such as via an F1 interface. Each of the DUs 330 may communicate with one or more RUs 340 via respective fronthaul links. Each of the RUs 340 may communicate with one or more UEs 120 via respective radio frequency (RF) access links. In some implementations, a UE 120 may be served simultaneously by multiple RUs 340.

[0061] Each of the units (including CU 310, DU 330, RU 340) and the near-RT RIC 325, non-RT RIC 315, and SMO framework 305 may include or be coupled to one or more interfaces, the one or more interfaces being configured to receive or send signals, data, or information (collectively referred to as signals) via a wired or wireless transmission medium. Each of the units or an associated processor or controller that provides instructions to one or more communication interfaces of the corresponding unit may be configured to communicate with one or more of the other units via a transmission medium. In some examples, each of the units may include a wired interface and a wireless interface, the wired interface being configured to receive signals or send signals to one or more of the other units via a wired transmission medium, the wireless interface being configured to receive signals or send signals to one or more of the other units via a wired transmission medium, or both.

[0062] In some aspects, the CU 310 may host one or more higher layer control functions. Such control functions may include radio resource control (RRC) functions, packet data convergence protocol (PDCP) functions, or service data adaptation protocol (SDAP) functions, etc. Each control function may be implemented using an interface that is configured to communicate signals with other control functions hosted by the CU 310. The CU 310 may be configured to handle user plane functionality (e.g., central unit-user plane (CU-UP) functionality), control plane functionality (e.g., central unit-control plane (CU-CP) functionality), or a combination thereof. In some specific implementations, the CU 310 may be logically split into one or more CU-UP units and one or more CU-CP units. When implemented in an O-RAN configuration, the CU-UP unit may communicate bidirectionally with the CU-CP unit via an interface (such as an E1 interface). As needed, the CU 310 may be implemented to communicate with the DU 330 for network control and signaling.

[0063] Each DU 330 may correspond to a logical unit that includes one or more base station functions for controlling the operation of one or more RUs 340. In some aspects, the DU 330 may host one or more of a radio link control (RLC) layer, a MAC layer, and one or more high physical (PHY) layers, at least in part, according to a functional partition such as that defined by 3GPP. In some aspects, one or more high PHY layers may be implemented by one or more modules for forward error correction (FEC) encoding and decoding, scrambling, modulation and demodulation, etc. In some aspects, the DU 330 may further host one or more low PHY layers, such as one or more modules for fast Fourier transform (FFT), inverse FFT (iFFT), digital beamforming or physical random access channel (PRACH) extraction and filtering, etc. Each layer (which may also be referred to as a module) may be implemented using an interface that is configured to communicate signals with other layers (and modules) hosted by the DU 330 or with control functions hosted by the CU 310.

[0064] Each RU 340 may implement lower layer functionality. In some deployments, the RU 340 controlled by the DU 330 may correspond to a logical node that hosts RF processing functions or low PHY layer functions based on functional split (e.g., functional split defined by 3GPP) (such as lower layer functional split), such as performing FFT, performing iFFT, digital beamforming, or PRACH extraction and filtering, etc. In this architecture, each RU 340 may be operated to handle over-the-air (OTA) communications with one or more UEs 120. In some specific implementations, real-time and non-real-time aspects of control plane and user plane communications with the RU 340 may be controlled by the corresponding DU 330. In some scenarios, this configuration may enable each DU 330 and CU 310 to be implemented in a cloud-based RAN architecture (such as a vRAN architecture).

[0065] The SMO framework 305 may be configured to support RAN deployment and provisioning of non-virtualized network elements and virtualized network elements. For non-virtualized network elements, the SMO framework 305 may be configured to support the deployment of dedicated physical resources for RAN coverage requirements, which may be managed via an operation and maintenance interface (such as an O1 interface). For virtualized network elements, the SMO framework 305 may be configured to interact with a cloud computing platform (such as an open cloud (O-Cloud) platform 390) to perform network element lifecycle management (such as instantiating virtualized network elements) via a cloud computing platform interface (such as an O2 interface). Such virtualized network elements may include, but are not limited to, CU 310, DU 330, RU 340, non-RT RIC 315, and near-RTRIC 325. In some specific implementations, the SMO framework 305 may communicate with hardware aspects of the 4G RAN (such as an open eNB (O-eNB) 311) via the O1 interface. Additionally, in some implementations, the SMO framework 305 can communicate directly with each of the one or more RUs 340 via a corresponding O1 interface. The SMO framework 305 can also include a non-RT RIC 315 configured to support the functionality of the SMO framework 305.

[0066] The non-RT RIC 315 may be configured to include logic functions that enable non-real-time control and optimization of RAN elements and resources, artificial intelligence / machine learning (AI / ML) workflows including model training and updating, or policy-based guidance of applications / features in the near-RT RIC 325. The non-RT RIC 315 may be coupled to or communicate with the near-RT RIC 325 (such as via an A1 interface). The near-RT RIC 325 may be configured to include logic functions that enable near-real-time control and optimization of RAN elements and resources via data collection and actions through an interface (such as via an E2 interface) that connects one or more CUs 310, one or more DUs 330, or both, and the O-eNB with the near-RT RIC 325.

[0067] In some implementations, in order to generate an AI / ML model to be deployed in the near-RT RIC 325, the non-RT RIC 315 may receive parameters or external enrichment information from an external server. Such information may be utilized by the near-RT RIC 325 and may be received from a non-network data source or from a network function at the SMO framework 305 or the non-RT RIC 315. In some examples, the non-RT RIC 315 or the near-RT RIC 325 may be configured to tune RAN behavior or performance. For example, the non-RT RIC 315 may monitor long-term trends and patterns of performance and employ AI / ML models to perform corrective actions through the SMO framework 305 (such as via reconfiguration of the O1 interface) or via the creation of RAN management policies (such as A1 interface policies).

[0068] As indicated above, Figure 3 are provided as examples. Other examples can be found in the Figure 3 The examples described are different.

[0069] Figure 4 4 is a diagram illustrating examples 400, 410, and 420 of a beam management process according to the present disclosure. Figure 4 As shown, examples 400, 410, and 420 include UE 120 communicating with network node 110 in a wireless network (e.g., wireless network 100). Figure 4 The devices shown are provided as examples, and the wireless network may support communication and beam management between other devices (e.g., between UE 120 and network node 110 or TRP, between mobile terminal node and control node, between IAB child node and IAB parent node, and / or between scheduled node and scheduling node). In some aspects, UE 120 and network node 110 may be in a connected state (e.g., RRC connected state).

[0070] like Figure 4 As shown, example 400 may include network node 110 and UE 120 communicating to perform beam management using a channel state information reference signal (CSI-RS). Example 400 depicts a first beam management procedure (e.g., P1 CSI-RS beam management). The first beam management procedure may be referred to as a beam selection procedure, an initial beam acquisition procedure, a beam scanning procedure, a cell search procedure, and / or a beam search procedure. Figure 4 As shown in example 400, CSI-RS may be configured to be sent from network node 110 to UE 120. CSI-RS may be configured to be periodic (e.g., using RRC signaling), semi-persistent (e.g., using MAC control element (MAC-CE) signaling), and / or aperiodic (e.g., using downlink control information (DCI)).

[0071] The first beam management process may include the network node 110 performing beam scanning on multiple transmit (Tx) beams. The network node 110 may use each transmit beam used for beam management to transmit a CSI-RS. In order to enable the UE 120 to perform receive (Rx) beam scanning, the network node 110 may use the transmit beam to transmit each CSI-RS multiple times within the same RS resource set (e.g., using repetition) so that the UE 120 can sweep the receive beam in multiple transmit instances. For example, if the network node 110 has a set of N transmit beams and the UE 120 has a set of M receive beams, the CSI-RS may be transmitted M times on each of the N transmit beams, so that the UE 120 can receive M instances of the CSI-RS per transmit beam. In other words, for each transmit beam of the network node 110, the UE 120 may perform beam scanning on the receive beam of the UE 120. Thus, the first beam management process may enable UE 120 to measure CSI-RS on different transmit beams using different receive beams to support selection of a network node 110 transmit beam / UE 120 receive beam pair. UE 120 may report the measurements to network node 110 to enable network node 110 to select one or more beam pairs for communication between network node 110 and UE 120. Although example 400 has been described in conjunction with CSI-RS, the first beam management process may also use synchronization signal blocks (SSBs) to perform beam management in a similar manner as described above.

[0072] like Figure 4 As shown, example 410 may include network node 110 and UE 120 communicating to perform beam management using CSI-RS. Example 410 depicts a second beam management procedure (e.g., P2 CSI-RS beam management). The second beam management procedure may be referred to as a beam refinement procedure, a network node beam refinement procedure, a TRP beam refinement procedure, and / or a transmit beam refinement procedure. Figure 4As shown in example 410, a CSI-RS may be configured to be transmitted from a network node 110 to a UE 120. The CSI-RS may be configured to be non-periodic (e.g., using a DCI). The second beam management process may include the network node 110 performing beam scanning on one or more transmit beams. The one or more transmit beams may be a subset of all transmit beams associated with the network node 110 (e.g., determined at least in part based on measurements reported by the UE 120 in conjunction with the first beam management process). The network node 110 may transmit the CSI-RS using each of the one or more transmit beams used for beam management. The UE 120 may measure each CSI-RS using a single (e.g., identical) receive beam (e.g., determined at least in part based on measurements performed in conjunction with the first beam management process). The second beam management process may enable the network node 110 to select the best transmit beam based at least in part on measurements of the CSI-RS reported by the UE 120 (e.g., measured by the UE 120 using a single receive beam).

[0073] like Figure 4 As shown, example 420 depicts a third beam management process (e.g., P3 CSI-RS beam management). The third beam management process may be referred to as a beam refinement process, a UE beam refinement process, and / or a receive beam refinement process. Figure 4 As shown in example 420, one or more CSI-RS may be configured to be sent from the network node 110 to the UE 120. The CSI-RS may be configured to be non-periodic (e.g., using DCI). The third beam management process may include the network node 110 sending the one or more CSI-RS using a single transmit beam (e.g., determined at least in part based on measurements reported by the UE 120 in conjunction with the first beam management process and / or the second beam management process). In order to enable the UE 120 to perform receive beam scanning, the network node 110 may use the transmit beam to send (e.g., using repetition) the CSI-RS multiple times within the same RS resource set, so that the UE 120 can sweep across one or more receive beams in multiple transmission instances. The one or more receive beams may be a subset of all receive beams associated with the UE 120 (e.g., determined at least in part based on measurements performed in conjunction with the first beam management process and / or the second beam management process). The third beam management process may enable the network node 110 and / or the UE 120 to select the best receive beam based at least in part on reported measurements received from the UE 120 (e.g., reported measurements of the CSI-RS of the transmit beam using the one or more receive beams).

[0074] As indicated above, Figure 4 is provided as an example of a beam management process. Other examples of beam management processes may be found with respect to Figure 4 For example, the UE 120 and the network node 110 may perform the third beam management procedure before performing the second beam management procedure, and / or the UE 120 and the network node 110 may perform a similar beam management procedure to select a UE transmit beam.

[0075] Figure 5 is a diagram illustrating an example 500 of beam management according to the present disclosure.

[0076] like Figure 5 As shown, the UE may initially be in an RRC idle state or an RRC inactive state. The UE may perform initial access and beam management after entering the RRC connected state. Beam management may include P1, P2, and P3 beam management processes, as described herein. The UE may also perform beam management using an AI / ML-based approach. The UE may perform beam failure detection (BFD), and the UE may perform beam failure recovery (BFR) based at least in part on BFD. When BFR is unsuccessful, the UE may declare a radio link failure (RLF).

