Energy threshold configuration in energy-based probabilistic amplitude shaping

Abstract

Aspects of the present disclosure generally relate to wireless communications. In some aspects, an apparatus may determine an energy threshold based on a normalized energy threshold and an amplitude sequence length, the normalized energy threshold based on an amplitude alphabet and a distribution parameter. The device may encode a plurality of information bits into a sequence of symbols using amplitude shaping, the encoding based on the energy threshold, the amplitude alphabet, and the amplitude sequence length. The device may transmit the sequence of symbols encoded with amplitude shaping, the sequence of symbols having a length equal to the length of the sequence of amplitudes, and each symbol of the sequence of symbols corresponding to an entry in the amplitude alphabet. Numerous other aspects are provided.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] Aspects of the present disclosure generally relate to wireless communication, and more particularly, to techniques and apparatus for energy threshold configuration in energy-based probabilistic amplitude shaping. Background Art

[0002] Wireless communication systems are widely deployed to provide various telecommunication services such as telephony, video, data, messaging, and broadcasting. A typical wireless communication system may employ multiple access technologies capable of supporting communication with multiple users by sharing available system resources (e.g., bandwidth or transmit power). Examples of such multiple access technologies include code division multiple access (CDMA) systems, time division multiple access (TDMA) systems, frequency division multiple access (FDMA) systems, orthogonal frequency division multiple access (OFDMA) systems, single carrier frequency division multiple access (SC-FDMA) systems, time division synchronous code division multiple access (TD-SCDMA) systems, and long term evolution (LTE). LTE / LTE-Advanced is an enhanced set of the universal mobile telecommunications system (UMTS) mobile standards promulgated by the 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP).

[0003] The above multiple access technologies have been adopted in various telecommunication standards to provide a common protocol that enables different UEs to communicate at the urban, national, regional, or global level. New Radio (NR) (which may be referred to as 5G) is an enhanced set of the LTE mobile standards promulgated by the 3GPP. NR is designed to better support mobile broadband Internet access by using orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) with cyclic prefix (CP) (CP-OFDM) on the downlink, CP-OFDM or single carrier frequency division multiplexing (SC-FDM) (also known as discrete Fourier transform spread OFDM (DFT-s-OFDM)) on the uplink, and supporting beamforming, multiple input multiple output (MIMO) antenna technology, and carrier aggregation to improve spectral efficiency, reduce costs, improve services, utilize new spectra, and better integrate with other open standards. With the continuous increase in the demand for mobile broadband access, further improvements in LTE, NR, and other radio access technologies are still useful.

[0004] In some wireless communications, such as when using higher-order modulation, a transmitter device may use fixed constellation points to encode information bits. For example, the fixed constellation points may be used with 16-Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (QAM), 64-QAM, or 256-QAM, as well as other modulation and coding schemes. The fixed constellation points may each have an equal probability of being used to encode information bits. For an Additive White Gaussian Noise (AWGN) channel, there may be a shaping gap relative to the channel capacity or “Shannon capacity,” which can asymptotically approach approximately 1.53 decibels (dB) for a uniformly distributed channel input. The shaping gap may refer to the difference between the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) required to achieve a given rate using a given modulation and coding scheme (MCS) and the SNR at which the optimal capacity-achieving scheme can operate (which may be the Shannon capacity or “Shannon limit”).

[0005] Some techniques for reducing or shrinking the shaping gap include geometric shaping and probability shaping. In geometric shaping, the transmitter device may use equiprobable signaling with constellation points having a non-uniform (e.g., Gaussian-like) distribution. In contrast, in probability shaping, the transmitter device may use equidistant constellation points with a non-uniform (e.g., Gaussian-like) signal distribution. To perform probability shaping, the transmitter device may determine an energy threshold such that there is a non-uniform distribution over a set of amplitude symbols induced by an energy-based shaping scheme. If the non-uniform distribution is relatively different from the optimal Maxwell-Boltzmann (MB) distribution, the shaping gap may be too large, which may result in poor communication performance. SUMMARY

[0006] Some aspects described herein relate to a method of wireless communication performed by a device of a transmitter device. The method may include determining an energy threshold based on a normalized energy threshold and an amplitude sequence length, the normalized energy threshold being based on an amplitude alphabet and a distribution parameter. The method may include encoding a plurality of information bits into a symbol sequence using amplitude shaping, the encoding being based on the energy threshold, the amplitude alphabet, and the amplitude sequence length. The method may include transmitting the symbol sequence encoded using amplitude shaping, the symbol sequence having a length equal to the amplitude sequence length, and each symbol of the symbol sequence corresponding to an entry in the amplitude alphabet.

[0007] Some aspects described herein relate to a transmitter device for wireless communication. The transmitter device may include at least one processor and at least one memory communicatively coupled to the at least one processor, the at least one memory storing processor-readable code. The processor-readable code, when executed by the at least one processor, may be configured to cause the transmitter device to determine an energy threshold based on a normalized energy threshold and an amplitude sequence length, the normalized energy threshold being based on an amplitude alphabet and a distribution parameter. The processor-readable code, when executed by the at least one processor, may be configured to cause the transmitter device to encode a plurality of information bits into a symbol sequence using amplitude shaping, the encoding being based on the energy threshold, the amplitude alphabet, and the amplitude sequence length. The processor-readable code, when executed by the at least one processor, may be configured to cause the transmitter device to transmit the symbol sequence encoded using amplitude shaping, the symbol sequence having a length equal to the amplitude sequence length, and each symbol of the symbol sequence corresponding to an entry in the amplitude alphabet.

[0008] Some aspects described herein relate to a non-transitory computer-readable medium storing an instruction set for wireless communication by a transmitter device. The instruction set, when executed by one or more processors of the transmitter device, may cause the transmitter device to determine an energy threshold based on a normalized energy threshold and an amplitude sequence length, the normalized energy threshold being based on an amplitude alphabet and a distribution parameter. The instruction set, when executed by one or more processors of the transmitter device, may cause the transmitter device to encode a plurality of information bits into a symbol sequence using amplitude shaping, the encoding being based on the energy threshold, the amplitude alphabet, and the amplitude sequence length. The instruction set, when executed by one or more processors of the transmitter device, may cause the transmitter device to transmit the symbol sequence encoded using amplitude shaping, the symbol sequence having a length equal to the amplitude sequence length, and each symbol of the symbol sequence corresponding to an entry in the amplitude alphabet.

[0009] Some aspects described herein relate to an apparatus for wireless communication. The apparatus may include means for determining an energy threshold based on a normalized energy threshold and an amplitude sequence length, the normalized energy threshold being based on an amplitude alphabet and a distribution parameter. The apparatus may include means for encoding a plurality of information bits into a symbol sequence using amplitude shaping, the encoding being based on the energy threshold, the amplitude alphabet, and the amplitude sequence length. The apparatus may include means for transmitting the symbol sequence encoded using amplitude shaping, the symbol sequence having a length equal to the amplitude sequence length, and each symbol of the symbol sequence corresponding to an entry in the amplitude alphabet.

[0010] Aspects generally include methods, apparatus, systems, computer program products, non-transitory computer-readable media, user equipment, base stations, network nodes, network entities, wireless communication devices, or processing systems as fully described with reference to the drawings and the specification and illustrated in the drawings and the specification.

[0011] The foregoing has outlined rather broadly the features and technical advantages of examples in accordance with the present disclosure in an effort to enable the following detailed description to be better understood. Additional features and advantages will be described hereinafter. The disclosed concepts and specific examples can be readily used as a basis for modifying or designing other structures for carrying out the same purposes of the present disclosure. Such equivalent constructions do not depart from the scope of the appended claims. When considered in conjunction with the accompanying drawings, the characteristics (both its organization and method of operation) of the concepts disclosed herein, as well as the associated advantages, will be better understood. Each of the drawings provided is for the purpose of illustration and description and not as a definition of the limits of the claims. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0012] To understand the above features of the present disclosure in detail, a more specific description of the above briefly summarized inventive content can be obtained by referring to various aspects, some of which are illustrated in the accompanying drawings. It should be noted, however, that the drawings only illustrate some typical aspects of the present disclosure and should not be considered as limiting its scope, since the description may admit other equally effective aspects. The same reference numerals in different drawings may identify the same or similar elements.

[0013] Figure 1 is a diagram illustrating an example of a wireless network in accordance with the present disclosure.

[0014] Figure 2 is a diagram illustrating an example of a communication between an example network node and a UE in a wireless network in accordance with the present disclosure.

[0015] Figure 3 is a diagram illustrating an example of a decomposed base station architecture in accordance with the present disclosure.

[0016] Figure 4 is a diagram illustrating an example of a transmit (Tx) chain and a receive (Rx) chain of a UE in accordance with the present disclosure.

[0017] Figure 5 is a diagram illustrating an example of a transmit chain for probability amplitude shaping in accordance with the present disclosure.

[0018] Figure 6 is a diagram illustrating an example of a transmit chain for probability amplitude shaping in accordance with the present disclosure.

[0019] Figure 7 is a diagram illustrating an example of shaping gain on an additive white Gaussian noise (AWGN) channel in accordance with the present disclosure.

[0020] Figures 8A to 8F is a diagram illustrating an example associated with energy threshold configuration in energy-based probability amplitude shaping in accordance with the present disclosure.

[0021] Figure 9 is a flowchart illustrating an example process performed by a transmitter device, such as in support of energy threshold configuration in energy-based probabilistic amplitude shaping, in accordance with the present disclosure.

[0022] Figure 10 is a diagram of an example apparatus for wireless communication in support of energy threshold configuration in energy-based probabilistic amplitude shaping in accordance with the present disclosure. Detailed Description

[0023] Aspects of the present disclosure are described more fully hereinafter with reference to the accompanying drawings. However, the present disclosure may be embodied in many different forms and should not be construed as limited to any specific structure or function presented throughout this disclosure. Rather, these aspects are provided so that this disclosure will be thorough and complete, and will fully convey the scope of the present disclosure to those skilled in the art. Those skilled in the art will appreciate that the scope of the present disclosure is intended to cover any aspect of the present disclosure disclosed herein, whether implemented independently of or in combination with any other aspect of the present disclosure. For example, any number of the aspects set forth herein may be used to implement an apparatus or practice a method. In addition, the scope of the present disclosure is intended to cover such apparatus or methods implemented using other structures, functions, or combinations of structures and functions in addition to or different from the various aspects of the present disclosure set forth herein. Any aspect of the present disclosure disclosed herein may be embodied by one or more elements of a claim.

[0024] Several aspects of a telecommunications system will now be presented with reference to various apparatuses and techniques. These apparatuses and techniques will be described in the following detailed description and illustrated in the drawings by various blocks, modules, components, circuits, steps, processes, or algorithms (collectively referred to as "elements"). These elements may be implemented using hardware, software, or a combination of hardware and software. Whether these elements are implemented as hardware or software depends upon the particular application and design constraints imposed on the overall system.

[0025] Aspects generally relate to determining an energy threshold for energy-based probabilistic amplitude shaping. Some aspects more particularly relate to determining an energy threshold based on an amplitude alphabet, distribution parameters (such as Maxwell-Boltzmann (MB) parameters), and amplitude sequence length. In some aspects, a transmitter device may determine an energy threshold using a polynomial representation or a table-based representation of a normalized energy threshold. Based on the determined energy threshold, the transmitter device may apply energy-based coding to amplitude shaping of a plurality of information bits to generate a set of symbols for transmission.

