Determining / indicating artificial intelligence / machine learning system related measurement beam resource sets

Abstract

Systems, methods, and instrumentalities related to determining / indicating a set of measurement beam resources (set B) for artificial intelligence (AI) / machine learning (ML) systems are described herein. The device may perform measurements on the resources. The measurements may include measurements of one or more resources associated with a first set of reference signal (RS) resources and measurements of one or more resources associated with a second set of RS resources. The device may determine a subset of RS resources under test based on whether an RS resource selection condition is satisfied. The device may send an indication of one or more of the determined subset of RS resources under test and a rule for determining the determined subset of RS resources under test.

Description

[0001] CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

[0002] This application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application No. 63 / 447,944, filed on February 24, 2023, the contents of which are incorporated herein by reference. Background Art

[0003] Mobile communications using wireless communications continue to evolve. The fifth generation may be referred to as 5G. Previous (legacy) generations of mobile communications may be, for example, fourth generation (4G) Long Term Evolution (LTE). Summary of the Invention

[0004] Systems, methods, and approaches related to determining / indicating a set of measurement beam resources (Set B), eg, for use in artificial intelligence (AI) / machine learning (ML) systems, are described herein.

[0005] A device (e.g., a wireless transmit / receive unit (WTRU)) may (e.g., be configured to) perform one or more of the following operations. The device may receive configuration information indicating a reference signal (RS) resource set and one or more RS resource selection conditions. The device may perform measurements on RS resources associated with the received configuration information. For example, the device may perform measurements on RS resources associated with the received RS resource set. The RS resource selection conditions may be based on a corresponding RSRP of each measured RS resource. The RS resource selection conditions may be based on a line-of-sight (LoS) probability of each measured RS resource.

[0006] The device may determine a resource subset based on whether an RS resource selection condition (e.g., a received RS resource selection condition) is satisfied. The determined resource subset may be a tested RS resource subset based on one or more RS resource selection conditions being satisfied. For example, if a first RS resource selection condition is not satisfied and a second RS resource selection condition is satisfied, the tested RS resource subset may be based on the second RS resource selection condition being satisfied. The device may send an indication of the resource subset and / or resource selection condition (e.g., a satisfied resource selection condition) (e.g., to a network).

[0007] The device may determine power-related parameter values ​​(e.g., SS-RSRP, CSI-RSRP, SS-SINR, RSSI, CLI-RSSI) associated with the RS resources of the resource subset. The device may estimate beam parameters (e.g., beam direction, beam width) based on the determined parameters associated with the RS resources of the resource subset. The device may determine a beam set based on the determined beam parameters and / or estimated beam parameters. The device may report the beam set.

[0008] In an example, a device (e.g., a wireless transmit / receive unit (WTRU)) may (e.g., be configured to) perform one or more of the following operations. The WTRU may receive a configuration of at least one of: one or more reference signal (RS) resource sets, where each RS resource may be associated with a beam; one or more RS resource selection criteria / rules; and / or fallback CSI-RS resource selection criteria. The WTRU may measure one or more RS resources of each RS resource set. The WTRU may select a subset of the measured RS resources as a measurement RS resource set for the WTRU (e.g., set B), for example, based on the received configuration of the RS resource set and / or based on one or more RS resource selection criteria being satisfied. The WTRU may select a subset of the measured RS resources as a measurement RS resource set for the WTRU (e.g., set B), for example, based on a fallback RS resource selection criteria, for example, if none of the one or more RS resource selection criteria are satisfied. The WTRU may send an indication instructing the WTRU to use RS selection criteria for selecting the subset of the measured RS resources as the measurement RS resource set for the WTRU (e.g., set B). The WTRU may send a report indicating a subset of measured RS resources selected to form a measurement RS resource set (e.g., Set B). The WTRU may receive a configuration of a set of RS resources belonging to the configured Set B and / or a configuration of RS resource measurement reporting (e.g., via CSI-Report). The WTRU may measure the power (e.g., L1-RSRP, used as an example herein) of at least one RS resource belonging to the configured Set B. The WTRU may determine a measured L1-RSRP for at least one configured beam and / or an estimated L1-RSRP for at least one configured beam, e.g., based on the measured L1-RSRP of the at least one RS resource belonging to the configured Set B. The WTRU may determine a set of K beams having the highest L1-RSRP, e.g., based on the at least one measured L1-RSRP and / or estimated L1-RSRP. The WTRU may report the set of K beams having the highest L1-RSRP (e.g., via CSI reporting). The WTRU may receive configuration information indicating a TCI state for one of the configured beams. The WTRU may use the indicated TCI state to receive future PDCCH and PUSCH resources.

[0009] An example device may include a processor configured to perform one or more actions. For example, a device (e.g., a WTRU) may perform measurements on resources. The measurements may include measurements of one or more resources associated with a first set of reference signal (RS) resources and measurements of one or more resources associated with a second set of RS resources. The WTRU may determine a subset of RS resources to be measured based on whether an RS resource selection condition is satisfied. The WTRU may send an indication of one or more of: a determined subset of RS resources to be measured and a rule for determining the determined subset of RS resources to be measured.

[0010] The WTRU may (e.g., further) receive one or more of: an indication of a set of RS resources associated with the configured set or an indication associated with an RS resource measurement report. The WTRU may perform measurements on RS resources, wherein the RS resources are from the RS resource set. The WTRU may determine a power based on the measurements of the RS resources. The power may be at least one of: a measured power of a beam associated with the configured set or an estimated power of a beam associated with the configured set. The WTRU may determine a beam set with the highest received power based on the power. The WTRU may send an indication of the determined beam set with the highest received power. The WTRU may receive information indicating a transmission configuration indication (TCI) state of the configured beam associated with the configured set. The WTRU may use the indicated TCI state.

[0011] The determined measured RS resource subset may be a measured resource subset determined based on a rule associated with an RS resource selection condition being satisfied (e.g., when the RS resource selection condition is satisfied). The determined measured RS resource subset may be a measured resource subset determined using a fallback resource selection rule (e.g., when the RS resource selection condition is not satisfied). (Each) RS resource may be associated with a beam. The WTRU may (e.g., further) receive configuration information indicating one or more of the following: a fallback resource selection rule, one or more RS resource sets, or one or more RS resource selection conditions. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0012] Figure 1A is a system diagram illustrating an exemplary communication system in which one or more disclosed embodiments may be implemented;

[0013] Figure 1B It shows that according to the embodiment, Figure 1A A system diagram of an exemplary wireless transmit / receive unit (WTRU) for use within the illustrated communication system;

[0014] Figure 1C It shows that according to the embodiment, Figure 1Aa system diagram illustrating an exemplary radio access network (RAN) and an exemplary core network (CN) for use within the illustrated communication system;

[0015] Figure 1D It shows that according to the embodiment, Figure 1A A system diagram of another exemplary RAN and another exemplary CN used within the illustrated communication system;

[0016] Figures 2A to 2D An example of a random access procedure is shown. DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0017] Figure 1A is a diagram illustrating an exemplary communication system 100 in which one or more disclosed embodiments may be implemented. The communication system 100 may be a multiple access system that provides content, such as voice, data, video, messaging, broadcast, etc., to multiple wireless users. The communication system 100 may enable multiple wireless users to access such content by sharing system resources, including wireless bandwidth. For example, the communication system 100 may employ one or more channel access methods, such as code division multiple access (CDMA), time division multiple access (TDMA), frequency division multiple access (FDMA), orthogonal FDMA (OFDMA), single carrier FDMA (SC-FDMA), zero-tailing unique word DFT-spread OFDM (ZT UW DTS-s OFDM), unique word OFDM (UW-OFDM), resource block filtered OFDM, filter bank multi-carrier (FBMC), etc.

[0018] like Figure 1AAs shown, the communication system 100 may include wireless transmit / receive units (WTRUs) 102a, 102b, 102c, 102d, RAN 104 / 113, CN 106 / 115, public switched telephone network (PSTN) 108, the Internet 110, and other networks 112. However, it will be appreciated that the disclosed embodiments contemplate any number of WTRUs, base stations, networks, and / or network elements. Each of the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, 102d may be any type of device configured to operate and / or communicate in a wireless environment. For example, the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, 102d (any of which may be referred to as a "station" and / or "STA") may be configured to transmit and / or receive wireless signals and may include user equipment (UE), a mobile station, a fixed or mobile subscriber unit, a subscription-based unit, a pager, a cellular phone, a personal digital assistant (PDA), a smartphone, a laptop, a netbook, a personal computer, a wireless sensor, a hotspot or Mi-Fi device, an Internet of Things (IoT) device, a watch or other wearable device, a head-mounted display (HMD), a vehicle, a drone, medical equipment and applications (e.g., remote surgery), industrial equipment and applications (e.g., robots and / or other wireless devices operating in the context of an industrial and / or automated process chain), a consumer electronic device, a device operating on a commercial and / or industrial wireless network, etc. Any of the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, and 102d may be interchangeably referred to as a UE.

[0019] The communication system 100 may also include a base station 114a and / or a base station 114b. Each of the base stations 114a, 114b may be any type of device configured to wirelessly interface with at least one of the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, 102d to facilitate access to one or more communication networks, such as the CNs 106 / 115, the Internet 110, and / or other networks 112. For example, the base stations 114a, 114b may be a base transceiver station (BTS), a Node-B, an eNode B, a Home Node B, a Home eNode B, a gNB, an NR Node B, a site controller, an access point (AP), a wireless router, and the like. While the base stations 114a, 114b are each depicted as a single unit, it will be appreciated that the base stations 114a, 114b may include any number of interconnected base stations and / or network elements.

[0020] Base station 114a may be part of RAN 104 / 113, which may also include other base stations and / or network elements (not shown), such as a base station controller (BSC), a radio network controller (RNC), relay nodes, etc. Base station 114a and / or base station 114b may be configured to transmit and / or receive wireless signals on one or more carrier frequencies, which may be referred to as cells (not shown). These frequencies may be in licensed spectrum, unlicensed spectrum, or a combination of licensed and unlicensed spectrum. A cell may provide wireless service coverage for a particular geographic area, which may be relatively fixed or may vary over time. A cell may be further divided into cell sectors. For example, the cell associated with base station 114a may be divided into three sectors. Thus, in one embodiment, base station 114a may include three transceivers, one for each sector of the cell. In one embodiment, base station 114a may employ multiple-input, multiple-output (MIMO) technology and may utilize multiple transceivers for each sector of the cell. For example, beamforming may be used to transmit and / or receive signals in a desired spatial direction.

[0021] The base stations 114a, 114b may communicate with one or more of the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, 102d over an air interface 116, which may be any suitable wireless communication link (e.g., radio frequency (RF), microwave, centimeter wave, micrometer wave, infrared (IR), ultraviolet (UV), visible light, etc.). The air interface 116 may be established using any suitable radio access technology (RAT).

[0022] More specifically, as described above, the communication system 100 may be a multiple access system and may employ one or more channel access schemes, such as CDMA, TDMA, FDMA, OFDMA, SC-FDMA, and the like. For example, the base station 114a in the RAN 104 / 113 and the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c may implement a radio technology such as Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS) Terrestrial Radio Access (UTRA), which may establish the air interface 115 / 116 / 117 using Wideband CDMA (WCDMA). WCDMA may include communication protocols such as High Speed ​​Packet Access (HSPA) and / or Evolved HSPA (HSPA+). HSPA may include High Speed ​​Downlink (DL) Packet Access (HSDPA) and / or High Speed ​​UL Packet Access (HSUPA).

[0023] In one embodiment, the base station 114a and the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c may implement a radio technology such as Evolved UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access (E-UTRA), which may establish the air interface 116 using Long Term Evolution (LTE) and / or LTE-Advanced (LTE-A) and / or LTE-Advanced Pro (LTE-APro).

[0024] In one embodiment, the base station 114a and the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c may implement a radio technology such as NR radio access, which may establish the air interface 116 using New Radio (NR).

[0025] In one embodiment, the base station 114a and the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c may implement multiple radio access technologies. For example, the base station 114a and the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c may simultaneously implement LTE radio access and NR radio access, e.g., using dual connectivity (DC) principles. Thus, the air interface used by the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c may be characterized by multiple types of radio access technologies and / or transmissions to / from multiple types of base stations (e.g., eNBs and gNBs).

[0026] In other embodiments, the base station 114a and the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c may implement a radio technology such as IEEE 802.11 (i.e., Wireless Fidelity (WiFi)), IEEE 802.16 (i.e., Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access (WiMAX)), CDMA2000, CDMA2000 1X, CDMA2000 EV-DO, Interim Standard 2000 (IS-2000), Interim Standard 95 (IS-95), Interim Standard 856 (IS-856), Global System for Mobile communications (GSM), Enhanced Data rates for GSM Evolution (EDGE), GSM EDGE (GERAN), etc.

[0027] Figure 1AThe base station 114b in the may be a wireless router, a Home Node B, a Home eNode B, or an access point, for example, and may utilize any suitable RAT to facilitate wireless connectivity in a local area, such as a place of business, a home, a vehicle, a campus, an industrial facility, an air corridor (e.g., for use by drones), a road, and the like. In one embodiment, the base station 114b and the WTRUs 102c, 102d may implement a radio technology such as IEEE 802.11 to establish a wireless local area network (WLAN). In one embodiment, the base station 114b and the WTRUs 102c, 102d may implement a radio technology such as IEEE 802.15 to establish a wireless personal area network (WPAN). In another embodiment, the base station 114b and the WTRUs 102c, 102d may utilize a cellular-based RAT (e.g., WCDMA, CDMA2000, GSM, LTE, LTE-A, LTE-A Pro, NR, etc.) to establish a microcell or a femtocell. As Figure 1A As shown, base station 114b may have a direct connection to the Internet 110. Therefore, base station 114b may not need to access the Internet 110 via CN 106 / 115.

[0028] The RAN 104 / 113 may be in communication with the CN 106 / 115, which may be any type of network configured to provide voice, data, applications, and / or Voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP) services to one or more of the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, 102d. The data may have different quality of service (QoS) requirements, such as different throughput requirements, latency requirements, fault tolerance requirements, reliability requirements, data throughput requirements, mobility requirements, etc. The CN 106 / 115 may provide call control, billing services, mobile location services, prepaid calling, Internet connectivity, video distribution, etc., and / or perform advanced security functions, such as user authentication. Although Figure 1A Although not shown, it will be appreciated that the RAN 104 / 113 and / or the CN 106 / 115 may be in direct or indirect communication with other RANs that employ the same RAT as the RAN 104 / 113 or a different RAT. For example, in addition to being connected to the RAN 104 / 113, which may be utilizing NR radio technology, the CN 106 / 115 may also be in communication with another RAN (not shown) that employs GSM, UMTS, CDMA2000, WiMAX, E-UTRA, or WiFi radio technology.

[0029] The CN 106 / 115 may also serve as a gateway for the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, 102d to access the PSTN 108, the Internet 110, and / or other networks 112. The PSTN 108 may include a circuit-switched telephone network that provides plain old telephone service (POTS). The Internet 110 may include a global system of interconnected computer networks and devices that use common communication protocols, such as the Transmission Control Protocol (TCP), User Datagram Protocol (UDP), and / or Internet Protocol (IP) of the TCP / IP internet protocol suite. The networks 112 may include wired and / or wireless communication networks owned and / or operated by other service providers. For example, the networks 112 may include another CN connected to one or more RANs that may employ the same RAT as the RAN 104 / 113 or a different RAT.

[0030] Some or all of the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, 102d in the communication system 100 may include multi-mode capabilities (e.g., the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, 102d may include multiple transceivers for communicating with different wireless networks via different wireless links). Figure 1A The WTRU 102c shown in FIG. 1 may be configured to communicate with the base station 114a, which may employ a cellular-based radio technology, and with the base station 114b, which may employ an IEEE 802 radio technology.

[0031] Figure 1B is a system diagram illustrating an exemplary WTRU 102. Figure 1B As shown, the WTRU 102 may include, among other things, a processor 118, a transceiver 120, a transmit / receive element 122, a speaker / microphone 124, a keypad 126, a display / touchpad 128, non-removable memory 130, removable memory 132, a power supply 134, a global positioning system (GPS) chipset 136, and / or other peripherals 138. It will be appreciated that the WTRU 102 may include any subcombination of the foregoing elements while remaining consistent with an embodiment.

[0032] The processor 118 may be a general purpose processor, a special purpose processor, a conventional processor, a digital signal processor (DSP), a plurality of microprocessors, one or more microprocessors associated with a DSP core, a controller, a microcontroller, an application specific integrated circuit (ASIC), a field programmable gate array (FPGA) circuit, any other type of integrated circuit (IC), a state machine, etc. The processor 118 may perform signal encoding and decoding, data processing, power control, input / output processing, and / or any other functionality that enables the WTRU 102 to operate in a wireless environment. The processor 118 may be coupled to the transceiver 120, which may be coupled to the transmit / receive element 122. Although Figure 1B The processor 118 and the transceiver 120 are depicted as separate components, but it will be appreciated that the processor 118 and the transceiver 120 may be integrated together in an electronic package or chip.

[0033] The transmit / receive element 122 can be configured to transmit signals to or receive signals from a base station (e.g., base station 114a) via the air interface 116. For example, in one embodiment, the transmit / receive element 122 can be an antenna configured to transmit and / or receive RF signals. In one embodiment, the transmit / receive element 122 can be an emitter / detector configured to transmit and / or receive, for example, IR, UV, or visible light signals. In another embodiment, the transmit / receive element 122 can be configured to transmit and / or receive both RF and light signals. It will be appreciated that the transmit / receive element 122 can be configured to transmit and / or receive any combination of wireless signals.

[0034] Although the transmit / receive element 122 is Figure 1B Although depicted as a single element in FIG1 , the WTRU 102 may include any number of transmit / receive elements 122. More specifically, the WTRU 102 may employ MIMO technology. Thus, in one embodiment, the WTRU 102 may include two or more transmit / receive elements 122 (e.g., multiple antennas) for transmitting and receiving wireless signals over the air interface 116.

[0035] The transceiver 120 may be configured to modulate signals to be transmitted by the transmit / receive element 122 and demodulate signals received by the transmit / receive element 122. As described above, the WTRU 102 may have multi-mode capabilities. Thus, the transceiver 120 may include multiple transceivers to enable the WTRU 102 to communicate via multiple RATs (e.g., NR and IEEE 802.11).

[0036] The processor 118 of the WTRU 102 may be coupled to and may receive user input data from a speaker / microphone 124, a keypad 126, and / or a display / touchpad 128 (e.g., a liquid crystal display (LCD) display unit or an organic light emitting diode (OLED) display unit). The processor 118 may also output user data to the speaker / microphone 124, the keypad 126, and / or the display / touchpad 128. Furthermore, the processor 118 may access information from and store data in any suitable type of memory, such as non-removable memory 130 and / or removable memory 132. The non-removable memory 130 may include random access memory (RAM), read-only memory (ROM), a hard disk, or any other type of memory storage device. The removable memory 132 may include a subscriber identity module (SIM) card, a memory stick, a secure digital (SD) memory card, and the like. In other embodiments, the processor 118 may access information from and store data in memory that is not physically located on the WTRU 102, such as on a server or a home computer (not shown).