[0077] As indicated above, Figure 5 are provided as examples. Other examples can be found in the Figure 5 The examples described are different.

[0078] The network node may include an ML component. The ML component may include one or more ML models for facilitating wireless communication tasks. For example, the ML model may be used to facilitate determining parameter values ​​associated with measurements. The ML model may be used to estimate a set of parameters (e.g., interference and / or channel state information (CSI), etc.) on current and / or future resources based on a common set of inputs (e.g., signal measurements). For example, the ML model may jointly estimate interference and CSI on future resources using the same input CSI-RS. In another example, the ML model may use the same input measurement to estimate interference on multiple future time slots and / or symbols.

[0079] In some cases, in order to develop a machine learning model for an ML component, the UE may collect data and provide the collected data to the ML component. The ML component may implement a functional framework for developing an ML model. The functional framework may include a data collection function, a model training function, a model inference function, and an actor function. The data collection function may provide training data as input data to the model training function, and provide inference data as input to the model inference function. Examples of input data may include measurements from network nodes, feedback from the actor function, and / or output from the ML model. In some cases, the data collection function may collect and provide data. For example, in some cases, the data collection function may be configured so that ML algorithm specific data preparation (e.g., data preprocessing, data cleaning, data formatting and / or transformation, etc.) is not performed by the data collection function.

[0080] The model training function may perform ML model training, validation and / or testing, etc. The model training function may also perform data preparation (e.g., data preprocessing, data cleaning, data formatting and / or transformation, etc.) based on the training data delivered by the data collection function. The model training function may deploy ML models, monitor ML models and / or deploy updates of ML models to the model inference function. The model inference function may provide ML model inference output (e.g., prediction, classification, estimation and / or decision, etc.). In some cases, the model inference function may provide model performance feedback to the model training function. The model inference function may also perform data preparation (e.g., data preprocessing, data cleaning, data formatting and / or transformation, etc.) based on the inference data delivered by the data collection function. The actor function may receive output from the model inference function and perform one or more wireless communication tasks based on the output. The actor function may provide feedback, which may be stored by the data collection function for use as training data and / or inference data.

[0081] AI / ML-based predictive beam management may involve beam management using AI / ML. One problem with traditional beam management processes is that beam quality / failure is always identified via measurement, which may require more power / overhead to achieve good performance. In addition, beam accuracy may be limited due to constraints on power / overhead, and latency / throughput may be affected by beam recovery efforts. AI / ML-based predictive beam management may provide predictive beam management in the spatial domain (SD), time domain (TD), and / or frequency domain (FD), which may result in power / overhead reduction and / or accuracy / latency / throughput improvements. AI / ML-based predictive beam management may predict unmeasured beam quality, which may result in lower power / overhead or better accuracy. For example, AI / ML-based predictive beam management may predict future beam blocking / failure, which may result in better latency / throughput. AI / ML-based predictive beam management may be useful because beam prediction is a highly nonlinear problem. Predicting future Tx beam quality may depend on the movement speed / trajectory of the UE, the Rx beam used or to be used, and / or interference, which may be difficult to model via conventional statistical signaling processing techniques.

[0082] AI / ML-based predictive beam management may involve prediction of beams via AI / ML at the UE or at the network node, which may involve a tradeoff between performance and UE power. To predict future DL-Tx beam quality, the UE may have more observations (via measurements) than the network node has (via UE feedback). Therefore, beam prediction at the UE may outperform beam prediction at the network node, but may involve more UE power consumption. Model training may occur at the network node or at the UE. For model training at the network node, data may be collected via an enhanced air interface or via an application layer method. For model training at the UE, model training and data storage may require additional UE computation / buffering effort.

[0083] The network node and / or UE may perform AI / ML based SD beam prediction / selection. Layer 1 RSRP (L1-RSRP) measurements may be reported by the UE, or L1-RSRP measurements may be measured by the UE. L1-RSRP measurements may be associated with SD compressed beam measurements. L1-RSRP measurements reported by the UE may be used to perform inferences at the network node. L1-RSRP measurements measured by the UE may be used to perform inferences at the UE. AI / ML based SD beam prediction / selection may be based at least in part on L1-RSRP measurements (measured or reported), wherein an input of a first set of beams to the AI / ML model may produce an output of a second set of beams. The second set of beams may have more beams than the first set of beams. The output of the second set of beams from the AI / ML model may result in fewer beam measurements, thereby reducing UE power. The output of the second set of beams derived from the first set of beams may be associated with codebook based SD prediction / selection. Codebook based SD prediction / selection may be associated with initial access, secondary cell group (SCG) setup, serving beam refinement and / or link quality (eg, channel quality indicator (CQI) or precoding matrix indicator (PMI)), and interference adaptation.

[0084] The channel or L1-RSRP measurement may be reported by the UE, or the channel or L1-RSRP measurement may be measured by the UE. The channel or L1-RSRP measurement may be facilitated via raw channel extraction. The channel or L1-RSRP measurement reported by the UE may be used to perform inference at the network node. The channel or L1-RSRP measurement measured by the UE may be used to perform inference at the UE. AI / ML-based SD beam prediction / selection may be based at least in part on channel or L1-RSRP measurements (measured or reported), where the input of the channel / beam to the AI / ML model may produce an output of a pointing direction, an angle of departure (AoD), or an angle of arrival (AoA). The output from the AI / ML model may indicate a specific beam (associated with a specific direction), and the input may be associated with multiple beams. The output of the pointing direction, AoD, or AoA may produce better beam management accuracy without excessive beam scanning. The output of the pointing direction, AoD, or AoA derived from the input of the channel / beam may be associated with a non-codebook-based prediction / selection. Non-codebook based prediction / selection may be associated with serving beam refinement and / or link quality (eg, CQI or PMI) and interference adaptation.

[0085] The network node and / or UE may perform AI / ML-based SD and TD beam prediction / selection. When implementing SD and TD beam prediction / selection, multiple UE reports or measurements (e.g., channel or L1-RSRP measurements reported by or measured by the UE) over a period of time (e.g., in a time series) may be provided as input to the AI / ML model. The AI / ML model may generate outputs associated with codebook-based SD and TD beam predictions. The AI / ML model may generate outputs associated with non-codebook-based SD and TD pointing directions, AoD, and / or AoA predictions. Codebook-based SD and TD beam predictions and non-codebook-based SD and TD pointing directions, AoD, and / or AoA predictions may be associated with joint SD and TD beam predictions. Joint SD and TD beam predictions may be associated with service beam refinement, link quality (e.g., CQI or PMI) and interference adaptation, beam failure / blocking predictions, and / or RLF predictions.

[0086] For AI / ML based beam management, a first case of beam management and a second case of beam management may be supported for characterization and baseline performance evaluation. In the first case, the SD downlink beam prediction for beam set A may be based at least in part on the measurement results of beam set B. In the second case, the temporal downlink beam prediction for beam set A may be based at least in part on the historical measurement results of beam set B.

[0087] For the first case and the second case, a first alternative and a second alternative may be defined. In the first alternative, the beams in set A and the beams in set B may be in the same frequency range. For the first case, the beams in set B may be a subset of the beams in set A. The amount of beams in set A and the amount of beams in set B may be defined. The beams in set B may be determined from the beams in set A based at least in part on a fixed pattern or a random pattern. In the second alternative, the beams in set A may be different from the beams in set B (e.g., the beams in set B may not be a subset of the beams in set A). For example, the beams in set A may be associated with narrow beams, and the beams in set B may be associated with wide beams. The amount of beams in set A and the amount of beams in set B may be defined. A quasi-co-location (QCL) relationship may be defined between the beams in set A and the beams in set B. For the first alternative and the second alternative, set A may be associated with downlink beam prediction, and set B may be associated with downlink beam measurement. A codebook construction of set A and a codebook construction of set B may be defined.

[0088] A non-zero power (NZP) channel state information reference signal (CSI-RS) (NZP-CSI-RS) configuration may be defined. The NZP-CSI-RS may be used as a channel measurement resource (CMR) for channel state information (CSI) / L1 reporting, which may be associated with CSI acquisition or beam management (e.g., L1-RSRP or L1 signal to interference plus noise ratio (SINR) (L1-SINR) measurement and reporting). The NZP-CSI-RS may be used for tracking (e.g., a tracking reference signal (TRS) may be based at least in part on a single-port CSI-RS). The transmission of the NZP-CSI-RS may be based at least in part on a periodic NZP-CSI-RS, a semi-persistent NZP-CSI-RS, or an aperiodic NZP-CSI-RS. The CSI-RS pattern may be associated with 1, 2, 3, 8, 12, 16, 24, or 32 ports, and the port multiplexing may be based at least in part on frequency division multiplexing (FDM) or code division multiplexing (CDM). QCL relationship acquisition may be in accordance with the identified NZP-CSI-RS resource, which may be quasi-co-located with a synchronization signal block (SSB) or another CSI-RS. A periodic NZP-CSI-RS may be a QCL configured via the RRC configuration of the NZP-CSI-RS. A semi-persistent NZP-CSI-RS may be a QCL indicated in the same MAC-CE activation command that activates the semi-persistent NZP-CSI-RS. An aperiodic NZP-CSI-RS may be a QCL configured by an aperiodic CSI-RS trigger state configuration and may be indicated by an uplink grant DCI.

[0089] Zero-power CSI-RS (ZP-CSI-RS) may be used for rate matching. The transmission of ZP-CSI-RS may be based at least in part on periodic ZP-CSI-RS, semi-persistent ZP-CSI-RS, or aperiodic ZP-CSI-RS. CSI-RS patterns supported for NZP-CSI-RS may also be supported for ZP-CSI-RS.

[0090] CSI-RS patterns may be defined and may be associated with different CDM groups. For a given CSI-RS pattern, different CSI-RS components may be placed in a resource block (RB) (e.g., different CSI-RS components may be placed anywhere in an RB). For a given CSI-RS pattern, different CSI-RS components may be placed in a time slot when they are not in adjacent OFDM symbols (e.g., different CSI-RS components may be placed anywhere in a time slot). CSI-RS components may be associated with resource elements (REs) (e.g., OFDM symbols) in a TD. CSI-RS components may be associated with REs (e.g., subcarriers) in a FD.

[0091] The maximum amount of configured or activated CSI-RS resources / ports may be defined. In a time slot, it is expected that the UE does not have more active CSI-RS ports or active CSI-RS resources in the active bandwidth part (BWP) than those reported as part of the capability signaling. NZP CSI-RS resources may be active within a defined time duration. For aperiodic CSI-RS, the time duration may be defined as starting from the end of the physical downlink control channel (PDCCH) containing the request and ending at the end of the scheduled physical uplink shared channel (PUSCH) containing the report associated with the aperiodic CSI-RS. For semi-persistent CSI-RS, the time duration may be defined as starting from the end when the activation command is applied and ending at the end when the deactivation command is applied. For periodic CSI-RS, the time duration may be defined as starting when the periodic CSI-RS is configured by higher layer signaling and ending when the periodic CSI-RS configuration is released. When a CSI-RS resource is referenced N times by one or more CSI report settings, the CSI-RS resource and the CSI-RS ports within the CSI-RS resource may be counted N times.