[0026] Certain aspects of the subject matter described in this disclosure can be implemented to achieve one or more of the following potential advantages. In some examples, the techniques described can be used to minimize shaping gap. By determining an energy threshold such that the non-uniform distribution over a set of amplitude symbols caused by an energy shaping scheme for amplitude shaping of multiple input bits is as close as possible to an optimal probability distribution (such as the MB distribution), the transmitter device reduces the size of the shaping gap relative to other techniques for probabilistic amplitude shaping. In some examples, the transmitter device can improve communication performance. For example, based on minimizing or reducing the shaping gap, the transmitter device increases the likelihood that a set of symbols is successfully transmitted to and decoded by the receiver device. This can reduce network traffic by reducing the number of retransmissions triggered by discarded or unsuccessfully decoded symbols.

[0027] Figure 1 FIG. is an illustration of an example of a wireless network in accordance with the present disclosure. The wireless network 100 can be a 5G (e.g., NR) network or a 4G (e.g., Long Term Evolution (LTE)) network, or can include elements of a 5G (e.g., NR) network or elements of a 4G (e.g., Long Term Evolution (LTE)) network, among other examples. The wireless network 100 can include one or more network nodes (NNs) 110 (shown as network node 110a, network node 110b, network node 110c, and network node 110d), one user equipment (UE) 120, or multiple UEs 120 (shown as UE 120a, UE 120b, UE 120c, UE 120d, and UE 120e), or other network entities. The network node 110 is an entity that communicates with the UE 120. As shown, the network node 110 can include one or more network nodes. For example, the network node 110 can be an aggregated network node, which means that the aggregated network node is configured to utilize a radio protocol stack that is physically or logically integrated within a single RAN node (e.g., within a single device or unit). As another example, the network node 110 can be a disaggregated network node (sometimes referred to as a disaggregated base station), which means that the network node 110 is configured to utilize a protocol stack that is physically or logically distributed between two or more nodes (such as one or more central units (CUs), one or more distributed units (DUs), or one or more radio units (RUs)).

[0028] In some examples, network node 110 is or includes a network node (such as a RU) that communicates with UE 120 via a radio access link. In some examples, network node 110 is or includes a network node (such as a DU) that communicates with other network nodes 110 via a fronthaul link or a midhaul link. In some examples, network node 110 is or includes a network node (such as a CU) that communicates with other network nodes 110 via a midhaul link or communicates with a core network via a backhaul link. In some examples, network node 110 (such as an aggregated network node 110 or a disaggregated network node 110) may include multiple network nodes, such as one or more RUs, one or more CUs, or one or more DUs. For example, network node 110 may include an NR network node, an LTE network node, a Node B, an eNB (e.g., in 4G), a gNB (e.g., in 5G), an access point, a transmit receive point (TRP), a DU, a RU, a CU, a mobility element of the network, a core network node, a network element, network equipment, or a RAN node. In some examples, network nodes 110 may be interconnected with each other or with one or more other network nodes 110 in wireless network 100 using any suitable transport network via various types of fronthaul interfaces, midhaul interfaces, or backhaul interfaces (such as direct physical connections, air interfaces, or virtual networks).

[0029] Each network node 110 may provide communication coverage for a specific geographical area. In the 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP), depending on the context in which the term is used, the term "cell" may refer to the coverage area of network node 110 or the network node subsystem serving that coverage area.

[0030] Network node 110 may provide communication coverage for a macro cell, a pico cell, a femto cell, or another type of cell. A macro cell may cover a relatively large geographical area (e.g., with a radius of several kilometers) and may allow unrestricted access by UE 120 with a service subscription. A pico cell may cover a relatively small geographical area and may allow unrestricted access by UE 120 with a service subscription. A femto cell may cover a relatively small geographical area (e.g., a residence) and may allow restricted access by UE 120 associated with that femto cell (e.g., UE 120 in a closed subscriber group (CSG)). The network node 110 for a macro cell may be referred to as a macro network node. The network node 110 for a pico cell may be referred to as a pico network node. The network node 110 for a femto cell may be referred to as a femto network node or a home network node.

[0031] The wireless network 100 can be a heterogeneous network that includes different types of network nodes 110, such as macro network nodes, pico network nodes, femto network nodes, or relay network nodes. These different types of network nodes 110 can have different transmission power levels, different coverage areas, or different impacts on interference in the wireless network 100. For example, a macro network node can have a high transmission power level (e.g., 5 watts to 40 watts), while pico network nodes, femto network nodes, and relay network nodes can have lower transmission power levels (e.g., 0.1 watt to 2 watts). In Figure 1 the example shown in Figure 1 , network node 110a can be a macro network node for macro cell 102a, network node 110b can be a pico network node for pico cell 102b, and network node 110c can be a femto network node for femto cell 102c. A network node can support one or more (e.g., three) cells. In some examples, a cell may not necessarily be stationary, and the geographical area of a cell can move according to the location of a moving network node 110 (e.g., a mobile network node).

[0032] In some aspects, the term "base station" or "network node" can refer to an aggregated base station, a disaggregated base station, an integrated access and backhaul (IAB) node, a relay node, or one or more of its components. For example, in some aspects, a "base station" or "network node" can refer to a CU, a DU, an RU, a near real-time (near RT) RAN intelligent controller (RIC), or a non-real-time (non RT) RIC. In some aspects, the term "base station" or "network node" can refer to a single device configured to perform one or more functions, such as those described herein in connection with network node 110. In some aspects, the term "base station" or "network node" can refer to multiple devices configured to perform one or more functions. For example, in some distributed systems, each of a number of different devices (which may be located in the same geographical location or different geographical locations) can be configured to perform at least a portion of a function, or to repeat the performance of at least a portion of the function, and the term "base station" or "network node" can refer to any one or more of these different devices. In some aspects, the term "base station" or "network node" can refer to one or more virtual base stations or one or more virtual base station functions. For example, in some aspects, two or more base station functions can be instantiated on a single device. In some aspects, the term "base station" or "network node" can refer to one base station function among base station functions and not another base station function. In this way, a single device can include more than one base station.

[0033] The network controller 130 may be coupled to or communicate with a set of network nodes 110 and may provide coordination and control for these network nodes 110. The network controller 130 may communicate with the network nodes 110 via a fronthaul communication link. The network nodes 110 may also communicate directly with each other or indirectly via a wireless fronthaul communication link or a wired fronthaul communication link. In some aspects, the network controller 130 may be a CU or a core network device, or the network controller 130 may include a CU or a core network device.

[0034] In some examples, a cell may not necessarily be stationary, and the geographical area of the cell may move according to the location of a moving network node 110 (e.g., a mobile network node). In some examples, the network nodes 110 may be interconnected with each other or interconnected to one or more other network nodes 110 or network nodes (not shown) in the wireless network 100 using any suitable transport network via various types of fronthaul interfaces (such as a direct physical connection or a virtual network).

[0035] The wireless network 100 may include one or more relay stations. A relay station is an entity that can receive a data transmission from an upstream station (e.g., a network node 110 or a UE 120) and forward the data transmission to a downstream station (e.g., a UE 120 or a network node 110). A relay station may be a UE 120 capable of relaying transmissions for other UEs 120. In Figure 1 the example shown, the network node 110d (e.g., a relay network node) may communicate with the network node 110a (e.g., a macro network node) and the UE 120d to facilitate communication between the network node 110a and the UE 120d. A network node 110 that performs relay communication may be referred to as a relay station, a relay network node, or a relay.

[0036] The UEs 120 may be distributed throughout the wireless network 100, and each UE 120 may be stationary or mobile. The UE 120 may include, for example, an access terminal, a terminal, a mobile station, or a subscriber unit. The UE 120 may be a cellular phone (e.g., a smart phone), a personal digital assistant (PDA), a wireless modem, a wireless communication device, a handheld device, a laptop computer, a cordless phone, a wireless local loop (WLL) station, a tablet device, a camera, a gaming device, a netbook, a smartbook, a superbook, a medical device, a biometric device, a wearable device (e.g., a smart watch, smart clothing, smart glasses, a smart wristband, smart jewelry (e.g., a smart ring or a smart bracelet)), an entertainment device (e.g., a music device, a video device, or a satellite radio), a vehicle component or sensor, a smart meter / sensor, industrial manufacturing equipment, a global positioning system device, a UE function of a network node, or any other suitable device configured to communicate via a wireless medium.

[0037] Some UEs 120 may be considered machine type communication (MTC) or evolved or enhanced machine type communication (eMTC) UEs. The MTC UE or eMTC UE may include, for example, robots, drones, remote devices, sensors, meters, monitors, or location tags, which may communicate with network nodes, another device (e.g., a remote device), or some other entity. Some UEs 120 may be considered Internet of Things (IoT) devices, or may be implemented as narrowband IoT (NB-IoT) devices. Some UEs 120 may be considered customer premise equipment. The UE 120 may be included inside a housing that houses components of the UE 120, such as processor components or memory components. In some examples, the processor component and the memory component may be coupled together. For example, the processor component (e.g., one or more processors) and the memory component (e.g., the memory) may be operatively coupled, communicatively coupled, electronically coupled, or electrically coupled.

[0038] Generally, any amount of wireless network 100 may be deployed in a given geographical area. Each wireless network 100 may support a specific RAT and may operate on one or more frequencies. The RAT may also be referred to as a radio technology or an air interface. The frequency may also be referred to as a carrier or a frequency channel. Each frequency in a given geographical area may support a single RAT to avoid interference between wireless networks of different RATs. In some cases, an NR or 5G RAT network may be deployed.

[0039] In some examples, two or more UEs 120 (e.g., shown as UEs 120a and 120e) may communicate directly using one or more sidelink channels (e.g., without using the network node 110 as an intermediary for communicating with each other). For example, the UE 120 may communicate using peer-to-peer (P2P) communication, device-to-device (D2D) communication, vehicle-to-everything (V2X) protocols (e.g., which may include vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) protocols, vehicle-to-infrastructure (V2I) protocols, or vehicle-to-pedestrian (V2P) protocols), or a mesh network. In such examples, the UE 120 may perform scheduling operations, resource selection operations, or other operations described elsewhere herein as being performed by the network node 110.

[0040] Devices of the wireless network 100 can communicate using the electromagnetic spectrum, which can be subdivided into various categories, bands, or channels by frequency or wavelength. For example, devices of the wireless network 100 can communicate using one or more operating bands. In 5G NR, two initial operating bands have been identified as Frequency Range Designation FR1 (410 MHz – 7.125 GHz) and FR2 (24.25 GHz – 52.6 GHz). Although a part of FR1 is greater than 6 GHz, in various documents and articles, FR1 is typically (interchangeably) referred to as the “sub-6 GHz” band. A similar naming issue sometimes occurs with FR2. Although different from the Extremely High Frequency (EHF) band (30 GHz - 300 GHz) identified by the International Telecommunication Union (ITU) as the “millimeter wave” band, FR2 is typically (interchangeably) referred to as the “millimeter wave” band in various documents and articles.

