Antenna panel and air-ground networking system

Abstract

The invention relates to an antenna panel and an air-ground networking system. The antenna panel comprises a plurality of antenna oscillators, and the plurality of antenna oscillators are arranged based on at least two different directions; wherein the antenna oscillators located in the first area of the antenna panel serve as an air antenna oscillator and a ground antenna oscillator; wherein the antenna oscillator located in the second area of the antenna panel is used as an air antenna oscillator; wherein the first area and the second area are not overlapped. According to the application, the cost of joint networking can be reduced on the basis of improving the air coverage gain.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] This application relates to the field of communication technologies, and particularly to an antenna panel and an air-ground networking system. Background Art

[0002] The low-altitude network mainly addresses the requirements in aspects such as communication, sensing, navigation, and management during low-altitude activities. The ground network refers to a communication network based on ground infrastructure construction, providing communication services such as voice, data, and video for ground users. The combined networking of the low-altitude network and the ground network has been widely applied in multiple fields, such as the flight supervision field, the emergency communication field, the logistics distribution field, the airport security field, etc., due to its numerous advantages.

[0003] For these combined networking scenarios, in order to balance the air coverage and ground coverage, the traditional solution doubles the number of existing antenna panels on the ground base station. The upper antenna panel among the two antenna panels realizes air coverage, and the lower antenna panel realizes ground coverage to achieve dual coverage for ground users and air users. This solution for achieving dual coverage by adding an antenna panel is relatively simple. However, in actual implementation, a larger gain is required for air coverage, so a larger antenna panel is needed to achieve air coverage, which not only increases the cost of air coverage but also correspondingly increases the cost of the radio frequency channel corresponding to the air carrier signal.

[0004] How to reduce the cost of combined networking while improving the air coverage gain remains an urgent problem to be solved. Summary of the Invention

[0005] Based on this, in view of the above technical problems, it is necessary to provide an antenna panel and an air-ground networking system.

[0006] In a first aspect, an antenna panel is provided, including:

[0007] A plurality of antenna elements, arranged based on at least two different directions;

[0008] Among them, the antenna elements located in the first area of the antenna panel serve as air antennas and ground antennas;

[0009] Among them, the antenna elements located in the second area of the antenna panel serve as air antennas;

[0010] Among them, the first area and the second area do not overlap.

[0011] In one embodiment, the ratio of the area of the antenna panel to the area of the first area is greater than or equal to 2.

[0012] In one embodiment, the ratio of the length of the antenna panel in the first direction to the length of the first region in the first direction is greater than or equal to √2;

[0013] The ratio of the length of the antenna panel in the second direction to the length of the first region in the second direction is greater than or equal to √2;

[0014] Wherein, the first direction and the second direction are perpendicular to each other.

[0015] The antenna panel provided in this embodiment designs a large-scale antenna that takes into account both ground coverage and air coverage. Specifically, without affecting the existing ground coverage, the ground antenna oscillator can also be used as an air antenna oscillator, and the antenna oscillators in the second region are added as air antenna oscillators. Compared with the traditional solution that requires adding another antenna panel, this embodiment does not need to add another antenna panel 10 to effectively increase the number of air antenna oscillators (which can also be understood as increasing the area of the air antenna panel). In this way, the antenna gain is improved, and the ground coverage and capacity are not affected at all, the UE service throughput is increased, the performance of the low-altitude network and the user perception are significantly improved, and the costs of building and optimizing the low-altitude network and the ground network are reduced.

[0016] In a second aspect, the present application provides an air-ground networking system, including: an antenna panel, a mapping network, a radio frequency channel, and a beamforming unit;

[0017] Wherein, the antenna panel includes a plurality of antenna oscillators, and the plurality of antenna oscillators are arranged based on at least two different directions; among them, the antenna oscillators located in the first region of the antenna panel serve as both air antenna oscillators and ground antenna oscillators; among them, the antenna oscillators located in the second region of the antenna panel serve as air antenna oscillators; the first region and the second region do not overlap;

[0018] The mapping network is signal-connected to each antenna oscillator in the antenna panel, and is used to map the radio frequency channel passed by the air carrier signal to the air antenna oscillator, and is also used to map the radio frequency channel passed by the ground carrier signal to the ground antenna oscillator;

[0019] The beamforming unit is signal-connected to the radio frequency channel, and is used to adjust the main lobe of the air carrier signal to align with the low-altitude terminal, and adjust the null of the air carrier signal to align with the ground terminal; it is also used to adjust the main lobe of the ground carrier signal to align with the ground terminal, and adjust the null of the ground carrier signal to align with the low-altitude terminal.

[0020] In one embodiment, the antenna panel includes N antenna oscillators, the number of radio frequency channels is N / 3, N is a natural number greater than 3, and N is a multiple of 3;

[0021] Among them, each of the preset number of radio frequency channels is mapped to a group of antenna elements serving as ground antennas and a group of antenna elements serving as air antennas, and the signal frequency range supported by each radio frequency channel covers the frequency range of the air carrier signal and the frequency range of the ground carrier signal;

[0022] A group of antenna elements serving as air antennas includes 3 antenna elements serving as air antennas, and a group of antenna elements serving as ground antennas includes 3 antenna elements serving as ground antennas;

[0023] The remaining number of radio frequency channels are only mapped to the antenna elements serving as air antennas.

[0024] In one embodiment, the antenna panel and the first region are presented as rectangles on the plane formed by the first direction and the second direction; the numbers of N / 3 radio frequency channels are sequentially 1 to N / 3;

[0025] The first radio frequency channel corresponds to a vertex of the rectangle presented by the antenna panel, the N / 3th radio frequency channel corresponds to another vertex of the rectangle presented by the antenna panel, and one vertex and the other vertex are diagonal vertices;

[0026] The i1th radio frequency channel corresponds to a vertex of the rectangle presented by the first region, the imth radio frequency channel corresponds to another vertex of the rectangle presented by the first region, and one vertex and the other vertex are diagonal vertices;

[0027] Among them, m is equal to the preset number;

[0028] Among them, i1 is determined based on m, the ratio between the length of the antenna panel in the first direction and the length of the first region in the first direction, the ratio between the length of the antenna panel in the second direction and the length of the first region in the second direction, and the cluster spacing of the antenna elements arranged along the second direction.