[0092] The CSI-RS Interference Management (IM) Reception for Feedback parameter (csi-RS-IM-ReceptionForFeedback) may indicate the UE capability. The csi-RS-IM-ReceptionForFeedback parameter may indicate support of CSI-RS and CSIIM reception for CSI feedback. The UE may be required to report the csi-RS-IM-ReceptionForFeedback parameter as part of capability signaling. Capability signaling may include various parameters. The maximum configured number of NZP-CSI-RS per component carrier (CC) (maxConfigNumberNZP-CSI-RS-PerCC) parameter may indicate the maximum amount of configured NZP-CSI-RS resources per CC. The maximum configured number of ports of NZP-CSI-RS across each CC (maxConfigNumberPortsAcrossNZP-CSI-RS-PerCC) parameter may indicate the maximum amount of ports across multiple configured NZP-CSI-RS resources per CC (e.g., all configured NZP-CSI-RS resources). CSI per CC The maximum configured number of IMs (maxConfigNumberCSI-IM-PerCC) parameter may indicate the maximum amount of configured CSI IM resources per CC. The maximum number of simultaneous NZP-CSI-RS per CC (maxNumberSimultaneousNZP-CSI-RS-PerCC) may indicate the maximum amount of simultaneous CSI-RS resources per CC. The total number of ports for simultaneous NZP-CSI-RS per CC (totalNumberPorts-SimultaneousNZP-CSI-RS-PerCC) parameter may indicate the total number of CSI-RS ports in the simultaneous CSI-RS resources per CC.

[0093] Beam shape / pointing direction and TD / FD occupancy mismatch may occur between the training phase and the inference phase. When training an AI / ML model for beam prediction at a UE offline, the collected data may be filtered based at least in part on a specific beam shape / pointing direction. The data may also be filtered based at least in part on a TD / FD occupancy assumption. Generalized AI / ML models may be difficult to train using large data sets.

[0094] When considering a neural network (NN) for TD beam prediction whose input is based at least in part on historically measured L1-RSRPs of N SSBs, it may be necessary to assume that the azimuth beam pointing directions associated with the N wide beam SSBs are along different angles, and the associated corresponding pointing angles may need to be assumed to be available at the UE. When considering a NN for SD beam prediction whose input is based at least in part on channel impulse response (CIR) or L1-RSRP measurements related to N wide beam SBSs and whose output is based at least in part on L1-RSRP measurements marked by M>N narrow beam CSI-RSs, it may be necessary to assume that the azimuth beam pointing directions associated with the N wide beam SSBs are along different angles, and the associated corresponding pointing angles may need to be assumed to be also available at the UE. It may be necessary to assume that the M narrow beam CSI-RSs point at similar angles with a refined granularity.

[0095] In some cases, it may still be necessary for the UE to measure M>N narrow beam CSI-RS, and the M>N narrow beam CSI-RS measurements may be used as input to the AI / ML model. The frequency of M>N narrow beam CSI-RS measurements may be K times lower than the measurement of N wide beam SSBs. When training the AI / ML model, it may be necessary to assume a duty cycle of K. When measuring M narrow beam CSI-RS, the total amount of REs occupied by the M narrow beam CSI-RS may be L times higher / lower than that of N wide beam SSBs. When training the AI / ML model, it may be necessary to assume a FD density / occupancy of L.

[0096] When such AI / ML models are used for inference during the inference phase, the offline trained model may only be applicable to beam shapes / pointing directions and TD / FD occupancies assumed during the training phase. The offline trained model may not be applicable to beam shapes / pointing directions and TD / FD occupancies not assumed during the training phase.

[0097] In various aspects of the techniques and apparatus described herein, a UE may send a request to a network node indicating one or more beam characteristics supported by the UE for UE-based predictive beam management. The one or more beam characteristics may include an absolute beam shape, a relative beam shape, an association between multiple downlink reference signals sent by the network node, an FD occupancy associated with multiple downlink reference signals sent by the network node, and / or a TD occupancy associated with multiple downlink reference signals sent by the network node. The one or more beam characteristics may include SD beam characteristics, TD beam characteristics, and / or FD beam characteristics. The UE may receive a downlink reference signal and / or an indication of a virtual resource from the network node based at least in part on the request, wherein the downlink reference signal and / or the virtual resource may be associated with the one or more beam characteristics indicated in the request.

[0098] In some aspects, the UE may actively request and / or report to the network node certain beam characteristics (or network node beam characteristics) that the UE supports for its offline / online trained AI / ML model. The network node may attempt to form a beam that meets the UE's requirements based at least in part on the active request and / or report from the UE. The network node may receive the request, and based at least in part on the request, the network node may send a downlink reference signal or indicate a virtual resource, which may be associated with a beam that meets the UE's requirements. By actively requesting certain beam characteristics (which may be known to be supported by the UE's offline / online trained AI / ML model), the UE may use fewer resources and less power to implement UE-based predictive beam management than if the UE does not actively request certain beam characteristics.

[0099] Figure 6 6 is a diagram illustrating an example 600 associated with requesting beam characteristics supported by a UE for predictive management according to the present disclosure. Figure 6 As shown, example 600 includes communications between a UE (e.g., UE 120) and a network node (e.g., network node 110). In some aspects, the UE and the network node may be included in a wireless network (such as wireless network 100).

[0100] As shown in reference numeral 602, the UE may send a request to a network node indicating one or more beam characteristics supported by the UE for UE-based predictive beam management. One or more beam characteristics may include an absolute beam shape, a relative beam shape, an association between multiple downlink reference signals sent by the network node, an FD occupancy associated with multiple downlink reference signals sent by the network node, and / or a TD occupancy associated with multiple downlink reference signals sent by the network node. One or more beam characteristics may include SD beam characteristics, TD beam characteristics, and / or FD beam characteristics. In some aspects, a downlink reference signal may be associated with an SSB resource, an NZP-CSI-RS resource, a CMR associated with a CSI report, and / or an interference measurement resource (IMR) associated with a CSI report. In some aspects, a virtual resource may include a CMR associated with a CSI report and / or an IMR associated with a CSI report.

[0101] In some aspects, the UE may actively request certain beam characteristics (or network node beam characteristics) from the network node. The UE may actively request the network node to send a downlink reference signal to the UE. The UE may actively request the network node to indicate virtual resources (or nominal resources) to the UE. The virtual resources may be used by the UE for beam prediction / selection, but may not actually be sent by the network node. An identifier associated with the virtual resource may be used to indicate the UE. The UE may send feedback related to the virtual resource to the network node.

[0102] The UE may proactively request downlink reference signals and / or virtual resources to have certain on-demand beam characteristics (or network node beam characteristics). The beam characteristics that may be associated with the network node may include absolute or relative beam shapes, associations or connections or correspondences between sent downlink reference signals, and / or TD / FD occupancy of sent downlink reference signals. The UE may support these beam characteristics for the UE's offline trained AI / ML model. In other words, the UE may request certain on-demand beam characteristics that the UE is known to support for the UE's offline trained AI / ML model.

[0103] In some aspects, the requested downlink reference signal may be associated with an SSB resource, an NZP-CSI-RS resource, a CMR associated with a CSI report, or an IMR associated with a CSI report. In some aspects, the requested virtual resource may not actually be sent. The requested virtual resource may be associated with a CMR (or virtual CMR) associated with a CSI report. The requested virtual resource may be associated with an IMR (or virtual IMR) associated with a CSI report.

[0104] In some aspects, the UE may send a request for a first set of downlink reference signal resources having a beam pointing direction associated with a first amount of pointing direction and a beam width associated with a first amount of beam width. The UE may send a request for a second set of downlink reference signal resources having a beam pointing direction associated with a second amount of pointing direction and a beam width associated with a second amount of beam width. The UE may send a request for a third set of virtual resources having a beam pointing direction associated with a third amount of pointing direction and a beam width associated with a third amount of beam width.

[0105] In some aspects, the UE may send a request for SD beam characteristics to the network node. The UE may actively request from the network node SD beam characteristics related to SSB or NZP-CSI-RS transmitted by the network node, or SD beam characteristics related to virtual resources that the network node does not actually transmit. The UE may request from the network node a first set of SSB / NZP-CSI-RS resources, whose beam pointing directions may be associated with a first amount of pointing directions, and whose beam widths may be associated with a first amount of beam widths. For example, the UE may request to transmit using 16 CSI-RS resources, whose elevation pointing directions are all -10 degrees (according to the global coordinate system (GCS)), whose azimuth pointing directions are 8 degrees with respect to adjacent SSB resources, and whose 3dB beam widths are all 9 degrees. The UE may further request from the network node a second set of SSB / NZP-CSI-RS resources, whose beam pointing directions may be associated with a second amount of pointing directions, and whose beam widths may be associated with a second amount of beam widths. For example, the UE may request to further utilize 64 NZP-CSI-RS resources for transmission, the elevation pointing directions of these NZP-CSI-RS resources are all -10 degrees (according to GCS), the azimuth pointing directions of these NZP-CSI-RS resources are 2 degrees for adjacent NZP-CSI-RS resources, and the 3dB beamwidths of these NZP-CSI-RS resources are all 3 degrees. The UE may further request from the network node a third set of virtual resources that are not actually transmitted, whose virtual beam pointing directions may be associated with a third amount of pointing directions, and whose beamwidths may be associated with a third amount of beamwidths. For example, the UE may request to further utilize 64 virtual resources for indication, the elevation pointing directions of these virtual resources are all -10 degrees (according to GCS), the azimuth pointing directions of these virtual resources are 2 degrees for adjacent NZP-CSI-RS resources, and the 3dB beamwidths of these virtual resources are all 3 degrees.

[0106] In some aspects, the UE may send a request for an SD connection between different resource sets. The different resource sets may include a first set of downlink reference signal resources, a second set of downlink reference signal resources, and / or a third set of virtual resources. The SD connection may be a pointing direction connection or a beam width connection.

[0107] In some aspects, the UE may request an SD connection between different resource sets. The UE may request a first set of SSB / NZP-CSI-RS resources, a second set of SSB / NZP-CSI-RS resources, and a third set of virtual resources. The UE may further request that the second set of SSB / NZP-CSI-RS resources or the third set of virtual resources be connected to the first set of SSB / NZP-CSI-RS resources in SD. In some aspects, the SD connection may be a pointing direction connection. The UE may further request a beam pointing direction relationship between a specific resource in the first set of SSB / NZP-CSI-RS resources and another resource in the second set of SSB / NZP-CSI-RS resources or the third set of virtual resources. For example, the UE may request that there be at least one resource in the second set of SSB / NZP-CSI-RS resources or the third set of virtual resources, whose azimuth beam pointing direction differs by 3 degrees from a specific resource in the first set of SSB / NZP-CSI-RS resources, and these resources should share the same elevation pointing direction. In some aspects, the SD connection may be a beamwidth connection. The UE may further request a beamwidth relationship between a particular resource in the first set of SSB / NZP-CSI-RS resources and another resource in the second set of SSB / NZP-CSI-RS resources or the third set of virtual resources. For example, the UE may request that a resource in the second set of SSB / NZP-CSI-RS resources or the third set of virtual resources be associated with a 3 dB beamwidth that is 30% of a resource in the first set of SSB / NZP-CSI-RS resources.

[0108] In some aspects, the request may be associated with an actual CMR associated with the CSI report. The request may be associated with an actual IMR associated with the CSI report. The request may be associated with a virtual CMR associated with the CSI report. The request may be associated with a virtual IMR associated with the CSI report. In other words, the UE may request SD connection between different resource sets, and such request may take into account the actual / virtual CMR / IMR associated with a specific CSI report.