[0041] Frequencies between FR1 and FR2 are generally referred to as mid-band frequencies. Recent 5G NR research has identified operating bands for these mid-band frequencies as Frequency Range Designation FR3 (7.125 GHz - 24.25 GHz). Bands falling within FR3 can inherit FR1 characteristics or FR2 characteristics, and thus the features of FR1 or FR2 can be effectively extended to mid-band frequencies. In addition, higher frequency bands are currently being explored to extend 5G NR operation beyond 52.6 GHz. For example, three higher operating bands have been identified as Frequency Range Designation FR4a or FR4-1 (52.6 GHz – 71 GHz), FR4 (52.6 GHz – 114.25 GHz), and FR5 (114.25 GHz – 300 GHz). Each of these higher bands falls within the EHF band.

[0042] Considering the above examples, unless otherwise specifically stated, if the term “sub-6 GHz” is used in this document, it can broadly represent frequencies that can be less than 6 GHz, can be within FR1, or can include mid-band frequencies. In addition, unless otherwise specifically stated, if the term “millimeter wave” is used in this document, it can broadly represent frequencies that can include mid-band frequencies, can be within FR2, FR4, FR4-a, or FR4-1, or FR5, or can be within the EHF band. It is conceivable that the frequencies included in these operating bands (e.g., FR1, FR2, FR3, FR4, FR4-a, FR4-1, or FR5) can be modified, and the technologies described in this document apply to those modified frequency ranges.

[0043] In some aspects, a transmitter device, such as UE 120, may include a communication manager 140. As described in more detail elsewhere herein, the communication manager 140 may determine an energy threshold based on a normalized energy threshold and an amplitude sequence length, the normalized energy threshold being based on an amplitude alphabet and a distribution parameter; encode a plurality of information bits into a symbol sequence using amplitude shaping, the encoding being based on the energy threshold, the amplitude alphabet, and the amplitude sequence length; and transmit the symbol sequence encoded using amplitude shaping, the symbol sequence having a length equal to the amplitude sequence length and each symbol of the symbol sequence corresponding to an entry in the amplitude alphabet. Additionally or alternatively, the communication manager 140 may perform one or more other operations described herein.

[0044] Figure 2 is a diagram illustrating an example network node communicating with a UE in a wireless network according to the present disclosure. The network node may correspond to Figure 1 network node 110. Similarly, the UE may correspond to Figure 1 UE 120. Network node 110 may be equipped with a set of antennas 234a through 234t, such as T antennas (T≥1). UE 120 may be equipped with a set of antennas 252a through 252r, such as R antennas (R≥1). Figure 2 The network node 110 depicted in includes one or more radio frequency components, such as antenna 234 and modem 254. In some examples, network node 110 may include an interface, a communication component, or another component that facilitates communication with UE 120 or another network node. Some network nodes 110 may not include radio frequency components that facilitate direct communication with UE 120, such as one or more CUs or one or more DUs.

[0045] At network node 110, transmit processor 220 may receive data destined for UE 120 (or a set of UEs 120) from data source 212. Transmit processor 220 may select one or more modulation and coding schemes (MCSs) for UE 120 based at least in part on one or more channel quality indicators (CQIs) received from UE 120. Network node 110 may process (e.g., encode and modulate) data for UE 120 based at least in part on the MCS selected for UE 120 and may provide data symbols for UE 120. Transmit processor 220 may process system information (e.g., for semi-static resource partitioning information (SRPI)) and control information (e.g., CQI requests, grants, or upper layer signaling) and may provide overhead symbols and control symbols. Transmit processor 220 may generate reference symbols for reference signals (e.g., cell-specific reference signal (CRS) or demodulation reference signal (DMRS)) and synchronization signals (e.g., primary synchronization signal (PSS) or secondary synchronization signal (SSS)). Transmit (TX) multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) processor 230 may perform spatial processing (e.g., precoding) on the data symbols, control symbols, overhead symbols, or reference symbols, if applicable, and may provide a set of output symbol streams (e.g., T output symbol streams) to a corresponding set of modems 232 (e.g., T modems) (shown as modems 232a through 232t). For example, each output symbol stream may be provided to a modulator component (shown as MOD) of modem 232. Each modem 232 may process the corresponding output symbol stream (e.g., for OFDM) using the corresponding modulator component to obtain an output sample stream. Each modem 232 may also process (e.g., convert to analog, amplify, filter, or up-convert) the output sample stream using the corresponding modulator component to obtain a downlink signal. Modems 232a through 232t may transmit a set of downlink signals (e.g., T downlink signals) via a corresponding set of antennas 234 (e.g., T antennas) (shown as antennas 234a through 234t).

[0046] At the UE 120, a set of antennas 252 (shown as antennas 252a through 252r) may receive downlink signals from the network node 110 or other network nodes 110 and may provide a set of received signals (e.g., R received signals) to a set of modems 254 (e.g., R modems) (shown as modems 254a through 254r). For example, each received signal may be provided to a demodulator component (shown as DEMOD) of the modem 254. Each modem 254 may condition (e.g., filter, amplify, down-convert, or digitize) the received signal using the corresponding demodulator component to obtain input samples. Each modem 254 may further process the input samples (e.g., for OFDM) using the demodulator component to obtain received symbols. The MIMO detector 256 may obtain the received symbols from the modems 254, may perform MIMO detection on the received symbols if applicable, and may provide the detected symbols. The receive processor 258 may process (e.g., demodulate and decode) the detected symbols, may provide the decoded data for the UE 120 to the data sink 260, and may provide the decoded control information and system information to the controller / processor 280. The term "controller / processor" may refer to one or more controllers or one or more processors. The channel processor may determine a reference signal received power (RSRP) parameter, a received signal strength indicator (RSSI) parameter, a reference signal received quality (RSRQ) parameter, or a CQI parameter, etc. In some examples, one or more components of the UE 120 may be included in the housing 284.

[0047] The network controller 130 may include a communication unit 294, a controller / processor 290, and a memory 292. The network controller 130 may include, for example, one or more devices in a core network. The network controller 130 may communicate with the network node 110 via the communication unit 294.

[0048] One or more antennas (e.g., antennas 234a through 234t or antennas 252a through 252r) may include or may be included within one or more of the following: one or more antenna panels, one or more antenna groups, one or more sets of antenna elements, or one or more antenna arrays, etc. An antenna panel, antenna group, set of antenna elements, or antenna array may include one or more antenna elements (within a single housing or multiple housings), a coplanar set of antenna elements, a non-coplanar set of antenna elements, or one or more antenna elements coupled to one or more transmit or receive components (such as Figure 2 one or more components) of.

[0049] On the uplink, at the UE 120, the transmit processor 264 may receive and process data from the data source 262 and control information from the controller / processor 280 (e.g., for reports including RSRP, RSSI, RSRQ, or CQI). The transmit processor 264 may generate reference symbols for one or more reference signals. The symbols from the transmit processor 264 may be pre-coded by the TX MIMO processor 266 if applicable, further processed by the modem 254 (e.g., for DFT-s-OFDM or CP-OFDM), and transmitted to the network node 110. In some examples, the modem 254 of the UE 120 may include a modulator and a demodulator. In some examples, the UE 120 includes a transceiver. The transceiver may include any combination of the antenna 252, the modem 254, the MIMO detector 256, the receive processor 258, the transmit processor 264, or the TX MIMO processor 266. The transceiver may be used by a processor (e.g., the controller / processor 280) and the memory 282 to perform aspects of any of the methods described herein.

[0050] At the network node 110, the uplink signals from the UE 120 or other UEs may be received by the antenna 234, processed by the modem 232 (e.g., the demodulator component of the modem 232, shown as DEMOD), detected by the MIMO detector 236 if applicable, and further processed by the receive processor 238 to obtain the decoded data and control information transmitted via the UE 120. The receive processor 238 may provide the decoded data to the data sink 239 and the decoded control information to the controller / processor 240. The network node 110 may include a communication unit 244 and may communicate with the network controller 130 via the communication unit 244. The network node 110 may include a scheduler 246 to schedule one or more UEs 120 for downlink or uplink communication. In some examples, the modem 232 of the network node 110 may include a modulator and a demodulator. In some examples, the network node 110 includes a transceiver. The transceiver may include any combination of the antenna 234, the modem 232, the MIMO detector 236, the receive processor 238, the transmit processor 220, or the TX MIMO processor 230. The transceiver may be used by a processor (e.g., the controller / processor 240) and the memory 242 to perform aspects of any of the methods described herein.

[0051] The controller / processor 240 of the network node 110, the controller / processor 280 of the UE 120, or Figure 2Any other component may perform one or more techniques associated with energy threshold configuration in energy-based probabilistic amplitude shaping, as described in more detail elsewhere herein. For example, the controller / processor 240 of the network node 110, the controller / processor 280 of the UE 120, or Figure 2 any other component may perform or direct, for example, Figure 9 the operation of process 900 or other processes as described herein. The memories 242 and 282 may store data and program code for the network node 110 and the UE 120, respectively. In some examples, the memory 242 or the memory 282 may include a non-transitory computer-readable medium storing one or more instructions (e.g., code or program code) for wireless communication. For example, when executed by one or more processors of the network node 110 or the UE 120 (e.g., directly executed, or after compilation, transformation, or interpretation), the one or more instructions may cause the one or more processors, the UE 120, or the network node 110 to perform or direct, for example, Figure 9 the operation of process 900 or other processes as described herein. In some examples, executing the instructions may include running the instructions, transforming the instructions, compiling the instructions, or interpreting the instructions, and so on.

[0052] In some aspects, a transmitter device (such as the UE 120) includes components for determining an energy threshold based on a normalized energy threshold and an amplitude sequence length, the normalized energy threshold being based on an amplitude alphabet and a distribution parameter; for encoding a plurality of information bits into a symbol sequence using amplitude shaping, the encoding being based on the energy threshold, the amplitude alphabet, and the amplitude sequence length; or for transmitting the symbol sequence encoded using amplitude shaping, the symbol sequence having a length equal to the amplitude sequence length, and each symbol of the symbol sequence corresponding to an entry in the amplitude alphabet. In some aspects, the components for a transmitter device to perform the operations described herein may include, for example, one or more of the communication manager 140, the antenna 252, the modem 254, the MIMO detector 256, the receive processor 258, the transmit processor 264, the TX MIMO processor 266, the controller / processor 280, or the memory 282.

[0053] The deployment of a communication system such as a 5G NR system can be arranged in various ways with various components or constituent parts. In a 5G NR system or network, network nodes, network entities, mobility elements of the network, RAN nodes, core network nodes, network elements, base stations, or network equipment can be implemented in a converged or decomposed architecture. For example, a base station (such as Node B (NB), evolved NB (eNB), NR BS, 5G NB, access point (AP), TRP, or cell, etc.) or one or more units (or one or more components) performing base station functionality can be implemented as a converged base station (also referred to as a stand-alone base station or a monolithic base station) or a decomposed base station. A "network entity" or "network node" can refer to a decomposed base station or one or more units of a decomposed base station (such as one or more CUs, one or more DUs, or one or more RUs).

[0054] A converged base station (e.g., a converged network node) can be configured to utilize a radio protocol stack that is physically or logically integrated within a single RAN node (e.g., within a single device or unit). A decomposed base station (e.g., a decomposed network node) can be configured to utilize a protocol stack that is physically or logically distributed among two or more units (such as one or more CUs, one or more DUs, or one or more RUs). In some examples, a CU can be implemented within a network node, and one or more DUs can be co-located with the CU, or alternatively, can be geographically or virtually spread across one or more other network nodes. A DU can be implemented to communicate with one or more RUs. Each of the CU, DU, and RU can also be implemented as a virtual unit, such as a virtual central unit (VCU), a virtual distributed unit (VDU), or a virtual radio unit (VRU), etc.