[0029] In one embodiment, the antenna panel includes N antenna elements, the number of radio frequency channels is N / 6, N is a natural number greater than 3, and N is a multiple of 3;

[0030] One radio frequency channel corresponds to a group of antenna elements serving as ground antennas and two groups of antenna elements serving as air antennas; a group of antenna elements serving as air antennas includes 3 antenna elements serving as air antennas, and a group of antenna elements serving as ground antennas includes 3 antenna elements serving as ground antennas;

[0031] The signal frequency range supported by each radio frequency channel covers the frequency range of the air carrier signal and the frequency range of the ground carrier signal.

[0032] In one of the embodiments, a ratio between an area of ​​the antenna panel and an area of ​​the first region is greater than or equal to 2.

[0033] In one embodiment, a ratio between a length of the antenna panel in the first direction and a length of the first area in the first direction is greater than or equal to square root of 2;

[0034] A ratio between a length of the antenna panel in the second direction and a length of the first area in the second direction is greater than or equal to square root 2;

[0035] The first direction and the second direction are perpendicular to each other.

[0036] In one embodiment, the beamforming unit is specifically used for:

[0037] When the frequency of the air carrier signal is different from the frequency of the ground carrier signal, the main lobe of the air carrier signal is adjusted to align with the low-altitude terminal, and the null of the air carrier signal is adjusted to align with the ground terminal;

[0038] When the frequency of the air carrier signal is different from the frequency of the ground carrier signal, the main lobe of the ground carrier signal is adjusted to align with the ground terminal, and the null of the ground carrier signal is adjusted to align with the low-altitude terminal.

[0039] The air-to-ground networking system provided in this embodiment is designed to have a large-scale antenna that takes into account both ground coverage and air coverage. Specifically, without affecting the existing ground coverage, the ground antenna element can also be used as an air antenna element, and the antenna element in the second area is added as an air antenna element. Compared with the traditional solution that requires the addition of another antenna panel, this embodiment does not require the addition of another antenna panel to effectively increase the number of air antenna elements (it can also be understood as increasing the area of ​​the air antenna panel). In this way, the antenna gain is improved, and the ground coverage and capacity are not affected in any way, the UE service throughput is improved, the performance and user perception of the low-altitude network are significantly improved, and the cost of construction and optimization of the low-altitude network and the ground network is reduced. In addition, by realizing precise joint digital beamforming for the ground and the air, the mutual interference between the ground beam and the air beam is eliminated or reduced. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0040] In order to more clearly illustrate the technical solutions in the embodiments of the present application or related technologies, the drawings required for use in the embodiments of the present application or related technical descriptions will be briefly introduced below. Obviously, the drawings described below are only some embodiments of the present application. For ordinary technicians in this field, other related drawings can be obtained based on these drawings without paying creative work.

[0041] FIG. 1(a) is a first schematic diagram of an antenna panel in an embodiment;

[0042] FIG. 1(b) is a second schematic diagram of an antenna panel in an embodiment;

[0043] FIG. 2(a) is a third schematic diagram of an antenna panel in an embodiment;

[0044] FIG. 2(b) is a schematic diagram of an antenna panel in an embodiment Figure 4 ;

[0045] FIG. 3(a) is a schematic diagram of an antenna panel in an embodiment Figure 5 ;

[0046] FIG. 3(b) is a schematic diagram of an antenna panel in an embodiment Figure 5 ;

[0047] Figure 4 is a schematic diagram of the length difference between the antenna panel and the first region in the first direction and the second direction in an embodiment;

[0048] Figure 5 is a schematic diagram of an air-ground networking system in an embodiment;

[0049] Figure 6 is a first schematic diagram of the correspondence between the radio frequency channels and the antenna elements in an air-ground networking system in an embodiment;

[0050] Figure 7 is a schematic diagram of the rectangle presented by the antenna panel and the rectangle presented by the first region in an embodiment;

[0051] Figure 8 is a second schematic diagram of the correspondence between the radio frequency channels and the antenna elements in an air-ground networking system in an embodiment.

[0052] Description of reference numerals:

[0053] 10. Antenna panel; 100. Antenna element; 20. Air-ground networking system; 21. Mapping network; 22. Radio frequency channel; 23. Beamforming unit. Detailed implementation manners

[0054] In order to make the objectives, technical solutions and advantages of the present application clearer, the present application will be further described in detail below with reference to the accompanying drawings and embodiments. It should be understood that the specific embodiments described herein are only used to explain the present application and are not used to limit the present application.

[0055] First, the terms involved in the present application are explained:

[0056] 5G: 5th Generation Mobile Communication Technology, the fifth-generation mobile communication technology.

[0057] UE: User Equipment, the user equipment, referring to the equipment operating in the low-altitude network, such as drones. In this application, the UE can be understood as the drone that performs signal measurement and base station handover operations.

[0058] LOS: Line of Sight, line-of-sight propagation, referring to the propagation mode of signals without obstacle blockage. Under LOS conditions, the signal propagation loss is small and the coverage effect is good.

[0059] NLOS: Non Line of Sight, non-line-of-sight propagation, which refers to the propagation mode where there are obstacles between the signal transmission and reception. It is used to describe the transmission characteristics of signals in complex environments and usually leads to signal attenuation and multipath effects.

[0060] RF: Radio Frequency, radio frequency, which refers to the frequency range of radio waves. It is used to transmit signals in wireless communication.

[0061] RF Channel: Radio Frequency Channel, radio frequency channel, which is the specific frequency range used to transmit radio signals. It is used for signal transmission and reception in wireless communication systems.

[0062] BBU: Baseband Unit, baseband unit, which is a component in a mobile communication system and is responsible for signal processing and the implementation of the protocol stack. It is used to implement the processing and management of baseband signals.

[0063] BF: Beam Forming, beamforming, which is a signal processing technology that controls the radiation direction of the antenna array by adjusting the phase and amplitude of the transmitted signal. It is used to concentrate signal energy in a specific direction to improve signal strength and communication efficiency.

[0064] Main Lobe: Main Lobe, main lobe, which is the direction area with the maximum signal strength in the antenna radiation pattern. It is used to describe the main transmission direction and coverage range of the signal.

[0065] Null: Null, null, which is the direction in the antenna radiation pattern where the signal strength is extremely small or even zero. It is used to reduce or eliminate interference and signal leakage in a specific direction.

[0066] Massive MIMO: Massive Multiple Input Multiple Output, massive MIMO, is a wireless communication technology that improves system capacity and energy efficiency by using a large number of antennas. It is used to support higher data rates and more user connections, improving network performance.