[0037] The processor 118 may receive power from the power source 134 and may be configured to distribute and / or control the power to the other components in the WTRU 102. The power source 134 may be any device suitable for powering the WTRU 102. For example, the power source 134 may include one or more dry cell batteries (e.g., nickel-cadmium (NiCd), nickel-zinc (NiZn), nickel-metal hydride (NiMH), lithium-ion (Li-ion), etc.), solar cells, fuel cells, etc.

[0038] The processor 118 may also be coupled to the GPS chipset 136, which may be configured to provide location information (e.g., longitude and latitude) regarding the current location of the WTRU 102. In addition to or as an alternative to the information from the GPS chipset 136, the WTRU 102 may receive location information from a base station (e.g., base stations 114a, 114b) via the air interface 116 and / or determine its location based on the timing of signals received from two or more nearby base stations. It will be appreciated that the WTRU 102 may acquire location information by any suitable location-determination method while remaining consistent with the embodiments.

[0039] The processor 118 may be further coupled to other peripherals 138, which may include one or more software and / or hardware modules that provide additional features, functionality, and / or wired or wireless connectivity. For example, the peripherals 138 may include an accelerometer, an electronic compass, a satellite transceiver, a digital camera (for photos and / or video), a universal serial bus (USB) port, a vibration device, a television transceiver, a hands-free headset, module, a frequency modulation (FM) radio unit, a digital music player, a media player, a video game player module, an Internet browser, a virtual reality and / or augmented reality (VR / AR) device, an activity tracker, etc. The peripheral device 138 may include one or more sensors, which may be one or more gyroscopes, accelerometers, Hall effect sensors, magnetometers, orientation sensors, proximity sensors, temperature sensors, time sensors; geolocation sensors; altimeters, light sensors, touch sensors, magnetometers, barometers, gesture sensors, biometric sensors, and / or humidity sensors.

[0040] The WTRU 102 may include a full-duplex radio for which transmission and reception of some or all signals (e.g., associated with specific subframes for both UL (e.g., for transmission) and downlink (e.g., for reception)) may be concurrent and / or simultaneous. The full-duplex radio may include an interference management unit to reduce and / or substantially eliminate self-interference through hardware (e.g., a choke) or through signal processing by a processor (e.g., a separate processor (not shown) or via the processor 118). In one embodiment, the WTRU 102 may include a half-duplex radio for which transmission and reception of some or all signals (e.g., associated with specific subframes for UL (e.g., for transmission) or downlink (e.g., for reception)) may be concurrent and / or simultaneous.

[0041] Figure 1C 1 is a system diagram illustrating the RAN 104 and the CN 106 according to an embodiment. As noted above, the RAN 104 may employ an E-UTRA radio technology to communicate with the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c over the air interface 116. The RAN 104 may also be in communication with the CN 106.

[0042] The RAN 104 may include eNode-Bs 160a, 160b, and 160c, though it will be appreciated that the RAN 104 may include any number of eNode-Bs while remaining consistent with an embodiment. Each of the eNode-Bs 160a, 160b, and 160c may include one or more transceivers for communicating with the WTRUs 102a, 102b, and 102c over the air interface 116. In one embodiment, the eNode-Bs 160a, 160b, and 160c may implement MIMO technology. Thus, for example, the eNode-B 160a may use multiple antennas to transmit wireless signals to and / or receive wireless signals from the WTRU 102a.

[0043] Each of the eNode-Bs 160a, 160b, 160c may be associated with a particular cell (not shown) and may be configured to handle radio resource management decisions, handover decisions, user scheduling in UL and / or DL, etc. Figure 1C As shown, eNode-Bs 160a, 160b, 160c may communicate with each other via an X2 interface.

[0044] Figure 1C The CN 106 shown in FIG may include a mobility management entity (MME) 162, a serving gateway (SGW) 164, and a packet data network (PDN) gateway (or PGW) 166. While each of the aforementioned elements is depicted as part of the CN 106, it will be appreciated that any of these elements may be owned and / or operated by an entity other than the CN operator.

[0045] The MME 162 may be connected to each of the eNode-Bs 162a, 162b, 162c in the RAN 104 via an S1 interface and may serve as a control node. For example, the MME 162 may be responsible for user authentication of the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, bearer activation / deactivation, and selection of a particular serving gateway during an initial attach of the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c. The MME 162 may also provide control plane functions for switching between the RAN 104 and other RANs (not shown) that employ other radio technologies, such as GSM and / or WCDMA.

[0046] The SGW 164 may be connected to each of the eNode Bs 160a, 160b, 160c in the RAN 104 via an S1 interface. The SGW 164 may generally route and forward user data packets to and from the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c. The SGW 164 may also perform other functions, such as anchoring the user plane during inter-eNode B handovers, triggering paging when downlink data is available for the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, managing and storing the context of the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, and the like.

[0047] The SGW 164 may be connected to the PGW 166, which may provide the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c with access to packet-switched networks, such as the Internet 110, to facilitate communications between the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c and IP-enabled devices.

[0048] The CN 106 may facilitate communications with other networks. For example, the CN 106 may provide the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c with access to circuit-switched networks, such as the PSTN 108, to facilitate communications between the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c and traditional wired communications devices. For example, the CN 106 may include, or may communicate with, an IP gateway, such as an IP Multimedia Subsystem (IMS) server, that serves as an interface between the CN 106 and the PSTN 108. Additionally, the CN 106 may provide the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c with access to other networks 112, which may include other wired and / or wireless networks owned and / or operated by other service providers.

[0049] Even though the WTRU Figures 1A to 1D Although described as wireless terminals, it is contemplated that in certain representative embodiments, such terminals may employ (eg, temporarily or permanently) a wired communication interface with a communication network.

[0050] In a representative embodiment, other network 112 may be a WLAN.

[0051] A WLAN in infrastructure basic service set (BSS) mode may have an access point (AP) for the BSS and one or more stations (STAs) associated with the AP. The AP may have access to or an interface with a distribution system (DS) or another type of wired / wireless network that carries traffic in and out of the BSS. Traffic originating from outside the BSS to a STA may reach the AP and be delivered to the STA. Traffic from the STA to a destination outside the BSS may be sent to the AP for delivery to the destination. Traffic between STAs within the BSS may be transmitted through the AP, for example, where a source STA may send traffic to the AP, and the AP may deliver the traffic to the destination STA. Traffic between STAs within the BSS may be considered and / or referred to as peer-to-peer traffic. Peer-to-peer traffic may be transmitted (e.g., directly) between a source and destination STA using a direct link setup (DLS). In certain representative embodiments, the DLS may use 802.11e DLS or 802.11z tunneled DLS (TDLS). A WLAN in independent BSS (IBSS) mode may not have an AP, and STAs within or using the IBSS (e.g., all STAs) may communicate directly with each other. The IBSS communication mode may sometimes be referred to herein as an "ad-hoc" communication mode.

[0052] When using 802.11ac infrastructure operation mode or similar operation mode, the AP can send beacons on a fixed channel (e.g., a primary channel). The primary channel can be a fixed width (e.g., a 20 MHz wide bandwidth) or a width dynamically set through signaling. The primary channel can be the operating channel of the BSS and can be used by STAs to establish a connection with the AP. In certain representative embodiments, carrier sense multiple access with collision avoidance (CSMA / CA) can be implemented, such as in 802.11 systems. For CSMA / CA, STAs (e.g., each STA) (including the AP) can sense the primary channel. If the primary channel is sensed / detected by a particular STA and / or determined to be busy, the particular STA can back off. One STA (e.g., only one station) can transmit at any given time in a given BSS.

[0053] High throughput (HT) STAs may communicate using a 40 MHz wide channel, for example, by combining a primary 20 MHz channel with adjacent or non-adjacent 20 MHz channels to form a 40 MHz wide channel.

[0054] Very high throughput (VHT) STAs can support 20MHz, 40MHz, 80MHz and / or 160MHz wide channels. 40MHz and / or 80MHz channels can be formed by combining consecutive 20MHz channels. A 160MHz channel can be formed by combining 8 consecutive 20MHz channels, or by combining two non-contiguous 80MHz channels, which can be referred to as an 80+80 configuration. For the 80+80 configuration, the channel-coded data can be fed into a segment parser that can separate the data into two streams. Inverse Fast Fourier Transform (IFFT) processing and time domain processing can be performed separately on each stream. The stream can be mapped onto two 80MHz channels, and the data can be sent by the transmitting STA. At the receiver of the receiving STA, the above-mentioned operations for the 80+80 configuration can be reversed, and the combined data can be sent to the media access control (MAC).

[0055] 802.11af and 802.11ah support operating modes below 1 GHz. The channel operating bandwidths and carriers in 802.11af and 802.11ah are reduced relative to those used in 802.11n and 802.11ac. 802.11af supports 5 MHz, 10 MHz, and 20 MHz bandwidths in the TV White Space (TVWS) spectrum, and 802.11ah supports 1 MHz, 2 MHz, 4 MHz, 8 MHz, and 16 MHz bandwidths using non-TVWS spectrum. According to a representative embodiment, 802.11ah may support meter type control / machine type communications, such as MTC devices in macro coverage areas. MTC devices may have certain capabilities, such as limited capabilities including support for (e.g., only support for) certain and / or limited bandwidths. MTC devices may include batteries with battery life above a threshold (e.g., to maintain very long battery life).

[0056] WLAN systems (e.g., 802.11n, 802.11ac, 802.11af, and 802.11ah, which can support multiple channels and channel bandwidths) include a channel that can be designated as a primary channel. The primary channel can have a bandwidth equal to the maximum common operating bandwidth supported by all STAs in the BSS. The bandwidth of the primary channel can be set and / or limited by the STA that supports the smallest bandwidth operating mode among all STAs operating in the BSS. In the example of 802.11ah, for a STA that supports (e.g., only) 1 MHz mode (e.g., an MTC-type device), the primary channel can be 1 MHz wide, even if the AP and other STAs in the BSS support 2 MHz, 4 MHz, 8 MHz, 16 MHz, and / or other channel bandwidth operating modes. Carrier sensing and / or network allocation vector (NAV) settings can depend on the status of the primary channel. If the primary channel is busy, for example, because a STA (supporting only 1 MHz operating mode) is transmitting to the AP, the entire available frequency band can be considered busy, even if a large portion of the frequency band remains idle and potentially usable.

[0057] In the United States, 802.11ah can be used in the available frequency band from 902MHz to 928MHz. In South Korea, the available frequency band is from 917.5MHz to 923.5MHz. In Japan, the available frequency band is from 916.5MHz to 927.5MHz. The total available bandwidth for 802.11ah ranges from 6MHz to 26MHz, depending on the country code.

[0058] Figure 1D1 is a system diagram illustrating the RAN 113 and the CN 115 according to an embodiment. As described above, the RAN 113 may employ NR radio technology to communicate with the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c over the air interface 116. The RAN 113 may also be in communication with the CN 115.

[0059] The RAN 113 may include gNBs 180a, 180b, and 180c, though it will be appreciated that the RAN 113 may include any number of gNBs while remaining consistent with an embodiment. Each of the gNBs 180a, 180b, and 180c may include one or more transceivers for communicating with the WTRUs 102a, 102b, and 102c over the air interface 116. In one embodiment, the gNBs 180a, 180b, and 180c may implement MIMO technology. For example, the gNBs 180a and 180b may utilize beamforming to transmit and / or receive signals to and from the gNBs 180a, 180b, and 180c. Thus, for example, the gNB 180a may use multiple antennas to transmit and / or receive wireless signals to and from the WTRU 102a. In one embodiment, the gNBs 180a, 180b, and 180c may implement carrier aggregation technology. For example, the gNB 180a may transmit multiple component carriers (not shown) to the WTRU 102a. A subset of these component carriers may be on unlicensed spectrum, while the remaining component carriers may be on licensed spectrum. In one embodiment, the gNBs 180a, 180b, and 180c may implement coordinated multi-point (CoMP) technology. For example, the WTRU 102a may receive coordinated transmissions from gNB 180a and gNB 180b (and / or gNB 180c).

[0060] The WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c may communicate with the gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c using transmissions associated with scalable parameter sets. For example, the OFDM symbol spacing and / or OFDM subcarrier spacing may vary for different transmissions, different cells, and / or different portions of the wireless transmission spectrum. The WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c may communicate with the gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c using subframes or transmission time intervals (TTIs) of varying or scalable lengths (e.g., containing a variable number of OFDM symbols and / or a continuously varying absolute time length).

[0061] The gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c may be configured to communicate with the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c in a standalone configuration and / or a non-standalone configuration. In a standalone configuration, the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c may communicate with the gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c without also accessing another RAN (e.g., such as the eNode-Bs 160a, 160b, 160c). In a standalone configuration, the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c may utilize one or more of the gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c as mobility anchors. In a standalone configuration, the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c may communicate with the gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c using signals in an unlicensed band. In a non-standalone configuration, the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c may communicate / connect with another RAN (e.g., an eNode-B 160a, 160b, 160c) while simultaneously communicating / connecting with the gNB 180a, 180b, 180c. For example, the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c may implement the DC principle to communicate with one or more gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c and one or more eNode-Bs 160a, 160b, 160c substantially simultaneously. In a non-standalone configuration, the eNode-B 160a, 160b, 160c may serve as a mobility anchor for the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, and the gNB 180a, 180b, 180c may provide additional coverage and / or throughput for the serving WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c.

[0062] Each of the gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c may be associated with a specific cell (not shown) and may be configured to handle radio resource management decisions, handover decisions, user scheduling in UL and / or DL, network slicing support, dual connectivity, interworking between NR and E-UTRA, routing of user plane data to a user plane function (UPF) 184a, 184b, routing of control plane information to an access and mobility management function (AMF) 182a, 182b, etc. Figure 1D As shown, gNBs 180a, 180b, and 180c can communicate with each other via the Xn interface.

[0063] Figure 1DThe CN 115 shown in FIG may include at least one AMF 182 a, 182 b, at least one UPF 184 a, 184 b, at least one Session Management Function (SMF) 183 a, 183 b, and possibly a Data Network (DN) 185 a, 185 b. While each of the aforementioned elements is depicted as part of the CN 115, it will be appreciated that any of these elements may be owned and / or operated by an entity other than the CN operator.

[0064] The AMF 182a, 182b may be connected to one or more of the gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c in the RAN 113 via the N2 interface and may act as a control node. For example, the AMF 182a, 182b may be responsible for user authentication of the WTRU 102a, 102b, 102c, supporting network slicing (e.g., handling different PDU sessions with different requirements), selecting a specific SMF 183a, 183b, managing registration areas, terminating NAS signaling, mobility management, etc. The AMF 182a, 182b may use network slicing to customize CN support for the WTRU 102a, 102b, 102c based on the type of service being utilized by the WTRU 102a, 102b, 102c. For example, different network slices may be established for different use cases, such as services relying on ultra-reliable low latency (URLLC) access, services relying on enhanced massive mobile broadband (eMBB) access, services for machine-type communication (MTC) access, and / or the like. The AMF 162 may provide a control plane function for switching between the RAN 113 and other RANs (not shown) that employ other radio technologies, such as LTE, LTE-A, LTE-A Pro, and / or non-3GPP access technologies (e.g., WiFi).

[0065] SMFs 183a and 183b can connect to AMFs 182a and 182b in CN 115 via the N11 interface. SMFs 183a and 183b can also connect to UPFs 184a and 184b in CN 115 via the N4 interface. SMFs 183a and 183b can select and control UPFs 184a and 184b and configure traffic routing through UPFs 184a and 184b. SMFs 183a and 183b can perform other functions, such as managing and allocating UE IP addresses, managing PDU sessions, controlling policy enforcement and QoS, and providing downlink data notifications. PDU session types can be IP-based, non-IP-based, Ethernet-based, and so on.

[0066] The UPFs 184a, 184b may be connected to one or more of the gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c in the RAN 113 via an N3 interface, which may provide the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c with access to packet-switched networks, such as the Internet 110, to facilitate communications between the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c and IP-enabled devices. The UPFs 184, 184b may perform other functions, such as routing and forwarding packets, enforcing user plane policies, supporting multi-homed PDU sessions, handling user plane QoS, buffering downlink packets, providing mobility anchoring, and the like.

[0067] The CN 115 may facilitate communications with other networks. For example, the CN 115 may include, or may communicate with, an IP gateway (e.g., an IP Multimedia Subsystem (IMS) server) that serves as an interface between the CN 115 and the PSTN 108. Furthermore, the CN 115 may provide the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c with access to other networks 112, which may include other wired and / or wireless networks owned and / or operated by other service providers. In one embodiment, the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c may be connected to a local data network (DN) 185a, 185b through the UPFs 184a, 184b via the N3 interface with the UPFs 184a, 184b and the N6 interface between the UPFs 184a, 184b and the DNs 185a, 185b.

[0068] Given that Figures 1A to 1D as well as Figures 1A to 1D

[0015] As described herein, one or more or all of the functionality described herein with respect to one or more of the WTRUs 102a-102d, base stations 114a-114b, eNode-Bs 160a-160c, MME 162, SGW 164, PGW 166, gNBs 180a-180c, AMFs 182a-182b, UPFs 184a-184b, SMFs 183a-183b, DNs 185a-185b, and / or any other devices described herein may be performed by one or more emulation devices (not shown). The emulation devices may be one or more devices configured to emulate one or more or all of the functionality described herein. For example, the emulation devices may be used to test other devices and / or simulate network and / or WTRU functionality.

[0069] The emulation device can be designed to perform one or more tests on other devices in a laboratory environment and / or in a carrier network environment. For example, one or more emulation devices can perform one or more or all functions when fully or partially implemented and / or deployed as part of a wired and / or wireless communication network in order to test other devices within the communication network. One or more emulation devices can perform one or more or all functions when temporarily implemented / deployed as part of a wired and / or wireless communication network. The emulation device can be directly coupled to another device for testing purposes and / or can perform tests using over-the-air wireless communications.

[0070] One or more emulation devices can perform one or more (including all) functions when not implemented / deployed as part of a wired and / or wireless communication network. For example, the emulation device can be used in a test scenario in a test lab and / or a wired and / or wireless communication network that is not deployed (e.g., testing) to enable testing of one or more components. The one or more emulation devices can be test devices. The emulation device can use direct RF coupling and / or wireless communication via RF circuitry (e.g., which can include one or more antennas) to send and / or receive data.