[0109] As an example, in the training phase, the UE may use the first set of SSB / NZP-CSI-RS resources as the set B beam and the second set of SSB / NZP-CSI-RS resources as the set A beam for offline / online model training. As another example, in the inference phase, the UE may use the first set of SSB / NZP-CSI-RS resources as the set B beam and the second set of SSB / NZP-CSI-RS resources or the third set of virtual resources as the set A beam for model inference. The AI / ML model may be trained assuming that the set A beam and the set B beam are connected according to the SD characteristics.

[0110] In some aspects, the UE may send a request for a first set of downlink reference signal resources having a periodicity equal to a first amount of time slots or a first amount of time. The UE may send a request for a second set of downlink reference signal resources having a periodicity equal to a second amount of time slots or a second amount of time. The UE may send a request for a third set of virtual resources.

[0111] In some aspects, the UE may send a request for TD beam characteristics to the network node. The UE may actively request from the network node TD beam characteristics related to the SSB / NZP-CSI-RS sent by the network node, or TD beam characteristics related to virtual resources that the network node does not actually send. In other words, the UE may actively request TD beam characteristics related to the SSB / NZP-CSI-RS sent by the network node or virtual resources that are not actually sent. The UE may request from the network node a first set of SSB or periodic / semi-persistent NZP-CSI-RS resources, whose periodicity may be equal to the first amount of time slots / ms. For example, the UE may request a first set of 16 CSI-RS resources, and the UE may further request that the first set of 16 CSI-RS resources be associated with a periodicity of 5ms. The UE may request from the network node a second set of SSB or periodic / semi-persistent NZP-CSI-RS resources, whose periodicity may be equal to the second amount of time slots / ms. For example, the UE may request a second set of 64 CSI-RS resources, and the UE may further request that the second set of 64 CSI-RS resources be associated with a periodicity of 500 ms.The UE may request from the network node a third set of virtual resources that the network node does not actually send.

[0112] In some aspects, the UE may send a request for a TD connection between different resource sets. The different resource sets may include a first set of downlink reference signal resources, a second set of downlink reference signal resources, and / or a third set of virtual resources, wherein the TD connection may be associated with a periodicity.

[0113] In some aspects, the UE may request a TD connection between different resource sets. The UE may request a first set of SSB / NZP-CSI-RS resources, a second set of SSB / NZP-CSI-RS resources, and a third set of virtual resources. The UE may further request that the second set of SSB / NZP-CSI-RS resources or the third set of virtual resources be connected in TD with the first set of SSB / NZP-CSI-RS resources. The UE may further request a periodic relationship between a specific resource in the first set of SSB / NZP-CSI-RS resources and another resource in the second set of SSB / NZP-CSI-RS resources. For example, the UE may request that there be at least one resource in the second set of SSB / NZP-CSI-RS resources (having certain SD characteristics) whose TD characteristics are associated with a periodicity that is ten times the periodicity of a specific resource in the first set of SSB / NZP-CSI-RS resources. The UE may request that the virtual resources in the third set of virtual resources be virtual resources that are not actually sent by the network node. In some aspects, a UE may request a TD connection between different resource sets, and such request may take into account the actual / virtual CMR / IMR associated with a particular CSI report.

[0114] As an example, the network node may still send the set A beam during the inference phase. The UE may use the first set of SSB / NZP-CSI-RS resources as the set B beam and the second set of SSB / NZP-CSI-RS as the set A beam for model inference. The AI / ML model may be trained assuming that the set A beam is sent with a periodicity less than or equal to 500ms. Certain SD characteristics may be assumed to train the AI / ML model. As another example, the network node may not send the set A beam during the inference phase. The UE may use the first set of SSB / NZP-CSI-RS resources as the set B beam and the third set of virtual resources as the set A beam for model inference. The AI / ML model may be trained assuming that the set A beam is not sent. Certain SD characteristics may be assumed to train the AI / ML model.

[0115] In some aspects, the UE may send a request for a first set of downlink reference signal resources having a first amount of physical resource block (PRB) density, a first amount of REs per PRB, and / or a total amount of occupied PRBs equal to the first amount of PRBs. The UE may send a request for a second set of downlink reference signal resources having a second amount of PRB density, a second amount of REs per PRB, and / or a total amount of occupied PRBs equal to the second amount of PRBs.

[0116] In some aspects, the UE may send a request for FD beam characteristics to the network node. The UE may actively request FD beam characteristics related to SSB / NZP-CSI-RS sent by the network node from the network node. In other words, the UE may actively request FD beam characteristics related to SSB / NZP-CSI-RS sent by the network node. The UE may request a first set of SSB or periodic / semi-persistent NZP-CSI-RS resources from the network node, whose FD density may be equal to the first amount of PRB density and / or the amount of REs per PRB, and / or the total amount of PRBs occupied by them may be equal to the first amount of PRBs. For example, the UE may request a first set of 16 CSI-RS resources, and the UE may further request that the first set of 16 CSI-RS resources be associated with an FD density of each PRB equal to three REs per PRB, and that the first set of 16 CSI-RS resources occupy a total of 16 PRBs. The UE may request from the network node a second set of SSB or periodic / semi-persistent NZP-CSI-RS resources whose FD density may be equal to the second amount of PRB density and / or the amount of REs per PRB, and / or whose total number of PRBs occupied may be equal to the second amount of PRBs. For example, the UE may request a second set of 64 CSI-RS resources, and the UE may further request that the second set of 64 CSI-RS resources be associated with an FD density equal to every three PRBs with one RE per PRB, and that the second set of 64 CSI-RS resources occupy a total of 8 PRBs.

[0117] In some aspects, the UE may send a request for an FD connection between different resource sets. The different resource sets may include a first set of downlink reference signal resources and a second set of downlink reference signal resources. The FD connection may be associated with an FD density expressed as a PRB density or an amount of REs per PRB.

[0118] In some aspects, the UE may request an FD connection between different resource sets. The UE may request a first set of SSB / NZP-CSI-RS resources and a second set of SSB / NZP-CSI-RS resources. The UE may further request that the second set of SSB / NZP-CSI-RS resources be connected in FD with the first set of SSB / NZP-CSI-RS resources. The UE may further request an FD density / occupancy relationship between a specific resource in the first set of SSB / NZP-CSI-RS resources and another resource in the second set of SSB / NZP-CSI-RS resources. For example, the UE may request that there be at least one resource in the second set of SSB / NZP-CSI-RS resources (having certain SD characteristics and certain TD characteristics) whose FD characteristics are associated with a FD density that is three times lower than a specific resource in the first set of SSB / NZP-CSI-RS resources, and expressed in terms of both PRB density and the amount of REs per PRB. In some aspects, a UE may request FD connectivity between different resource sets, and such request may take into account actual / virtual CMR / IMR associated with a particular CSI report.

[0119] As an example, during the training phase, the UE may use a first set of SSB / NZP-CSI-RS resources as a set B beam and a second set of SSB / NZP-CSI-RS as a set A beam (with certain SD and TD characteristics) for offline / online model training. As another example, the UE may use a first set of SSB / NZP-CSI-RS resources as a set B beam and a second set of SSB / NZP-CSI-RS resources as a set A beam for model inference. The AI / ML model may be trained assuming that the set A beam and the set B beam are connected according to the FD characteristics.

[0120] In some aspects, UE-based predictive beam management may be associated with offline or online model training using one or more of downlink reference signals or virtual resources during a training phase. UE-based predictive beam management may be associated with model inference using one or more of downlink reference signals or virtual resources during an inference phase.

[0121] In some aspects, the UE may request a CSI report / resource for UE-based predictive beam management. For UE-based training or offline training, the UE may request a CSI report with a reporting amount set to none. The UE may request a CMR / IMR associated with the CSI report, wherein the request may be associated with SD beam characteristics, TD beam characteristics, and / or FD beam characteristics. Alternatively, the UE may directly request CSI-RS resources, wherein the request may be associated with SD beam characteristics, TD beam characteristics, and / or FD beam characteristics. For UE-based model inference, the UE may request a CSI report with a reporting amount including L1-RSRP, L1-SINR, rank indicator (RI), CQI, PMI, layer indicator (LI), CSI-RS resource indicator (CRI) and / or SSB resource indicator (SSBRI) or virtual resource indicator. The UE may request a CMR / IMR associated with the CSI report, wherein the request may be associated with SD beam characteristics, TD beam characteristics, and / or FD beam characteristics.

[0122] In some aspects, the UE may send the request based at least in part on a UE capability report indicating the types of SD, TD, and FD beam characteristics supported by the UE and an on-demand UE request for on-demand beam characteristics.

[0123] In some aspects, the UE may send requests to the network node. These requests may be based at least in part on the UE capability report. The UE capability report may indicate the types of SD, TD and / or FD beam characteristics that the UE can support. These requests may be based at least in part on on-demand UE requests. The UE may send such requests via RRC signaling, MAC-CE, or uplink control information (UCI), which may enable the UE to request such CSI reports on demand. The on-demand UE request may be based at least in part on the SD beam characteristics supported by the network node indicating the network node per CC. The UE may indicate to the network node the preferred options and the TD and / or FD characteristics associated with the beam. The UE may use MAC-CE or UCI to dynamically change the requested beam characteristics associated with an already active CSI report.

[0124] As indicated by reference numeral 604, the UE may receive a downlink reference signal and / or an indication of a virtual resource from a network node based at least in part on the request. The downlink reference signal and / or the virtual resource may be associated with one or more beam characteristics indicated in the request. The network node may form the downlink reference signal and / or the virtual resource to have a beam corresponding to one or more beam characteristics indicated in the request. In other words, the network node may attempt to send a downlink reference signal using a beam that meets the UE requirements, where the UE requirements may correspond to beam characteristics of an AI / ML model supported by the UE for offline / online training of the UE. The network node may attempt to indicate a virtual resource associated with a beam that meets the UE requirements. Thus, when performing UE-based predictive beam management, the UE may use downlink reference signals and / or virtual references. By using downlink reference signals and / or virtual references associated with beam characteristics supported by the UE, the UE can perform UE-based predictive beam management using less power and higher accuracy, compared to the case where the UE performs UE-based predictive beam management using reference signals and / or virtual resources that are not all supported by the UE.

[0125] As indicated above, Figure 6 are provided as examples. Other examples can be found in the Figure 6 The examples described are different.

[0126] Figure 7 is a diagram illustrating example 700 associated with requesting beam characteristics supported by a UE for predictive management according to the present disclosure.

[0127] like Figure 7 As shown, the UE may actively request certain network node beam characteristics from the network node. The network node beam characteristics may include an absolute or relative beam shape. The network node beam characteristics may include an association, connection and / or correspondence between the sent downlink reference signal and / or virtual resources. The network node beam characteristics may include FD occupancy of the sent downlink reference signal and / or virtual resources. The network node beam characteristics may include TD occupancy of the sent downlink reference signal and / or virtual resources. The network node may not actually send virtual resources, and the UE may use virtual resources to perform L1-RSRP prediction and reporting.

[0128] As indicated above, Figure 7 are provided as examples. Other examples can be found in the Figure 7 The examples described are different.

[0129] Figure 8 is a diagram illustrating an example 800 associated with requesting beam characteristics supported by a UE for predictive management according to the present disclosure.

[0130] like Figure 8 As shown, during the training phase, the UE may request a first set of SSB / NZP-CSI-RS resources and a second set of SSB / NZP-CSI-RS resources. The UE may use the first set of SSB / NZP-CSI-RS resources as a set B beam for offline / online model training. The set B beam may be associated with a wide beam. The UE may use the second set of SSB / NZP-CSI-RS resources as a set A beam for offline / online model training. The second set of SSB / NZP-CSI-RS resources may be associated with actual resources and may be used as a label during the training phase. The set A beam may be associated with a narrow beam.