[0055] Base station type operations or network designs can consider the aggregation characteristics of base station functionality. For example, a decomposed base station can be utilized in an IAB network, an open radio access network (O-RAN (such as a network configuration initiated by the O-RAN Alliance)), or a virtualized radio access network (vRAN, also referred to as a cloud radio access network (C-RAN)) to facilitate the scaling of a communication system by separating base station functionality into one or more units that can be deployed individually. A decomposed base station can include functionality implemented across two or more units at various physical locations, as well as functionality implemented virtually for at least one unit, which can achieve flexibility in network design. The individual units of a decomposed base station can be configured for wired or wireless communication with at least one other unit of the decomposed base station.

[0056] Figure 3FIG. 0 is a diagram illustrating an example disaggregated base station architecture 300 in accordance with the present disclosure. The disaggregated base station architecture 300 may include a CU 310, which may communicate directly with a core network 320 via a backhaul link, or indirectly with the core network 320 through one or more disaggregated control units (such as a near RT RIC 325 via an E2 link, or a non-RT RIC 315 associated with a service management and orchestration (SMO) framework 305, or both). The CU 310 may communicate with one or more DUs 330 via respective midhaul links (such as via an F1 interface). Each DU in the DUs 330 may communicate with one or more RUs 340 via a respective fronthaul link. Each RU in the RUs 340 may communicate with one or more UEs 120 via a respective radio frequency (RF) access link. In some embodiments, a UE 120 may be served simultaneously by multiple RUs 340.

[0057] Each of the units (including the CU 310, DU 330, RU 340) and the near RT RIC 325, non-RT RIC 315, and SMO framework 305 may include or be coupled to one or more interfaces configured to receive or transmit signals, data, or information (collectively referred to as signals) via a wired or wireless transmission medium. Each of the units or an associated processor or controller that provides instructions to one or more communication interfaces of the respective unit may be configured to communicate with one or more of the other units via the transmission medium. In some examples, each of the units may include a wired interface configured to receive signals or transmit signals to one or more of the other units via a wired transmission medium, and the wireless interface may include a receiver, transmitter, or transceiver (such as an RF transceiver) configured to receive signals or transmit signals to one or more of the other units via a wireless transmission medium or both.

[0058] In some aspects, the CU 310 may host one or more higher layer control functions. Such control functions may include radio resource control (RRC) functions, packet data convergence protocol (PDCP) functions, or service data adaptation protocol (SDAP) functions, etc. Each control function may be implemented using an interface that is configured to communicate signals with other control functions supervised by the CU 310. The CU 310 may be configured to handle user plane functionality (e.g., central unit - user plane (CU - UP) functionality) or control plane functionality (e.g., central unit - control plane (CU - CP) functionality). In some specific implementations, the CU 310 may be logically split into one or more CU - UP units and one or more CU - CP units. When implemented in an O - RAN configuration, the CU - UP units may communicate bidirectionally with the CU - CP units via an interface such as the E1 interface. As needed, the CU 310 may be implemented to communicate with the DU 330 for network control and signaling.

[0059] Each DU 330 may correspond to a logical unit that includes one or more base station functions for controlling the operation of one or more RUs 340. In some aspects, the DU 330 may host at least part of the radio link control (RLC) layer, the MAC layer, and one or more of the higher physical (PHY) layers, at least in part according to a functional split (such as the functional split defined by 3GPP). In some aspects, one or more of the higher PHY layers may be implemented by one or more modules for forward error correction (FEC) encoding and decoding, scrambling, and modulation and demodulation, etc. In some aspects, the DU 330 may also host one or more lower PHY layers, such as those implemented by one or more modules for fast Fourier transform (FFT), inverse FFT (iFFT), digital beamforming, or physical random access channel (PRACH) extraction and filtering, etc. Each layer (which may also be referred to as a module) may be implemented using an interface that is configured to communicate signals with other layers (and modules) hosted by the DU 330 or with control functions hosted by the CU 310.

[0060] Each RU 340 can implement lower layer functionality. In some deployments, the RU 340 controlled by the DU 330 can correspond to a logical node that hosts RF processing functions or low PHY layer functions (such as performing FFT, performing iFFT, digital beamforming, or PRACH extraction and filtering, etc.) based on function splitting (such as the function splitting defined by 3GPP), such as lower layer function splitting. In this architecture, each RU 340 can be operated to handle over-the-air (OTA) communication with one or more UEs 120. In some embodiments, the real-time aspects and non-real-time aspects of communicating with the control plane and user plane of the RU 340 can be controlled by the corresponding DU 330. In some scenarios, this configuration can enable each DU 330 and CU 310 to be implemented in a cloud-based RAN architecture (such as a vRAN architecture).

[0061] The SMO framework 305 can be configured to support RAN deployment and provisioning for both non-virtualized network elements and virtualized network elements. For non-virtualized network elements, the SMO framework 305 can be configured to support the deployment of dedicated physical resources for RAN coverage requirements, and these dedicated physical resources can be managed via an operation and maintenance interface (such as the O1 interface). For virtualized network elements, the SMO framework 305 can be configured to interact with a cloud computing platform (such as the Open Cloud (O-Cloud) platform 390) to perform network element lifecycle management (such as instantiating virtualized network elements) via a cloud computing platform interface (such as the O2 interface). Such virtualized network elements can include, but are not limited to, CU 310, DU 330, RU 340, non-RT RIC 315, and near-RT RIC 325. In some embodiments, the SMO framework 305 can communicate with the hardware aspects of the 4G RAN (such as the Open eNB (O-eNB) 311) via the O1 interface. Additionally, in some embodiments, the SMO framework 305 can directly communicate with each RU in one or more RUs 340 via the corresponding O1 interface. The SMO framework 305 can also include a non-RT RIC 315 configured to support the functionality of the SMO framework 305.

[0062] The non-RT RIC 315 can be configured to include logic functions that implement non-real-time control and optimization of RAN elements and resources, artificial intelligence / machine learning (AI / ML) workflows including model training and updating, or policy-based guidance of applications / features in the near-RT RIC 325. The non-RT RIC 315 can be coupled to or communicate with the near-RT RIC 325 (such as via the A1 interface). The near-RT RIC 325 can be configured to include logic functions that implement near-real-time control and optimization of RAN elements and resources via an interface (such as via the E2 interface) through data collection and actions, and this interface connects one or more CUs 310, one or more DUs 330, or both, and the O-eNB to the near-RT RIC 325.

[0063] In some specific implementations, in order to generate the AI / ML model to be deployed in the near-RT RIC 325, the non-RT RIC 315 can receive parameters or external enrichment information from an external server. Such information can be utilized by the near-RT RIC 325 and can be received from non-network data sources or from network functions at the SMO framework 305 or the non-RT RIC 315. In some examples, the non-RT RIC 315 or the near-RT RIC 325 can be configured to tune RAN behavior or performance. For example, the non-RT RIC 315 can monitor long-term trends and patterns of performance and employ the AI / ML model to perform corrective actions through the SMO framework 305 (such as reconfiguration via the O1 interface) or via the creation of RAN management policies (such as A1 interface policies).

[0064] Figure 4 FIG. 400 is a diagram illustrating an example 400 of a transmit (Tx) chain 402 and a receive (Rx) chain 404 of the UE 120 according to the present disclosure. In some aspects, one or more components of the Tx chain 402 can be implemented in the transmit processor 264, the TX MIMO processor 266, the modem 254, or the controller / processor 280 as described above. In some examples, the Tx chain 402 can be implemented in the UE 120 for transmitting data 406 (e.g., uplink data, uplink reference signal, or uplink control information) to the network node 110 on an uplink channel. Figure 2 As described above. The encoder 407 can change a signal (e.g., a bitstream) 403 to data 406. The data 406 to be transmitted is provided as an input to the serial-to-parallel (S / P) converter 408 from the encoder 407. In some examples, the S / P converter 408 can split the transmitted data into N parallel data streams 410.

[0065] The encoder 407 can change a signal (e.g., a bitstream) 403 to data 406. The data 406 to be transmitted is provided as an input to the serial-to-parallel (S / P) converter 408 from the encoder 407. In some examples, the S / P converter 408 can split the transmitted data into N parallel data streams 410.

[0066] N parallel data streams 410 may then be provided as input to mapper 412. Mapper 412 may map the N parallel data streams 410 to N constellation points. The mapping may be accomplished using modulation constellations such as amplitude shift keying (ASK), binary phase shift keying (BPSK), quadrature phase shift keying (QPSK), 8-phase shift keying (8PSK), or quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM). Thus, mapper 412 may output N parallel symbol streams 416, each symbol stream 416 corresponding to one of the N orthogonal subcarriers of inverse fast Fourier transform (IFFT) component 420. These N parallel symbol streams 416 are represented in the frequency domain and may be converted by IFFT component 420 into N parallel time-domain sample streams 418.

[0067] In some examples, the N parallel modulations in the frequency domain correspond to N modulation symbols in the frequency domain, which N modulation symbols are equal to the N mappings and the N-point IFFT in the frequency domain, which is equal to one (useful) OFDM symbol in the time domain, which is equal to N samples in the time domain. One OFDM symbol Ns in the time domain is equal to Ncp (number of guard samples per OFDM symbol) + N (number of useful samples per OFDM symbol).

[0068] The N parallel time-domain sample streams 418 may be converted by a parallel-to-serial (P / S) converter 424 into an OFDM / OFDMA symbol stream 422. A guard insertion component 426 may insert a guard interval between successive OFDM / OFDMA symbols in the OFDM / OFDMA symbol stream 422. Then, the output of guard insertion component 426 may be upconverted by RF front end 428 to a desired transmission frequency band. Antenna 430 may then transmit the resulting signal 432.

[0069] In some examples, Rx chain 404 may utilize OFDM / OFDMA. In some examples, one or more components of Rx chain 404 may be implemented in the receive processor 258, MIMO detector 256, modem 254, or controller / processor 280 as described above in conjunction with Figure 2 In some examples, Rx chain 404 may be implemented in UE 120 for receiving data 406 (e.g., downlink data, downlink reference signal, or downlink control information) from network node 110 on a downlink channel.

[0070] The transmitted signal 432 is shown as traveling from Tx chain 402 to Rx chain 404 over wireless channel 434. When the signal 432' is received by antenna 430', the received signal 432' may be downconverted by RF front end 428' to a baseband signal. A guard removal component 426' may then remove the guard interval inserted by guard insertion component 426 between OFDM / OFDMA symbols.

[0071] The output of the protection removal component 426' can be provided to the S / P converter 424'. The output can include an OFDM / OFDMA symbol stream 422', and the S / P converter 424' can divide the OFDM / OFDMA symbol stream 422' into N parallel time-domain symbol streams 418', where each time-domain symbol stream corresponds to one of the N orthogonal subcarriers. The FFT component 420' can convert the N parallel time-domain symbol streams 418' into the frequency domain and output N parallel frequency-domain symbol streams 416'.