[0071] The radio access network (RAN) may support an artificial intelligence (AI) / machine learning (ML) NR air interface. A target use case for AI / ML on the air interface may be beam management, which may be used to improve performance and / or reduce complexity in beam management, including, for example, beam prediction in the time and / or spatial domain for overhead and / or latency reduction, improved beam selection accuracy, etc.

[0072] AI / ML applications for beam management may predict the best beam (e.g., or beam pair) among a set of beams (e.g., or beam pair) more accurately and with less overhead than at least some other beam management procedures. In some beam management procedures, the WTRU may measure reference signals (RS) associated with the beams to determine beam quality. The best beam may be reported among the measured beams. In contrast, an AI / ML model in the WTRU (e.g., or gNB) may predict one or more beams (e.g., or beam pairs) from (e.g., all) possible beams (e.g., or beam pairs), which may include beams (e.g., or beam pairs) not measured by the WTRU (e.g., or gNB). The input to the AI / ML model may be beam measurements and / or beam parameters for a set of beams / beam pairs, denoted by Set B, which may also be referred to as a measurement set. Set B may be a subset of Set A, which may be referred to as a prediction set. Set A may include (e.g., all) possible beams / beam pairs. The AI / ML model in the WTRU (e.g., or gNB) may predict one or more beams (e.g., or beam pairs) in set A by inputting beam measurements and / or beam parameters of beams (e.g., or beam pairs) in set B.

[0073] AI / ML models can be trained with sets B of varying types and / or sizes. AI / ML models trained with larger sets B may improve prediction accuracy at the expense of overhead, and vice versa. AI / ML models trained with a (e.g., single) fixed set B may perform better at the expense of flexibility in AI / ML model input. In contrast, AI / ML models trained with multiple or random sets B may have greater flexibility in AI / ML model input at the expense of performance.

[0074] A set of measurement beam resources referred to as Set B (eg, Optimal Set B) may be determined, switched, and / or indicated / reported.

[0075] The words “a” and “an” and similar phrases may be interpreted as “one or more” and “at least one.” Terms ending in the suffix “(s)” may be interpreted as “one or more” and “at least one.”

[0076] Artificial intelligence (AI) can be defined as behaviors exhibited by machines. AI behaviors can mimic cognitive functions to perceive, reason, adapt, and / or act.

[0077] Machine learning (ML) can refer to a class of algorithms that solve problems based on learning from experience (e.g., data) without being (e.g., explicitly) programmed (e.g., configured with a set of rules). Machine learning can be considered a subset of AI. Different machine learning paradigms can be implemented depending on the nature of the data and / or feedback available to the learning algorithm. For example, supervised learning methods can involve learning a function that maps inputs to outputs based on one or more labeled training examples. A training example (e.g., each training example) can be a pair including an input and a corresponding output. Unsupervised learning methods can involve detecting patterns in data without the need for pre-existing labels. Reinforcement learning methods can involve performing a series of actions in an environment to maximize cumulative rewards. In some examples, machine learning algorithms can be applied using a combination and / or interpolation of machine learning methods. For example, semi-supervised learning methods can use a combination of (e.g., a small amount of) labeled data and (e.g., a large amount of) unlabeled data during training. Semi-supervised learning can be between unsupervised learning (e.g., no labeled training data) and supervised learning (e.g., only labeled training data).

[0078] Deep learning (DL) can refer to a class of machine learning algorithms that use artificial neural networks (e.g., deep neural networks (DNNs)), which may be inspired by biological systems. Deep neural networks (DNNs) can be a special class of machine learning models inspired by the human brain. DNN inputs can be linearly transformed and passed through nonlinear activation functions multiple times. DNNs can include multiple layers. One (e.g., each) layer can include a linear transformation and / or one or more nonlinear activation functions. DNNs can be trained, for example, using a backpropagation algorithm using training data. DNNs can provide state-of-the-art performance in various machine learning settings (e.g., supervised, unsupervised, and / or semi-supervised) in various fields (e.g., speech, vision, natural language, etc.). The term AIML-based method / processing can refer to learning based on data to achieve behavior and / or meet requirements, for example, without (e.g., explicitly) configuring a series of steps or actions. AIML-based methods can achieve complex behavior learning, which may be difficult to concretize and / or implement using other (e.g., traditional) methods.

[0079] The WTRU may transmit or receive a physical channel or a reference signal according to at least one spatial domain filter.The term "beam" may be used to refer to a spatial domain filter.

[0080] The WTRU may transmit a physical channel or signal using a spatial domain filter, for example, the same spatial domain filter used to receive RS (e.g., channel state information (CSI)-RS) or synchronization signal (SS) blocks. The WTRU may transmit a target physical channel or signal. The received RS or SS block may be referred to as a reference or source. The WTRU may (e.g., be described as) transmitting a target physical channel or signal based on a spatial relationship relative to the RS or SS block.

[0081] The WTRU may transmit a first physical channel or signal according to a spatial domain filter, for example, according to the same spatial domain filter used to transmit a second physical channel or signal. The first and second transmissions may be referred to as a target and a reference (e.g., or source), respectively. The WTRU may (e.g., be described as) transmitting a first (e.g., target) physical channel or signal according to a spatial relationship relative to a second (e.g., reference) physical channel or signal.

[0082] The spatial relationship may be implicit, configured by RRC, and / or signaled, for example, by a medium access control (MAC) control element (CE) or downlink control information (DCI). For example, a WTRU may (e.g., implicitly) transmit a physical uplink shared channel (PUSCH) and / or a demodulation reference signal (DM-RS) for the PUSCH according to the same spatial domain filter as a sounding reference signal (SRS) indicated by an SRS resource indicator (SRI) indicated in the DCI or configured by RRC. In some examples, the spatial relationship may be configured by RRC for SRI or signaled by a MAC CE for a physical uplink control channel (PUCCH). The spatial relationship may (e.g., also) be referred to as beam indication.

[0083] The WTRU may receive a first (e.g., target) downlink channel or signal based on the same spatial domain filters or spatial reception parameters as a second (e.g., reference) downlink channel or signal. For example, an association may exist between a physical channel (e.g., PDCCH or PDSCH) and its respective DM-RS. The association may exist, for example, if / when the first and second signals are reference signals and / or if / when the WTRU is configured with quasi co-location (QCL) assumption type D between the corresponding antenna ports. The association may be configured as a transmission configuration indication (TCI) state. The association between a CSI-RS or SS block and a DM-RS may be indicated to the WTRU, for example, by indexing into a TCI state set configured by RRC and / or signaled (e.g., via a MAC CE). The indication of the association between a CSI-RS or SS block and a DM-RS may (e.g., also) be referred to as a beam indication.

[0084] Transmission and reception point (TRP) may be used interchangeably with one or more of the following: transmission point (TP), reception point (RP), radio remote head (RRH), distributed antenna (DA), base station (BS), sector (e.g., a sector of a BS), and / or cell (e.g., a geographic cell area served by a BS). Multiple TRP may be used interchangeably with one or more of the following: MTRP, M-TRP, and / or multiple TRPs.

[0085] A WTRU may report a subset of channel state information (CSI) components. The CSI components may correspond to one or more of: a CSI-RS resource indicator (CRI), an SSB resource indicator (SSBRI), a panel indication for reception at the WTRU (e.g., a panel identifier or a group identifier), measurements (e.g., layer one (L1)-reference signal received power (RSRP) obtained from an SSB or CSI-RS), L1-signal to interference plus noise ratio (SINR) (e.g., cri-RSRP, cri-SINR, ssb-Index-RSRP, ssb-Index-SINR), and / or other channel state information, such as a rank indicator (RI), a channel quality indicator (CQI), a precoding matrix indicator (PMI), a layer index (LI), and / or the like.

[0086] Channel and / or interference measurements may be performed. The WTRU may receive synchronization signal / physical broadcast channel (SS / PBCH) blocks. The SS / PBCH blocks (SSBs) may include a primary synchronization signal (PSS), a secondary synchronization signal (SSS), and / or a physical broadcast channel (PBCH). The WTRU may monitor, receive, and / or (e.g., attempt to) decode SSBs, for example, during one or more of: initial access, initial synchronization, radio link monitoring (RLM), cell search, cell handover, etc.

[0087] The WTRU may measure and report channel state information (CSI). The CSI for a connected mode (e.g., each connected mode) may include or may be configured with one or more of the following: a CSI reporting configuration; a CSI-RS resource set; or a non-zero power (NZP) CSI-RS resource.

[0088] The CSI reporting configuration may include one or more of the following: CSI reporting amount (e.g., channel quality indicator (CQI), rank indicator (RI), precoding matrix indicator (PMI), CSI-RS resource indicator (CRI), layer indicator (LI), etc.); CSI reporting type (e.g., aperiodic, semi-persistent, periodic); CSI reporting codebook configuration (e.g., type I, type II, type II port selection, etc.); or CSI reporting frequency.

[0089] The CSI-RS resource set may include one or more of the following CSI resource settings: NZP-CSI-RS resources for channel measurement; NZP-CSI-RS resources for interference measurement; or CSI interference measurement (CSI-IM) resources for interference measurement.

[0090] The NZP CSI-RS resource may include one or more of the following: an NZP CSI-RS resource identifier (ID); periodicity and / or offset; QCL information and / or TCI state; or resource mapping (e.g., number of ports, density, CDM type, etc.).

[0091] The WTRU may be indicated, determined, or configured with one or more reference signals. The WTRU may monitor, receive, and / or measure one or more parameters based on the corresponding reference signals. For example, the reference signal measurements may include one or more of the following parameters: SS-RSRP; CSI-RSRP; SS-SINR; CSI-SINR; RSSI; CLI-RSSI; or SRS-RSRP.

[0092] SS reference signal received power (SS-RSRP) can be measured, for example, based on synchronization signals (e.g., demodulation reference signal (DMRS) in PBCH or SSS). SS-RSRP can be defined as the linear average of the power contributions of resource elements (REs) carrying the corresponding synchronization signal. Power scaling of the reference signal can be used (e.g., required) when measuring RSRP. SS-RSRP measurement (e.g., if used for L1-RSRP) can be performed, for example, based on CSI reference signals and synchronization signals.

[0093] CSI-RSRP may be measured based on a linear average of the power contributions of REs carrying corresponding CSI-RSs.CSI-RSRP measurements may be configured in measurement resources for configured CSI-RS opportunities.

[0094] The SS signal-to-noise and interference ratio (SS-SINR) can be measured based on synchronization signals (e.g., DMRS or SSS in PBCH). SS-SINR can be defined as the linear average of the power contribution of the REs carrying the corresponding synchronization signal divided by the linear average of the noise and interference power contributions. Noise and interference power measurements can be made based on resources configured by higher layers, for example, if / when SS-SINR is used for L1-SINR.

[0095] The CSI-SINR can be measured, for example, based on the linear average of the power contribution of the REs carrying the corresponding CSI-RS divided by the linear average of the noise and interference power contributions. The noise and interference power measurement can be done based on resources configured by higher layers, for example, if / when the CSI-SINR is used for L1-SINR. The noise and interference power can be measured based on the resources carrying the corresponding CSI-RS, for example, if / when the CSI-SINR is not used for L1-SINR.

[0096] The received signal strength indicator (RSSI) may be measured, for example, based on an average of total power contributions in the configured OFDM symbols and bandwidth. Power contributions may come from different resources (e.g., co-channel serving and non-serving cells, adjacent channel interference, thermal noise, etc.).

[0097] A cross-layer interference received signal strength indicator (CLI-RSSI) may be measured, for example, as an average of (e.g., total) power contributions in configured OFDM symbols based on configured time and / or frequency resources. Power contributions may come from different resources (e.g., cross-layer interference, co-channel serving and non-serving cells, adjacent channel interference, thermal noise, etc.).

[0098] Sounding Reference Signal RSRP (SRS-RSRP) may be measured, for example, based on a linear average of the power contributions of REs carrying the corresponding SRS.

[0099] A beam / CSI reporting configuration (e.g., CSI-ReportConfigs) may be associated with a (e.g., single) bandwidth part (BWP) (e.g., indicated by a BWP-Id), where one or more of the following parameters may be configured: CSI-RS resources and / or CSI-RS resource sets for channel and interference measurement; CSI-RS reporting configuration type (e.g., including periodic, semi-persistent, and aperiodic); CSI-RS transmission periodicity for periodic and semi-persistent CSI reporting; CSI-RS resource set ... CSI-RS transmission slot offsets for periodic, semi-persistent, and aperiodic CSI reporting; CSI-RS transmission slot offset list for semi-persistent and aperiodic CSI reporting; time limits for channel and interference measurements; reporting band configuration (e.g., wideband / subband CQI, PMI, etc.); thresholds and calculation modes for reporting quantities (e.g., CQI, RSRP, SINR, LI, RI, etc.); codebook configuration; group-based beam reporting; CQI table; subband size; non-PMI port indication; port index, etc.

[0100] A CSI-RS resource configuration may be determined and / or provided. A CSI-RS resource set (e.g., NZP-CSI-RS-ResourceSet) may include one or more CSI-RS resources (e.g., NZP-CSI-RS-Resource and CSI-ResourceConfig). The WTRU may be configured with one or more of the following in the CSI-RS resources: CSI-RS periodicity and slot offset for periodic and semi-persistent CSI-RS resources; CSI-RS resource mapping for defining the number of CSI-RS ports, density, CDM type, OFDM symbol and / or subcarrier occupancy; the bandwidth portion to which the configured CSI-RS is allocated; or a reference to a TCI-State (e.g., including a QCL source RS and a corresponding QCL type).

[0101] An RS resource set may be configured. One or more configurations may be used for an RS resource set. A WTRU may be configured with one or more RS resource sets. An RS resource set configuration may include one or more of the following: an RS resource set ID; one or more RS resources for the RS resource set; repetition of transmission (e.g., on or off); an aperiodic trigger offset (e.g., one of 0 to 6 time slots); or TRS information (e.g., true or false).

[0102] RS resources may be configured. One or more configurations may be used for RS resources. A WTRU may be configured with one or more RS resources. The RS resource configuration may include one or more of: RS resource ID; resource mapping (e.g., REs in PRBs); power control offset (e.g., a value from -8, ..., 15); power control offset relative to the SS (e.g., -3 dB, 0 dB, 3 dB, 6 dB); scrambling ID; periodicity and offset; or QCL information (e.g., based on TCI state).

[0103] A grant or assignment may have one or more attributes. The attributes of a grant or assignment may include, for example, one or more of the following: frequency allocation; aspects of time allocation, such as duration; priority; modulation and coding scheme (MCS); transport block size; number of spatial layers; number of transport blocks; TCI state, CRI and / or SRI; number of repetitions; an indication of whether the repetition scheme is type A or type B; an indication of whether the grant is a configured grant type 1, type 2, or a dynamic grant; an indication of whether the assignment is a dynamic assignment or a semi-persistently scheduled (e.g., configured) assignment; a configured grant index or semi-persistent assignment index; a configured periodicity of the grant or assignment; a channel access priority class (CAPC); or (e.g., any) parameter provided (e.g., in a DCI, via a MAC, or via RRC) for scheduling the grant or assignment.

[0104] The indication through the DCI may, for example, include one or more of: an (e.g., explicit) indication through a DCI field or an RNTI used to mask the CRC of the PDCCH; and / or an (e.g., implicit) indication through an attribute, such as the DCI format, the DCI size, the CORESET or search space, the aggregation level, the first resource element of the received DCI (e.g., the index of the first control channel element), where the mapping between the attributes and the values ​​may be notified by RRC or MAC signaling.

[0105] Reference signal (RS) can be used interchangeably with one or more of the following: RS resource, RS resource set, RS port, RS port group, or beam group. RS can be (e.g., also) used interchangeably with one or more of the following: sounding reference signal (SRS); channel state information - reference signal (CSI-RS); demodulation reference signal (DM-RS); phase tracking reference signal (PT-RS); timing reference signal (TRS), positioning reference signal (PRS), or synchronization signal block (SSB).

[0106] The channel may be used interchangeably with one or more of the following: Physical Downlink Control Channel (PDCCH); Physical Downlink Shared Channel (PDSCH); Physical Uplink Control Channel (PUCCH); Physical Uplink Shared Channel (PUSCH); Physical Random Access Channel (PRACH), etc.

[0107] Signals, channels and / or messages (eg, as DL or UL signals, channels and / or messages) may be used interchangeably.

[0108] Beam reporting can be used interchangeably with CSI measurement, CSI reporting and / or beam measurement.

[0109] Examples for beam resource prediction (e.g., as described herein) can be used for beam resources belonging to one or more (e.g., single or multiple) cells and / or one or more (e.g., single or multiple) TRPs.

[0110] Set A may be used interchangeably with a set of one or more of: a set of RS resources, a beam, a beam pair, a beam RS resource, an RS resource, and / or a beam pattern. In an example, set A may be a set of all beams.

[0111] Set B may be used interchangeably with a set of one or more of: a set of RS resources, a beam, a beam pair, a beam RS resource, an RS resource, and / or a beam pattern. In an example, Set B may be a set of measured beams (eg, Set B may be a subset of Set A).

[0112] The measurement beam resource set (Set B) may be selected / indicated, for example, during initial access. The WTRU may have a (pre-)defined initial / default Set B and / or Set B size. For example, the (e.g., default) size of the random Set B may be N beams. For example, the fixed Set B may include common (e.g., non-WTRU-specific) gNB beams.

[0113] The WTRU may switch to another Set B type (e.g., fixed Set B, random Set B) based on initial measurements (e.g., initial beam RSRP, indicated beam ID) and / or availability of a (pre)defined / (pre)configured Set B, for example, if the measured beam ID / QCL-TypeD information matches a beam of a (pre)configured Set B. The measured beam may match a beam of a Set B associated with an AI / ML model. The WTRU may send an indication to the gNB regarding beam selection for Set B, such as a WTRU-specific preconfigured Set B. The WTRU may report supported Set B types (e.g., fixed, random, etc.), for example, as part of the WTRU's capabilities. The WTRU may determine / indicate a preferred Set B (e.g., measurement RS resources) for the future, for example, based on the WTRU's reported capabilities.

[0114] The terms initial access and random access may be used interchangeably to refer to one or more procedures related to establishing connectivity between a WTRU and a network.

[0115] The random access procedure may be implemented in a network (e.g., a NR network). Figures 2A to 2D An example of a random access procedure is illustrated.

[0116] Multiple (e.g., two) types of random access procedures may be supported (e.g., a 4-step RA type using MSG1 and a 2-step RA type using MSGA). One or more (e.g., two) types of RA procedures may support contention-based random access (CBRA) and / or contention-free random access (CFRA), such as Figures 2A to 2D shown.