[0067] LAN: Low Altitude Network, a network system used to support the communication of low-altitude aircraft (such as drones). It is used to provide stable wireless connections and services in the low-altitude environment.

[0068] HD: Horizontal Direction, the direction parallel to the ground, used to describe the coverage and propagation characteristics of the antenna beam on the horizontal plane.

[0069] VD: Vertical Direction, the direction perpendicular to the ground, used to describe the coverage and propagation characteristics of the antenna beam on the vertical plane.

[0070] In Massive MIMO, the low-altitude network (abbreviated as LAN) mainly addresses the requirements in aspects such as communication, sensing, navigation, and management during low-altitude activities. The ground network refers to a communication network based on ground infrastructure, providing communication services such as voice, data, and video for ground users. The low-altitude network and the ground network are jointly networked. Due to numerous advantages, they are widely used in multiple fields, such as the flight supervision field, the emergency communication field, the logistics distribution field, the airport security field, etc. For these joint networking scenarios, due to conflicts and interferences between ground services and low-altitude services, the signal quality of the low-altitude network and the ground network deteriorates, thus affecting the data transmission rate and reliability, and seriously affecting the user experience of the low-altitude network and the ground network.

[0071] In order to balance the coverage of the sky and the ground, the traditional solution takes into account the coverage of the sky on the basis of the existing 5G+ communication network's coverage of ground users. It doubles the number of existing antenna panels 10 on the ground base station. Among the two antenna panels 10, the upper antenna panel 10 realizes sky coverage, and the lower antenna panel 10 realizes ground coverage, so as to achieve dual coverage for ground users and sky users. This solution to achieve dual coverage by adding an antenna panel 10 is relatively simple, but the volume and cost of antennas and radio frequency channels will double. In addition, the sky coverage is a LOS path, and it is required that the sky base station spacing is 3 to 5 times larger than the ground base station spacing for ground coverage (NLOS path). It is necessary to increase the area of the sky antenna panel and improve the antenna gain to achieve this. That is to say, in actual implementation, sky coverage requires a greater gain, so a larger antenna panel 10 is needed to achieve sky coverage. This not only increases the cost of sky coverage, but correspondingly also increases the cost of the radio frequency channel corresponding to the sky carrier signal.

[0072] Based on this, the present application provides an antenna panel 10 and its sky networking system. The antenna panel 10 includes a plurality of antenna elements 100, and the plurality of antenna elements 100 are arranged based on at least two different directions. The antenna elements 100 in the first region of the antenna panel 10 serve as both sky antenna elements and ground antenna elements. The antenna elements 100 in the second region of the antenna panel 10 serve as sky antenna elements. In this way, not only the number of sky antenna elements (which can also be understood as increasing the area of the sky antenna panel) is effectively increased, the antenna gain is improved, but also the ground coverage and capacity are not affected at all, the UE service throughput is increased, the performance of the low-altitude network and the user perception are significantly improved, and the costs of constructing and optimizing the low-altitude network and the ground network are reduced.

[0073] In an exemplary embodiment, as shown in FIG. 1, an antenna panel 10 is provided. The antenna panel 10 includes a plurality of antenna elements 100, and the plurality of antenna elements 100 are arranged based on at least two different directions.

[0074] The at least two different directions may include the horizontal direction (HD) and the vertical direction (VD) as described above. FIGS. 1 to 3 show schematic diagrams of the shape presented by the antenna panel 10 on a plane constructed based on the horizontal direction and the vertical direction. The presented shape may be a rectangle as shown in FIG. 1, a circle as shown in FIG. 2, a hexagon as shown in FIG. 3, or other shapes, which are not limited in this embodiment. FIG. 1 includes FIGS. 1(a) and 1(b). FIG. 2 includes FIGS. 2(a) and 2(b). FIG. 3 includes FIGS. 3(a) and 3(b).

[0075] Figures 1(a), 2(a) and 3(a) illustrate that the geometric center point of the first region coincides with the geometric center point of the antenna panel, and the corresponding figures of the first region and the antenna panel are axisymmetric. Figures 1(b), 2(b) and 3(b) illustrate that the geometric center point of the first region does not coincide with the geometric center point of the antenna panel, and the corresponding figures of the first region and the antenna panel are not axisymmetric. In this embodiment, the geometric center point of the first region may or may not coincide with the geometric center point of the antenna panel, and this embodiment does not make a limitation.

[0076] Figures 1(a), 2(a) and 3(a) illustrate that the antenna elements 100 are evenly distributed, and Figures 1(b), 2(b) and 3(b) illustrate that the antenna elements 100 are unevenly distributed. In this embodiment, the antenna elements 100 may be evenly distributed or unevenly distributed, and this embodiment does not make a limitation.

[0077] The antenna panel 10 includes a first region and a second region, and the first region and the second region do not overlap. The region formed by combining the first region and the second region is the region where the antenna panel is located.

[0078] The first region can be represented as region A1 shown in Figure 1, region B1 shown in Figure 2, and region C1 shown in Figure 3 on the plane constructed based on the horizontal direction and the vertical direction. The second region can be represented as region A2 shown in Figure 1, region B2 shown in Figure 2, and region C2 shown in Figure 3 on the plane constructed based on the horizontal direction and the vertical direction.

[0079] The antenna elements 100 located in the first region of the antenna panel 10 serve as the air-facing antenna elements and the ground-facing antenna elements. That is to say, the antenna elements 100 in the first region can support both the frequency of the air-facing carrier signal and the frequency of the ground-facing carrier signal. Among them, the frequency of the air-facing carrier signal and the frequency of the ground-facing carrier signal may be the same or different. When the frequency of the air-facing carrier signal and the frequency of the ground-facing carrier signal are different, the signal quality can be optimized by adjusting the main lobe of the air-facing carrier signal and / or the main lobe of the ground-facing carrier signal.

[0080] The antenna elements 100 located in the second region of the antenna panel 10 serve as the air-facing antenna elements. That is to say, the antenna elements 100 in the second region can only support the frequency of the air-facing carrier signal.

[0081] Assume that the ground coverage uses carrier 1 (frequency F1), and carrier 1 (frequency F1) is connected to the panel in the first region of the antenna panel 10, that is, the panel in region A1 shown in Figure 1, the panel in region B1 shown in Figure 2, or the panel in region C1 shown in Figure 3. At this time, the ground-facing antenna panel 10 remains unchanged, that is, the ground coverage remains unchanged, that is, the ground coverage is not affected.