[0072] The demapper 412' can perform the inverse operation of the symbol mapping operation performed by the mapper 412, thereby outputting N parallel data streams 410'. The P / S converter 408' can combine the N parallel data streams 410' into a single data stream 406'. Ideally, the data stream 406' corresponds to the data 406 provided as input to the Tx chain 402. The data stream 406' can be decoded by the decoder 407' into the decoded data stream 403'.

[0073] Figure 5 FIG. is an illustration of an example transmit chain 500 for probability amplitude shaping according to the present disclosure.

[0074] As Figure 5 shown, the transmit chain 500 includes a distribution matcher 510, an amplitude-bit mapper 512, a systematic FEC encoder 514, and a symbol-bit converter 516. The transmit chain 500 can be used for, for example, ASK modulation, where the ASK constellation has a modulation order of 2 M . The modulation order of 2 M ASK constellation can include a set of constellation points {±1, ±3, …, ±(2 M −1)}. In some examples, the transmit chain 500 can have a transmission rate R c = R dm + γ, where R dm represents the rate of the distribution matcher 510, and γ represents a set of parity check bits added to the k information bits to be encoded.

[0075] The ASK constellation can be associated with an amplitude alphabet {1, 3, …, (2 M – 1)}. The amplitude alphabet can include a set of possible constellation points (e.g., without signs), from which a set of constellation points is generated. For example, the transmit chain 500 can be configured with an amplitude alphabet of size m > 1 where each element of which is referred to as a symbol. can be constrained such that each element is sorted within (e.g., for any a i , a1 < a2 < … < a m)。For each value i within the alphabet the symbol may have an energy E(a i ). Based on the above constraints, the symbol energies are sorted according to the sorting of the symbols within i such that 0 ≤ E(a i+1 ). For a 2 M -ary ASK constellation, as Figure 5 described, where m = 2 M-1 and corresponding to that 2 M -ary constellation. In this example, a i = 2i - 1 such that a1 = 1, a2 = 3, … a m = 2 M - 1, and such that for each i, in the first example the energy E(a i ) = (2i - 1) i , or in the second example 2 In both examples, the second example is a rescaling of the (2i - 1) terms in the first example. 2 For a symbol sequence s = (s1, s2, …, s

[0076] ) of length n over an alphabet of size m n where each element of s is selected from the energy E(s) is the cumulative (e.g., sum) of all the symbol energies of the symbol sequence . Accordingly, for a 2 -ary ASK constellation where M = 3; M and m = 4, an example symbol sequence of configurable length n = 6 can be (5, 1, 1, 3, 5, 7). For the example symbol sequence, the symbol energies E(1) = 1, E(3) = 9, E(5) = 25, and E(7) = 49 can be determined such that E(s) = 2E(1) + E(3) + 2E(5) + E(7) = 2 + 9 + 50 + 49 = 110. In another example, for E(1) = 0, E(3) = 1, E(5) = 3, and E(7) = 6, the symbol energy can be determined as E(s) = 2E(1) + E(3) + 2E(5) + E(7) = 13. As

[0077] further shown, the distribution matcher 510 may receive k information bits and map the k information bits to n amplitude symbols. The distribution matcher 510 may have a rate R dm Figure 5 ​= k / n. In some examples, the distribution matcher 510 maps information bits to amplitude symbols to achieve a non-uniform distribution over the amplitude symbols. The non-uniform distribution induced by the distribution matcher 510 can be closer to the capacity-achieving input distribution than that achieved by the uniform distribution. In other words, the non-uniform distribution induced by the distribution matcher 510 is the probability distribution (e.g., Maxwell-Boltzmann (MB) distribution) in an additive white Gaussian noise (AWGN) channel. The transmit chain 500 can pass n amplitude symbols to the amplitude-bit mapper 512, which can map the n amplitude symbols to a set of n(M - 1) amplitude bits. The transmit chain 500 can pass n(M - 1) amplitude bits and γn additional information bits (e.g., FEC bits) to the systematic FEC encoder 514 for FEC encoding. In this example, the systematic FEC encoder 514 receives n(M - 1 + γ) bits as input at a rate R c = (M - 1 + γ) / M. The systematic FEC encoder 514 can generate a set of n(1 – γ) parity bits at a rate R c . The transmit chain 500 can pass n(1 – γ) parity bits and γn additional information bits to the symbol-bit converter 516, which can generate a set of n symbol bits. The symbol-bit converter 516 generates symbol bit “1” for bit “0” and symbol bit “-1” for bit “1”. The transmit chain 500 can perform point-by-point multiplication to combine the n amplitude symbols with the n symbol bits, thereby generating a set of n constellation points.

[0078] Figure 6 is a diagram illustrating an example transmit chain 600 for probability amplitude shaping according to the present disclosure.

[0079] As Figure 6 shown, the transmit chain 600 includes a distribution matcher 610, an amplitude-bit mapper 612, a systematic FEC encoder 614, and a symbol-bit converter 616. The transmit chain 600 can be used for, e.g., QAM modulation, where the QAM constellation has a modulation order of 2 2M . In such examples, the QAM constellation with a modulation order of 2 2M can include a set of constellation points {±1, ±3, …, ±(2 M - 1)} × {±1, ±3, …, ±(2 M - 1)}.

[0080] As Figure 6As further shown, the distribution matcher 610 may receive a first group of k information bits and a second group of k information bits, and map each group of k information bits to a corresponding group of n amplitude symbols. The transmission chain 600 may pass each group of n amplitude symbols to an amplitude-bit mapper 612, which may map each group of n amplitude symbols to a pair of groups of n(M-1) amplitude bits. The transmission chain 600 may pass a pair of groups of n(M-1) amplitude bits and a pair of groups of γn additional information bits to a system FEC encoder 614 for FEC encoding. The system FEC encoder 614 may have an FEC codeword length n. c =nlog2(2 2M )=2nM. In this example, the system FEC encoder 614 receives as input a total of information bits, the input is in the form of two n(M-1) amplitude bit streams from the information bits and two additional information bit streams, where each additional information bit stream includes nγ bits. The value of γ can be such that Accordingly, the total number of bits used to send The system FEC encoder 614 can be at rate R c Generate a set of 2nM (1-R c ) parity bits. Transmit chain 600 can transfer 2nM(1-R c ) parity bits and a pair of each group of γn additional information bits are passed to the sign bit converter 616, which can generate a group of 2n sign bits. The transmit chain 600 can perform point-by-point multiplication to combine each group of n amplitude signs with the 2n sign bits to generate a pair of each group of signed amplitude n.

[0081] Figure 7 is a diagram illustrating an example of shaping gain on an AWGN channel according to the present disclosure.

[0082] In the amplitude alphabet A probability distribution with parameter v (a non-negative real number) on (such as the MB distribution) takes the form The probability distribution of elements, and Z v is a normalization constant. ASK constellations (such as reference Figure 5 The optimal probability distribution on the ASK constellation described above can present a relatively large shaping gain relative to the uniform distribution of the same constellation. In other words, the uniform distribution has a certain amount of shaping gap with the optimal probability distribution (eg, MB distribution). Figure 7Shows a first example 700 of a uniform ASK distribution from 4-ASK to 32-ASK and a second example 710 of a probability distribution from 4-ASK to 32-ASK. As shown in example 700 and example 710, with respect to the AWGN channel capacity, the probability distribution (e.g., the MB distribution) exhibits a shaping gain of approximately 1.243 dB at, for example, 32-ASK modulation.

[0083] As described above, a set of coded information bits can be associated with an amplitude alphabet symbol sequence s, sequence length n, and total energy E. The energy threshold can represent a constraint on the total energy E such that can represent the alphabet the set of all symbol sequences of length n over such that the energy of each sequence is at most equal to the energy threshold In this example, The transmitter device can perform energy-based shaping to encode a length-k information bit sequence u = (u1, u2, …, u k ) into one of the symbol sequences . Two example techniques for encoding include a direct energy-based arithmetic coding (AC) method and a two-stage peeling method. The distribution matcher (such as distribution matchers 510 and 610) of the transmitter device can implement one of the above example techniques. In such examples, the distribution mapper derives an injective mapping from the set of all 2 k possible information bit sequences to . As a result of such encoding, unique decodability is guaranteed at the receiver device by conditioning k on m, n, and .

[0084] When the transmitter device is to encode a set of information bits for transmission over a channel with a specific SNR value, the transmitter device can have a target modulation order and an optimal distribution (such as the MB distribution) with parameter v, as described above. To enable mapping the set of information bits to a symbol sequence, the transmitter device determines an energy threshold that constrains which symbol sequence is to be mapped to the information bits Aspects generally relate to determining an energy threshold for energy-based probability amplitude shaping. Some aspects more specifically relate to determining an energy threshold based on an amplitude alphabet, parameter v, and amplitude sequence length n. In some aspects, the transmitter device can determine the energy threshold using a polynomial representation or a table-based representation of a normalized energy threshold Based on determining the energy threshold The transmitter device can apply energy-based coding to the amplitude shaping of multiple information bits to generate a set of symbols for transmission.

[0085] Certain aspects of the subject matter described in this disclosure can be implemented to achieve one or more of the following potential advantages. In some examples, the described techniques can be used to minimize the shaping gap. By determining an energy threshold such that the non-uniform distribution over a set of amplitude symbols caused by an energy shaping scheme for amplitude shaping of multiple input bits is as close as possible to an optimal distribution (such as the MB distribution), the transmitter device reduces the size of the shaping gap relative to other techniques for probabilistic amplitude shaping. In some examples, the transmitter device can improve communication performance. For example, based on minimizing or reducing the shaping gap, the transmitter device increases the likelihood that a set of symbols is successfully transmitted to and decoded by the receiver device. This can reduce network traffic by reducing the number of retransmissions triggered by discarded or unsuccessfully decoded symbols.

[0086] Figures 8A - 8F is a diagram illustrating an example associated with an energy threshold configuration in energy-based probabilistic amplitude shaping according to the present disclosure. As Figure 8A shown, example 800 includes communication between a transmitter device 810 and a receiver device 820. In some aspects, the transmitter device 810 can correspond to the UE 120, and the receiver device 820 can correspond to the network node 110. However, it is contemplated that the transmitter device 810 can correspond to the network node 110 or another device, or the receiver device 820 can correspond to the UE 120 or another device.

[0087] As Figure 8A further shown, by a first operation 850, in some aspects, the transmitter device 810 can obtain channel information. For example, the transmitter device 810 can receive channel information from the receiver device 820. In some aspects, the channel information can include information associated with selecting a target modulation order and an optimal distribution parameter v (which can be an MB distribution parameter). For example, the transmitter device 810 can receive information identifying the SNR value of the channel for communicating with the receiver device 820. In some aspects, the receiver device 820 can send a reference signal to the transmitter device 810, and the transmitter device 810 can perform channel measurements. Additionally or alternatively, the transmitter device 810 can send a reference signal to the receiver device 820, which can perform channel measurements and report the channel measurements to the transmitter device 810 as channel information.

[0088] As Figure 8A further shown, by a second operation 860, the transmitter device 810 can determine an energy threshold. For example, the transmitter device 810 can determine an amplitude alphabet and a distribution parameter v at sub-operation 862, determine a normalized energy threshold and determine an energy threshold In some aspects, the transmitter device 810 may send information identifying an energy threshold to the receiver device 820. For example, based on determining the energy threshold, as described below, the transmitter device 810 may send a reference signal associated with a value identifying the energy threshold such that the receiver device 820 can determine the same energy threshold that the transmitter device 810 has determined. In such examples, the receiver device 820 may use the energy threshold to decode the encoded information bits, as described below.