[0117] The WTRU may select the type of random access when initiating the random access procedure based on network configuration. The RSRP threshold may be used by the WTRU to select between a 2-step RA type and a 4-step RA type, for example, if / when CFRA resources are not configured. The WTRU may perform a random access with a 4-step RA type, for example, if / when CFRA resources for a 4-step RA type are configured. The WTRU may perform a random access with a 2-step RA type, for example, if / when CFRA resources for a 2-step RA type are configured.

[0118] A RACH opportunity (RO) may be a space in the time domain and / or frequency domain for receiving a RACH preamble.

[0119] In some examples (e.g., in LTE), there may be (e.g., only) one RACH opportunity specified by an RRC message (e.g., in SIB2) for (e.g., all) possible RACH preambles. In some examples (e.g., in NR), SSBs are associated with different beams, and the WTRU may select a beam and use the selected beam to transmit the preamble.

[0120] The mapping between SSBs and RACH opportunities may be defined / configured by the gNB. An SSB (e.g., each SSB) may be associated with a different beam. The WTRU may select a beam and use the selected beam to transmit the preamble. The gNB may be aware of which beam / SSB the WTRU selected (e.g., based on the configuration between SSBs and RACH opportunities) and / or the RACH opportunity the WTRU selected to transmit the preamble. The initial / default set B may be indicated to the gNB by the WTRU (e.g., implicitly), e.g., based on the RACH opportunity the WTRU selected to transmit the preamble.

[0121] The WTRU may have an (e.g., predefined) initial / default Set B and / or Set B size. The initial / default Set B and / or Set B size may be, for example, a random Set B with a default size of N beams. The initial / default Set B and / or Set B size may be, for example, a fixed Set B including common (e.g., non-WTRU-specific) beams. The WTRU may send an indication of the initial / default Set B and / or Set B size to the gNB (either explicitly or implicitly (e.g., by selecting a preamble accordingly, e.g., as described herein)).

[0122] The WTRU may switch to another Set B type (e.g., fixed Set B, random Set B) based on initial measurements (e.g., initial beam RSRP, indicated beam ID) and / or availability of a predefined / preconfigured Set B, for example, if the measured beam ID / QCL-TypeD information matches a beam of a preconfigured Set B. The measured beam may match a beam of a Set B associated with an AI / ML model. The WTRU may send an indication to the gNB regarding the beam selection of Set B, e.g., a WTRU-specific preconfigured Set B. The indication may be sent implicitly or explicitly. For example, the indication may be sent implicitly via a selection preamble (e.g., as described herein). The WTRU may report the supported Set B types (e.g., fixed, random, etc.), for example, as part of an initial capabilities exchange with the network (e.g., during RRC (re)configuration). The WTRU may determine / indicate a preferred Set B (e.g., RS resources / beams) for the future, for example, based on the WTRU's reported capabilities.

[0123] The WTRU may report information about Set B, for example, via an initial access preamble. The initial access preamble (e.g., referred to as a random access preamble or preamble) may be sent from the WTRU to the gNB (e.g., in Msg 1, Msg 3, Msg 5, and / or Msg A). The preamble may be selected by the WTRU in a contention-based manner. The preamble may be a dedicated preamble that is assigned / reserved by the gNB in ​​a contention-free manner. The preamble may be sent as part of a (e.g., not limited to, a conventional) random access procedure (e.g., CBRA with a 4-step RA type, CBRA with a 2-step RA type, CFRA with a 4-step RA type, CFRA with a 2-step RA type).

[0124] In some examples, the gNB may provide a list of preambles that may be contention-free for the WTRU to perform initial access. The contention-free preamble may correspond to the same or a different set of resources (e.g., RACH opportunities in the time domain, PRACH opportunities in the frequency domain, SSBs corresponding to one or more beams in the spatial domain) as the contention-based preamble. For example, the WTRU may select a contention-free preamble. The WTRU may send the contention-free preamble to the gNB on a RACH opportunity. The gNB may know which beams / SSBs the WTRU has selected, for example, based on the RACH opportunities used by the WTRU, which may represent the WTRU's initial / default set B.

[0125] In some examples, the preamble may serve a (e.g., additional) purpose, such as versus (e.g., only) serving to achieve uplink synchronization. The preamble may (e.g., implicitly) provide additional information about set B. The WTRU may select preamble 1 or 2, for example, if the size of set B of RS resources / beams = S1. The WTRU may select preamble 3 or 4, for example, if the size of set B of RS resources / beams = S2, and so on. The WTRU may select preamble 5 or 6, for example, if set B is a fixed set. The WTRU may select preamble 7 or 8, for example, if set B is a random set, and so on.

[0126] The preamble may provide additional information, such as that listed herein (e.g., explicitly), regarding Set B, for example, by adding additional bits to a conventional preamble to carry more information. The indication may be, for example, a flag. For example, the presence of a flag may indicate the type of Set B (e.g., fixed Set B vs. random Set B). The indication may be more complex, such as by providing additional bits to indicate the number of RS resources / beams in Set B at the WTRU.

[0127] In some examples, there may be multiple (e.g., two) types of preambles. A first (e.g., legacy) type of preamble may serve to achieve UL synchronization between the WTRU and the network (NW). A second (e.g., enhanced / special) type of preamble may serve to (e.g., also) provide additional information. For example, a WTRU that (e.g., only) wants to perform initial access (e.g., per legacy) may use the first (e.g., legacy) type of preamble. A WTRU that supports AI / ML and / or wants to send additional information (e.g., regarding Set B) to the gNB may use the second (e.g., special) type of preamble.

[0128] In some examples, the preambles available for initial access (e.g., normal, special, dedicated, contention-based, contention-free) may be indicated to the WTRU, for example, via a SIB. The SIB may be SIB1, a subsequent (e.g., requested) SIB, a subsequent periodic SIB, an AI / ML-specific SIB, and / or a beam measurement-specific SIB. For example, a WTRU that supports AI / ML may use one of the preambles indicated via the AI / ML-specific SIB to provide AI / ML-specific information (e.g., AI / ML capability indication, etc.) to the gNB.

[0129] The WTRU may measure and / or report information about Set B during or in association with one or more of the following events: contention-based random access (CBRA); contention-free random access (CFRA); 4-step random access; 2-step random access; initial access from RRC IDLE; RRC connection re-establishment procedure; DL or UL data arrival during RRC_CONNECTED (e.g., if / when the UL synchronization state is asynchronous); UL data arrival during RRC_CONNECTED (e.g., if / when PUCCH resources for SR are not available); requested by RRC at synchronization reconfiguration (e.g., handover); RRC connection recovery procedure from RRC_INACTIVE; establishing time alignment for secondary TAG; requesting other system information; beam failure recovery (BFR); or persistent UL LBT failure on the SpCell.

[0130] A set of measurement beam resources (Set B) may be determined / indicated. The WTRU may (e.g., be configured to) perform one or more of the following actions. The WTRU may receive configuration information. The configuration information may include one or more of: a set of reference signal (RS) resources, where each respective RS resource may be associated with a respective RS beam; RS resource selection conditions / rules; and / or fallback RS (e.g., CSI-RS) resource selection conditions / rules.

[0131] The WTRU may measure (e.g., perform measurements) one or more RS resources of a set of RS resources (e.g., each received set of RS resources). The WTRU may select a subset of the measured RS resources as a measurement RS resource set (e.g., set B) for the WTRU, for example, based on the RS resource set (e.g., the received set of RS resources) and / or one or more RS resource selection conditions (e.g., the received RS resource selection conditions) being satisfied.

[0132] The WTRU may select a subset of measured RS resources as a set of measured RS resources for the WTRU (e.g., Set B) based on the satisfaction of RS resource selection conditions and / or fallback RS (e.g., CSI-RS) resource selection conditions. For example, if none of the RS resource selection conditions are satisfied, the WTRU may select a subset of measurement resources based on the fallback RS resource selection conditions. The WTRU may send (e.g., to the network) an indication of the subset of resources and / or the resource selection conditions (e.g., the satisfied resource selection conditions). For example, the WTRU may send an indication that the WTRU is used to select the subset of measured RS resources as the RS selection conditions for the set of measured RS resources for the WTRU (e.g., Set B). The WTRU may send an indication (e.g., report) of the subset of measured RS resources selected to form the set of measured RS resources (e.g., Set B). The WTRU may receive a configuration of a set of RS resources belonging to the configured Set B and / or RS resource measurement reporting (e.g., via CSI-Report).

[0133] The WTRU may determine power-related parameter values ​​(e.g., SS-RSRP, CSI-RSRP, SS-SINR, RSSI, CLI-RSSI) associated with the RS resources of the resource subset. For example, the WTRU may measure the L1-RSRP of one or more RS resources belonging to the configured set B. The WTRU may estimate beam parameters (e.g., beam direction, beam width) based on the determined parameters associated with the RS resources of the resource subset. For example, the WTRU may determine a measured L1-RSRP for at least one configured beam and / or an estimated L1-RSRP for at least one configured beam (e.g., based on the measured L1-RSRP of the at least one RS resource belonging to the configured set B).

[0134] The WTRU may determine a beam set based on the determined beam parameters and / or estimated beam parameters. For example, the WTRU may determine a set of K beams with the highest L1-RSRP based on the at least one measured L1-RSRP and / or estimated L1-RSRP. The WTRU may report the determined beam set. For example, the WTRU may report the set of K beams with the highest L1-RSRP (e.g., via CSI reporting). The WTRU may receive configuration information indicating a TCI state for one of the configured beams. The WTRU may use the indicated TCI state to receive future PDCCH and PUSCH resources.

[0135] RS and / or Set B selection configurations for a WTRU are described herein. The WTRU may receive a configuration of one or more RS resource sets. An RS set (e.g., each RS set) may correspond to one Set B. RS resources within a resource set may be associated with different beams. For example, an RS resource (e.g., each RS resource) may be associated with one beam. RS resource sets (e.g., each RS resource set) may have different sizes (e.g., associated with different numbers of beams, such as 4, 8, 16, etc.). The WTRU may receive (e.g., based on the WTRU indicating a preferred Set B (e.g., thereafter)) a configuration of one or more common RS resource sets (e.g., common to multiple (e.g., all) WTRUs) and / or one or more WTRU-specific RS resource sets.

[0136] The WTRU can identify the association between beams (e.g., between the RS associated with the beam and the (pre-)configured beams of the set B selection criteria) based on one or more of the following: QCL type D (e.g., matching the QCL type D information of the RS with the beam in set B associated with the AI / ML model); beam ID, beam angle, or other beam identifier.

[0137] The WTRU may determine one or more conditions for RS resources / beams in Set B. The WTRU may receive a bitmap indication indicating supported Set B RS resource / beam selection criteria. The WTRU may receive a configuration of conditions / rules to be used for Set B beam selection, which may include one or more of: uniform beam selection with period N, random Set B, predefined / preconfigured Set B, etc. The WTRU may select (e.g., one) selection condition from the supported selection conditions. The WTRU may report the selected condition, for example, as part of a CSI-Report.

[0138] The WTRU may select / determine Set B. The WTRU may select all or some of the beams from the set of RS resources as preferred Set B beams based on the determined selection conditions. The one or more conditions may be or may be based on one or more of the following: (pre)defined or (pre)configured Set B; beam quality; LOS probability; prediction accuracy; uniform beam selection; random beam selection; and / or other rules / selection criteria.

[0139] Beam quality may be determined after measuring RS resources (e.g., L1-RSRP, SINR, CQI, etc.) The beam quality criterion may, for example, select (e.g., be used to select) the top N beams, the top M beams, the bottom K beams, etc.

[0140] The LOS probability criterion may, for example, select (e.g., may be used to select) the N beams with the highest LOS probability. The LOS probability criterion may select the highest N beams (e.g., if the LOS probability is greater than (e.g., a preconfigured) los_threshold) and / or the first N+M beams with the highest quality. The LOS probability criterion may select every Nth beam (e.g., if the LOS probability is greater than los_threshold), or every (N–M)th beam in a beam sweep (e.g., otherwise). The LOS probability criterion may select N random beams (e.g., if the LOS probability is greater than los_threshold), or N+M random beams (e.g., otherwise).

[0141] The prediction accuracy can be calculated based on the accuracy of past predictions of the AI / ML model. The prediction accuracy criterion can select (e.g., can be used to select) the highest N beams (e.g., if the accuracy is greater than (e.g., a preconfigured) ac_threshold), or the top N+M beams of highest quality (e.g., otherwise). The prediction accuracy criterion can select every Nth beam (e.g., if the accuracy is greater than ac_threshold), or every (N–M)th beam in the beam sweep (e.g., otherwise). The prediction accuracy criterion can select N random beams (e.g., if the accuracy is greater than ac_threshold), or N+M random beams (e.g., otherwise).

[0142] The uniform beam selection criterion may, for example, select (e.g., may be used to select) every Nth beam among (e.g., all) beams measured by the WTRU in a gNB beam scan. The uniform beam selection criterion may, for example, select every Nth RS resource associated with a set of RS resources.

[0143] The random beam selection criterion may, for example, select (eg, may be used to select) random N beams from (eg, all) beams associated with the RS resource set.

[0144] The WTRU may report / indicate Set B. The WTRU may indicate / request a preferred Set B beam and / or Set B size (e.g., the number of beams in Set B). The WTRU may send a periodic / semi-persistent / aperiodic indication (e.g., via CSI-Report) indicating Set B beam selection criteria. For example, an indication (e.g., an integer value of 0) may indicate all beams associated with the RS resource set. An indication (e.g., an integer value of 1) may indicate a beam selected based on a predefined / preconfigured Set B. An indication (e.g., an integer value of 2) may indicate a beam selected based on uniform beam selection. Other selection criteria may be indicated in the same or similar manner.

[0145] The WTRU may indicate the beam in a variety of ways (e.g., by CRI, beam ID), such as based on an indication of the WTRU's Set B beam selection criteria. The WTRU may indicate that a set of RS resources is part of the CSI-report, such as if the WTRU indicates that (e.g., all) beams associated with a set of RS resources are selected. The WTRU may indicate a periodic (e.g., every Nth) CRI for at least one RS resource associated with a beam of Set B, such as if the WTRU indicates a uniform selection criterion. The WTRU may indicate the size of Set B (e.g., N beams), such as if the WTRU indicates a random selection criterion. The WTRU may indicate (e.g., all) RS resources of (e.g., all) beams associated with Set B via CRI, such as if the WTRU indicates a predefined / preconfigured Set B and / or other selection criteria. The WTRU may indicate the CRI for Set B beams, such as by continuous CSI-RS reporting until all beams of Set B are reported.

[0146] In some examples (e.g., for selection criteria based on LOS probability), the WTRU may send an indication (e.g., a 1-bit indication) to indicate that the LOS probability is greater than los_threshold and / or the LOS probability, e.g., in addition to indicating the beams of set B. In some examples (e.g., for selection criteria based on accuracy), the WTRU may send an indication (e.g., a 1-bit indication) to indicate that the accuracy is greater than ac_threshold and / or the accuracy, e.g., in addition to indicating the beams of set B. In some examples, the selection criteria for each set may be (pre-)configured by the gNB.

[0147] The WTRU may report / indicate Set B, e.g., based on AI / ML model input specifications. The WTRU may request additional information (e.g., beam ID) from the gNB. The WTRU may report additional information (e.g., Rx beam ID) to the gNB, e.g., in addition to beam quality.

[0148] The WTRU may report the beam quality (e.g., L1-RSRP, CQI, SINR, CQI, RI) of one or more beams of set B.

[0149] The WTRU may be configured with an RS and a set of measurement beam resources (Set B).

[0150] Measurement and estimation sets may be configured. A WTRU may be configured with one or more sets of reference signal (RS) resources, beams, and / or beam pairs. RS resources, beams, and / or beam pairs (e.g., each RS resource, beam, and / or beam pair) may be associated with a transmission from a beam having (e.g., specific) beam parameters (e.g., beam direction and beam width). A WTRU may be configured with associated beams, RS resources, and / or beam parameters.

[0151] In an example, a WTRU may be configured with a first set of RS resources, beams, and / or beam pairs that may cover (e.g., the entire) RS resource space, beam space, and / or beam pair space. The WTRU may determine or select set A and set B. The union of set A and set B may cover (e.g., the entire) RS resource space, beam space, and / or beam pair space. In an example, set A and set B may be mutually exclusive. In an example, set B may include RS resources on which the WTRU may perform measurements to obtain one or more of: (1) direct measurements for a first set of beams or beam pairs (e.g., a one-to-one mapping between RS resources and beams or beam pairs); and / or (2) estimated measurements for a second set of beams or beam pairs (e.g., a many-to-one mapping between RS resources and beams or beam pairs, possibly using an AI / ML estimation model).

[0152] A WTRU may be configured with one or more RS resource sets associated with (e.g., each) a beam. For example, a WTRU may be configured with a first beam associated with two RS sets, e.g., a first set comprising a single RS resource and a second set comprising multiple RS resources. The WTRU may determine a measurement value associated with the beam, e.g., through direct measurement of the RS resources (e.g., in the first set) or through an estimate obtained from measurement of the RS resources (e.g., in the second set).

[0153] The WTRU may determine a measurement set of RS resources (e.g., Set B). For example, Set B may include at least one of a plurality (e.g., two) sets of RS resources associated with (e.g., each) beam for which the WTRU obtains measurements (e.g., directly or by estimation).

[0154] The WTRU may be configured with one or more group-common RS resource sets and / or one or more WTRU-specific RS resource sets. The WTRU may determine Set B as the union of the group-common RS resource set and at least one WTRU-specific RS resource set.

[0155] The WTRU may determine set parameters. The WTRU may perform measurements on at least one RS in at least one set of RS resources, for example, to determine a desired set of RS resources (e.g., desired set B) and / or a desired set of estimated beams (e.g., desired set A). For example, the WTRU may be configured with a first set of RS resources (e.g., a set different from set A and set B). The WTRU may perform measurements on RS resources of the first set of RS resources. The WTRU may determine or select one or more set parameters (e.g., based on the measurements). The WTRU may be configured with one or more set parameters that the WTRU may determine or select (e.g., based on the measurements).

[0156] The parameters of a set may include, for example, one or more of the following: the size of set A; the size of set B; the elements of set A; the elements of set B; or the distribution of elements in set A or set B.

[0157] The parameters of the set may include the size of set A and / or the size of set B. For example, the parameters may indicate the number of RS resources, beams, and / or beam pairs in set A and / or set B. In some examples, the parameters may indicate a maximum or minimum value for the set size.

[0158] The parameters of the set may include elements of set A and / or elements of set B. For example, the parameters may indicate RS resources, beams, and / or beam pairs in set A or set B.

[0159] The parameters of the set may include the distribution of elements in set A or set B. For example, the parameters may indicate whether the elements in the set are uniformly distributed (e.g., covering the RS resource space, beam space and / or beam pair space in a uniform manner), randomly distributed (e.g., covering the RS resource space, beam space and / or beam pair space in a random manner) and / or clustered (e.g., covering the RS resource space, beam space and / or beam pair space in a clustered manner). In some examples, the parameters may indicate whether the elements in the set cover the entire RS resource space, beam space and / or beam pair space, or cover a subspace of the entire RS resource space, beam space and / or beam pair space.