[0082] Suppose that carrier 2 (frequency F2) is used for null coverage. Carrier 2 (frequency F2) is connected to the panel in the second region of the antenna panel 10, that is, the panel in region A2 shown in Fig. 1, the panel in region B2 shown in Fig. 2, or the panel in region C2 shown in Fig. 3. Suppose that the ratio of the area of the antenna panel 10 to the area of the first region is greater than or equal to 2. Then, compared with the original ground antenna panel 10, the antenna area doubles (note: part A1 (or B1, or C1) is the common part of carrier 1 (frequency F1) and carrier 2 (frequency F2)). In this way, the low-altitude antenna gain increases, that is, the null coverage range increases. The coverage angles in the horizontal and vertical directions can be adjusted and optimized more precisely, so that the null beam width becomes narrower and smaller, the signal energy will be more concentrated, the signal strength and coverage distance are improved, and the special requirement that the null base station spacing is 3 to 5 times larger than the ground base station spacing is met. It can also improve the beamforming gain and flexibility of null coverage, so that the antenna can more effectively concentrate the signal in a specific direction, improve the communication quality and efficiency, provide greater freedom of movement for low-altitude flying terminals such as drones, and allow them to maintain stable connections in a wider range. It reduces the frequent handovers of drones during flight and improves the drone service throughput.

[0083] It should be noted that the antenna panel 10 is three-dimensional. Figs. 1 to 3 are only for illustrating the first region and the second region, and do not limit the three-dimensional shape of the antenna panel 10. In the plane formed based on at least two different directions, the antenna panel 10 may present different shapes, and this embodiment does not make too many limitations.

[0084] It should be noted that the spacing between any two antenna elements 100 in the antenna panel 10 can be the same or different. For example, to improve the quality of ground communication, the distribution density of the antenna elements 100 in the first region is increased, and to basically maintain the quality of null communication, the distribution density of the antenna elements 100 in the second region remains unchanged. In this way, the spacing between any two antenna elements 100 in the first region is greater than the spacing between any two antenna elements 100 in the second region. Another example is to improve the quality of null communication, increase the distribution density of the antenna elements 100 in the second region, and to basically maintain the quality of ground communication, keep the distribution density of the antenna elements 100 in the first region unchanged. In this way, the spacing between any two antenna elements 100 in the second region is greater than the spacing between any two antenna elements 100 in the second region.

[0085] The antenna panel 10 provided in this embodiment designs a large-scale antenna that takes into account both ground coverage and air coverage. Specifically, without affecting the existing ground coverage, the ground antenna oscillator can also serve as an air antenna oscillator, and the antenna oscillator 100 in the second region is added as an air antenna oscillator. Compared with the traditional solution that requires adding another antenna panel 10, this embodiment can effectively increase the number of air antenna oscillators (which can also be understood as increasing the area of the air antenna panel) without adding another antenna panel 10. In this way, the antenna gain is improved, the ground coverage and capacity are not affected at all, the UE service throughput is increased, the performance of the low-altitude network and the user perception are significantly improved, and the costs of building and optimizing the low-altitude network and the ground network are reduced.

[0086] In some embodiments, the ratio between the area of the antenna panel 10 and the area of the first region is greater than or equal to 2.

[0087] In the case where the antenna oscillators 100 are evenly distributed, it can also be understood that the ratio between the number of antenna oscillators 100 serving as air antenna oscillators and the number of antenna oscillators 100 serving as ground antenna oscillators is greater than or equal to 2.

[0088] Please refer to Figure 4 (a shown in the figure is understood as ), assuming that the area of the first region is equal to the area of the original ground antenna panel 10. The length of the original ground antenna panel 10 in the horizontal direction is , and the height in the vertical direction is , and the area is S1 = × . The antenna panel 10 is designed based on the original ground antenna panel 10. Assuming that the length of the antenna panel 10 in the horizontal direction is , and the height in the vertical direction is , and the area is S2 = × .

[0089] Optionally, the ratio between the length of the antenna panel 10 in the first direction and the length of the first region in the first direction is greater than or equal to . The ratio between the length of the antenna panel 10 in the second direction and the length of the first region in the second direction is greater than or equal to . The first direction and the second direction are perpendicular to each other. The first direction can be the above-mentioned horizontal direction, and the second direction can be the above-mentioned vertical direction. The case where both are equal to is, for example, increasing the length of the original ground antenna panel 10 in the horizontal direction to times the original length (i.e., = = ), increasing the height of the original ground-facing antenna panel 10 in the vertical direction to times the original height (i.e., = ), it is possible to achieve that the ratio between the area of the antenna panel 10 and the area of the first region is equal to 2.

[0090] More specifically, it can be achieved by increasing the lengths of both sides of the original ground-facing antenna panel 10 in the first direction by , i.e., . It can also be achieved by increasing the lengths of both sides of the original ground-facing antenna panel 10 in the second direction by , i.e., . At this time, the geometric center point of the first region coincides with the geometric center point of the antenna panel 10.

[0091] It should be noted that due to the limitations of the windward side of the iron tower, space (vertical height), and installation location (especially in the scenario of multiple antennas sharing the same tower by multiple operators), based on the original large-scale antenna panel, both the horizontal length and the vertical height are increased by times, rather than doubling the original vertical height direction, which reduces the vertical height.

[0092] Optionally, the ratio between the length of the antenna panel 10 in the first direction and the length of the first region in the first direction is greater than or equal to 2, and the ratio between the length of the antenna panel 10 in the second direction and the length of the first region in the second direction is greater than or equal to 1.

[0093] Optionally, the ratio between the length of the antenna panel 10 in the first direction and the length of the first region in the first direction is greater than or equal to 1, and the ratio between the length of the antenna panel 10 in the second direction and the length of the first region in the second direction is greater than or equal to 2.

[0094] The antenna panel 10 provided in this embodiment enables the ground-facing antenna oscillator to also serve as an air-facing antenna oscillator without affecting the existing ground coverage, and adds the antenna oscillator 100 in the second region as an air-facing antenna oscillator. Compared with the traditional solution that requires adding another antenna panel 10, this embodiment can effectively increase the number of air-facing antenna oscillators (which can also be understood as increasing the area of the air-facing antenna panel) without adding another antenna panel 10. In this way, the antenna gain is improved, the ground coverage and capacity are not affected at all, the UE service throughput is increased, the performance of the low-altitude network and the user perception are significantly improved, and the costs of building and optimizing the low-altitude network and the ground network are reduced.