[0089] In some aspects, the transmitter device 810 may determine an energy threshold based on channel information. For example, the transmitter device 810 may select a distribution parameter v based on a modulation scheme and may select a modulation scheme based on channel information. In such examples, the transmitter device 810 may select a modulation scheme based on, for example, SNR, RSRP, RSRQ, or quality of service (QoS), etc. For example, the transmitter device 810 may select an ASK modulation scheme or a QAM modulation scheme, etc. Similarly, the transmitter device 810 may select an amplitude alphabet based on the modulation scheme. For example, the transmitter device 810 may select an amplitude alphabet corresponding to the constellation points of the selected modulation scheme

[0090] In some aspects, the transmitter device 810 may determine a normalized energy threshold based on the amplitude alphabet and the distribution parameter v For example, the normalized energy threshold is a function of m and v, which may take for a given amplitude alphabet. In such examples, the transmitter device 810 may determine the energy threshold for a specific sequence length n as In some aspects, the energy threshold is bounded by a set of values. For example, assuming the amplitude alphabet and the associated symbols are sorted as described above, the minimum symbol energy and the maximum symbol energy associated with the amplitude alphabet are E(a1) and E(a m ), respectively. Based on the minimum symbol energy and the maximum symbol energy, the minimum energy and the maximum energy of an n-length sequence on are given as nE(a1) and nE(a m ), respectively. Then the energy threshold is and for where α is a parameter.

[0091] In some aspects, the transmitter device 810 may determine a normalized energy threshold based on a polynomial representation For example, the transmitter device 810 may evaluate a polynomial or a piecewise polynomial to determine the normalized energy threshold With respect to the evaluation The characteristic equation, which can reduce the computational complexity. In such examples, the range of the distribution parameter v for a given amplitude alphabet is the interval where the polynomial of degree d ≡ d [m] is such that such that is approximated by the polynomial in the form of where a ≡ a [m] is the scale factor, r ≡ r [m] is the offset factor, and is the coefficient corresponding to the i-th power term. The interval can be divided into a set of sub-intervals, each sub-interval corresponding to a polynomial used to approximate In other words, a piecewise polynomial is constructed on the interval to approximate

[0092] In some aspects, the transmitter device 810 can use a set of look-up tables to evaluate the set of sub-intervals. For example, the transmitter device 810 can have a set of look-up tables that store the sets of polynomial coefficients, scale factors, and offset factors of the piecewise polynomial. In such examples, each possible amplitude alphabet (for one or more modulation schemes that the transmitter device 810 can select) that the transmitter device 810 can use Figure 8B can correspond to one or more look-up tables, each row of the table corresponding to a segment of the piecewise polynomial. shows an example of the interval Figure 8B with values of ν from 0 to 0.04 which is divided into 4 partitions. As y further shown, a portion of the look-up table is shown as having coefficients for 4 partitions. In such examples, the look-up table stores the values identifying a set of polynomial coefficients y a set of scale factors a and a set of offset values r where x represents the polynomial coefficient terms from 0 to 2 (corresponding to polynomial degree 3), and y represents the intervals from 1 to 4. For a determined amplitude alphabet

[0093] In the above case, even for a relatively small polynomial degree d, can be approximated with the accuracy of the threshold level Thereby providing a low-complexity determination of a normalized energy threshold and, based on the normalized energy threshold According to and providing an energy threshold for a determined v and sequence length n of low-complexity determination. Figure 8C An example using a piecewise polynomial representation is shown. For example, for 256-QAM, the interval is divided into two sub-intervals and For a polynomial degree of 5 is selected, where the scale factor is set to 20 and the offset factor is set to 0.02. For a polynomial degree of 4 is selected, where the scale factor is 20 and the offset factor is 0.3. As Figure 8C shown, the resulting piecewise polynomial for the interval closely matches the optimal distribution parameter v, such that the transmitter device 810 can use the piecewise polynomial to select a parameter ν relatively close to the optimal distribution parameter v.

[0094] In some aspects, the transmitter device 810 may use a tabulation method to determine the normalized energy threshold For example, the transmitter device 810 may store a look-up table that stores values of m, v, and as shown in Figure 8D and Table 1. Here, the transmitter device 810 may take the values of m and v to determine the value of and the transmitter device 810 may determine based on this value In another example, a single look-up table may store the value v of the modulation scheme and instead of storing the values of m, v, and In such examples, the transmitter device 810 may use the determined modulation scheme and the value of v to determine The transmitter device 810 may determine based on this value In yet another example, the transmitter device 810 may have multiple look-up tables instead of a single look-up table. For example, the transmitter device 810 may have a look-up table corresponding to each value of m or each modulation scheme and having values of v and Figure 8D as shown in

[0095] Returning to Figure 8A, in a third operation 870, the transmitter device 810 may encode the set of information bits. For example, the transmitter device 810 may use an energy shaping procedure to encode the set of information bits to generate a symbol sequence based on an energy threshold.

[0096] Figure 8E Illustrates examples of determining energy-based shaping using polynomial or tabular methods of accuracy. In this example, the transmitter device 810 may use an energy-based shaping scheme for 1024-QAM to encode a set of information bits, where m = 16, n = 512, and v = 0.002. This example shows P 16 (empirical distribution) on (amplitude alphabet with m = 16), which is the empirical distribution according to the selected values (e.g., selected using polynomial or tabular methods) and is the average of samples of 10 4 examples implemented using a two-stage peeling encoder. As shown, the empirical distribution closely matches the optimal distribution on , where the distribution parameter (e.g., MB parameter) is set to v = 0.002.

[0097] Figure 8F Another example of determining the accuracy of energy-based shaping using polynomial or tabular methods is shown in the first diagram. In this example, the transmitter device 810 may use an energy-based shaping scheme for 256-QAM to encode a set of information bits, where m = 8, n = 256, and v = 0.002. In the second diagram of Figure 8F , values of the distribution parameter v are shown for different values of the normalized energy threshold , where is a continuously differentiable function of v. In such examples, for any value of the distribution parameter v within the range (0 to 0.04) in the second diagram, the corresponding value of -1 results in an average empirical distribution of o(n ) on that is close to the optimal distribution (e.g., MB distribution) with parameter v. In other words, for the selected value of v = 0.002 in the first diagram, the accuracy of the empirical distribution implemented by the two-stage peeling encoder is o(n -1 ) close to the optimal distribution, thus reducing or minimizing the shaping gap associated with energy shaping.

[0098] As Figure 8AAs further shown, in a fourth operation 880, the transmitter device 810 may transmit encoded information bits. For example, the transmitter device 810 may transmit a set of symbols to the receiver device 820 to convey the set of information bits. The receiver device 820 may receive the set of symbols and may decode the set of symbols to recover the information bits conveyed therein, thereby enabling communication from the transmitter device 810 to the receiver device 820. For example, the receiver device 820 may use the energy threshold conveyed from the transmitter device 810 via the reference signal to decode the set of symbols into the set of information bits, as described above.

[0099] Figure 9 FIG. is a flowchart illustrating an example process 900 performed, for example, by a transmitter device in accordance with the present disclosure that supports energy threshold configuration in energy-based probabilistic amplitude shaping. Example process 900 is an example of operations performed by a transmitter device (e.g., UE 120 or transmitter device 810) associated with energy threshold configuration in energy-based probabilistic amplitude shaping.

[0100] As Figure 9 shown, in some aspects, process 900 may include determining an energy threshold based on a normalized energy threshold and an amplitude sequence length, the normalized energy threshold being based on an amplitude alphabet and a distribution parameter (block 910). For example, a transmitter device (such as by using Figure 10 the communication manager 140 or determination component 1010 depicted in ) may determine an energy threshold based on a normalized energy threshold and an amplitude sequence length, the normalized energy threshold being based on an amplitude alphabet and a distribution parameter, as described above.

[0101] As Figure 9 further shown, in some aspects, process 900 may include encoding a plurality of information bits into a symbol sequence using amplitude shaping, the encoding being based on the energy threshold, the amplitude alphabet, and the amplitude sequence length (block 920). For example, a transmitter device (such as by using Figure 10 the communication manager 140 or encoding component 1008 depicted in ) may encode a plurality of information bits into a symbol sequence using amplitude shaping, the encoding being based on the energy threshold, the amplitude alphabet, and the amplitude sequence length, as described above.

[0102] As Figure 9 further shown, in some aspects, process 900 may include transmitting the symbol sequence encoded using amplitude shaping, the symbol sequence having a length equal to the amplitude sequence length, and each symbol of the symbol sequence corresponding to an entry in the amplitude alphabet (block 930). For example, a transmitter device (such as by using Figure 10The communication manager 140 or the transmitting component 1004 depicted may transmit a symbol sequence encoded with amplitude shaping, the symbol sequence having a length equal to the length of the amplitude sequence, and each symbol of the symbol sequence corresponding to an entry in the amplitude alphabet, as described above.

[0103] Process 900 may include additional aspects, such as any single aspect or any combination of aspects described below or in combination with one or more other processes described elsewhere herein.

[0104] In a first additional aspect, process 900 includes transmitting information identifying an energy threshold to a receiver device based on determining the energy threshold.

[0105] In a second additional aspect, either alone or in combination with the first aspect, the distribution parameter is a Maxwell–Boltzmann parameter associated with a probability distribution on the symbol sequence.

[0106] In a third additional aspect, either alone or in combination with one or more of the first and second aspects, the distribution parameter is within a range associated with the amplitude alphabet and the modulation order.

[0107] In a fourth additional aspect, either alone or in combination with one or more of the first to third aspects, process 900 includes receiving information identifying a modulation scheme for transmitting the symbol sequence and determining at least one of the amplitude alphabet or the distribution parameter based on the modulation scheme.

[0108] In a fifth additional aspect, either alone or in combination with one or more of the first to fourth aspects, process 900 includes determining a normalized energy threshold based on a polynomial representation or a tabular representation.

[0109] In a sixth additional aspect, either alone or in combination with one or more of the first to fifth aspects, the polynomial representation is associated with a look-up table storing multiple sets of polynomial coefficients, a set of scale factors, and a set of offset factors, and wherein the normalized energy threshold is based on the corresponding set of polynomial coefficients from the multiple sets of polynomial coefficients, the corresponding scale factor from the set of scale factors, and the corresponding offset factor from the set of offset factors.

[0110] In a seventh additional aspect, either alone or in combination with one or more of the first to sixth aspects, the index of the look-up table corresponds to the polynomial coefficients in the multiple sets of polynomial coefficients.

[0111] In an eighth additional aspect, either alone or in combination with one or more of the first to seventh aspects, the normalized energy threshold is associated with a value of a polynomial, the value of the polynomial being associated with a set of polynomial coefficients from the multiple sets of polynomial coefficients, the set of polynomial coefficients corresponding to a sub-interval of an interval including the distribution parameter.

[0112] In a ninth additional aspect, either alone or in combination with one or more of the first through eighth aspects, the interval is associated with an amplitude alphabet.