[0160] The WTRU may determine at least one parameter of a set based on at least one of: measurements (e.g., measurements performed on different sets of RS resources); configuration or indication (e.g., from the gNB); transmission requirements (e.g., priority, reliability requirements, and / or latency requirements); or performance of previously used parameters. For example, the WTRU may determine the estimated performance of a first set B having a first set of parameters. The WTRU may decide to update at least one parameter to improve the performance of a second set B. For example, the WTRU may increase the size of set B (e.g., to improve the estimated performance).

[0161] The WTRU may determine a set. The WTRU may determine or select set A and / or set B, for example, based on at least one of: determined, selected, or configured parameters of the sets; a group-common set B; at least one configured WTRU-specific set B; transmission requirements; performance of previously used sets; and / or selection criteria.

[0162] The WTRU may determine or select set A and / or set B based on group common set B. For example, the WTRU may determine set B that includes at least (eg, all) elements of group common set B.

[0163] The WTRU may determine or select Set A and / or Set B based on at least one configured WTRU-specific Set B. For example, the WTRU may be configured with multiple possible WTRU-specific Sets B. The WTRU may determine Set B that includes elements of at least one configured WTRU-specific Set B.

[0164] The WTRU may determine or select Set A and / or Set B based on transmission requirements (eg, based on priority or reliability requirements or delay requirements).

[0165] The WTRU may determine or select Set A and / or Set B based on the performance of previously used sets. For example, the WTRU may use a first set B to obtain measurements for a first set of beams and / or estimate measurements for a second set of beams. The WTRU may determine the second set B, for example, such that the estimated performance is better than the estimated performance of the first set B. For example, the second set B may have a larger size than the first set B.

[0166] The WTRU may determine or select set A and / or set B based on a selection criterion. For example, the WTRU may determine or select a set that satisfies at least one of the following criteria: a minimum set (e.g., set B); a maximum set (e.g., set A); a minimum estimated error of elements in the set (e.g., set A); and / or similarity to a configured or used set. For example, the WTRU may determine or select a second set such that the second set has the most (e.g., or the fewest) elements that are also in the first set.

[0167] Triggers may be used to validate a set or parameters of a set. The WTRU may be configured with triggers to validate one or more sets and / or validate one or more parameters of a set. Validation may be performed, for example, by testing whether estimated measurement values ​​(e.g., for elements of set A) match actual measurement values.

[0168] For example, the WTRU may be configured with or may determine / select a first set of RS resources (Set B). The RS resources of Set B may be (e.g., directly) associated with a first beam set (e.g., the RS resources may be used for transmission using a beam). The WTRU may perform measurements on the RS resources to obtain (e.g., direct) measurements of the first beam set. The WTRU may be configured with a second set (e.g., Set A) consisting of a second set of beams (or beam IDs). The WTRU may estimate measurements of the second beam set, for example, by using one or more measurements of one or more RS resources of the first set (e.g., and an AI / ML model). The WTRU may validate the set or its parameters, for example, by performing measurements on a second set of RS resources (e.g., Set C), for example, to obtain direct measurements of one or more elements of the second beam set. The WTRU may determine the validity of the set (e.g., Set A or Set B) and / or its parameters, for example, based on a comparison of the estimated measurements with the direct measurements of one or more elements of the second beam set.

[0169] The trigger for the WTRU to perform verification may include at least one of the following: receiving an indication from the gNB; receiving RS resources used for (e.g., or configured for) verification; performing an associated transmission; a change in measurement value; a change in the best beam or best beam set; switching from a directly measured beam to an estimated beam for transmission; and / or transmitting using an estimated beam.

[0170] A trigger for the WTRU to perform verification may be receiving (eg, or configured for) RS resources for verification. For example, the WTRU may be configured with RS resources (eg, periodic, aperiodic, or semi-persistent) for performing verification measurements.

[0171] The trigger for the WTRU to perform verification may be to perform an associated transmission. The WTRU may be triggered to verify the set and / or its parameters, for example, if the HARQ-ACK rate is below a threshold.

[0172] The trigger for the WTRU to perform the verification may be a change in measurement values. The WTRU may be triggered to verify the set or its parameters, for example, if one or more measurement values ​​of a first set of RS resources (eg, set B) change by more than a threshold.

[0173] The trigger for the WTRU to perform the verification is to transmit using the estimated beam. For example, the WTRU may determine to use the estimated beam based on the QCL or TCI status information in the scheduling DCI.

[0174] The WTRU may request the gNB to send RS resources to enable verification testing, for example if / when the WTRU is triggered to perform verification on the set.

[0175] A trigger may be used to (re)select a set or set parameters. The WTRU may be configured with a trigger to select, determine, and / or reselect a set or set parameters. The trigger may include, for example, at least one of: determining that a set or set parameters are invalid; receiving an indication from the gNB; receiving RS resources for determining or selecting a new set or set parameters; performing an associated transmission; evaluating performance requirements; a change in measurement values; a change in the best beam or best beam set; switching from a directly measured beam to an estimated beam for transmission; and / or transmitting using an estimated beam.

[0176] A trigger for selecting, determining and / or reselecting a set or parameters of a set may include performing an associated transmission. The WTRU may be triggered to (re)select a set or its parameters, for example, if the HARQ-ACK rate is below a threshold.

[0177] Triggers for selecting, determining, and / or reselecting a set or a parameter of a set may include an estimated performance requirement. The WTRU may be triggered to (re)select a set or its parameters, for example, if the estimated performance (e.g., for elements in set A) is below or above a threshold. In some examples, the WTRU may determine that the estimate is better than the requirement, which may trigger the WTRU to select a new (e.g., smaller) set B. In some examples, the WTRU may determine that the estimate is worse than the requirement, which may trigger the WTRU to select a new (e.g., larger) set B.

[0178] A trigger for selecting, determining, and / or reselecting a set or parameters of a set may include a change in measurement values. The WTRU may be triggered to reselect a set or its parameters, for example, if one or more measurement values ​​of a first set of RS resources (e.g., Set B) change by more than a threshold.

[0179] A trigger for selecting, determining, and / or reselecting a set or parameters of a set may include transmitting using an estimated beam. The WTRU may determine to use an estimated beam, for example, based on (e.g., via) QCL or TCI status information in a scheduling DCI.

[0180] The WTRU may select / determine a set of measurement beam resources (Set B).

[0181] The set of beam resources (e.g., set B beams, measurement beam set) selected for beam measurement to provide input to an AI / ML model may affect the accuracy and / or performance of the AI / ML model. The WTRU may select an appropriate measurement beam set using one or a combination of the following: the WTRU may be configured / instructed to measure and / or report beam measurement values ​​and / or the WTRU may determine the measurement beam set.

[0182] A WTRU may be configured / instructed to measure (e.g., beams) and / or report beam measurement values. A WTRU may be configured or instructed by a gNB to measure and / or report one or more beam measurement values ​​associated with one or more beam resource sets (e.g., CSI-RS-ResouceSets, CSI-SSB-ResourceSets, CSI-IM-ResourceSets, etc.). For example, the WTRU may receive one or more beam resource set configurations (e.g., CSI-ResourceConfig) that configure the one or more beam resource sets for the WTRU. The WTRU may (e.g., also) receive one or more beam measurement reporting configurations (e.g., CSI-ReportConfig) to measure and / or report one or more beam measurement values ​​(e.g., L1-RSRP, RI, PMI, CQI, one or more beam indices selected based on beam measurement; CRI of the highest K L1-RSRP beams, CSI-RS-ResourceID of the higher L1-RSRP beam, SSB index of the highest L1-RSRP SSB, etc.). The WTRU may (e.g., also) receive an indication from the gNB (e.g., via a DCI indication or a MAC-CE indication) to activate one or more beam measurement reporting configurations.

[0183] The WTRU may determine the measurement beam set. The set of beam resources selected for beam measurement (e.g., Set B beams) may be configured or indicated by the gNB (e.g., via RRC configuration, and / or MAC-CE indication, and / or DCI indication).

[0184] The WTRU may select Set B beams based on beam measurements of one or more (e.g., configured or indicated) (e.g., by the gNB) beam resource sets. The WTRU may be configured with one or more beam resource sets to perform beam measurements (e.g., L1-RSRP, SINR, CQI). The WTRU may perform beam measurements on beams in one or more beam resource sets. The WTRU may select a subset of beams as Set B beams, for example, based on one or more preconfigured criteria.

[0185] In an example configuration, the WTRU may be configured by the gNB to select N beams with the highest beam measurement values ​​(e.g., L1-RSRP). N may be configured or indicated, for example, via RRC signaling, MAC-CE indication, and / or DCI indication. The WTRU may perform beam measurements (e.g., L1-RSRP) on one or more beam resource sets. The WTRU may select the N beams with the highest beam measurement values ​​(e.g., N beams with the highest L1-RSRP).

[0186] In an example configuration, the WTRU may be configured or instructed by the gNB (e.g., via RRC signaling, MAC-CE indication, and / or DCI indication) to select M beams with the highest beam measurement values ​​(e.g., highest L1-RSRP) and / or select K beams with the lowest beam measurement values ​​(e.g., lowest L1-RSRP) as Set B beams. The WTRU may perform beam measurements (e.g., L1-RSRP) on one or more sets of beam resources. The WTRU may select M beams with the highest beam measurement values ​​(e.g., M beams corresponding to the highest L1-RSRP) and / or K beams with the lowest beam measurement values ​​(e.g., K beams corresponding to the lowest L1-RSRP). M and / or K may be configured and / or indicated, for example, via RRC signaling, MAC-CE indication, and / or DCI indication.

[0187] In an example configuration, the WTRU may be configured by the gNB to select a beam whose beam measurement value (e.g., L1-RSRP) exceeds a preconfigured threshold as a Set B beam. The beam measurement threshold may be configured, for example, via RRC signaling, a MAC-CE indication, and / or a DCI indication. The WTRU may perform beam measurements (e.g., L1-RSRP) on one or more beam resource sets that are configured or indicated for selection of the Set B beam. The WTRU may select a beam set whose beam measurement value (e.g., L1-RSRP) exceeds the preconfigured threshold as a Set B beam.

[0188] In an example configuration, the WTRU may be configured by the gNB to select a beam with a beam measurement value exceeding a preconfigured first threshold and / or select a beam with a beam measurement value below a preconfigured second threshold for Set B beams (e.g., the first and second thresholds may be configured by RRC signaling, MAC-CE indication, and / or DCI indication). The WTRU may perform beam measurements (e.g., L1-RSRP) that configure and / or indicate one or more beam resource sets for selection of Set B beams. The WTRU may select a beam set with a beam measurement value (e.g., L1-RSRP) exceeding a preconfigured first threshold and / or may select a beam set with a beam measurement value (e.g., L1-RSRP) below a preconfigured second threshold as the Set B beam.

[0189] In an example configuration, the WTRU may be configured by the gNB to uniformly select N beams based on beam measurements (e.g., where N may be configured or indicated via RRC signaling, MAC-CE indication, and / or DCI indication). The WTRU may perform beam measurements (e.g., L1-RSRP) of one or more sets of beam resources. The WTRU may list the beams, for example, in ascending or descending order based on beam measurement values ​​for each beam. The WTRU may uniformly select N beams from the ascending beam list or the descending beam list (e.g., based on beam indices in the ordered list) for Set B beams. The WTRU may (e.g., alternatively) select the first and last beams in the ordered beam list and uniformly select N–2 beams from the remaining beams (e.g., based on beam indices in the ordered list) as Set B beams.

[0190] In some examples, the WTRU may select Set B beams based on the LoS probabilities of beams in one or more (e.g., configured or indicated) (by the gNB) beam resource sets. The WTRU may determine the LoS probabilities of beams in one or more beam resource sets. The WTRU may select beams that meet criteria that may be (pre-)configured or indicated by the gNB (e.g., via RRC signaling, MAC-CE indication, and / or DCI indication).

[0191] In an example configuration, the WTRU may be configured by the gNB to select the N beams with the highest LoS probability as set B beams.

[0192] In an example configuration, the WTRU may be configured or instructed by the gNB to select M beams with the highest LoS probability and / or to select K beams with the lowest LoS probability as Set B beams. M and / or K may be configured and / or indicated via RRC signaling, MAC-CE indication, and / or DCI indication.

[0193] In an example configuration, the WTRU may be configured to select a beam for which the LoS probability exceeds a (e.g., (pre-)configured) threshold (e.g., indicated or configured by RRC signaling, MAC-CE indication, and / or DCI indication) as a set B beam.

[0194] In an example configuration, the WTRU may be configured by the gNB to uniformly select N beams based on the LoS probability. The WTRU may determine the LoS probability of beams of one or more sets of beam resources. The WTRU may list the beams, for example, in ascending or descending order based on the LoS probability of the beams. The WTRU may uniformly select N beams (e.g., based on the beam index in the ordered list) from the ascending beam list or the descending beam list as the Set B beams. The WTRU may (e.g., alternatively) select the first and last beams in the ordered beam list and uniformly select N–2 beams from the remaining beams (e.g., based on the beam index in the ordered list) as the Set B beams.

[0195] In some examples, the WTRU may select a Set B beam from a set of beam resources (e.g., configured or indicated) (e.g., by the gNB) based on the LoS probability of the beam and beam measurement values ​​(e.g., L1-RSRP). The WTRU may determine the LoS probability. The WTRU may measure beam measurement values ​​(e.g., L1-RSRP) for the beams in the set of beam resources. The WTRU may select the beam for Set B beams based on one or more criteria, which may be configured or indicated by the gNB (e.g., via RRC signaling, MAC-CE indication, and / or DCI indication). The criteria for selecting Set B beams may be, for example, as described herein, such as one or more of the following:

[0196] The WTRU may be configured or instructed to select the N beams with the highest LoS probability or highest beam measurement value (e.g., L1-RSRP), for example, if the LoS probability of all or a configured number (e.g., indicated by RRC signaling, MAC-CE, and / or DCI) of the beams in the beam resource set exceeds a LoS threshold, where the threshold may be (pre-)configured by the gNB (e.g., indicated by RRC signaling and / or MAC-CE, and / or DCI). The WTRU may be configured to select the N+M beams with the highest beam measurement value (e.g., L1-RSRP), for example, if the LoS probability of all or a configured number (e.g., indicated by RRC signaling, MAC-CE, and / or DCI) of the beams in the beam resource set does not exceed a LoS threshold (e.g., (pre-)configured by the gNB). N and / or M may be configured and / or indicated, for example, by RRC signaling, MAC-CE, and / or DCI.

[0197] The WTRU may be configured or instructed to select every Nth beam based on a beam index (e.g., CRI, nzp-CSI-RS-ResourceID, SSB-index, etc.), e.g., if the LoS probability of all or a configured number (e.g., via RRC signaling, MAC-CE indication, and / or DCI signaling) of beams in a beam resource set exceeds a LoS threshold, which may be (pre-)configured by the gNB (e.g., via RRC signaling, MAC-CE indication, and / or DCI indication). The WTRU may be configured to select every (N–M)th beam based on a beam index, e.g., if the LoS probability of all or a configured number (e.g., via RRC signaling, MAC-CE indication, and / or DCI indication) of beams in a beam resource set does not exceed a LoS threshold (e.g., (pre-)configured by the gNB). N and / or M may be configured and / or indicated, e.g., via RRC signaling, MAC-CE indication, and / or DCI indication.

[0198] The WTRU may be configured or instructed to select N beams based on a pseudo-random selection process (e.g., a pseudo-random selection process initiated by a WTRU-specific seed (e.g., C-RNTI) or a cell-specific seed (e.g., SI-RNTI), e.g., if the LoS probability of all or a configured number (e.g., indicated by RRC signaling, MAC-CE, and / or DCI signaling) of beams in the beam resource set exceeds a LoS threshold, which may be (pre-)configured by the gNB (e.g., indicated by RRC signaling, MAC-CE, and / or DCI). The WTRU may be configured to select (N+M) beams, e.g., if the LoS probability of all or a configured number (e.g., indicated by RRC signaling, MAC-CE, and / or DCI) of beams in the beam resource set does not exceed a LoS threshold (e.g., (pre-)configured by the gNB).

[0199] In some examples, the WTRU may determine the prediction accuracy of the AI / ML model. For example, the WTRU may receive a configuration or indication indicating the prediction accuracy. The WTRU may determine the prediction accuracy, for example, by measuring RS resources associated with the beam. The WTRU may determine the beam quality (e.g., L1-RSRP, CQI, SINR, RSSI), for example, by measuring RS signals associated with the predicted beam. The WTRU may determine the prediction accuracy as a percentage difference between the measured and predicted beam quality for one or more beams.

[0200] In some examples, the WTRU may select Set B beams based on the accuracy of past predictions and / or a (e.g., (pre-)configured) threshold for prediction accuracy (e.g., configured via RRC signaling, MAC-CE indication, and / or DCI indication). For example, the WTRU may select Set B beams based on the accuracy of the last beam prediction, based on the average accuracy of the last P predictions (e.g., P may be configured via RRC signaling, MAC-CE indication, and / or DCI indication), and / or based on the average accuracy of predictions over a duration of T immediately past (e.g., T may be configured via RRC signaling, MAC-CE indication, and / or DCI indication). The WTRU may (e.g., taking into account the prediction accuracy and the threshold for prediction accuracy) select Set B beams from the (e.g., configured or indicated) set of beam resources, e.g., as described herein (e.g., based on one or more of the following).

[0201] The WTRU may select the N beams in the beam resource set with the highest beam measurement values ​​(e.g., L1-RSRP), for example, if the prediction accuracy exceeds a threshold. The WTRU may select the (N+M) beams in the beam resource set with the highest beam measurement values ​​(e.g., L1-RSRP), for example, if the prediction accuracy does not exceed a threshold. N and / or M may be configured and / or indicated by the gNB (e.g., via RRC signaling, MAC-CE indication, and / or DCI indication).

[0202] The WTRU may select every Nth beam based on the beam index (e.g., CRI, nzp-CSI-RS-ResourceID, SSB-index, etc.), for example, if the prediction accuracy exceeds a prediction accuracy threshold. The WTRU may select every (N–M)th beam based on the beam index, for example, if the prediction accuracy does not exceed a threshold. N and / or M may be configured and / or indicated by the gNB (e.g., via RRC signaling, MAC-CE indication, and / or DCI indication).

[0203] The WTRU may select N beams based on a pseudo-random selection procedure (e.g., a pseudo-random selection procedure initiated by a WTRU-specific seed (e.g., C-RNTI) or a cell-specific seed (e.g., SI-RNTI), e.g., if the prediction accuracy exceeds a prediction accuracy threshold. The WTRU may select (N+M) beams based on the pseudo-random selection procedure, e.g., if the prediction accuracy does not exceed a threshold. N and / or M may be configured and / or indicated by the gNB (e.g., via RRC signaling, MAC-CE indication, and / or DCI indication).