[0095] An embodiment of the present application also provides an air-ground networking system 20. Please refer to Figure 5, the ad-hoc network system 20 includes an antenna panel 10, a mapping network 21, an RF channel 22 (RF Channel), and a beamforming unit.

[0096] Among them, the antenna panel 10 includes a plurality of antenna elements 100, and the plurality of antenna elements 100 are arranged based on at least two different directions.

[0097] The at least two different directions may include the horizontal direction (HD) and the vertical direction (VD) described above. As shown in FIGS. 1 to 3, a schematic diagram of the shape presented by the antenna panel 10 on a plane constructed based on the horizontal direction and the vertical direction is shown. The presented shape may be a rectangle as shown in FIG. 1, a circle as shown in FIG. 2, a trapezoid as shown in FIG. 3, or other shapes, which are not limited in this embodiment.

[0098] The antenna panel 10 includes a first region and a second region, and the first region and the second region do not overlap. The first region may be represented as region A1 in FIG. 1, region B1 in FIG. 2, and region C1 in FIG. 3 on a plane constructed based on the horizontal direction and the vertical direction. The second region may be represented as region A2 in FIG. 1, region B2 in FIG. 2, and region C2 in FIG. 3 on a plane constructed based on the horizontal direction and the vertical direction.

[0099] The antenna elements 100 located in the first region of the antenna panel 10 serve as air-facing antenna elements and ground-facing antenna elements. That is, the antenna elements 100 in the first region can support both the frequency of the air-facing carrier signal and the frequency of the ground-facing carrier signal. Among them, the frequency of the air-facing carrier signal and the frequency of the ground-facing carrier signal may be the same or different. When the frequencies of the air-facing carrier signal and the ground-facing carrier signal are different, the signal quality can be optimized by adjusting the main lobe of the air-facing carrier signal and / or the main lobe of the ground-facing carrier signal.

[0100] The antenna elements 100 located in the second region of the antenna panel 10 serve as air-facing antenna elements. That is, the antenna elements 100 in the second region can only support the frequency of the air-facing carrier signal.

[0101] Assume that carrier 1 (frequency F1) is used for ground coverage. Carrier 1 (frequency F1) is connected to the panel in the first region of the antenna panel 10, that is, the panel in region A1 shown in FIG. 1, the panel in region B1 shown in FIG. 2, or the panel in region C1 shown in FIG. 3. At this time, the ground-facing antenna panel 10 remains unchanged, that is, the ground coverage remains unchanged, that is, the ground coverage is not affected.

[0102] Suppose carrier 2 (frequency F2) is used for null coverage. Carrier 2 (frequency F2) is connected to the panel in the second area of the antenna panel 10, that is, the panel in area A2 shown in Fig. 1, the panel in area B2 shown in Fig. 2, or the panel in area C2 shown in Fig. 3. Suppose the ratio between the area of the antenna panel 10 and the area of the first area is greater than or equal to 2. Then, compared with the original ground antenna panel 10, the antenna area doubles (note: part A1 (or B1, or C1) is the shared part of carrier 1 (frequency F1) and carrier 2 (frequency F2)). In this way, the low-altitude antenna gain increases, that is, the null coverage range becomes larger. The coverage angles in the horizontal and vertical directions can be adjusted and optimized more precisely, making the null beam width narrower and smaller. The signal energy will be more concentrated, improving the signal strength and coverage distance, and meeting the special requirement that the null base station spacing is 3 to 5 times larger than the ground base station spacing. It can also improve the beamforming gain and flexibility of null coverage, enabling the antenna to concentrate the signal more effectively in a specific direction, enhancing the communication quality and efficiency, providing greater freedom of movement for low-altitude flying terminals such as drones, allowing them to maintain stable connections within a wider range. It reduces the frequent handovers of drones during flight and improves the drone service throughput.

[0103] It should be noted that the antenna panel 10 is three-dimensional. Figs. 1 to 3 are only for illustrating the first area and the second area, and do not limit the three-dimensional shape of the antenna panel 10. In the planes formed based on at least two different directions, the antenna panel 10 may present different shapes, which are not overly limited in this embodiment.

[0104] It should be noted that the spacing between any two antenna elements 100 in the antenna panel 10 can be the same or different. For example, to improve the quality of ground communication, the distribution density of the antenna elements 100 in the first area is increased, and to basically maintain the quality of null communication, the distribution density of the antenna elements 100 in the second area remains unchanged. In this way, the spacing between any two antenna elements 100 in the first area is greater than the spacing between any two antenna elements 100 in the second area. Another example is to improve the quality of null communication, increase the distribution density of the antenna elements 100 in the second area, and to basically maintain the quality of ground communication, keep the distribution density of the antenna elements 100 in the first area unchanged. In this way, the spacing between any two antenna elements 100 in the second area is greater than the spacing between any two antenna elements 100 in the second area.

[0105] Among them, the mapping network 21 is signal-connected to each antenna element 100 in the antenna panel 10. The mapping network 21 is used to map the radio frequency channels 22 passed by the empty-carrier signals to the empty-space antenna elements, and is also used to map the radio frequency channels 22 passed by the ground-carrier signals to the ground-space antenna elements. The mapping network 21 may include antenna ports, and the antenna ports include the input interfaces or output interfaces of the antennas. The antenna ports are responsible for connecting to radio frequency signal sources.

[0106] Among them, beamforming (abbreviated as BF) is a signal processing technology that controls the radiation direction of an antenna array by adjusting the phase and amplitude of the transmitted signal. It is used to concentrate signal energy in a specific direction to improve signal strength and communication efficiency.

[0107] The beamforming unit is signal-connected to the radio frequency channel 22. The beamforming unit is used to adjust the main lobe of the empty-carrier signal to align with low-altitude terminals, and to adjust the null (also known as zero point) of the empty-carrier signal to align with ground terminals. The beamforming unit is also used to adjust the main lobe of the ground-carrier signal to align with ground terminals, and to adjust the null of the ground-carrier signal to align with low-altitude terminals.

[0108] The beamforming unit can be set in the BBU. That is to say, in addition to the original ground digital beamforming processing in the BBU, low-altitude digital beamforming is also added.