[0131] As indicated above, Figure 8 are provided as examples. Other examples can be found in the Figure 8 The examples described are different.

[0132] Fig. 9 is a diagram illustrating example 900 associated with requesting beam characteristics supported by a UE for predictive management according to the present disclosure.

[0133] like Fig. 9 As shown, in the inference phase, the UE may request a first set of SSB / NZP-CSI-RS resources, a second set of SSB / NZP-CSI-RS resources, and a third set of virtual resources. The UE may use the first set of SSB / NZP-CSI-RS resources as a set B beam for model inference. The set B beam may be associated with a wide beam. The UE may use the second set of SSB / NZP-CSI-RS resources or the third set of virtual resources as a set A beam (e.g., a set A beam associated with a prediction target during the interference phase) for model inference. The second set of SSB / NZP-CSI-RS resources may be associated with actual resources. The set A beam may be associated with a narrow beam. The third set of virtual resources may correspond to virtual resources that are not actually sent and can be used for L1-RSRP prediction and reporting by the UE.

[0134] As indicated above, Fig. 9 are provided as examples. Other examples can be found in the Fig. 9 The examples described are different.

[0135] Fig.10 is a diagram illustrating example 1000 associated with requesting beam characteristics supported by a UE for predictive management according to the present disclosure.

[0136] like Fig.10As shown, during the training phase, the UE may use the first set of SSB / NZP-CSI-RS resources as the set B beam for offline / online model training. The UE may use the second set of SSB / NZP-CSI-RS resources as the set A beam for offline / online model training. The first set and the second set of SSB / NZP-CSI-RS resources may be associated with TD occupancy. Some resources in the second set of SSB / NZP-CSI-RS resources may be used as tags during the training phase. During the inference phase, the UE may use the first set of SSB / NZP-CSI-RS resources as the set B beam. In addition, during the inference phase, the UE may use the second set of SSB / NZP-CSI-RS resources as the set A beam. In other words, the set A beam may still be sent during the inference phase. During the inference phase, the set A beam may be sent with a periodicity of 40ms.

[0137] As indicated above, Fig.10 are provided as examples. Other examples can be found in the Fig.10 The examples described are different.

[0138] Fig.11 is a diagram illustrating an example 1100 associated with requesting beam characteristics supported by a UE for predictive management according to the present disclosure.

[0139] like Fig.11 As shown, during the training phase, the UE may use the first set of SSB / NZP-CSI-RS resources as the set B beam for offline / online model training. The UE may use the second set of SSB / NZP-CSI-RS resources as the set A beam for offline / online model training. The first set and the second set of SSB / NZP-CSI-RS resources may be associated with TD occupancy. The second set of SSB / NZP-CSI-RS resources may be used as a label during the training phase. During the inference phase, the UE may use the first set of SSB / NZP-CSI-RS resources as the set B beam. In addition, during the inference phase, the UE may use the third set of virtual resources as the set A beam. In other words, the set A beam may not be sent during the inference time period.

[0140] As indicated above, Fig.11 are provided as examples. Other examples can be found in the Fig.11 The examples described are different.

[0141] Fig.12 is a diagram illustrating example 1200 associated with requesting beam characteristics supported by a UE for predictive management according to the present disclosure.

[0142] As shown in reference numeral 1202, during the training phase, the UE may use a first set of SSB / NZP-CSI-RS resources as a set B beam for offline / online model training. The UE may use a second set of SSB / NZP-CSI-RS resources as a set A beam for offline / online model training. The first set and the second set of SSB / NZP-CSI-RS resources may be associated with FD occupancy. Some of the second set of SSB / NZP-CSI-RS resources may be used as tags during the training phase. As shown in reference numeral 1204, during the inference phase, the UE may use a first set of SSB / NZP-CSI-RS resources as a set B beam. In addition, during the inference phase, the UE may use a second set of SSB / NZP-CSI-RS resources as a set A beam. The UE may use the first set and the second set of SSB / NZP-CSI-RS resources for model inference, wherein it may be assumed that the set A beam and the set B beam are connected according to the FD characteristics to train the AI / ML model. The set A beam may still be sent during the inference phase. During the inference phase, the set A beams may be sent with a periodicity of 40 ms.

[0143] As indicated above, Fig.12 are provided as examples. Other examples can be found in the Fig.12 The examples described are different.

[0144] Fig.13 is a diagram illustrating an example process 1300, performed, for example, by a UE, according to the present disclosure. Example process 1300 is an example in which a UE (eg, UE 120) performs operations associated with requesting beam characteristics supported by the UE for predictive beam management.

[0145] like Fig.13 As shown, in some aspects, process 1300 may include sending a request to a network node indicating one or more beam characteristics supported by the UE for UE-based predictive beam management (block 1310). For example, as described above, a UE (e.g., using Fig.15 The sending component 1504 depicted in can send a request to a network node indicating one or more beam characteristics supported by the UE for UE-based predictive beam management.

[0146] like Fig.13 As further shown, in some aspects, process 1300 may include receiving one or more of a downlink reference signal or an indication of a virtual resource from a network node based at least in part on the request, wherein the downlink reference signal or the virtual resource is associated with one or more beam characteristics indicated in the request (block 1320). For example, as described above, a UE (e.g., using Fig.15The receiving component 1502 depicted in the figure may receive one or more of a downlink reference signal or an indication of a virtual resource from a network node based at least in part on the request, wherein the downlink reference signal or the virtual resource is associated with one or more beam characteristics indicated in the request.

[0147] Process 1300 may include additional aspects, such as any single aspect or any combination of aspects described below and / or in combination with one or more other processes described elsewhere herein.

[0148] In a first aspect, one or more beam characteristics include one or more of an absolute beam shape, a relative beam shape, an association between multiple downlink reference signals sent by a network node, an FD occupancy associated with multiple downlink reference signals sent by a network node, or a TD occupancy associated with multiple downlink reference signals sent by a network node.

[0149] In a second aspect, alone or in combination with the first aspect, the one or more beam characteristics include one or more of an SD beam characteristic, a TD beam characteristic, or a FD beam characteristic.

[0150] In a third aspect, alone or in combination with one or more of the first and second aspects, a downlink reference signal is associated with an SSB resource, an NZP-CSI-RS resource, a CMR associated with a CSI report, or an IMR associated with a CSI report.

[0151] In a fourth aspect, alone or in combination with one or more of the first to third aspects, the virtual resource comprises a CMR associated with a CSI report or an IMR associated with a CSI report.

[0152] In a fifth aspect, alone or in combination with one or more of aspects 1 to 4, process 1300 includes: sending a request for a first set of downlink reference signal resources having a beam pointing direction associated with a first amount of pointing direction and a beam width associated with a first amount of beam width; sending a request for a second set of downlink reference signal resources having a beam pointing direction associated with a second amount of pointing direction and a beam width associated with a second amount of beam width; and sending a request for a third set of virtual resources having a beam pointing direction associated with a third amount of pointing direction and a beam width associated with a third amount of beam width.

[0153] In a sixth aspect, alone or in combination with one or more of aspects one to five, process 1300 comprises sending a request for an SD connection between different resource sets, wherein the different resource sets comprise one or more of a first set of downlink reference signal resources, a second set of downlink reference signal resources, or a third set of virtual resources, and the SD connection is one of a pointing direction connection or a beam width connection.

[0154] In a seventh aspect, alone or in combination with one or more of the first to sixth aspects, the request is associated with an actual CMR associated with the CSI report, the request is associated with an actual IMR associated with the CSI report, the request is associated with a virtual CMR associated with the CSI report, or the request is associated with a virtual IMR associated with the CSI report.

[0155] In an eighth aspect, either alone or in combination with one or more of aspects one to seven, process 1300 comprises: sending a request for a first set of downlink reference signal resources having a periodicity equal to a first amount of time slots or a first amount of time; sending a request for a second set of downlink reference signal resources having a periodicity equal to a second amount of time slots or a second amount of time; and sending a request for a third set of virtual resources.

[0156] In a ninth aspect, alone or in combination with one or more of aspects one to eight, process 1300 comprises sending a request for a TD connection between different resource sets, wherein the different resource sets comprise one or more of a first set of downlink reference signal resources, a second set of downlink reference signal resources, or a third set of virtual resources, and the TD connection is associated with periodicity.

[0157] In the tenth aspect, alone or in combination with one or more of the first to ninth aspects, process 1300 includes: sending a request for a first set of downlink reference signal resources having one or more of a first amount of PRB density, an FD density of a first amount of REs per PRB, or a total amount of occupied PRBs equal to the first amount of PRBs; and sending a request for a second set of downlink reference signal resources having one or more of a second amount of PRB density, an FD density of a second amount of REs per PRB, or a total amount of occupied PRBs equal to the second amount of PRBs.

[0158] In an eleventh aspect, alone or in combination with one or more of aspects one to ten, process 1300 includes sending a request for an FD connection between different resource sets, wherein the different resource sets include a first set of downlink reference signal resources and a second set of downlink reference signal resources, and the FD connection is associated with an FD density expressed as a PRB density or an amount of REs per PRB.

[0159] In the twelfth aspect, alone or in combination with one or more of the first to eleventh aspects, UE-based predictive beam management is associated with one or more of the following: offline or online model training using one or more of downlink reference signals or virtual resources during a training phase; or model inference using one or more of downlink reference signals or virtual resources during an inference phase.

[0160] In the thirteenth aspect, the request is sent, alone or in combination with one or more of the first to twelfth aspects, based at least in part on one or more of: a UE capability report indicating the types of SD, TD, and FD beam characteristics supported by the UE; or an on-demand UE request for on-demand beam characteristics.

[0161] although Fig.13 Example blocks of process 1300 are shown, but in some aspects, process 1300 may include Fig.13 The blocks depicted may be additional blocks, fewer blocks, different blocks, or blocks arranged in a different manner than those depicted. Additionally or alternatively, two or more of the blocks of process 1300 may be performed in parallel.

[0162] Fig.14 is a diagram illustrating an example process 1400 performed, for example, by a network node according to the present disclosure. The example process 1400 is an example in which a network node (eg, network node 110) performs operations associated with requesting beam characteristics supported by a UE for predictive beam management.

[0163] like Fig.14 As shown, in some aspects, process 1400 may include receiving a request from a UE indicating one or more beam characteristics supported by the UE for UE-based predictive beam management (block 1410). For example, as described above, a network node (e.g., using Fig.16 The receiving component 1602 depicted in the figure can receive a request from a UE indicating one or more beam characteristics supported by the UE for UE-based predictive beam management.

[0164] like Fig.14As further shown, in some aspects, process 1400 may include sending one or more of a downlink reference signal or an indication of a virtual resource to the UE based at least in part on the request, wherein the downlink reference signal or the virtual resource is associated with one or more beam characteristics indicated in the request (block 1420). For example, as described above, a network node (e.g., using Fig.16 The sending component 1604 depicted in the figure may send one or more of a downlink reference signal or an indication of a virtual resource to the UE based at least in part on the request, wherein the downlink reference signal or the virtual resource is associated with one or more beam characteristics indicated in the request.

[0165] Process 1400 may include additional aspects, such as any single aspect or any combination of aspects described below and / or in combination with one or more other processes described elsewhere herein.

[0166] In a first aspect, one or more beam characteristics include one or more of an absolute beam shape, a relative beam shape, an association between multiple downlink reference signals sent by a network node, an FD occupancy associated with multiple downlink reference signals sent by a network node, or a TD occupancy associated with multiple downlink reference signals sent by a network node.