[0204] In some examples, the WTRU may select every Nth beam from the (e.g., configured or indicated) beam resources for Set B beams based on a beam index (e.g., CRI, nzp-CSI-RS-ResourceID, SSB-index, etc.). The set of beam resources and N may be configured or indicated (e.g., via RRC signaling, MAC-CE indication, and / or DCI signaling) as Set B beams.

[0205] The WTRU may select N beams from a set of beam resources for set B beam based on a pseudo-random selection procedure (e.g., a pseudo-random selection procedure initiated by a WTRU-specific seed (e.g., C-RNTI) or a cell-specific seed (e.g., SI-RNTI). The set of beam resources and / or N may be configured or indicated, for example, via RRC signaling, MAC-CE indication, and / or DCI signaling.

[0206] The WTRU may report / indicate a set of measurement beam resources (Set B).

[0207] The WTRU may determine, indicate, report, and / or request a preferred beam for Set B and / or Set B size. The beam may be associated with a beam measurement reference signal (e.g., SSB, CSI-RS) and / or a measurement value, which may be estimated based on measurements of neighboring beams. One or more of the following may apply: a preferred beam for Set B; the WTRU may report the preferred beam for Set B in a periodic, aperiodic, and / or semi-persistent manner; one or more Set B beam selection schemes may be used; and / or the WTRU may report the beam quality of one or more beams in Set B.

[0208] The preferred beam for set B can be one or more of: a beam associated with a set of RS resources (e.g., all beams); a beam determined or selected based on a predefined or preconfigured set B; a set of beam indices determined by the WTRU; and / or a set of beams associated with an index.

[0209] The preferred beams for set B may be the beams associated with the RS resource set (e.g., all beams). Beams may be defined or used. A subset of beams may be associated with reference signals. Other beams (e.g., the remaining beams) may not be associated with reference signals. The WTRU may indicate or report the beams that may be associated with reference signals as the preferred beams for set B.

[0210] The preferred beam for set B may be a beam determined or selected based on a (pre)defined or (pre)configured set B. For example, the WTRU may be configured with one or more beam sets. The WTRU may determine, report, or indicate the beam set as the preferred beam for set B. One (e.g., each) beam set may be associated with an index. The WTRU may report the index associated with the preferred beam set.

[0211] The preferred beams for set B may be a set of beam indices determined by the WTRU. For example, the WTRU may determine, indicate, and / or report a bitmap that may indicate a subset of beam indices as the preferred beams for set B.

[0212] The preferred beam for set B may be the beam set associated with the index. The WTRU may report the index associated with the preferred beam set for set B.

[0213] The WTRU may report the preferred beam for set B in a periodic, aperiodic, and / or semi-persistent manner. One or more of the following may apply: different types of reporting and / or aperiodic reporting.

[0214] For example, the first type of reported quantity for the preferred beams of set B may be reported periodically and / or semi-persistently. The second type of reported quantity for the preferred beams of set B may be reported aperiodically. The first type of reported quantity for the preferred beams of set B may be, for example, an index associated with a beam set. The second type of reported quantity for the preferred beams of set B may be, for example, a bitmap indicating a beam set in a beam list.

[0215] Non-periodic reporting may be triggered, for example, if / when one or more of the following conditions are met: the WTRU receives a trigger indication (e.g., in a UL grant); the WTRU determines a preferred beam for set B, which may be different from the most recently reported preferred beam for set B; the quality of the beam measurement, prediction, or estimate based on (e.g., current) set B is below a threshold; the WTRU's location change (e.g., association area ID change, serving cell change, and / or serving TRP change) exceeds a threshold; or the beam quality of the monitoring control channel (e.g., PDCCH) is below a threshold.

[0216] One or more Set B beam selection schemes may be used. The Set B beam selection scheme may include at least one of the following: a uniform selection scheme; a random selection scheme; a (pre)defined / (pre)configured Set B; or a WTRU autonomous selection scheme.

[0217] The Set B beam selection scheme may include a uniform selection scheme that may be used to select every Nth beam in the beam set for Set B. The WTRU may report or indicate a preferred value of N for uniform selection as the preferred Set B beam. The value of N may be determined, for example, based on the probability of LoS. A first value may be used for N, for example, if / when the probability of LoS is below a threshold. A second value may be used for N (e.g., otherwise). The value of N may be determined, for example, based on the performance of an AI / ML model that may be used for beam prediction based on Set B. A first value may be used for N, for example, if the AI / ML model performance is below a threshold. A second value may be used for N (e.g., otherwise).

[0218] The Set B beam selection scheme may include a random selection scheme that may be used to select a random M beam from the beam set for Set B. The WTRU may report or indicate a preferred M value for random selection as the preferred Set B beam. The value of M may be determined, for example, based on the probability of LoS. A first value may be used for M, for example, if / when the probability of LoS is below a threshold. A second value may be used for M (e.g., otherwise). The value of M may be determined, for example, based on the performance of an AI / ML model that may be used for beam prediction based on Set B. A first value may be used for M, for example, if the AI / ML model performance is below a threshold. A second value may be used for M (e.g., otherwise).

[0219] The Set B beam selection scheme may include a predefined / preconfigured Set B, which may be used, for example, if / when the gNB determines one or more beam sets that may be determined, configured, or (pre)defined by the gNB. One or more Set B configurations may be used. At least one of the Set B configurations may be determined, for example, based on the probability of LoS and / or the performance of an AI / ML model. A first Set B configuration may be determined or indicated, for example, if / when the probability of LoS is below a threshold. A second Set B configuration may be determined or indicated (e.g., otherwise). A first Set B configuration may be determined or indicated, for example, if / when the performance of an AI / ML model for beam prediction based on Set B is below a threshold. A second Set B configuration may be determined or indicated (e.g., otherwise). A first Set B configuration may be determined or indicated, for example, if / when the performance of an AI / ML model for beam prediction based on Set B is below a threshold. A second Set B configuration may be determined or indicated (e.g., otherwise).

[0220] The Set B beam selection scheme may include a WTRU autonomous selection scheme, which may be used, for example, if / when the WTRU determines the beam set for Set B.

[0221] The WTRU may report beam quality for one or more beams in set B. One or more of the following may apply: beam quality may include at least one of L1-RSRP, L1-SINR, CQI, SINR, RI, CRI, etc. and / or the WTRU may be requested to report beam quality for beams in set B. The WTRU may (e.g., if / when requested) report beam quality for (e.g., only) a reference signal associated with the beam. The WTRU may skip reporting beam quality for beams in set B that may not be associated with reference signals.

[0222] In some examples, the WTRU may request or report assistance information to determine the beam for Set B. The WTRU may request the identity of the beam. The identity of the beam may be referred to as an index associated with a reference signal. The WTRU may report assistance information with the beam for Set B. For example, the WTRU may report Rx beam information (e.g., Rx Beam-ID, which may be used to determine the Set B beam) along with the determined Set B beam.

[0223] A measurement beam resource set size (e.g., a set B size) may be switched, for example, for use in an artificial intelligence (AI) / machine learning (ML) system. A WTRU may (e.g., be configured to) perform one or more of the following operations. The WTRU may receive one or more RS resource sets, thresholds, and / or configurations of a set B (e.g., a measurement RS resource set) size set (e.g., a first configured set B size, a second configured set B size). The WTRU may determine a prediction accuracy associated with the first configured set B size and / or a prediction accuracy associated with a second configured set B size (e.g., smaller than the first configured set B size). The WTRU may determine a set size (e.g., a third set B size) based on at least one of: whether the prediction accuracy associated with the first configured set size satisfies the threshold or whether the prediction accuracy associated with the second configured set size satisfies the threshold. The WTRU may send a transmission associated with the determined set size.

[0224] The WTRU may determine that the set size is a third set B size (e.g., larger than the first configured set B size) (e.g., on the condition that the prediction accuracy associated with the first configured set B size is less than a configured threshold). For example, the WTRU may determine that the set size is the third set B size based on the prediction accuracy associated with the first configured set B size not meeting a threshold, where not meeting the threshold includes the prediction accuracy associated with the first configured set B size being less than a threshold. The WTRU may send an indication indicating the third set B size. The WTRU may determine a set B of one or more configured RS resources consisting of the indicated third set B size and / or send a report indicating one or more RS resources belonging to the determined set B.

[0225] The WTRU may determine that the set size is a second configuration set B size (e.g., smaller than the first configuration set size) (e.g., conditional on a prediction accuracy associated with the first configuration set B size being greater than a configured threshold and / or a prediction accuracy associated with the second configuration set B being greater than a configured threshold). For example, the WTRU may determine that the set size is the second configuration set B size based on the prediction accuracy associated with the first configuration set B size satisfying a threshold and the prediction accuracy associated with the second configuration set B size satisfying a threshold (e.g., where satisfying the threshold includes the prediction accuracy associated with the configuration set size being equal to or greater than a threshold). The WTRU may send an indication indicating the second configuration set B size. The WTRU may determine a set B of one or more configured RS resources consisting of the indicated second configuration set B size and / or send a report indicating one or more RS resources belonging to the determined set B.

[0226] The WTRU may receive a configuration of one or more RS resource sets. The RS resources (eg, each RS resource in the RS resource set) may be associated with (eg, a corresponding) beam.

[0227] The WTRU may determine that a trigger condition for initiating a change in the measurement RS resource set size is met, wherein the determination of the set size is based on the trigger condition being met. For example, the WTRU may receive an indication (e.g., a 1-bit indication, size_type_priority) from the gNB (e.g., via RRC / MAC-CE / DCI based signaling) indicating the priority of changing the Set B size relative to (e.g., over) changing the Set B type (e.g., from random to predefined fixed, etc.). For example, the indication (e.g., a value of 1) may indicate that changing the Set B size is a higher priority than (e.g., takes precedence over) hanging up the Set B type. The WTRU may request an increase in the Set B size (e.g., the WTRU may indicate a new Set B size, in the case of a random set or a new Set B with more beams than the previous Set B), for example, if the prediction accuracy is less than ac_threshold and size_type_priority == 1.

[0228] The WTRU may indicate a change in the size of Set B (eg, the number of beams in Set B) based on one or more of: prediction accuracy; RS measurements; or beam measurement values.

[0229] The WTRU may perform one or more of the following, e.g., if the prediction accuracy (e.g., of the current AI / ML model) is less than ac_threshold: send an indication requesting a size larger than the current set B size from a preconfigured set B size; trigger fine-tuning of the currently active AI / ML model (e.g., as described herein); and / or indicate a new larger preferred set B to the gNB (e.g., if / when the WTRU's current set B is not of random type).

[0230] The WTRU may perform one or more of the following, e.g., if the prediction accuracy (e.g., of the currently active AI / ML model) is greater than ac_threshold, and the prediction accuracy of the AI / ML model (e.g., with) a smaller set B size is greater than ac_threshold: send an indication requesting a set B size smaller than the current set B size from a preconfigured set B size; and / or indicate a smaller preferred set B (e.g., a new smaller preferred set B) to the gNB (e.g., if / when the WTRU's current set B is not of random type).

[0231] The WTRU may change the size of Set B based on the number of available RS measurements and / or beam measurements. The WTRU may select a Set B size smaller than N based on rules (e.g., matching with a preconfigured Set B, prediction accuracy, etc.), for example, if the current Set B size == N and the number of RS measurements is less than N. The WTRU may select a Set B size larger than N based on rules, for example, if the current Set B size == N and the number of RS measurements is greater than N.

[0232] The WTRU may send an indication to the gNB to indicate the preferred Set B size and / or Set B.

[0233] A measurement and / or estimation set may be configured. A WTRU may be configured with one or more sets of reference signal (RS) resources and / or beams (or beam pairs). RS resources, beams, and / or beam pairs (e.g., each RS resource, beam, and / or beam pair) may be associated with a transmission on a beam having (e.g., specific) beam parameters (e.g., beam direction and / or beam width). A WTRU may be configured with associated beams, RS resources, and / or beam parameters.

[0234] In some examples, the WTRU may be configured with a first set of RS resources, beams, and / or beam pairs that may cover (e.g., the entire) RS resource space, beam space, and / or beam pair space. The WTRU may determine or select set A and set B. The union of set A and set B may cover (e.g., the entire) RS resource space, beam space, and / or beam pair space. In some examples, set A and set B may be mutually exclusive. In some examples, set B may include RS resources that the WTRU may perform measurements on to obtain one or more of: (1) direct measurements of a first set of beams or beam pairs (e.g., a one-to-one mapping between RS resources and beams or beam pairs); and / or (2) estimated measurements of a second set of beams or beam pairs (e.g., a many-to-one mapping between RS resources and beams or beam pairs, possibly using an AI / ML estimation model).

[0235] The WTRU may be configured with one or more of: a priority for Set B size modification, a trigger for initiating a Set B size modification, rules for determining the Set B size, one or more methods for indicating the determined Set B size to the gNB, and / or a configuration to use (based on receipt of an acknowledgement / indication from the gNB (e.g., at this time)) a new Set B configuration.

[0236] The WTRU may be configured with a priority for Set B size modification. The WTRU may be configured with rules to determine the priority conditions for Set B size changes.

[0237] For example, the WTRU may prioritize between changing the Set B size and changing the Set B type. The Set Type may include, for example, a fixed Set B, a Set B with a preconfigured pattern, a Set B with a random pattern, etc. For example, the WTRU may receive a (e.g., 1-bit) priority indication to indicate the relative priority of changing the Set B size relative to changing the Set B type. The WTRU may receive the indication, for example, in an RRC configuration, a MAC control element, and / or a DCI. The WTRU may prioritize changing the Set B size, for example, if the (e.g., 1-bit) priority indication value is high (e.g., a value of 1). The WTRU may prioritize changing the Set B type, for example, if the priority indication value is low (e.g., a value of 0).

[0238] In some examples, the priority indication may be WTRU-specific. For example, the WTRU may apply the same priority indication to some or all of Set B. In some examples, the WTRU may be configured with multiple priority indications. One (e.g., each) priority indication may be specific to Set B. For example, the WTRU may apply a priority determination between changing the size of Set B and changing the type of Set B based on the priority indication associated with the (e.g., current) Set B.

[0239] In some examples, the WTRU may indicate a trigger for monitoring Set B size modification based on a priority. The WTRU may monitor for a trigger condition for Set B size modification, for example, if a Set B size change is prioritized. The WTRU may monitor for a trigger condition for Set B type modification, for example, if a Set B type change is prioritized. The WTRU may monitor for a trigger condition for Set B size change, for example, if a Set B type change is prioritized and a Set B type change does not improve prediction accuracy.

[0240] A Set B size modification may be initiated based on a trigger. The WTRU may be configured to monitor one or more trigger conditions for initiating a Set B size modification change. For example, the WTRU may receive one or more parameter configurations associated with the trigger conditions from the gNB.

[0241] In some examples, the WTRU may initiate a Set B size modification based on the prediction accuracy of the AI / ML model. For example, the WTRU may be preconfigured with an accuracy threshold associated with the performance of the AI / ML model. The WTRU may initiate a Set B size modification to increase the size of Set B, for example, if the prediction accuracy of the current AI / ML model is less than the accuracy threshold. The initiation of the Set B size modification may include, for example, determining a larger value for the Set B size and / or sending an indication to the gNB.

[0242] The WTRU may initiate a Set B size modification procedure to reduce the size of Set B, for example, if the prediction accuracy of the current AI / ML model with the (e.g., current) Set B size is greater than an accuracy threshold. The WTRU may initiate a Set B size modification procedure to reduce the size of Set B, for example, if the prediction accuracy of the (e.g., current) AI / ML model with a smaller Set B size is greater than an accuracy threshold. The WTRU may initiate a Set B size modification procedure, for example, if / when the current Set B size is greater than an accuracy threshold and the prediction accuracy of the current AI / ML model with the smaller Set B size is greater than the accuracy threshold. The initiation of the Set B size modification may include, for example, determining a smaller Set B size and / or sending an indication to the gNB.

[0243] In some examples, the WTRU may initiate a Set B size modification based on the number of available RS (e.g., or beam) measurements. For example, the WTRU may be (pre)configured with rules based on the number of available RS measurements and / or the current Set B size. The WTRU may initiate a Set B size modification, for example, if / when the number of configured / available RS measurements is less than the current Set B size. The WTRU may (e.g., in this case) initiate a Set B size modification to reduce the Set B size. For example, the WTRU may indicate a new (e.g., smaller) Set B size, for example, such that the performance of the AI / ML model is above a preconfigured accuracy threshold. The WTRU may initiate a Set B size modification to increase the Set B size, for example, if / when the number of configured / available RS measurements is greater than the current Set B size. The WTRU may initiate a Set B size modification, for example, if the performance of the AI / ML model with the current Set B size is below a preconfigured threshold. For example, the WTRU may indicate a new (e.g., larger) Set B size, for example, such that the performance of the AI / ML model with the new Set B size is above a preconfigured accuracy threshold.

[0244] Rules may be used to determine the Set B size. The WTRU may be configured to determine the Set B size based on pre-configured rules. The WTRU may determine the Set B size, for example, if / when a Set B size modification is triggered.

[0245] In some examples, the WTRU may determine the prediction accuracy of the AI / ML model. For example, the WTRU may receive a configuration or indication indicating the prediction accuracy. The WTRU may determine the prediction accuracy, for example, by measuring RS resources associated with the beam. The WTRU may determine the beam quality (e.g., L1-RSRP, CQI, SINR, RSSI), for example, by measuring RS signals associated with the predicted beam. The WTRU may determine the prediction accuracy as a percentage difference between the measured and predicted beam quality for one or more beams.

[0246] In some examples, the WTRU may determine a minimum Set B size that satisfies a preconfigured condition as the Set B size. For example, the WTRU may determine a minimum Set B size that can achieve a prediction accuracy of the current AI / ML model greater than a preconfigured accuracy threshold. For example, the WTRU may determine a minimum Set B size that is possible (e.g., required) to achieve a prediction accuracy of the current AI / ML model greater than a preconfigured accuracy threshold given a minimum subset of configured RS measurements.

[0247] In some examples, the WTRU may indicate the determined Set B size to the gNB. In some examples, the WTRU may indicate preferred beams to be added to Set B. Preferred beams may be those beams that, when added to Set B, result in the accuracy of the AI / ML model being above a preconfigured threshold. In some examples, the WTRU may indicate the Set B size and the preferred beams to the gNB. The terms beam and RS may be used interchangeably. Examples (e.g., as described herein) may (e.g., also) apply to cases where the Set B size is reduced. For example, the WTRU may indicate beams / RS that may be removed from the current Set B while still maintaining the accuracy of the AI / ML model above a preconfigured threshold.