[0109] The ground digital beamforming processing performs digital beamforming for ground users on the panel in the first area of the antenna panel 10 for carrier 1 (frequency F1, ground-carrier signal), adjusts its main lobe to align with ground users, and at the same time adjusts its null to align with low-altitude users, reducing the interference impact on the empty-space coverage. The low-altitude digital beamforming processing performs digital beamforming for low-altitude UEs (such as drones, etc.) on the panel in the second area of the antenna panel 10 for carrier 2 (frequency F2, empty-carrier signal), adjusts its main lobe to align with low-altitude users, and at the same time adjusts its null (zero point) to align with ground users, reducing the interference impact on the ground coverage. By implementing precise joint digital beamforming for the ground and the empty space, the mutual interference between the ground beam and the empty-space beam is eliminated or reduced.

[0110] The air-to-ground networking system 20 provided in this embodiment is designed to have a large-scale antenna that takes into account both ground coverage and air coverage. Specifically, without affecting the existing ground coverage, the ground antenna element can also be used as an air antenna element, and the antenna element 100 in the second area is added as an air antenna element. Compared with the traditional solution that requires the addition of another antenna panel 10, this embodiment does not require the addition of another antenna panel 10 to effectively increase the number of air antenna elements (it can also be understood as increasing the area of ​​the air antenna panel). In this way, the antenna gain is improved, and the ground coverage and capacity are not affected in any way, the UE service throughput is improved, the performance and user perception of the low-altitude network are significantly improved, and the cost of construction and optimization of the low-altitude network and the ground network is reduced. In addition, by realizing precise joint digital beamforming for the ground and the air, the mutual interference between the ground beam and the air beam is eliminated or reduced.

[0111] In some embodiments, the antenna panel 10 includes N antenna elements 100 , and the number of the radio frequency channels 22 is N / 3, where N is a natural number greater than 3 and a multiple of 3. For example, N is a natural number such as 6, 9, or 12.

[0112] See also Figure 6 , wherein each of the preset number of RF channels 22 is mapped to a group of antenna elements 100 used as ground antenna elements and a group of antenna elements 100 used as air antenna elements. A group of antenna elements 100 used as air antenna elements includes three antenna elements 100 used as air antennas, and a group of antenna elements 100 used as ground antenna elements includes three antenna elements 100 used as ground antennas. And the signal frequency range supported by each RF channel 22 covers the frequency range of the air carrier signal and the frequency range of the ground carrier signal. The remaining number of RF channels 22 are only mapped to the antenna elements 100 used as air antenna elements.

[0113] That is, there are a preset number of radio frequency channels 22 among the N / 3 radio frequency channels 22 that can support both air carrier signals and ground carrier signals. There are a remaining number of radio frequency channels 22 among the N / 3 radio frequency channels 22 that only support air carrier signals.

[0114] Each of the preset number of RF channels 22 is mapped to a group of antenna elements 100 used as ground antenna elements and a group of antenna elements 100 used as air antenna elements. It can be understood that each RF channel 22 is mapped to three antenna elements 100, and the three antenna elements 100 can be used as both air antenna elements and ground antenna elements. The signal frequency range supported by each RF channel 22 covers the frequency range of the air carrier signal and the frequency range of the ground carrier signal.

[0115] Each of the remaining number of radio frequency channels 22 is mapped to only one set of antenna elements 100 that serve as air-facing antenna elements. It can be understood that each radio frequency channel 22 is mapped to 3 antenna elements 100, and these 3 antenna elements 100 can only serve as air-facing antenna elements. The frequency range of the empty carrier signal supported by each radio frequency channel 22.

[0116] For the air-ground networking system 20 provided in this embodiment, as the number of air-facing antenna elements increases, the number of radio frequency channels 22 is correspondingly increased. By increasing the number of radio frequency channels 22, cost, and power consumption, the ground coverage is not affected, and the air coverage effect is optimal.

[0117] In some embodiments, please refer to Figure 7 , the antenna panel 10 presents as a rectangle on the plane formed by the first direction and the second direction (such as the rectangle enclosed by the dotted line in the figure). The first region presents as a rectangle on the plane formed by the first direction and the second direction (such as the rectangle enclosed by the solid line in the figure). The first direction can be the horizontal direction, and the second direction can be the vertical direction.

[0118] Assume that the numbers of N / 3 radio frequency channels 22 are successively 1 to N / 3. The first radio frequency channel 22 corresponds to a vertex of the rectangle presented by the antenna panel 10 (such as vertex a shown in the figure), and the N / 3th radio frequency channel 22 corresponds to another vertex of the rectangle presented by the antenna panel 10 (such as vertex b shown in the figure). One vertex and another vertex are diagonal vertices to each other, as shown in the figure, vertex a and vertex b are diagonal vertices to each other.

[0119] The i1th radio frequency channel 22 corresponds to a vertex of the rectangle presented by the first region (such as vertex x shown in the figure), and the imth radio frequency channel 22 corresponds to another vertex of the rectangle presented by the first region (such as vertex y shown in the figure). One vertex and another vertex are diagonal vertices to each other, as shown in the figure, vertex x and vertex y are diagonal vertices to each other. Among them, m is equal to the preset quantity.

[0120] Among them, i1 is determined based on m, the ratio between the length of the antenna panel 10 in the first direction and the length of the first region in the first direction, the ratio between the length of the antenna panel 10 in the second direction and the length of the first region in the second direction, and the cluster pitch of the antenna elements 100 arranged along the second direction. Assume that the ratio between the length of the antenna panel 10 in the first direction and the length of the first region in the first direction is , the ratio between the length of the antenna panel 10 in the second direction and the length of the first region in the second direction is . The first direction is the horizontal direction, and the second direction is the vertical direction. Then i1 = 0.25 × × - 1] × (1 + (Dv)×m. Dv represents the cluster spacing of the antenna elements 100 arranged in the second direction, that is, the vertical direction cluster spacing of the antenna elements 100. m is equal to the preset quantity.

[0121] After determining i1, due to the numbering rule of the N / 3 radio frequency channels 22 from 1 to N / 3 in sequence, i1, i2,..., im can be determined.