[0167] In a second aspect, alone or in combination with the first aspect, the one or more beam characteristics include one or more of an SD beam characteristic, a TD beam characteristic, or a FD beam characteristic.

[0168] In a third aspect, alone or in combination with one or more of the first and second aspects, a downlink reference signal is associated with an SSB resource, an NZP-CSI-RS resource, a CMR associated with a CSI report, or an IMR associated with a CSI report.

[0169] In a fourth aspect, alone or in combination with one or more of the first to third aspects, the virtual resource comprises a CMR associated with a CSI report or an IMR associated with a CSI report.

[0170] In a fifth aspect, alone or in combination with one or more of aspects 1 to 4, process 1300 includes: receiving a request for a first set of downlink reference signal resources having a beam pointing direction associated with a first amount of pointing direction and a beam width associated with a first amount of beam width; receiving a request for a second set of downlink reference signal resources having a beam pointing direction associated with a second amount of pointing direction and a beam width associated with a second amount of beam width; and receiving a request for a third set of virtual resources having a beam pointing direction associated with a third amount of pointing direction and a beam width associated with a third amount of beam width.

[0171] In a sixth aspect, alone or in combination with one or more of aspects one to five, process 1300 includes receiving a request for an SD connection between different resource sets, wherein the different resource sets include one or more of a first set of downlink reference signal resources, a second set of downlink reference signal resources, or a third set of virtual resources, and the SD connection is one of a pointing direction connection or a beamwidth connection.

[0172] In a seventh aspect, alone or in combination with one or more of the first to sixth aspects, the request is associated with an actual CMR associated with the CSI report, the request is associated with an actual IMR associated with the CSI report, the request is associated with a virtual CMR associated with the CSI report, or the request is associated with a virtual IMR associated with the CSI report.

[0173] In an eighth aspect, either alone or in combination with one or more of aspects 1 to 7, process 1300 comprises: receiving a request for a first set of downlink reference signal resources having a periodicity equal to a first amount of time slots or a first amount of time; receiving a request for a second set of downlink reference signal resources having a periodicity equal to a second amount of time slots or a second amount of time; and receiving a request for a third set of virtual resources.

[0174] In a ninth aspect, alone or in combination with one or more of aspects one to eight, process 1300 includes receiving a request for a TD connection between different resource sets, wherein the different resource sets include one or more of a first set of downlink reference signal resources, a second set of downlink reference signal resources, or a third set of virtual resources, and the TD connection is associated with periodicity.

[0175] In the tenth aspect, alone or in combination with one or more of the first to ninth aspects, process 1300 includes: receiving a request for a first set of downlink reference signal resources having one or more of a first amount of PRB density, an FD density of a first amount of REs per PRB, or a total amount of occupied PRBs equal to the first amount of PRBs; and receiving a request for a second set of downlink reference signal resources having one or more of a second amount of PRB density, an FD density of a second amount of REs per PRB, or a total amount of occupied PRBs equal to the second amount of PRBs.

[0176] In an eleventh aspect, alone or in combination with one or more of aspects one to ten, process 1300 includes receiving a request for an FD connection between different resource sets, wherein the different resource sets include a first set of downlink reference signal resources and a second set of downlink reference signal resources, and the FD connection is associated with an FD density expressed as a PRB density or an amount of REs per PRB.

[0177] In the twelfth aspect, alone or in combination with one or more of the first to eleventh aspects, UE-based predictive beam management is associated with one or more of the following: offline or online model training using one or more of downlink reference signals or virtual resources during a training phase; or model inference using one or more of downlink reference signals or virtual resources during an inference phase.

[0178] In the thirteenth aspect, the request is received, alone or in combination with one or more of the first to twelfth aspects, based at least in part on one or more of: a UE capability report indicating the types of SD, TD, and FD beam characteristics supported by the UE; or an on-demand UE request for on-demand beam characteristics.

[0179] although Fig.14 Example blocks of process 1400 are shown, but in some aspects, process 1400 may include Fig.14 The blocks depicted may be additional blocks, fewer blocks, different blocks, or blocks arranged in a different manner than those depicted. Additionally or alternatively, two or more of the blocks of process 1400 may be performed in parallel.

[0180] Fig.151 is a diagram of an example apparatus 1500 for wireless communication according to the present disclosure. Apparatus 1500 may be a UE, or a UE may include apparatus 1500. In some aspects, apparatus 1500 includes a receiving component 1502 and a transmitting component 1504, which may communicate with each other (e.g., via one or more buses and / or one or more other components). As shown, apparatus 1500 may communicate with another apparatus 1506 (such as a UE, a base station, or another wireless communication device) using receiving component 1502 and transmitting component 1504.

[0181] In some aspects, the apparatus 1500 may be configured to perform Figures 6 to 12 Additionally or alternatively, the apparatus 1500 may be configured to perform one or more processes described herein, such as Fig.13 The process 1300. In some aspects, Fig.15 The device 1500 and / or one or more components shown may include a combination of Figure 2 Additionally or alternatively, Fig.15 One or more of the components shown may be combined with Figure 2 Additionally or alternatively, one or more components in the component set may be implemented at least in part as software stored in a memory. For example, a component (or a portion of a component) may be implemented as instructions or code stored in a non-transitory computer-readable medium and can be executed by a controller or processor to perform the function or operation of the component.

[0182] The receiving component 1502 may receive communications, such as reference signals, control information, data communications, or combinations thereof, from the device 1506. The receiving component 1502 may provide the received communications to one or more other components of the device 1500. In some aspects, the receiving component 1502 may perform signal processing (such as filtering, amplification, demodulation, analog-to-digital conversion, demultiplexing, deinterleaving, demapping, equalization, interference cancellation, or decoding, etc.) on the received communications and may provide the processed signals to the one or more other components of the device 1500. In some aspects, the receiving component 1502 may include combining Figure 2 One or more antennas, modems, demodulators, MIMO detectors, receive processors, controllers / processors, memories, or combinations thereof of the described UE.

[0183] Transmit component 1504 may transmit communications, such as reference signals, control information, data communications, or combinations thereof, to device 1506. In some aspects, one or more other components of device 1500 may generate communications and may provide the generated communications to transmit component 1504 for transmission to device 1506. In some aspects, transmit component 1504 may perform signal processing (such as filtering, amplification, modulation, digital-to-analog conversion, multiplexing, interleaving, mapping, or encoding, etc.) on the generated communications and may transmit the processed signals to device 1506. In some aspects, transmit component 1504 may include combining Figure 2 One or more antennas, modems, modulators, transmit MIMO processors, transmit processors, controllers / processors, memories, or combinations thereof of the described UE. In some aspects, the transmit component 1504 can be co-located with the receive component 1502 in a transceiver.

[0184] The sending component 1504 can send a request to the network node indicating one or more beam characteristics supported by the UE for UE-based predictive beam management. The receiving component 1502 can receive one or more of a downlink reference signal or an indication of a virtual resource from the network node based at least in part on the request, wherein the downlink reference signal or the virtual resource is associated with the one or more beam characteristics indicated in the request.

[0185] The transmitting component 1504 may transmit a request for a first set of downlink reference signal resources having a beam pointing direction associated with a first amount of pointing direction and a beam width associated with a first amount of beam width. The transmitting component 1504 may transmit a request for a second set of downlink reference signal resources having a beam pointing direction associated with a second amount of pointing direction and a beam width associated with a second amount of beam width. The transmitting component 1504 may transmit a request for a third set of virtual resources having a beam pointing direction associated with a third amount of pointing direction and a beam width associated with a third amount of beam width.

[0186] The sending component 1504 may send a request for an SD connection between different resource sets, wherein the different resource sets include one or more of: a first set of downlink reference signal resources, a second set of downlink reference signal resources, or a third set of virtual resources, and wherein the SD connection is one of a pointing direction connection or a beamwidth connection.

[0187] The sending component 1504 may send a request for a first set of downlink reference signal resources having a periodicity equal to a first amount of time slots or a first amount of time. The sending component 1504 may send a request for a second set of downlink reference signal resources having a periodicity equal to a second amount of time slots or a second amount of time. The sending component 1504 may send a request for a third set of virtual resources. The sending component 1504 may send a request for a TD connection between different resource sets, wherein the different resource sets include one or more of the following: the first set of downlink reference signal resources, the second set of downlink reference signal resources, or the third set of virtual resources, and wherein the TD connection is associated with the periodicity.

[0188] The transmitting component 1504 may transmit a request for a first set of downlink reference signal resources having one or more of: a first amount of PRB density, a second amount of REs per PRB, or a total amount of occupied PRBs equal to the first amount of PRBs. The transmitting component 1504 may transmit a request for a second set of downlink reference signal resources having one or more of: a second amount of PRB density, a second amount of REs per PRB, or a total amount of occupied PRBs equal to the second amount of PRBs.

[0189] The transmitting component 1504 may transmit a request for an FD connection between different resource sets, wherein the different resource sets include a first set of downlink reference signal resources and a second set of downlink reference signal resources, and wherein the FD connection is associated with an FD density expressed as a PRB density or an amount of REs per PRB. The transmitting component 1504 may transmit the request based at least in part on one or more of: a UE capability report indicating the types of SD, TD, and FD beam characteristics supported by the UE, an on-demand UE request for on-demand beam characteristics.

[0190] Fig.15 The number and arrangement of components shown are provided as examples. In practice, there may be Fig.15 Additional components, fewer components, different components, or components arranged in a different manner than those shown. Fig.15 Two or more components shown may be implemented in a single component, or Fig.15 The single component shown may be implemented as multiple distributed components. Additionally or alternatively, Fig.15 The illustrated set of component(s) may be described as being executable by Fig.15 Another collection of components shown performs one or more functions.

[0191] Fig.161 is a diagram of an example apparatus 1600 for wireless communication according to the present disclosure. Apparatus 1600 may be a network node, or a network node may include apparatus 1600. In some aspects, apparatus 1600 includes a receiving component 1602 and a sending component 1604, which may communicate with each other (e.g., via one or more buses and / or one or more other components). As shown, apparatus 1600 may communicate with another apparatus 1606 (such as a UE, a base station, or another wireless communication device) using receiving component 1602 and sending component 1604.

[0192] In some aspects, the apparatus 1600 may be configured to perform Figures 6 to 12 Additionally or alternatively, the apparatus 1600 may be configured to perform one or more processes described herein, such as Fig.14 The process 1400. In some aspects, Fig.16 The device 1600 and / or one or more components shown may include a combination of Figure 2 Additionally or alternatively, Fig.16 One or more of the components shown may be combined with Figure 2 Additionally or alternatively, one or more components in the component set may be implemented at least in part as software stored in a memory. For example, a component (or a portion of a component) may be implemented as instructions or code stored in a non-transitory computer-readable medium and can be executed by a controller or processor to perform the function or operation of the component.

[0193] The receiving component 1602 may receive communications from the device 1606, such as reference signals, control information, data communications, or combinations thereof. The receiving component 1602 may provide the received communications to one or more other components of the device 1600. In some aspects, the receiving component 1602 may perform signal processing (such as filtering, amplification, demodulation, analog-to-digital conversion, demultiplexing, deinterleaving, demapping, equalization, interference cancellation, or decoding, etc.) on the received communications and may provide the processed signals to the one or more other components of the device 1600. In some aspects, the receiving component 1602 may include combining Figure 2 One or more antennas, modems, demodulators, MIMO detectors, receive processors, controllers / processors, memories, or combinations thereof, of the described network nodes.