[0248] In some examples, the WTRU may determine a different set B (e.g., a target set B) than the current set B and / or a size relative to the target set B (e.g., larger or smaller). The size may be a minimum delta size of the target set B that achieves a preconfigured accuracy threshold. The WTRU determines that RS overhead may be minimized. The WTRU may indicate the target set B and / or the size of the target set B. In some examples, the WTRU may indicate the target set B, the size of the target set B, and / or a preferred beam within the target set B.

[0249] The WTRU may be configured to perform one or more (e.g., specific) actions, such as if / when the WTRU is unable to determine a set B size that meets a preconfigured accuracy threshold. For example, the WTRU may be configured to trigger fine-tuning of a (e.g., currently active) AI / ML model. For example, the WTRU may be configured to switch to a different AI / ML model that meets or exceeds an accuracy threshold. For example, the WTRU may be configured to download a different AI / ML model that meets or exceeds an accuracy threshold. For example, the WTRU may be configured to fall back to another (e.g., legacy) beam management procedure. For example, the WTRU may be configured to use another (e.g., legacy) beam management procedure until the AI / ML model is fine-tuned, downloaded, and / or switched.

[0250] A Set B size modification may be indicated. The WTRU may be configured to send an indication to the gNB associated with a Set B size modification. For example, the WTRU may indicate a preferred Set B size (e.g., larger or smaller than the current Set B size). For example, the WTRU may indicate additional information, such as if applicable. For example, the WTRU may indicate a preferred Set B. For example, the WTRU may indicate a preferred Set B type. For example, the WTRU may indicate one or more RS / beams that may be added to or removed from Set B.

[0251] In some examples, the WTRU may be configured to send a Set B size indication in UL control information. For example, the WTRU may be configured with PUCCH resources to send the Set B size indication. For example, the WTRU may send the Set B size indication in a CSI report. In some examples, the WTRU may send an incremental Set B size indication. For example, the WTRU may be configured with a current Set B size of N. The WTRU may send an indication of the Set B size (e.g., a 1-bit indication). For example, a first codepoint (e.g., a value of 1) may indicate that the Set B size may be increased (e.g., increased by 1). For example, a second codepoint (e.g., a value of 0) may indicate that the Set B size may be decreased (e.g., decreased by 1). This example may be extended to an incremental step size of K. In some examples, the WTRU may send an indication in a MAC CE. For example, the WTRU may be configured to indicate the Set B size from a preconfigured set of values. For example, the WTRU may be configured to indicate the Set B size from a preconfigured set of increments. For example, the WTRU may be configured with size limits for Set B size modifications. For example, the size limits may be expressed as a maximum and / or minimum value for the Set B size. For example, the Set B size limit may be specific to Set B and / or Set B type configuration.

[0252] In some examples, the WTRU may be configured to receive a reconfiguration of the Set B size. The WTRU may apply the modified Set B for inference, for example, based on receiving the reconfiguration (e.g., at this time). For example, the reconfiguration may be received in a MAC CE. For example, the MAC CE may be modeled as an activation or deactivation command. For example, Set B may be configured with one or more inactive beams / RS. The WTRU may receive an activation command (e.g., a MAC CE) associated with an increase in the Set B size (e.g., in response to a WTRU Set B size recommendation). The WTRU may receive a deactivation command (e.g., a MAC CE) associated with a decrease in the Set B size (e.g., in response to a WTRU Set B size recommendation). In some examples, the WTRU may receive the reconfiguration of the Set B size via a DCI message. In some examples, the WTRU may receive the reconfiguration of the Set B size in an RRC reconfiguration message.

[0253] The measurement beam resource set (Set B) type may be switched. The WTRU may (e.g., be configured to) perform one or more of the following operations. The WTRU may receive a configuration of one or more of: one or more RS resource sets, wherein RS resources (e.g., each RS resource) of the one or more RS resource sets are associated with a beam; RS resource selection conditions; and / or an indication of a priority order between RS resource selection conditions. For example, the WTRU may receive a reference signal (RS) resource set, two RS resource selection conditions, and an indication of a priority order (e.g., relative to each other) of the respective RS resource selection conditions.

[0254] The WTRU may measure one or more RS resources (e.g., each RS resource) of a set of RS resources (e.g., each RS resource set). The WTRU may determine a subset of the measured RS resources as a measurement RS resource set (e.g., set B). The WTRU may select a first RS resource selection condition (e.g., a received RS resource selection condition), for example, based on an indicated priority (e.g., a priority order).

[0255] The WTRU may determine whether the measured RS resource subset satisfies the selected first RS resource selection condition. The WTRU may select a second RS resource selection condition based on the configured two or more RS resource selection conditions and the indicated priority, for example, if no measured RS resource subset satisfies the selected first RS resource selection condition. The WTRU may repeat the determination step using the second RS resource condition. The measured RS resource subset may (e.g., be determined to) satisfy the selected first RS resource selection criterion. The WTRU may determine a set of measured RS resources as the measured RS resource subset. The WTRU may send an indication (e.g., to a network entity) of one or more of: an indication of the RS selection condition being satisfied; an indication of the size of the determined measured RS resource subset that satisfies the indicated RS selection condition; and / or a report indicating RS resources belonging to the indicated measured RS resource subset that satisfies the indicated RS selection condition.

[0256] The WTRU may repeat the determination step using other RS ​​resource conditions (e.g., for a subset of resources, Set B), e.g., based on the respective priorities of each RS resource condition. The WTRU may send an indication requesting a fallback to the conventional beam management mode, e.g., if the WTRU cannot determine a subset of RS resources under test that satisfies any configured (e.g., received) RS selection conditions.

[0257] The WTRU may determine that a triggering condition (eg, a channel parameter of the WTRU or a state of the WTRU) is met. The WTRU may be configured to determine that a subset of resources may be met based on the triggering condition.

[0258] It is possible to provide configuration for the switching of set B types. The WTRU may receive configuration of one or more RS resource sets. One (e.g., each) RS resource may be associated with a beam.

[0259] The WTRU may receive an indication (e.g., 1 bit), such as size_type_priority (e.g., via RRC / MAC-CE / DCI-based signaling), from the gNB to indicate the priority of changing the set B size relative to changing the set B type (e.g., fixed set B / set B from a pre-configured set including multiple set Bs / random set B). For example, a value (e.g., 0) may indicate that changing the set B type has a higher priority than changing the set B size.

[0260] The WTRU may receive an indication (e.g., type_precedence) indicating the precedence order for selecting the set B type. For example, a value of type_precedence (e.g., zero (0)) may indicate that the precedence order is fixed set B > one or more set Bs from a pre-configured set including multiple set Bs > random set B. A value of type_precedence (e.g., one (1)) may indicate that the precedence order is random set B > one or more set Bs from a pre-configured set including multiple set Bs > fixed set B.

[0261] It is possible to switch, report the set B type, and / or perform fallback. The WTRU may switch to a different set B type or may fallback to a (e.g., legacy) beam management process, e.g., based on the type_precedence indication and / or the WTRU mobility. The WTRU may select a fixed set B, e.g., if the mobility (e.g., speed) of the WTRU is less than mb_threshold1. The WTRU may indicate to the gNB the preferred fixed set B. The WTRU may select one or more set Bs from a pre-configured set including multiple set Bs, e.g., if mb_threshold1 is less than the mobility of the WTRU and the mobility is less than mb_threshold2 (e.g., where mb_threshold1 < mb_threshold2). The WTRU may indicate to the gNB one or more preferred set Bs. The WTRU may select a random set B, e.g., if the mobility of the WTRU is greater than mb_threshold2. The WTRU may indicate the set B size to the gNB.

[0262] The WTRU may switch to a different set B type or fallback to a (e.g., legacy) beam management process, e.g., based on the type_precedence indication and / or available RS (e.g., or beam) measurements.

[0263] For example, the WTRU may search for a predefined / preconfigured fixed set B whose beams may be a subset of the measured beams. The WTRU may indicate a preferred fixed set B to the gNB, e.g., if the WTRU is successful in its search. The WTRU may (e.g., if the WTRU is unsuccessful in searching for fixed set B) perform one or more of the following: trigger training of a new fixed set B AI / ML model (e.g., as described herein for training / fine-tuning); and / or search one or more sets B in a preconfigured set including multiple sets B, whose beams may be a subset of the measured beams. The WTRU may indicate one or more preferred sets B to the gNB, e.g., if the WTRU is successful in its search. The WTRU may (e.g., if the WTRU is unsuccessful in its search) perform one or more of the following: trigger training of an AI / ML model with a set including multiple sets B (e.g., as described herein for training / fine-tuning); and / or switch to a random set B (e.g., if supported by the gNB and / or WTRU). The WTRU may indicate the set B size to the gNB.

[0264] The WTRU may not be able to find a suitable Set B (e.g., based on accuracy, WTRU capabilities, and / or Set B types supported by the gNB). The WTRU (e.g., unable to find a suitable Set B) may: switch back to (e.g., legacy) beam management; and send an indication to the gNB indicating the switch to (e.g., legacy) beam management, e.g., due to the absence of a suitable Set B.

[0265] A set B type handover configuration may be provided. A measurement and / or estimation set may be configured. The WTRU may be configured with one or more sets of reference signal (RS) resources and / or beams (e.g., or beam pairs). One (e.g., each) RS resource, beam, and / or beam pair may be associated with a transmission on a beam having specific beam parameters (e.g., beam direction and / or beam width). The WTRU may be configured with associated beams, RS resources, and / or beam parameters.

[0266] In some examples, the WTRU may be configured with a first set of RS resources, beams, and / or beam pairs that may cover (e.g., the entire) RS resource space, beam space, and / or beam pair space. The WTRU may determine or select set A and set B. The union of set A and set B may cover (e.g., the entire) RS resource space, beam space, and / or beam pair space. In some examples, set A and set B may be mutually exclusive. In some examples, set B may include RS resources that the WTRU may perform measurements on to obtain one or more of: (1) direct measurements of a first set of beams or beam pairs (e.g., a one-to-one mapping between RS resources and beams or beam pairs); and / or (2) estimated measurements of a second set of beams or beam pairs (e.g., a many-to-one mapping between RS resources and beams or beam pairs, possibly using an AI / ML estimation model).

[0267] The WTRU may switch the Set B size or Set B type by triggering, reporting, and / or receiving a switch configuration of the Set B size or type using one or more indications. Switching the Set B size may change the number of beams in the measurement beam set. Switching the Set B type may change the beam selection in the measurement beam set. For example, the Set B type may be fixed (e.g., the members of the measurement beam set may be fixed), may follow one of a plurality of preconfigured sets (e.g., Set B may follow one of a plurality of predefined measurement beam sets), or may be random (e.g., the members of the measurement beam set may be randomly selected). The WTRU may receive an indication, for example, from the gNB (e.g., via DCI-based signaling, MAC-CE, or RRC signaling).

[0268] In some examples, the WTRU may receive an indication that the switch set B size takes precedence over the switch set B type, or vice versa. For example, the indication may be a 1-bit indication (e.g., size_type_priority) that may be set. A first value (e.g., one (1)) may indicate that the switch set B size takes precedence over the switch set B type. A second value (e.g., zero (0)) may indicate that the switch set B type takes precedence over the switch set B size.

[0269] Another type of indication (e.g., type_precedence) can be used to set the precedence between possible options for set type switching. The indication can assume multiple values ​​for some / all possible precedences. For example, the indication can be a 1-bit indication. A first value (e.g., a value of zero (0)) can indicate that the priority is that the fixed set B is much greater than the random set B. A second value (e.g., a value of one (1)) can indicate that the priority is that the random set B is greater than the preconfigured set B from the predetermined set is greater than the fixed set B. In some examples, the indication can (e.g., include multiple bits to) refer to multiple precedences.

[0270] Set B type switching, reporting and fallback procedures can be implemented.

[0271] Set B type switching and / or selection criteria may be determined and / or indicated. The WTRU may (e.g., decide to) change, modify, and / or switch the configured and / or determined Set B type based on one or more of: one or more parameters, priorities (e.g., type_precedence), RS measurements, etc. For example, the WTRU may (e.g., decide to) switch the beam Set B type to a fixed Set B. The WTRU may (e.g., decide to) switch the beam Set B to one or more Set Bs in a preconfigured set including a plurality of Set Bs. The WTRU may (e.g., decide to) switch the Set B type to a random Set B, and so on.

[0272] The WTRU may (eg, decide) on a switching set B type based on one or more of: priority and / or type priority; channel parameters; and / or available RS (eg, or beam) measurements.

[0273] The WTRU may (e.g., decide to) switch Set B types based on priority and / or type priority. For example, the WTRU may determine or receive (e.g., from the gNB) one or more type priorities (e.g., type_precedence) for selecting or switching Set B types. The WTRU may switch the Set B type to a type associated with a first type priority, e.g., if the first type priority is selected by the WTRU or configured by the gNB. The WTRU may switch the Set B type to a type associated with a second type priority, e.g., if the second type priority is selected by the WTRU or configured by the gNB, and so on.

[0274] The WTRU may (e.g., decide to) switch the Set B type based on channel parameters. For example, the WTRU may determine the Set B type based on the channel parameters and / or state of one or more WTRUs. The WTRU may (e.g., decide to) select and / or switch to a fixed beam set B, for example, if the WTRU determines that the WTRU's mobility state is in a first range (e.g., low mobility). The WTRU may (e.g., decide to) select and / or switch to a fixed beam set B, for example, if the WTRU's speed is below a first threshold. The WTRU may (e.g., decide to) select and / or switch to one or more beam sets B from a preconfigured beam set including a plurality of beam sets B, for example, if the WTRU's speed is above a first threshold and below a second threshold. The WTRU may (e.g., decide to) select and / or switch to a random beam set B, for example, if the WTRU's speed is above a second threshold, and so on. The WTRU may report and / or indicate the selected Set B type (e.g., to the gNB).

[0275] The WTRU may (e.g., decide to) switch to a Set B type based on available RS (e.g., or beam) measurements. For example, the WTRU may determine the Set B type based on one or more reference signals (RS) that are available and / or configured to be measured (e.g., as part of a measurement beam set). The WTRU may (e.g., decide to) select or switch to a Set B type, for example, if the beam resources in the selected Beam Set B include one or more (e.g., a subset) of the measured (e.g., RS) beam resources.

[0276] The Set B type may be switched and / or reported. The WTRU may search for a Set B type to select or switch to. One or more of the following may apply.

[0277] The WTRU may (e.g., decide to) search for a (pre-)defined and / or (pre-)configured beam set B having a first set B type (e.g., fixed set B). The WTRU may determine the type of beam set B based on one or more set B type switching and / or selection criteria (e.g., as described herein, such as based on a determined or configured type priority, channel parameters, available RS measurements, etc.).

[0278] The WTRU may report and / or indicate the selected Set B type to the gNB, for example, if the WTRU successfully finds and / or selects a Set B type of the first type (e.g., fixed Set B).

[0279] The WTRU may trigger training (e.g., as described herein with respect to training / fine-tuning) of a new beam set B AI / ML model based on a first type (e.g., fixed set B), for example, if the WTRU fails to find and / or select a beam set B of the first type (e.g., fixed set B). The WTRU may (e.g., instead) (e.g., decide to) search for (pre-)defined and / or (pre-)configured beam sets B of a second set B type (e.g., one or more sets B in a preconfigured set including a plurality of sets B). The WTRU may search for one or more sets B in the preconfigured set including a plurality of sets B. The (e.g., Tx) beams in beam set B may be a subset of the measured (e.g., RS) (e.g., Tx) beams. The WTRU may report and / or indicate one or more selected beam sets B to the gNB, for example, if the WTRU successfully finds and / or selects a beam set B of the second type. The WTRU may trigger training of a new beam set BAI / ML model based on the second type (e.g., as described herein with respect to training / fine-tuning), e.g., if the WTRU fails to find and / or select a beam set B of the second type. The WTRU may (e.g., instead) (e.g., decide to) search for a (pre-)defined and / or (pre-)configured beam set B of a third set B type (e.g., random set B). The WTRU may report and / or indicate the size of the selected set B type to the gNB.

[0280] The Set B Type handover may fail. The WTRU may determine whether the selected Set B Type is appropriate and / or meets the performance requirements. The WTRU may determine whether the selected Set B Type is appropriate based on one or more of the following: accuracy, WTRU capabilities, gNB support for Set B Type, etc.

[0281] The WTRU may determine whether the selected Set B Type is appropriate based on the accuracy. For example, the WTRU may determine and / or calculate the accuracy of the selected Set B Type based on one or more (e.g., measured) parameters (e.g., RSRP, BLER, RSRQ, CQI, etc.). The WTRU may determine that the selected Set B Type is appropriate, for example, if the determined accuracy (e.g., the measured parameter) is within a first range (e.g., above a corresponding threshold). The WTRU may determine that the selected Set B Type is not appropriate, for example, if the determined accuracy (e.g., the measured parameter) is not within the first range (e.g., below a corresponding threshold).

[0282] The WTRU may determine whether the selected Set B Type is appropriate based on the WTRU capabilities. For example, the WTRU may determine the WTRU capabilities and / or whether the selected Set B Type is supported by the WTRU. The WTRU may determine that the selected Set B Type is appropriate, for example, if the selected Set B Type is supported by the WTRU. The WTRU may determine that the selected Set B Type is not appropriate, for example, if the selected Set B Type is not supported by the WTRU.

[0283] The WTRU may determine whether the selected Set B Type is appropriate based on the gNB's support for Set B Types. For example, the WTRU may determine whether the selected Set B Type is supported by the gNB. The WTRU may receive an indication (e.g., SIB, DCI, MAC-CE, RRC, etc.) of the Set B Types that the gNB may support. The WTRU may determine that the selected Set B Type is appropriate, for example, if the selected Set B Type is supported by the gNB. The WTRU may determine that the selected Beam Set B Type is not appropriate, for example, if the selected Beam Set B Type is not supported by the gNB.

[0284] The WTRU may be configured to fall back to a legacy beam management procedure (e.g., without an AI / ML model), for example, if the Set B AI / ML model does not meet performance requirements. In an example, the WTRU may determine that none of the selected and / or supported Set B types are suitable (e.g., the WTRU may determine that the WTRU cannot find any suitable beam Set B (type)). The WTRU may (e.g., therefore) fall back or switch back to another (e.g., legacy) beam management scheme. The WTRU may send a report or indication to the gNB to indicate the switch to another (e.g., legacy) beam management scheme. The WTRU may (e.g., additionally and / or alternatively) indicate that the reason for the switch back is that there is no suitable Set B.

[0285] WTRU can implement the AI / ML model training / fine-tuning process.