[0122] Assume the original number of ground-facing radio frequency channels 22 is P. The ratio between the length of the antenna panel 10 in the first direction and the length of the first region in the first direction is , and the ratio between the length of the antenna panel 10 in the second direction and the length of the first region in the second direction is . Then N / 3 = 2P. The mapping network 21 realizes a 1:1 mapping between the number of radio frequency channels 22 for ground carrier signals and air carrier signals and the antenna panel 10. Map the m radio frequency channels 22 (i1, i2,..., im) through which the original ground carrier signal passes to the panel of the first region in the antenna panel 10, and map the N / 3 radio frequency channels 22 (1, 2,..., i1, i2,..., im, i(m + 1),..., n) through which the air carrier signal passes to the antenna panel 10. That is, it increases the number of radio frequency channels 22, cost, and power consumption, so that the ground coverage is not affected, and the air coverage effect is optimal.

[0123] In some embodiments, the antenna panel 10 includes N antenna elements 100, and the number of the radio frequency channels 22 is N / 6. N is a natural number greater than 3 and is a multiple of 3. N is, for example, natural numbers such as 6, 9, 12, etc.

[0124] Please refer to Figure 8 For the schematic diagram in, one radio frequency channel 22 corresponds to a group of antenna elements 100 as ground-facing antenna elements and two groups of antenna elements 100 as air-facing antenna elements. One group of antenna elements 100 as air-facing antenna elements includes 3 antenna elements 100 as air-facing antennas, and one group of antenna elements 100 as ground-facing antenna elements includes 3 antenna elements 100 as ground-facing antennas. That is to say, one radio frequency channel 22 corresponds to 6 antenna elements 100. Among the 6 antenna elements 100, 3 antenna elements 100 can only be used as air-facing antenna elements, while the other 3 antenna elements 100 can be used as both air-facing antenna elements and ground-facing antenna elements. Correspondingly, the signal frequency range supported by each radio frequency channel 22 covers the frequency range of the air carrier signal and the frequency range of the ground carrier signal.

[0125] The original number of RF channels 22 for the ground remains unchanged, that is, there are still m RF channels 22. The mapping network 21 realizes a 1:1 mapping between the number of RF channels 22 of the ground carrier signal and the antenna panel 10. Map the m RF channels 22 (1, 2,..., m) through which the original ground-covered ground carrier signal passes to the panel in the first area of the antenna panel 10. The mapping network 21 realizes a 1:2 mapping between the number of RF channels 22 of the airborne carrier signal and the antenna panel 10, and maps the m RF channels 22 (1, 2,..., m) through which the airborne-covered airborne carrier signal passes to the antenna panel 10.

[0126] The airborne networking system provided in this embodiment does not increase the number of RF channels 22, cost, and power consumption, the ground coverage is not affected, and the airborne coverage effect is sub-optimal.

[0127] In some embodiments, the ratio between the area of the antenna panel 10 and the area of the first area is greater than or equal to 2.

[0128] In the case where the antenna elements 100 are evenly distributed, it can also be understood that the ratio between the number of antenna elements 100 as airborne antenna elements and the number of antenna elements 100 as ground antenna elements is greater than or equal to 2.

[0129] Please refer to Figure 4 , assuming that the area of the first area is equal to the area of the original ground antenna panel 10. The length of the original ground antenna panel 10 in the horizontal direction is , and the height in the vertical direction is , and the area is S1 = × . The antenna panel 10 is designed based on the original ground antenna panel 10. Assuming that the length of the antenna panel 10 in the horizontal direction is , and the height in the vertical direction is , and the area is S2 = × .

[0130] Optionally, the ratio between the length of the antenna panel 10 in the first direction and the length of the first area in the first direction is greater than or equal to . The ratio between the length of the antenna panel 10 in the second direction and the length of the first area in the second direction is greater than or equal to . The first direction and the second direction are perpendicular to each other. The first direction can be the above-mentioned horizontal direction, and the second direction can be the above-mentioned vertical direction. The case where both are equal to is, for example, increasing the length of the original ground antenna panel 10 in the horizontal direction to times the original length (that is, times) = ), increase the height of the original ground-facing antenna panel 10 in the vertical direction to times the original height (i.e., = ), and the ratio between the area of the antenna panel 10 and the area of the first region can be made equal to 2.

[0131] More specifically, it can be achieved by increasing the lengths of both sides of the original ground-facing antenna panel 10 in the first direction by , that is, . It can also be achieved by increasing the lengths of both sides of the original ground-facing antenna panel 10 in the second direction by , that is, . At this time, the geometric center point of the first region coincides with the geometric center point of the antenna panel 10.

[0132] It should be noted that due to limitations such as the windward side of the iron tower, space (vertical height), and installation location (especially in the scenario of multiple antennas sharing the same tower by multiple operators), based on the original large-scale antenna panel 10, both the horizontal length and the vertical height are increased by times, rather than doubling the original vertical height direction, which reduces the vertical height.

[0133] Optionally, the ratio between the length of the antenna panel 10 in the first direction and the length of the first region in the first direction is greater than or equal to 2, and the ratio between the length of the antenna panel 10 in the second direction and the length of the first region in the second direction is greater than or equal to 1.

[0134] Optionally, the ratio between the length of the antenna panel 10 in the first direction and the length of the first region in the first direction is greater than or equal to 1, and the ratio between the length of the antenna panel 10 in the second direction and the length of the first region in the second direction is greater than or equal to 2.

[0135] The antenna panel 10 provided in this embodiment enables the ground-facing antenna oscillator to also serve as an air-facing antenna oscillator without affecting the existing ground coverage, and adds the antenna oscillator 100 in the second region as an air-facing antenna oscillator. Compared with the traditional solution that requires adding another antenna panel 10, this embodiment can effectively increase the number of air-facing antenna oscillators (which can also be understood as increasing the area of the air-facing antenna panel) without adding another antenna panel 10. In this way, the antenna gain is improved, the ground coverage and capacity are not affected, the UE service throughput is increased, the performance of the low-altitude network and the user perception are significantly improved, and the costs of constructing and optimizing the low-altitude network and the ground network are reduced.

[0136] In some embodiments, the beamforming unit is specifically configured to: when the frequencies of the air carrier signal and the ground carrier signal are different, adjust the main lobe of the air carrier signal to be aligned with the low-altitude terminal, and adjust the null of the air carrier signal to be aligned with the ground terminal.

[0137] When the frequencies of the air carrier signal and the ground carrier signal are the same, the main lobe and the null of the air carrier signal may not be adjusted to save resources.