[0194] Transmit component 1604 may transmit communications, such as reference signals, control information, data communications, or combinations thereof, to device 1606. In some aspects, one or more other components of device 1600 may generate communications and may provide the generated communications to transmit component 1604 for transmission to device 1606. In some aspects, transmit component 1604 may perform signal processing (such as filtering, amplification, modulation, digital-to-analog conversion, multiplexing, interleaving, mapping, or encoding, etc.) on the generated communications and may transmit the processed signals to device 1606. In some aspects, transmit component 1604 may include combining Figure 2 One or more antennas, modems, modulators, transmit MIMO processors, transmit processors, controllers / processors, memories, or combinations thereof of the described network nodes. In some aspects, the transmit component 1604 can be co-located with the receive component 1602 in a transceiver.

[0195] The receiving component 1602 can receive a request from a UE indicating one or more beam characteristics supported by the UE for UE-based predictive beam management. The sending component 1604 can send one or more of a downlink reference signal or an indication of a virtual resource to the UE based at least in part on the request, wherein the downlink reference signal or the virtual resource is associated with the one or more beam characteristics indicated in the request.

[0196] The receiving component 1602 may receive a request for a first set of downlink reference signal resources having a beam pointing direction associated with a first amount of pointing direction and a beam width associated with a first amount of beam width. The receiving component 1602 may receive a request for a second set of downlink reference signal resources having a beam pointing direction associated with a second amount of pointing direction and a beam width associated with a second amount of beam width. The receiving component 1602 may receive a request for a third set of virtual resources having a beam pointing direction associated with a third amount of pointing direction and a beam width associated with a third amount of beam width.

[0197] The receiving component 1602 may receive a request for an SD connection between different resource sets, wherein the different resource sets include one or more of: a first set of downlink reference signal resources, a second set of downlink reference signal resources, or a third set of virtual resources, and wherein the SD connection is one of a pointing direction connection or a beamwidth connection.

[0198] Receiving component 1602 may receive a request for a first set of downlink reference signal resources having a periodicity equal to a first amount of time slots or a first amount of time. Receiving component 1602 may receive a request for a second set of downlink reference signal resources having a periodicity equal to a second amount of time slots or a second amount of time. Receiving component 1602 may receive a request for a third set of virtual resources. Receiving component 1602 may receive a request for a TD connection between different resource sets, wherein the different resource sets include one or more of: the first set of downlink reference signal resources, the second set of downlink reference signal resources, or the third set of virtual resources, and wherein the TD connection is associated with the periodicity.

[0199] The receiving component 1602 may receive a request for a first set of downlink reference signal resources having one or more of: a first amount of PRB density, a second amount of REs per PRB, or a total amount of occupied PRBs equal to the first amount of PRBs. The receiving component 1602 may receive a request for a second set of downlink reference signal resources having one or more of: a second amount of PRB density, a second amount of REs per PRB, or a total amount of occupied PRBs equal to the second amount of PRBs.

[0200] The receiving component 1602 may receive a request for an FD connection between different resource sets, wherein the different resource sets include a first set of downlink reference signal resources and a second set of downlink reference signal resources, and wherein the FD connection is associated with an FD density expressed as a PRB density or an amount of REs per PRB. The receiving component 1602 may receive the request based at least in part on one or more of: a UE capability report indicating the types of SD, TD, and FD beam characteristics supported by the UE, an on-demand UE request for on-demand beam characteristics.

[0201] Fig.16 The number and arrangement of components shown are provided as examples. In practice, there may be Fig.16 Additional components, fewer components, different components, or components arranged in a different manner than those shown. Fig.16 Two or more components shown may be implemented in a single component, or Fig.16 The single component shown may be implemented as multiple distributed components. Additionally or alternatively, Fig.16 The illustrated set of component(s) may be described as being executable by Fig.16 Another collection of components shown performs one or more functions.

[0202] The following provides an overview of some aspects of the disclosure:

[0203] Aspect 1: A method of wireless communication performed by a device of a user equipment (UE), the method comprising: sending a request to a network node indicating one or more beam characteristics supported by the UE for UE-based predictive beam management; and receiving one or more of a downlink reference signal or an indication of a virtual resource from the network node based at least in part on the request, wherein the downlink reference signal or the virtual resource is associated with the one or more beam characteristics indicated in the request.

[0204] Aspect 2: A method according to aspect 1, wherein the one or more beam characteristics include one or more of the following: absolute beam shape; relative beam shape; association between multiple downlink reference signals sent by the network node; frequency domain occupancy associated with the multiple downlink reference signals sent by the network node; or time domain occupancy associated with the multiple downlink reference signals sent by the network node.

[0205] Aspect 3: The method according to any one of Aspects 1 to 2, wherein the one or more beam characteristics include one or more of the following: spatial domain beam characteristics, time domain beam characteristics, or frequency domain beam characteristics.

[0206] Aspect 4: A method according to any one of Aspects 1 to 3, wherein the downlink reference signal is associated with a synchronization signal block resource, a non-zero power channel state information reference signal resource, a channel measurement resource associated with a channel state information report, or an interference measurement resource associated with a channel state information report.

[0207] Aspect 5: The method according to any one of Aspects 1 to 4, wherein the virtual resources include channel measurement resources associated with a channel state information report or interference measurement resources associated with a channel state information report.

[0208] Aspect 6: A method according to any one of Aspects 1 to 5, wherein sending the request includes: sending a request for a first set of downlink reference signal resources having a beam pointing direction associated with a first amount of pointing direction and a beam width associated with a first amount of beam width; sending a request for a second set of downlink reference signal resources having a beam pointing direction associated with a second amount of pointing direction and a beam width associated with a second amount of beam width; and sending a request for a third set of virtual resources having a beam pointing direction associated with a third amount of pointing direction and a beam width associated with a third amount of beam width.

[0209] Aspect 7: A method according to any one of Aspects 1 to 6, wherein sending the request includes: sending a request for a spatial connection between different resource sets, wherein the different resource sets include one or more of the following: a first set of downlink reference signal resources, a second set of downlink reference signal resources, or a third set of virtual resources, and wherein the spatial connection is one of a pointing direction connection or a beamwidth connection.

[0210] Aspect 8: A method according to any one of Aspects 1 to 7, wherein: the request is associated with an actual channel measurement resource (CMR) associated with a channel state information (CSI) report; the request is associated with an actual interference measurement resource (IMR) associated with a CSI report; the request is associated with a virtual CMR associated with a CSI report; or the request is associated with a virtual IMR associated with a CSI report.

[0211] Aspect 9: A method according to any one of Aspects 1 to 8, wherein sending the request includes: sending a request for a first set of downlink reference signal resources having a periodicity equal to a first amount of time slots or a first amount of time; sending a request for a second set of downlink reference signal resources having a periodicity equal to a second amount of time slots or a second amount of time; and sending a request for a third set of virtual resources.

[0212] Aspect 10: A method according to any one of Aspects 1 to 9, wherein sending the request includes: sending a request for a time domain connection between different resource sets, wherein the different resource sets include one or more of the following: a first set of downlink reference signal resources, a second set of downlink reference signal resources, or a third set of virtual resources, and wherein the time domain connection is associated with periodicity.

[0213] Aspect 11: A method according to any one of Aspects 1 to 10, wherein sending the request comprises: sending a request for a first set of downlink reference signal resources having one or more of the following items: a frequency domain density equal to a first amount of physical resource blocks (PRB) density, a first amount of resource elements (REs) per PRB, or a total amount of occupied PRBs equal to the first amount of PRBs; and sending a request for a second set of downlink reference signal resources having one or more of the following items: a frequency domain density equal to a second amount of PRB density, a second amount of REs per PRB, or a total amount of occupied PRBs equal to the second amount of PRBs.

[0214] Aspect 12: A method according to any one of Aspects 1 to 11, wherein sending the request includes: sending a request for a frequency domain connection between different resource sets, wherein the different resource sets include a first set of downlink reference signal resources and a second set of downlink reference signal resources, and wherein the frequency domain connection is associated with a frequency domain density expressed as a physical resource block (PRB) density or the number of resource elements per PRB.

[0215] Aspect 13: A method according to any one of Aspects 1 to 12, wherein the UE-based predictive beam management is associated with one or more of the following: offline or online model training using the downlink reference signal or one or more of the virtual resources during a training phase; or model inference using the downlink reference signal or one or more of the virtual resources during an inference phase.

[0216] Aspect 14: A method according to any one of Aspects 1 to 13, wherein the request is sent at least in part based on one or more of the following: a UE capability report indicating the types of spatial, time and frequency domain beam characteristics supported by the UE; or an on-demand UE request for on-demand beam characteristics.

[0217] Aspect 15: A method of wireless communication performed by a device of a network node, the method comprising: receiving a request from a user equipment (UE) indicating one or more beam characteristics supported by the UE for UE-based predictive beam management; and sending one or more of a downlink reference signal or an indication of a virtual resource to the UE based at least in part on the request, wherein the downlink reference signal or the virtual resource is associated with the one or more beam characteristics indicated in the request.

[0218] Aspect 16: An apparatus for performing wireless communications at a device, the apparatus comprising: a processor; a memory coupled to the processor; and instructions stored in the memory and executable by the processor to cause the apparatus to perform one or more of the methods described in Aspects 1 to 14.

[0219] Aspect 17: A device for wireless communication, the device comprising: a memory; and one or more processors, the one or more processors coupled to the memory, the one or more processors configured to execute the method according to one or more of aspects 1 to 14.

[0220] Aspect 18: An apparatus for wireless communication, the apparatus comprising at least one component for performing the method according to one or more of aspects 1 to 14.

[0221] Aspect 19: A non-transitory computer-readable medium storing code for wireless communication, the code comprising instructions executable by a processor to perform the method according to one or more of aspects 1 to 14.

[0222] Aspect 20: A non-transitory computer-readable medium storing an instruction set for wireless communication, the instruction set comprising one or more instructions that, when executed by one or more processors of a device, cause the device to perform one or more of the methods described in aspects 1 to 14.

[0223] Aspect 21: An apparatus for wireless communication at a device, the apparatus comprising: a processor; a memory coupled to the processor; and instructions stored in the memory and executable by the processor to cause the apparatus to perform the method according to Aspect 15.

[0224] Aspect 22: An apparatus for wireless communication, comprising: a memory; and one or more processors, the one or more processors coupled to the memory, the one or more processors configured to execute the method according to aspect 15.

[0225] Aspect 23: An apparatus for wireless communication, comprising: at least one component for performing the method according to aspect 15.

[0226] Aspect 24: A non-transitory computer-readable medium storing code for wireless communication, the code comprising instructions executable by a processor to perform the method according to aspect 15.

[0227] Aspect 25: A non-transitory computer-readable medium storing an instruction set for wireless communication, the instruction set comprising one or more instructions that, when executed by one or more processors of a device, cause the device to perform the method according to aspect 15.

[0228] The foregoing disclosure provides illustration and description, but is not intended to be exhaustive or to limit the aspects to the precise forms disclosed. Modifications and variations may be made in light of the above disclosure or may be acquired from practice of the various aspects.

[0229] As used herein, the term "component" is intended to be broadly interpreted as a combination of hardware and / or hardware and software. Whether referred to as software, firmware, middleware, microcode, hardware description language or other names, "software" should be broadly interpreted as meaning instructions, instruction sets, codes, code segments, program codes, programs, subroutines, software modules, applications, software applications, software packages, routines, subroutines, objects, executable files, threads of execution, processes and / or functions, etc. As used herein, a "processor" is implemented in a combination of hardware and / or hardware and software. It will be apparent that the systems and / or methods described herein can be implemented by a combination of hardware and / or hardware and software in different forms. The actual dedicated control hardware or software code used to implement these systems and / or methods does not limit various aspects. Therefore, there is no reference to a specific software code herein to describe the operation and behavior of the system and / or method, because those skilled in the art will understand that software and hardware can be designed to implement the system and / or method based at least in part on the description herein.