[0286] The WTRU may receive a configuration of supported training types from the gNB via RRC / MAC-CE (e.g., CSI-Config). For example, the WTRU may receive a (e.g., 4-bit) configuration parameter (e.g., training_config) that may indicate the supported training process types, for example, a first value (e.g., one (1)) indicating support and a second value (e.g., zero (0)) indicating non-support. Online training (e.g., training an AI / ML model from scratch within a time window) may be indicated by the configuration parameter (e.g., by Bit 1). Offline training (e.g., training an AI / ML model from scratch without time limit) may be indicated by the configuration parameter (e.g., by Bit 2). Online fine-tuning (e.g., incremental training of an already trained AI / ML model within a time window) may be indicated by the configuration parameter (e.g., by Bit 3). Offline fine-tuning (e.g., incremental training of an already trained AI / ML model without time limit) may be indicated by the configuration parameter (e.g., by Bit 4).

[0287] The WTRU may send an indication requesting a type of training procedure (e.g., via a CSI-Report) that is within the range of types supported by the gNB. For example, the WTRU may send a (e.g., 2-bit) indication (e.g., training_ind) that may indicate the type of training procedure requested (e.g., where: 00 may indicate online training, 01 may indicate offline training, 10 may indicate online fine-tuning, and 11 may indicate offline fine-tuning). The WTRU may (e.g., also) indicate a time window for online training / fine-tuning, for example, based on the WTRU indication (e.g., training_ind). The time window may be determined from the specifications / capabilities of the AI / ML model, the configuration of the gNB, and / or as part of the WTRU capabilities.

[0288] The WTRU may, for example, indicate one or more of the following from the gNB: the size of Set B (for random Set B); the preferred Set B; additional information from the gNB (e.g., beam ID, QCL-Type D); and / or the number of RS measurements requested (e.g., periodic beam scanning of Set B). The WTRU may determine the number of RS measurements required (e.g., based on training_ind) (e.g., fine-tuning requires fewer measurements compared to training) and / or the AI / ML model specification.

[0289] The WTRU may send an indication to indicate that RS measurements (e.g., periodic beam scanning) are no longer required, for example, if / when one or more of the following occurs: the WTRU completes online training / fine-tuning of the AI / ML model within the time window; and / or the WTRU collects (e.g., sufficient) measurements for offline training / fine-tuning of the AI / ML model.

[0290] The WTRU may send an indication that RS measurements (e.g., periodic beam scanning) are no longer needed if / when the WTRU completes online training / fine-tuning of the AI / ML model within a time window. The WTRU may stop receiving RS resources after the training / fine-tuning time window has elapsed, e.g., regardless of the result (e.g., even if the training / fine-tuning is not complete).

[0291] The WTRU may indicate WTRU capabilities regarding one or more supported training types.The WTRU may indicate supported training procedure types, for example, via one or more of RRC, MAC CE, and DCI.

[0292] For example, the WTRU may indicate WTRU capabilities (e.g., using 4 bits). The indication may indicate the type of training process that is supported, e.g., a bit value of one (1) indicates support and a bit value of zero (0) indicates non-support. Online training (e.g., training an AI / ML model from scratch within a time window) may be indicated (e.g., by Bit 1). Offline training (e.g., training an AI / ML model from scratch without time limit) may be indicated (e.g., by Bit 2). Online fine-tuning (e.g., incremental training of an already trained AI / ML model within a time window) may be indicated (e.g., by Bit 3). Offline fine-tuning (e.g., incremental training of an already trained AI / ML model within a time window) may be indicated (e.g., by Bit 4).

[0293] The WTRU may indicate WTRU capabilities (e.g., using 2 bits). The indication may indicate the type of training procedures supported. Support for online and offline training may be indicated (e.g., by Bit1, where a value of 1 may indicate support for online and offline training and a value of 0 may indicate support for (e.g., only) offline training). Support for online and offline fine-tuning may be indicated (e.g., by Bit2, where a value of 1 may indicate support for online and offline fine-tuning and a value of 0 may indicate support for (e.g., only) offline fine-tuning). In some examples, Bit2 may be enabled (e.g., only) if the value of Bit1 is one (1). Otherwise (e.g., if Bit1 is 0), fine-tuning may not be supported or (e.g., only) offline fine-tuning may be supported, e.g., regardless of Bit2.

[0294] The WTRU may receive a configuration of one or more supported training types (e.g., based on reported WTRU capabilities), for example, via one or more of RRC, MAC-CE (e.g., CSI-Config), and / or DCI from the gNB. The WTRU may receive an indication or configuration of supported training procedure types.

[0295] For example, the WTRU may receive a configuration parameter (e.g., training_config) and / or an indication (e.g., using 4 bits) indicating the type of training process supported (e.g., a bit value of 1 indicates support and 0 indicates not support). Online training (e.g., training an AI / ML model from scratch within a time window) may be indicated (e.g., by Bit 1). Offline training (e.g., training an AI / ML model from scratch without time limit) may be indicated (e.g., by Bit 2). Online fine-tuning (e.g., incremental training of an already trained AI / ML model within a time window) may be indicated (e.g., by Bit 3). Offline fine-tuning (e.g., incremental training of an already trained AI / ML model within a time window) may be indicated (e.g., by Bit 4).

[0296] For example, the WTRU may receive a configuration and / or indication (e.g., using 2 bits) that indicates the type of training procedures supported. Support for online and offline training may be indicated (e.g., by Bit 1, where a value of 1 may indicate support for online and offline training, and a value of 0 may indicate support for (e.g., only) offline training). Bit 2: 1: Support for online and offline fine-tuning may be indicated (e.g., by Bit 2, where a value of 1 may indicate support for online and offline fine-tuning, and a value of 0 may indicate support for (e.g., only) offline fine-tuning). In some examples, Bit 2 may be enabled (e.g., only) if the value of Bit 1 is 1. Otherwise (e.g., if the value of Bit 1 is 0), fine-tuning may not be supported or (e.g., only) offline fine-tuning may be supported, for example, regardless of Bit 2.

[0297] The WTRU may send an indication requesting an additional training procedure and / or training procedure type, e.g., within the supported types indicated / configured by the gNB. The indication may be based on one or more of: AI / ML model type (e.g., CSI or BM), AI / ML model ID, beam pattern type, CSI configuration ID, etc.; a 1-bit indication; a 2-bit indication; a time window for training / fine-tuning (e.g., online or offline); one or more resources for measurement; and / or the number and / or duration of (e.g., required) RS measurements.

[0298] The WTRU may send a 1-bit indication requesting an additional training procedure and / or training procedure type. For example, a first value (e.g., zero (0)) may indicate that additional training is not required and a second value (e.g., one (1)) may indicate that additional training is required. In some examples, the indication may be based on a handover. For example, if the new indication is the same as the previous indication (e.g., no handover), the new indication may indicate that additional training is not required. If the new indication is different from the previous indication (e.g., handover), the new indication may indicate that additional training is required.

[0299] The WTRU may send a 2-bit indication (e.g., training_ind) to indicate the requested additional training procedure and / or the type of training procedure. For example, a value of 00 may indicate online training, a value of 01 may indicate offline training, a value of 10 may indicate online fine-tuning, and a value of 11 may indicate offline fine-tuning.

[0300] The WTRU may indicate a time window for training / fine-tuning (e.g., online or offline) to request an additional training process and / or training process type. The time window may be determined from the specifications / capabilities of the AI / ML model, the configuration of the gNB, and / or part of the WTRU capabilities.

[0301] The WTRU may indicate one or more resources for measurement to request additional training procedures and / or training procedure types.

[0302] The WTRU may indicate a preferred size (e.g., number) of beams (e.g., the size of set B). This indication may be present or applicable, for example (e.g., only) if the WTRU indicates a random selection of measurement beams (e.g., a random set B).

[0303] The WTRU may indicate a preferred measurement beam set (e.g., preferred set B). For example, the WTRU may indicate one or more preferred measurement beam sets. This indication may be based on indicating one or more of the following: time / frequency resources, CSI-RS resource set ID, CSI-RS resource ID, beam ID, beam pair ID, beam group ID, CSI resource configuration ID, etc.

[0304] The WTRU may indicate additional information to the gNB. The WTRU may indicate additional information for the training process. For example, the additional information may be one or more of the following: beam ID, QCL information (e.g., QCL Type-A and / or D), etc.

[0305] The WTRU may indicate (e.g., require) additional information from the gNB. The WTRU may indicate additional information for the training process. For example, the WTRU may request to receive additional information from the gNB. The additional information may be one or more of: beam ID, QCL information (e.g., QCL Type-A and / or D), etc. The WTRU may receive the indication (e.g., beam ID, QCL information) via one or more of: PDCCH (e.g., via DCI and / or receiving PDCCH in an associated CORESET / search space with relevant information), PDSCH, and / or RS transmission (e.g., receiving an associated RS resource / resource set with relevant information (with sequence ID) and / or RS in an associated RS sequence).

[0306] The WTRU may indicate the number and / or duration of (e.g., required) RS measurements. The WTRU may indicate the number and / or duration of (e.g., required) RS measurements for the training process. The indication may be based on one or more of: a time window (e.g., one or more of milliseconds, nanoseconds, symbols, slots, frames, etc.), a periodicity, an offset, and a beam scan number (e.g., for periodic / semi-persistent RS).

[0307] The WTRU may determine a parameter set, for example, based on the indicated training procedure type. For example, the WTRU may be configured with a parameter set for (e.g., required) RS measurements. The parameter set may be (pre)defined, (pre)configured, and / or determined, for example, based on the indicated training procedure type. In some examples, a parameter set may be associated with online training / fine-tuning and another parameter set may be associated with offline training / fine-tuning. In some examples, a parameter set may be associated with (e.g., each) type (e.g., one set each for online training, online fine-tuning, offline training, and offline fine-tuning).

[0308] The WTRU may receive one or more RS resources (e.g., within a indicated time window and / or duration). The WTRU may train and / or fine-tune one or more AI / ML models, for example, based on the received one or more RS resources. The WTRU may indicate to the gNB (e.g., based on the received one or more RS resources) one or more of the following: completion of training / fine-tuning or incomplete training / fine-tuning.

[0309] The WTRU may indicate that the WTRU is finished with training / fine-tuning, for example, based on the WTRU request and / or the requested RS resources. The WTRU may stop receiving the requested RS resources. For example, the WTRU may assume that the requested RS resources are not transmitted and / or PDSCH is transmitted, for example, if PDSCH is scheduled in the time / frequency resources.

[0310] The WTRU may indicate that training / fine-tuning is not complete. The WTRU may support one or more of the following procedures (e.g., after an indication). The WTRU may indicate additional training / fine-tuning to the gNB and / or continue the training / fine-tuning procedure based on the WTRU indication. The WTRU may assume that the requested RS resources are not transmitted and / or PDSCH is transmitted, for example, if PDSCH is scheduled in the time / frequency resources. The WTRU may decide whether to continue the training / fine-tuning procedure. For example, the WTRU may indicate one or more parameters. The WTRU may continue training / fine-tuning, for example, if the one or more parameters are greater than one or more thresholds. The WTRU may stop training / fine-tuning, for example, if the parameters are less than (e.g., or equal to) one or more thresholds. The one or more parameters may be one or more of: training / fine-tuning completion percentage; training / fine-tuning speed (e.g., percentage / time window or duration); WTRU recommendation (e.g., continue or stop training / fine-tuning); LOS probability (e.g., percentage or 1-bit LOS probability, where 0 indicates NLOS and 1 indicates LOS); and / or quality parameters (e.g., RSRP, RSRQ, SINR, CQI, assumed PDCCH BLER, etc.).

[0311] The WTRU indication may be based on one or more of PUCCH, PUSCH, PRACH, RS transmission (eg, SRS), and / or CSI reporting.

[0312] A general method may be used for beam prediction, reporting and / or application.

[0313] The WTRU may, for example, based on the indicated preferred set B size (e.g., the number of beams / RS resources in set B) and / or the preferred beams / RS resources in set B, perform one or more of the following: receive a configuration of a set of RS resources with a number of beams equal to or greater than the set B size; receive a configuration of a set of RS resources associated with the indicated beams of set B; measure the RS resources associated with the set B beams to determine beam quality (e.g., L1-RSRP); use the measured beam quality values ​​to predict (e.g., via an AI / ML model) the K best beams; report one or more top predicted beams to the gNB; and / or receive a configuration of a new DL beam (e.g., indicating the top predicted DL beam via TCI-state).

[0314] A WTRU may be configured with one or more sets of reference signal (RS) resources and / or beams (e.g., or beam pairs). One (e.g., each) RS resource, beam, and / or beam pair may be associated with a transmission on a beam having (e.g., specific) beam parameters (e.g., beam direction and / or beam width). A WTRU may be configured with associated beams, RS resources, and / or beam parameters.

[0315] For example, the WTRU may receive a configuration of RS resources for Set B based on at least one of: a preconfigured Set B (e.g., beam or beam measurement RS resources) and / or Set B size; a WTRU-indicated Set B or Set B size; and / or a preconfigured Set B type and / or determination / selection rules / criteria.

[0316] The WTRU may measure one or more RS resources to determine beam quality measurements (e.g., L1-RSRP, CQI, RI, SINR, RSSI). For example, the WTRU may measure RS resources belonging to set B.

[0317] The WTRU may receive a configured beam / beam RS resource report (e.g., via RRC CSI-ReportConfig). The WTRU may receive an indication (e.g., 1 bit) indicating the AI / ML predicted beam to be reported (e.g., via RRC / MAC-CE / DCI). For example, the WTRU may be configured with a beam reporting parameter (e.g., K) indicating the number of beams to be reported.

[0318] The WTRU may predict the top K beams, for example using an AI / ML model based on one or more of: RS resource measurements (e.g., beam quality, such as L1-RSRP, CQI, SINR, RSSI); and / or set B size, set B type, and / or RS resources associated with set B.

[0319] The WTRU may send a report indicating the predicted beams configured based on the received beam reporting. For example, the WTRU may indicate the CRI of the RS associated with one or more (e.g., the top K) predicted beams. For example, the WTRU may indicate the beam ID and / or beam angle of one or more predicted beams. For example, the WTRU may indicate the beam angle of one or more predicted beams.

[0320] The WTRU may receive an indication of a TCI state (e.g., via RRC, MAC-CE, and / or DCI), such as an RS resource / beam indication based on the WTRU (e.g., AI / ML predicted beam, CRI of RS resources associated with the predicted beam). The WTRU may receive (e.g., future) PDSCH and / or PDCCH resources using the indicated TCI state.

[0321] Although the above features and elements are described in particular combinations, each feature or element can be used alone without the other features and elements of the preferred embodiment, or in various combinations with or without the other features and elements.

[0322] Although the implementation described herein may consider 3GPP specific protocols, it will be appreciated that the implementation described herein is not limited to this scenario and may be applicable to other wireless systems. For example, although the solution described herein considers LTE, LTE-A, New Radio (NR), or 5G specific protocols, it will be appreciated that the solution described herein is not limited to this scenario and may be applicable to other wireless systems.

[0323] The above process may be implemented in a computer program, software, and / or firmware that is incorporated into a computer-readable medium for execution by a computer and / or processor. Examples of computer-readable media include, but are not limited to, electronic signals (transmitted via wired and / or wireless connections) and / or computer-readable storage media. Examples of computer-readable storage media include, but are not limited to, read-only memory (ROM), random access memory (RAM), registers, cache memory, semiconductor memory devices, magnetic media (e.g., internal hard disks and removable disks), magneto-optical media, and / or optical media (e.g., CD-ROMs and / or digital versatile discs (DVDs)). A processor associated with the software may be used to implement a radio frequency transceiver for a WTRU, terminal, base station, RNC, and / or any host computer.

Claims

1. A wireless transmit / receive unit (WTRU), comprising: A processor configured to: receiving configuration information, wherein the configuration information indicates a reference signal (RS) resource set and a first RS resource selection condition; performing measurement on RS resources associated with the RS resource set; determining a resource subset based on whether the first RS resource selection condition is satisfied, wherein the resource subset is a subset of the RS resources under test; sending an indication of the subset of resources; determining a power-related parameter value associated with the RS resources of the resource subset; estimating beam parameters of a beam based on the determined power-related parameter values ​​associated with the RS resources of the subset of resources; as well as The beam set is reported based on the estimated beam parameters.

2. The WTRU of claim 1 , wherein the first RS resource selection condition is satisfied, and the subset of RS resources to be measured is determined based on the satisfaction of the first RS resource selection condition.

3. The WTRU of claim 1 , wherein the first RS resource selection condition is not satisfied and a second RS resource selection condition is satisfied, and wherein the subset of RS resources tested is based on the satisfaction of the second RS resource selection condition.

4. The WTRU of claim 1 , wherein the first RS resource selection condition is satisfied, and the processor is further configured to: Send an indication of the first RS resource selection condition.

5. The WTRU of claim 1 , wherein the first RS resource selection condition is not satisfied and a second RS resource selection condition is satisfied, and the processor is further configured to: Send an indication of the second RS resource selection condition.

6. The WTRU of claim 5, wherein the first RS resource selection condition is based on a corresponding RSRP of each of the measured RS resources.

7. The WTRU of claim 1 , wherein the processor is further configured to: A set of beams is determined based on at least one of the determined power-related parameter value and the estimated beam parameters.

8. The WTRU of claim 1, wherein the first RS resource selection condition is based on a line-of-sight (LoS) probability of one or more of the measured RS resources.

9. A method implemented in a wireless transmit / receive unit (WTRU), comprising: receiving configuration information, wherein the configuration information indicates a reference signal (RS) resource set and a first RS resource selection condition; performing measurement on RS resources associated with the RS resource set; determining a resource subset based on whether the first RS resource selection condition is satisfied, wherein the resource subset is a subset of the RS resources under test; sending an indication of the subset of resources; determining a power-related parameter value associated with the RS resources of the resource subset; estimating beam parameters of a beam based on determined power-related parameter values ​​associated with the RS resources of the subset of resources; as well as The beam set is reported based on the estimated beam parameters. 10 . The method of claim 9 , wherein the first RS resource selection condition is satisfied, and the subset of the tested RS resources is determined based on the satisfaction of the first RS resource selection condition.

11. The method of claim 9, wherein the first RS resource selection condition is not satisfied and a second RS resource selection condition is satisfied, and wherein the subset of RS resources under test is based on the satisfaction of the second RS resource selection condition.

12. The method of claim 9, further comprising: An indication of the first RS resource selection condition is sent, wherein the first RS resource selection condition is met.

13. The method of claim 9, further comprising: An indication of a second RS resource selection condition is sent, wherein the first RS resource selection condition is not met and the second RS resource selection condition is met. The method of claim 13 , wherein the first RS resource selection condition is based on a corresponding RSRP of each of the measured RS resources.

15. The method of claim 9, further comprising: A set of beams is determined based on at least one of the determined power-related parameter value and the estimated beam parameters.

Images