[0113] In a tenth additional aspect, either alone or in combination with one or more of the first through ninth aspects, the tabulation is associated with a single look-up table storing a set of amplitude alphabet values, a set of distribution parameters, and a set of normalized energy thresholds, the set of normalized energy thresholds corresponding to the set of amplitude alphabet values and the set of distribution parameters.

[0114] In an eleventh additional aspect, either alone or in combination with one or more of the first through tenth aspects, the tabulation is associated with a single look-up table storing a set of modulation order values, a set of distribution parameters, and a set of normalized energy thresholds, the set of normalized energy thresholds corresponding to the set of modulation order values and the set of distribution parameters.

[0115] In a twelfth additional aspect, either alone or in combination with one or more of the first through eleventh aspects, the tabulation is associated with a plurality of look-up tables for a plurality of amplitude alphabet values or a plurality of modulation orders, and wherein the look-up table associated with one of the plurality of amplitude alphabet values or one of the plurality of modulation orders in the plurality of look-up tables stores a set of distribution parameters and stores a set of normalized energy thresholds, the set of normalized energy thresholds corresponding to the set of distribution parameters and corresponding to the amplitude alphabet value or the modulation order.

[0116] Although Figure 9 example blocks of process 900 are shown, in some aspects, process 900 may include additional blocks, fewer blocks, different blocks, or blocks in a different arrangement compared to the blocks depicted in Figure 9 Additionally or alternatively, two or more of the blocks of process 900 may be executed in parallel.

[0117] Figure 10FIG. is a diagram of an example apparatus 1000 for wireless communication that supports energy threshold configuration in energy-based probability amplitude shaping in accordance with the present disclosure. Apparatus 1000 may be a transmitter device, or a transmitter device may include apparatus 1000. For example, apparatus 1000 may be a UE 120. Although some aspects are described herein in terms of a transmitter device that is a UE 120, it is contemplated that the transmitter device may be another type of wireless communication device, such as a network node 110, an extended reality (XR) device, or a component of a disaggregated base station architecture, etc. In some aspects, apparatus 1000 includes a receiving component 1002, a transmitting component 1004, and a communication manager 140, which may communicate with each other (e.g., via one or more buses). As shown, apparatus 1000 may use receiving component 1002 and transmitting component 1004 to communicate with another apparatus 1006, such as a UE, a network node, or another wireless communication device).

[0118] In some aspects, apparatus 1000 may be configured to perform one or more operations described herein in connection with Figures 8A to 8F Additionally or alternatively, apparatus 1000 may be configured to perform one or more processes described herein, such as Figure 9 process 900. In some aspects, apparatus 1000 may include one or more components of the transmitter device described above in connection with Figure 2

[0119] Receiving component 1002 may receive communications from apparatus 1006, such as reference signals, control information, or data communications. Receiving component 1002 may provide the received communications to one or more other components of apparatus 1000, such as communication manager 140. In some aspects, receiving component 1002 may perform signal processing (such as filtering, amplifying, demodulating, analog-to-digital conversion, demultiplexing, deinterleaving, demapping, equalizing, interference cancellation, or decoding, etc.) on the received communications and may provide the processed signals to one or more other components. In some aspects, receiving component 1002 may include one or more antennas, modems, demodulators, MIMO detectors, receiving processors, controllers / processors, or memories of the transmitter device described above in connection with Figure 2

[0120] The transmitting component 1004 can send communications to the device 1006, such as reference signals, control information, or data communications. In some aspects, the communication manager 140 can generate a communication and can send the generated communication to the transmitting component 1004 for transmission to the device 1006. In some aspects, the transmitting component 1004 can perform signal processing (such as filtering, amplification, modulation, digital-to-analog conversion, multiplexing, interleaving, mapping, or encoding, etc.) on the generated communication and can send the processed signal to the device 1006. In some aspects, the transmitting component 1004 can include one or more antennas, modems, modulators, transmit MIMO processors, transmit processors, controllers / processors, or memories of the transmitter device described above in conjunction with Figure 2 the transmitter device. In some aspects, the transmitting component 1004 can be co-located with the receiving component 1002 in a transceiver.

[0121] The communication manager 140 can determine an energy threshold based on a normalized energy threshold and an amplitude sequence length, where the normalized energy threshold is based on an amplitude alphabet and a distribution parameter. The communication manager 140 can encode multiple information bits into a symbol sequence using amplitude shaping, where the encoding is based on the energy threshold, the amplitude alphabet, and the amplitude sequence length. The communication manager 140 can send or cause the transmitting component 1004 to send the symbol sequence encoded using amplitude shaping, where the symbol sequence has a length equal to the amplitude sequence length, and each symbol of the symbol sequence corresponds to an entry in the amplitude alphabet. In some aspects, the communication manager 140 can perform one or more operations described elsewhere herein as being performed by one or more components of the communication manager 140.

[0122] The communication manager 140 can include the controller / processor or memory of the transmitter device described above in conjunction with Figure 2 the transmitter device. In some aspects, the communication manager 140 includes a set of components, such as an encoding component 1008 or a determination component 1010. Alternatively, the set of components can be separate and distinct from the communication manager 140. In some aspects, one or more components of the set of components can include the controller / processor or memory of the transmitter device described above in conjunction with Figure 2 the transmitter device, or can be implemented within the controller / processor or memory. Additionally or alternatively, one or more components of the set of components can be at least partially implemented as software stored in a memory. For example, a component (or a portion of a component) can be implemented as instructions or code stored in a non-transitory computer-readable medium and capable of being executed by a controller or processor to perform the functions or operations of the component.

[0123] Encoding component 1008 may encode a plurality of information bits into a symbol sequence using amplitude shaping based on an amplitude alphabet, an amplitude sequence length, and an energy threshold, where the energy threshold is based on a normalized energy threshold and the amplitude sequence length, and the normalized energy threshold is based on the amplitude alphabet and a distribution parameter. Transmitting component 1004 may transmit the symbol sequence encoded using amplitude shaping, the symbol sequence having a length equal to the amplitude sequence length, and each symbol of the symbol sequence corresponding to an entry in the amplitude alphabet.

[0124] Determining component 1010 may determine an energy threshold based on a normalized energy threshold and an amplitude sequence length, where encoding the plurality of information bits includes encoding the plurality of information bits based on the determined energy threshold. Receiving component 1002 may receive information identifying a modulation scheme for transmitting the symbol sequence. Determining component 1010 may determine at least one of an amplitude alphabet or a distribution parameter based on the modulation scheme. Determining component 1010 may determine the normalized energy threshold based on a polynomial representation or a tabular representation.

[0125] Figure 10 The number and arrangement of the illustrated components are provided as an example. In practice, compared to Figure 10 the components shown, there may be additional components, fewer components, different components, or components in a different arrangement. Additionally, Figure 10 two or more of the illustrated components may be implemented within a single component, or Figure 10 a single illustrated component may be implemented as multiple distributed components. Additionally or alternatively, Figure 10 a set of (one or more) illustrated components may perform one or more functions described as being performed by Figure 10 another set of illustrated components.

[0126] An overview of some aspects of the present disclosure is provided below:

[0127] Aspect 1: A method of wireless communication performed by an apparatus of a transmitter device, the method comprising: determining an energy threshold based on a normalized energy threshold and an amplitude sequence length, the normalized energy threshold being based on an amplitude alphabet and a distribution parameter; encoding a plurality of information bits into a symbol sequence using amplitude shaping, the encoding being based on the energy threshold, the amplitude alphabet, and the amplitude sequence length; and transmitting the symbol sequence encoded using amplitude shaping, the symbol sequence having a length equal to the amplitude sequence length, and each symbol of the symbol sequence corresponding to an entry in the amplitude alphabet.

[0128] Aspect 2: The method according to aspect 1, the method further comprising: transmitting information identifying the energy threshold to a receiver device based on determining the energy threshold.

[0129] Aspect 3: The method according to any one of Aspects 1 to 2, wherein the distribution parameter is a Maxwell-Boltzmann parameter associated with a probability distribution on the symbol sequence.

[0130] Aspect 4: The method according to any one of Aspects 1 to 3, wherein the distribution parameter is within a range associated with the amplitude alphabet and the modulation order.

[0131] Aspect 5: The method according to any one of Aspects 1 to 4, the method further comprising: receiving information identifying a modulation scheme for transmitting the symbol sequence; and determining at least one of the amplitude alphabet or the distribution parameter based on the modulation scheme.

[0132] Aspect 6: The method according to any one of Aspects 1 to 5, the method further comprising: determining the normalized energy threshold based on a polynomial representation or a tabular representation.

[0133] Aspect 7: The method according to Aspect 6, wherein the polynomial representation is associated with a look-up table storing multiple sets of polynomial coefficients, a set of scale factors, and a set of offset factors, and wherein the normalized energy threshold is based on a corresponding set of polynomial coefficients among the multiple sets of polynomial coefficients, a corresponding scale factor among the set of scale factors, and a corresponding offset factor among the set of offset factors.

[0134] Aspect 8: The method according to Aspect 7, wherein an index of the look-up table corresponds to the polynomial coefficients among the multiple sets of polynomial coefficients.

[0135] Aspect 9: The method according to any one of Aspects 6 to 8, wherein the normalized energy threshold is associated with a value of a polynomial, the value of the polynomial is associated with a set of polynomial coefficients among the multiple sets of polynomial coefficients, and the set of polynomial coefficients corresponds to a sub-interval of an interval including the distribution parameter.

[0136] Aspect 10: The method according to Aspect 9, wherein the interval is associated with the amplitude alphabet.

[0137] Aspect 11: The method according to any one of Aspects 6 to 10, wherein the tabular representation is associated with a single look-up table storing a set of amplitude alphabet values, a set of distribution parameters, and a set of normalized energy thresholds, and the set of normalized energy thresholds corresponds to the set of amplitude alphabet values and the set of distribution parameters.

[0138] Aspect 12: The method according to any one of Aspects 6 to 11, wherein the tabular representation is associated with a single look-up table storing a set of modulation order values, a set of distribution parameters, and a set of normalized energy thresholds, and the set of normalized energy thresholds corresponds to the set of modulation order values and the set of distribution parameters.

[0139] Aspect 13: The method according to any one of aspects 6 to 12, wherein the tabulation represents a plurality of look-up tables associated with a plurality of amplitude alphabet values or a plurality of modulation orders, and wherein a look-up table associated with one amplitude alphabet value of the plurality of amplitude alphabet values or one modulation order of the plurality of modulation orders in the plurality of look-up tables stores a set of distribution parameters and stores a set of normalized energy thresholds, the set of normalized energy thresholds corresponding to the set of distribution parameters and corresponding to the amplitude alphabet value or the modulation order.

[0140] Aspect 14: An apparatus for wireless communication at a device, the apparatus comprising: a processor; a memory coupled to the processor; and instructions stored in the memory and executable by the processor to cause the device to perform the method according to one or more of aspects 1 to 13.

[0141] Aspect 15: A device for wireless communication, the device comprising: a memory; and one or more processors coupled to the memory, the one or more processors configured to perform the method according to one or more of aspects 1 to 13.

[0142] Aspect 16: An apparatus for wireless communication, the apparatus comprising: at least one component for performing the method according to one or more of aspects 1 to 13.

[0143] Aspect 17: A non-transitory computer-readable medium storing code for wireless communication, the code including instructions executable by a processor to perform the method according to one or more of aspects 1 to 13.