[0230] As used herein, "satisfying a threshold" may refer to a value being greater than a threshold, greater than or equal to a threshold, less than a threshold, less than or equal to a threshold, equal to a threshold, not equal to a threshold, etc., depending on the context.

[0231] Although the specific combination of features is set forth in the claims and / or disclosed in the specification, these combinations are not intended to limit the disclosure of various aspects. Many of these features can be combined in a manner that is not specifically described in the claims and / or is not disclosed in the specification. The disclosure of various aspects includes each dependent claim combined with each other claim in the claim set. As used herein, the phrase "at least one of" the list of items refers to any combination of these items (it includes a single member). As an example, "at least one of a, b or c" is intended to cover a, b, c, a+b, a+c, b+c and a+b+c, and any combination with multiple identical elements (e.g., a+a, a+a+a, a+a+b, a+a+c, a+b+b, a+c+c, b+b, b+b+b, b+b+c, c+c and c+c+c, or any other ordering of a, b and c).

[0232] Any element, action or instruction used herein should not be interpreted as key or necessary, unless explicitly described as such. In addition, as used herein, the article "one" is intended to include one or more items, and can be used interchangeably with "one or more". In addition, as used herein, the article "said" is intended to include one or more items connected to the article "said", and can be used interchangeably with "one or more". In addition, as used herein, the terms "set" and "group" are intended to include one or more items, and can be used interchangeably with "one or more". If only want to refer to a project, the phrase "only one" or similar terms will be used. In addition, as used herein, the terms "have", "have", "have" etc. are intended to be open terms, which do not limit the elements they modify (for example, "having" A elements can also have B). In addition, the phrase "based on" is intended to represent "based at least in part", unless otherwise explicitly stated. Furthermore, as used herein, the term "or" when used in a series is intended to be open-ended and used interchangeably with "and / or" unless explicitly stated otherwise (e.g., if used in conjunction with "either" or "only one of").

Claims

1. An apparatus for wireless communication at a user equipment (UE), the apparatus comprising: Memory; and one or more processors coupled to the memory and configured to: sending a request to a network node indicating one or more beam characteristics supported by the UE for UE-based predictive beam management; and One or more of a downlink reference signal or an indication of a virtual resource is received from the network node based at least in part on the request, wherein the downlink reference signal or the virtual resource is associated with the one or more beam characteristics indicated in the request.

2. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the one or more beam characteristics include one or more of: Absolute beam shape; Relative beam shape; an association between a plurality of downlink reference signals sent by the network node; frequency domain occupancy associated with the plurality of downlink reference signals sent by the network node; or The time domain occupancy associated with the plurality of downlink reference signals sent by the network node.

3. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the one or more beam characteristics comprise one or more of: a spatial domain beam characteristic, a time domain beam characteristic, or a frequency domain beam characteristic.

4. The apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the downlink reference signal is associated with a synchronization signal block resource, a non-zero power channel state information reference signal resource, a channel measurement resource associated with a channel state information report, or an interference measurement resource associated with a channel state information report. 5 . The apparatus according to claim 1 , wherein the virtual resource comprises a channel measurement resource associated with a channel state information report or an interference measurement resource associated with a channel state information report.

6. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein to send the request, the one or more processors are configured to: sending a request for a first set of downlink reference signal resources having a beam pointing direction associated with a first amount of pointing direction and a beam width associated with a first amount of beam width; sending a request for a second set of downlink reference signal resources having a beam pointing direction associated with a second amount of pointing direction and a beam width associated with a second amount of beam width; as well as A request is sent for a third set of virtual resources having a beam pointing direction associated with a third amount of pointing direction and a beam width associated with a third amount of beam width.

7. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein to send the request, the one or more processors are configured to: Sending a request for a spatial connection between different sets of resources, wherein the different sets of resources include one or more of: a first set of downlink reference signal resources, a second set of downlink reference signal resources, or a third set of virtual resources, and wherein the spatial connection is one of a pointing direction connection or a beamwidth connection.

8. The device according to claim 1, wherein: The request is associated with an actual channel measurement resource (CMR) associated with a channel state information (CSI) report; The request is associated with an actual interference measurement resource (IMR) associated with the CSI report; The request is associated with a virtual CMR associated with a CSI report; or The request is associated with a virtual IMR associated with the CSI report.

9. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein to send the request, the one or more processors are configured to: sending a request for a first set of downlink reference signal resources having a periodicity equal to a first amount of time slots or a first amount of time; sending a request for a second set of downlink reference signal resources having a periodicity equal to a second amount of time slots or a second amount of time; and A request for a third set of virtual resources is sent.

10. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein to send the request, the one or more processors are configured to: Sending a request for a time domain connection between different resource sets, wherein the different resource sets include one or more of: a first set of downlink reference signal resources, a second set of downlink reference signal resources, or a third set of virtual resources, and wherein the time domain connection is associated with a periodicity.

11. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein to send the request, the one or more processors are configured to: sending a request for a first set of downlink reference signal resources having one or more of: a first amount of physical resource blocks (PRBs) density, a frequency domain density equal to a first amount of resource elements (REs) per PRB, or a total amount of occupied PRBs equal to the first amount of PRBs; and A request is sent for a second set of downlink reference signal resources having one or more of: a frequency domain density equal to a second amount of PRB density, a second amount of REs per PRB, or a total amount of occupied PRBs equal to the second amount of PRBs.

12. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein to send the request, the one or more processors are configured to: Sending a request for a frequency domain connection between different resource sets, wherein the different resource sets include a first set of downlink reference signal resources and a second set of downlink reference signal resources, and wherein the frequency domain connection is associated with a frequency domain density expressed in terms of a physical resource block (PRB) density or an amount of resource elements per PRB.

13. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the UE-based predictive beam management is associated with one or more of: using offline or online model training of one or more of the downlink reference signal or the virtual resource during a training phase; or Model inference of one or more of the downlink reference signal or the virtual resources is used during an inference phase.

14. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the one or more processors are configured to send the request based at least in part on one or more of: a UE capability report indicating the types of spatial, time and frequency domain beam characteristics supported by the UE; or On-demand UE request for on-demand beam characteristics.

15. An apparatus for wireless communication at a network node, the apparatus comprising: Memory; and one or more processors coupled to the memory and configured to: receiving, from a user equipment (UE), a request indicating one or more beam characteristics supported by the UE for UE-based predictive beam management; and One or more of a downlink reference signal or an indication of a virtual resource is sent to the UE based at least in part on the request, wherein the downlink reference signal or the virtual resource is associated with the one or more beam characteristics indicated in the request.

16. A method of wireless communication performed by a device of a user equipment (UE), the method comprising: sending a request to a network node indicating one or more beam characteristics supported by the UE for UE-based predictive beam management; as well as One or more of a downlink reference signal or an indication of a virtual resource is received from the network node based at least in part on the request, wherein the downlink reference signal or the virtual resource is associated with the one or more beam characteristics indicated in the request.

17. The method of claim 16, wherein the one or more beam characteristics include one or more of: Absolute beam shape; Relative beam shape; an association between a plurality of downlink reference signals sent by the network node; frequency domain occupancy associated with the plurality of downlink reference signals sent by the network node; or The time domain occupancy associated with the plurality of downlink reference signals sent by the network node.

18. The method of claim 16, wherein the one or more beam characteristics include one or more of: a spatial domain beam characteristic, a time domain beam characteristic, or a frequency domain beam characteristic.

19. The method of claim 16, wherein the downlink reference signal is associated with a synchronization signal block resource, a non-zero power channel state information reference signal resource, a channel measurement resource associated with a channel state information report, or an interference measurement resource associated with a channel state information report.

20. The method of claim 16, wherein the virtual resources comprise channel measurement resources associated with a channel state information report or interference measurement resources associated with a channel state information report.

21. The method of claim 16, wherein sending the request comprises: sending a request for a first set of downlink reference signal resources having a beam pointing direction associated with a first amount of pointing direction and a beam width associated with a first amount of beam width; sending a request for a second set of downlink reference signal resources having a beam pointing direction associated with a second amount of pointing direction and a beam width associated with a second amount of beam width; as well as A request is sent for a third set of virtual resources having a beam pointing direction associated with a third amount of pointing direction and a beam width associated with a third amount of beam width.

22. The method of claim 16, wherein sending the request comprises: Sending a request for a spatial connection between different sets of resources, wherein the different sets of resources include one or more of: a first set of downlink reference signal resources, a second set of downlink reference signal resources, or a third set of virtual resources, and wherein the spatial connection is one of a pointing direction connection or a beamwidth connection.

23. The method of claim 16, wherein: The request is associated with an actual channel measurement resource (CMR) associated with a channel state information (CSI) report; The request is associated with an actual interference measurement resource (IMR) associated with the CSI report; The request is associated with a virtual CMR associated with a CSI report; or The request is associated with a virtual IMR associated with the CSI report.

24. The method of claim 16, wherein sending the request comprises: sending a request for a first set of downlink reference signal resources having a periodicity equal to a first amount of time slots or a first amount of time; sending a request for a second set of downlink reference signal resources having a periodicity equal to a second amount of time slots or a second amount of time; and A request for a third set of virtual resources is sent.

25. The method of claim 16, wherein sending the request comprises: Sending a request for a time domain connection between different resource sets, wherein the different resource sets include one or more of: a first set of downlink reference signal resources, a second set of downlink reference signal resources, or a third set of virtual resources, and wherein the time domain connection is associated with a periodicity.

26. The method of claim 16, wherein sending the request comprises: sending a request for a first set of downlink reference signal resources having one or more of: a first amount of physical resource blocks (PRBs) density, a frequency domain density equal to a first amount of resource elements (REs) per PRB, or a total amount of occupied PRBs equal to the first amount of PRBs; and A request is sent for a second set of downlink reference signal resources having one or more of: a frequency domain density equal to a second amount of PRB density, a second amount of REs per PRB, or a total amount of occupied PRBs equal to the second amount of PRBs.

27. The method of claim 16, wherein sending the request comprises: Sending a request for a frequency domain connection between different resource sets, wherein the different resource sets include a first set of downlink reference signal resources and a second set of downlink reference signal resources, and wherein the frequency domain connection is associated with a frequency domain density expressed in terms of a physical resource block (PRB) density or an amount of resource elements per PRB.

28. The method of claim 16, wherein the UE-based predictive beam management is associated with one or more of: using offline or online model training of one or more of the downlink reference signal or the virtual resource during a training phase; or Model inference of one or more of the downlink reference signal or the virtual resources is used during an inference phase.

29. The method of claim 16, wherein sending the request is based at least in part on one or more of: a UE capability report indicating the types of spatial, time and frequency domain beam characteristics supported by the UE; or On-demand UE request for on-demand beam characteristics.

30. A method of wireless communication performed by an apparatus of a network node, the method comprising: receiving, from a user equipment (UE), a request indicating one or more beam characteristics supported by the UE for UE-based predictive beam management; as well as One or more of a downlink reference signal or an indication of a virtual resource is sent to the UE based at least in part on the request, wherein the downlink reference signal or the virtual resource is associated with the one or more beam characteristics indicated in the request.

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