[0138] The beamforming unit is also specifically configured to: when the frequencies of the air carrier signal and the ground carrier signal are different, adjust the main lobe of the ground carrier signal to be aligned with the ground terminal, and adjust the null of the ground carrier signal to be aligned with the low-altitude terminal.

[0139] When the frequencies of the air carrier signal and the ground carrier signal are the same, the main lobe and the null of the ground carrier signal may not be adjusted.

[0140] In this way, the interference effect on ground coverage is reduced, precise joint digital beamforming for ground and air is achieved, and the mutual interference between the ground beam and the air beam is eliminated or reduced.

[0141] The technical features of the above embodiments can be combined arbitrarily. For the sake of brevity of description, not all possible combinations of the technical features in the above embodiments are described. However, as long as there is no contradiction in the combination of these technical features, it should be considered as the scope recorded in this application.

[0142] The above embodiments only express several implementation manners of this application, and their descriptions are relatively specific and detailed. However, it should not be construed as a limitation on the patent scope of this application. It should be noted that for those of ordinary skill in the art, without departing from the concept of this application, several deformations and improvements can still be made, and these all belong to the protection scope of this application. Therefore, the protection scope of this application should be subject to the appended claims.

Claims

1. An antenna panel, characterized in that: include: A plurality of antenna elements, wherein the plurality of antenna elements are arranged based on at least two different directions; The antenna elements located in the first area of ​​the antenna panel serve as air-to-air antenna elements and ground-to-ground antenna elements; The antenna element located in the second area of ​​the antenna panel serves as an air-to-air antenna element; The first area and the second area do not overlap.

2. The antenna panel according to claim 1, characterized in that: A ratio between an area of ​​the antenna panel and an area of ​​the first region is greater than or equal to 2.

3. The antenna panel according to claim 2, characterized in that: A ratio between a length of the antenna panel in the first direction and a length of the first area in the first direction is greater than or equal to square root 2; A ratio between a length of the antenna panel in the second direction and a length of the first area in the second direction is greater than or equal to square root 2; The first direction and the second direction are perpendicular to each other.

4. An air-ground networking system, characterized in that: include: Antenna panels, mapping networks, RF channels, and beamforming units; The antenna panel includes a plurality of antenna elements, and the plurality of antenna elements are arranged based on at least two different directions; the antenna elements located in the first area of ​​the antenna panel serve as air-to-air antenna elements and ground-to-ground antenna elements; the antenna elements located in the second area of ​​the antenna panel serve as air-to-air antenna elements; the first area and the second area do not overlap; The mapping network is connected to each antenna element signal in the antenna panel, and is used to map the radio frequency channel through which the air carrier signal passes to the air antenna element, and is also used to map the radio frequency channel through which the ground carrier signal passes to the ground antenna element; A beamforming unit is connected to the RF channel signal, and is used to adjust the main lobe of the air carrier signal to align with the low-altitude terminal, and adjust the null of the air carrier signal to align with the ground terminal; it is also used to adjust the main lobe of the ground carrier signal to align with the ground terminal, and adjust the null of the ground carrier signal to align with the low-altitude terminal.

5. The air-ground networking system according to claim 4, characterized in that: The antenna panel includes N antenna elements, the number of the radio frequency channels is N / 3, N is a natural number greater than 3, and N is a multiple of 3; Each of the preset number of radio frequency channels is mapped to a group of antenna elements as ground antenna elements and a group of antenna elements as air antenna elements, and the signal frequency range supported by each radio frequency channel covers the frequency range of the air carrier signal and the frequency range of the ground carrier signal; A group of antenna elements used as aerial antenna elements includes three aerial antenna elements, and a group of antenna elements used as ground-facing antenna elements includes three ground-facing antenna elements. The remaining number of radio frequency channels are only mapped to antenna elements serving as air-to-air antenna elements.

6. The air-ground networking system according to claim 5, characterized in that: The antenna panel and the first area are rectangular in a plane formed by the first direction and the second direction; the N / 3 radio frequency channels are numbered from 1 to N / 3 in sequence; The first radio frequency channel corresponds to a vertex of the rectangle presented by the antenna panel, and the N / 3th radio frequency channel corresponds to another vertex of the rectangle presented by the antenna panel, and one vertex and the other vertex are diagonal vertices to each other; The i1th radio frequency channel corresponds to a vertex of the rectangle presented by the first area, and the imth radio frequency channel corresponds to another vertex of the rectangle presented by the first area, and one vertex and the other vertex are diagonal vertices to each other; Wherein, m is equal to the preset number; Among them, i1 is determined based on m, the ratio of the length of the antenna panel in the first direction to the length of the first area in the first direction, the ratio of the length of the antenna panel in the second direction to the length of the first area in the second direction, and the cluster spacing of antenna elements arranged along the second direction.

7. The air-ground networking system according to claim 4, characterized in that: The antenna panel includes N antenna elements, the number of the radio frequency channels is N / 6, N is a natural number greater than 3, and N is a multiple of 3; One radio frequency channel corresponds to a group of antenna elements serving as ground-facing antenna elements and two groups of antenna elements serving as air-facing antenna elements; A group of antenna elements used as aerial antenna elements includes three aerial antenna elements, and a group of antenna elements used as ground-facing antenna elements includes three ground-facing antenna elements. The signal frequency range supported by each radio frequency channel covers the frequency range of the air carrier signal and the frequency range of the ground carrier signal.

8. The air-ground networking system according to any one of claims 4 to 7, characterized in that: A ratio between an area of ​​the antenna panel and an area of ​​the first region is greater than or equal to 2.

9. The air-ground networking system according to claim 8, characterized in that: A ratio between a length of the antenna panel in the first direction and a length of the first area in the first direction is greater than or equal to square root 2; A ratio between a length of the antenna panel in the second direction and a length of the first area in the second direction is greater than or equal to square root 2; The first direction and the second direction are perpendicular to each other.

10. The air-ground networking system according to any one of claims 4 to 7, characterized in that: The beamforming unit is specifically used for: When the frequency of the air carrier signal is different from the frequency of the ground carrier signal, the main lobe of the air carrier signal is adjusted to align with the low-altitude terminal, and the null of the air carrier signal is adjusted to align with the ground terminal; When the frequency of the air carrier signal is different from the frequency of the ground carrier signal, the main lobe of the ground carrier signal is adjusted to align with the ground terminal, and the null of the ground carrier signal is adjusted to align with the low-altitude terminal.

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