[0144] Aspect 18: A non-transitory computer-readable medium storing a set of instructions for wireless communication, the set of instructions including one or more instructions that, when executed by one or more processors of a device, cause the device to perform the method according to one or more of aspects 1 to 13.

[0145] The foregoing disclosure provides illustration and description, but is not intended to be exhaustive or to limit the aspects to the precise forms disclosed. Modifications and variations can be made in light of the above disclosure, or can be obtained from practice of the aspects.

[0146] As used herein, the term "component" is intended to be broadly construed as either hardware or a combination of hardware and software. "Software" shall be broadly construed to mean instructions, instruction sets, code, code segments, program code, programs, subprograms, software modules, applications, software applications, software packages, routines, subroutines, objects, executable programs, threads of execution, procedures, or functions, etc., regardless of whether they are referred to in terms of software, firmware, middleware, microcode, hardware description language, or otherwise. As used herein, a "processor" is implemented with either hardware or a combination of hardware and software. It will be apparent that the systems or methods described herein may be implemented in different forms of hardware or a combination of hardware and software. The actual specific control hardware or software code used to implement these systems or methods does not limit the aspects. Accordingly, the operation and behavior of these systems or methods are described herein without reference to specific software code, as those skilled in the art will understand that the software and hardware can be designed to implement these systems or methods at least in part based on the description herein.

[0147] As used herein, depending on the context, "meeting a threshold" may mean a value greater than the threshold, greater than or equal to the threshold, less than the threshold, less than or equal to the threshold, equal to the threshold, not equal to the threshold, etc.

[0148] Although specific combinations of features are recited in the claims or disclosed in the specification, these combinations are not intended to limit the disclosure of the aspects. Many of these features may be combined in ways not specifically recited in the claims or disclosed in the specification. The disclosure of each aspect includes each dependent claim in combination with every other claim in the set of claims. As used herein, the phrase referring to "at least one of" a list of items refers to any combination of those items (which includes a single member). As an example, "at least one of the following: a, b, or c" is intended to cover a, b, c, a + b, a + c, b + c, and a + b + c, as well as any combination with multiple identical elements (e.g., a + a, a + a + a, a + a + b, a + a + c, a + b + b, a + c + c, b + b, b + b + b, b + b + c, c + c, and c + c + c, or any other ordering of a, b, and c).

[0149] None of the elements, acts, or instructions used herein shall be construed as critical or essential unless expressly so stated. Additionally, as used herein, the article "a" is intended to include one or more items and may be used interchangeably with "one or more." Further, as used herein, the article "the" is intended to include one or more of the items mentioned in connection with the article "the" and may be used interchangeably with "one or more." Additionally, as used herein, the terms "set" and "group" are intended to include one or more items and may be used interchangeably with "one or more." If only one item is intended, the phrase "only one" or similar will be used. Moreover, as used herein, the terms "having," "containing," "including," and similar terms are intended to be open-ended terms that do not limit the elements they modify (e.g., an element "including" A may also contain B). Additionally, the phrase "based on" is intended to mean "at least partially based on" unless otherwise expressly stated. Further, as used herein, the term "or" when used in series is intended to be inclusive and may be used interchangeably with "and / or" unless otherwise expressly stated (e.g., if used in conjunction with "either of the two" or "only one of which").

Claims

1. A method of wireless communication performed by a device of a transmitter device, the method comprising: Determining an energy threshold based on a normalized energy threshold and an amplitude sequence length, the normalized energy threshold being based on an amplitude alphabet and a distribution parameter; Encoding a plurality of information bits into a symbol sequence using amplitude shaping, the encoding being based on the energy threshold, the amplitude alphabet, and the amplitude sequence length; And Transmitting the symbol sequence encoded using amplitude shaping, the symbol sequence having a length equal to the amplitude sequence length, and each symbol of the symbol sequence corresponding to an entry in the amplitude alphabet.

2. The method according to claim 1, the method further comprising: Transmitting information identifying the energy threshold to a receiver device based on determining the energy threshold.

3. The method according to claim 1, wherein the distribution parameter is a Maxwell-Boltzmann parameter associated with a probability distribution on the symbol sequence.

4. The method according to claim 1, wherein the distribution parameter is within a range associated with the amplitude alphabet and the modulation order of the symbol sequence.

5. The method according to claim 1, the method further comprising: Receiving information identifying a modulation scheme for transmitting the symbol sequence; And Determining at least one of the amplitude alphabet or the distribution parameter based on the modulation scheme.

6. The method according to claim 1, the method further comprising: Determining the normalized energy threshold based on a polynomial representation or a tabular representation.

7. The method according to claim 6, wherein the polynomial representation is associated with a look-up table storing multiple sets of polynomial coefficients, a set of scale factors, and a set of offset factors, and wherein the normalized energy threshold is based on a corresponding set of polynomial coefficients from the multiple sets of polynomial coefficients, a corresponding scale factor from the set of scale factors, and a corresponding offset factor from the set of offset factors.

8. The method according to claim 7, wherein an index of the look-up table corresponds to the polynomial coefficients from the multiple sets of polynomial coefficients.

9. The method according to claim 6, wherein the normalized energy threshold is associated with a value of a polynomial, the value of the polynomial being associated with a set of polynomial coefficients from the multiple sets of polynomial coefficients, the set of polynomial coefficients corresponding to a sub-interval of an interval including the distribution parameter.

10. The method according to claim 9, wherein the interval is associated with the amplitude alphabet.

11. The method according to claim 6, wherein the tabular representation is associated with a single look-up table storing a set of amplitude alphabet values, a set of distribution parameters, and a set of normalized energy thresholds, the set of normalized energy thresholds corresponding to the set of amplitude alphabet values and the set of distribution parameters.

12. The method according to claim 6, wherein the tabular representation is associated with a single look-up table storing a set of modulation order values, a set of distribution parameters, and a set of normalized energy thresholds, the set of normalized energy thresholds corresponding to the set of modulation order values and the set of distribution parameters.

13. The method according to claim 6, wherein the tabular representation is associated with a plurality of look-up tables for a plurality of amplitude alphabet values or a plurality of modulation orders, and wherein the look-up table associated with one amplitude alphabet value of the plurality of amplitude alphabet values or one modulation order of the plurality of modulation orders in the plurality of look-up tables stores a set of distribution parameters and stores a set of normalized energy thresholds, the set of normalized energy thresholds corresponding to the set of distribution parameters and corresponding to the amplitude alphabet value or the modulation order.

14. A transmitter device for wireless communication, the transmitter device comprising: at least one memory; and at least one processor communicatively coupled to the at least one memory, the at least one processor being configured to cause the transmitter device to: determine an energy threshold based on a normalized energy threshold and an amplitude sequence length, the normalized energy threshold being based on an amplitude alphabet and distribution parameters; encode a plurality of information bits into a symbol sequence using amplitude shaping, the encoding being based on the energy threshold, the amplitude alphabet, and the amplitude sequence length; and transmit the symbol sequence encoded using amplitude shaping, the symbol sequence having a length equal to the amplitude sequence length, and each symbol of the symbol sequence corresponding to an entry in the amplitude alphabet.

15. The transmitter device according to claim 14, wherein the distribution parameter is a Maxwell - Boltzmann parameter associated with a probability distribution on the symbol sequence.

16. The transmitter device according to claim 14, wherein the distribution parameter is within a range associated with the amplitude alphabet and modulation order of the symbol sequence.

17. The transmitter device according to claim 14, wherein the at least one or more processors are configured to: receive information identifying a modulation scheme for transmitting the symbol sequence; and determine at least one of the amplitude alphabet or the distribution parameter based on the modulation scheme.

18. The transmitter device according to claim 14, wherein the at least one or more processors are configured to: determine the normalized energy threshold based on a polynomial representation or a tabular representation.

19. The transmitter device according to claim 18, wherein the polynomial representation is associated with a look-up table storing multiple sets of polynomial coefficients, a set of scale factors, and a set of offset factors, and wherein the normalized energy threshold is based on a corresponding set of polynomial coefficients of the multiple sets of polynomial coefficients, a corresponding scale factor of the set of scale factors, and a corresponding offset factor of the set of offset factors.

20. The transmitter device according to claim 19, wherein the index of the look-up table corresponds to the polynomial coefficients of the multiple sets of polynomial coefficients.

21. The transmitter device according to claim 18, wherein the normalized energy threshold is associated with a value of a polynomial, the value of the polynomial being associated with a set of polynomial coefficients of the multiple sets of polynomial coefficients, the set of polynomial coefficients corresponding to a sub-interval of an interval including the distribution parameter.

22. The transmitter device according to claim 21, wherein the interval is associated with the amplitude alphabet.

23. The transmitter device according to claim 18, wherein the tabulation is associated with a single look-up table storing a set of amplitude alphabet values, a set of distribution parameters, and a set of normalized energy thresholds, the set of normalized energy thresholds corresponding to the set of amplitude alphabet values and the set of distribution parameters.

24. The transmitter device according to claim 18, wherein the tabulation is associated with a single look-up table storing a set of modulation order values, a set of distribution parameters, and a set of normalized energy thresholds, the set of normalized energy thresholds corresponding to the set of modulation order values and the set of distribution parameters.

25. The transmitter device according to claim 18, wherein the tabulation is associated with a plurality of look-up tables for a plurality of amplitude alphabet values or a plurality of modulation orders, and wherein the look-up table associated with one of the plurality of amplitude alphabet values or one of the plurality of modulation orders in the plurality of look-up tables stores a set of distribution parameters and stores a set of normalized energy thresholds, the set of normalized energy thresholds corresponding to the set of distribution parameters and corresponding to the amplitude alphabet value or the modulation order.

26. A non-transitory computer-readable medium storing an instruction set for wireless communication, the instruction set including: one or more instructions which, when executed by one or more processors of a transmitter device, cause the transmitter device to: determine an energy threshold based on a normalized energy threshold and an amplitude sequence length, the normalized energy threshold being based on an amplitude alphabet and distribution parameters; encode a plurality of information bits into a symbol sequence using amplitude shaping, the encoding being based on the energy threshold, the amplitude alphabet, and the amplitude sequence length; and transmit the symbol sequence encoded using amplitude shaping, the symbol sequence having a length equal to the amplitude sequence length, and each symbol of the symbol sequence corresponding to an entry in the amplitude alphabet.

27. The non-transitory computer-readable medium according to claim 26, wherein the distribution parameter is a Maxwell-Boltzmann parameter associated with a probability distribution on the symbol sequence.

28. The non-transitory computer-readable medium according to claim 26, wherein the distribution parameter is within a range associated with the amplitude alphabet and modulation order of the symbol sequence.

29. A device for wireless communication, the device including: means for determining an energy threshold based on a normalized energy threshold and an amplitude sequence length, the normalized energy threshold being based on an amplitude alphabet and distribution parameters; means for encoding a plurality of information bits into a symbol sequence using amplitude shaping, the encoding being based on the energy threshold, the amplitude alphabet, and the amplitude sequence length; and means for transmitting the symbol sequence encoded using amplitude shaping, the symbol sequence having a length equal to the amplitude sequence length, and each symbol of the symbol sequence corresponding to an entry in the amplitude alphabet.

30. The apparatus according to claim 29, wherein the distribution parameter is a Maxwell-Boltzmann parameter associated with a probability distribution on the symbol sequence.

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