Wearable exhaled breath sulfide detection systems and methods for monitoring periodontal conditions

Abstract

The invention relates to the technical field of periodontal condition non-invasive detection, and discloses a wearable exhaled air sulfide detection system and method for monitoring periodontal conditions, relying on a wearable flexible base plate in an oral cavity, a miniature sulfide data acquisition unit coated by a medical safety packaging layer with holes is integrated, and the sulfide data acquisition unit is used for acquiring sulfide data. The sulfide data acquisition unit is used for acquiring sulfide data of expired gas of the oral cavity and performing acquisition process control and wireless transmission, and is also used for wirelessly supplying power to electric components required in the sulfide data acquisition unit; and the periodontal condition monitoring unit which is arranged outside the oral cavity and is in wireless communication connection with the miniature sulfide data acquisition unit is used for receiving the sulfide data and analyzing and processing the sulfide data so as to visually reflect the periodontal condition and early warning. According to the invention, non-invasive, real-time and continuous periodontal health condition monitoring and periodontal disease early warning are realized by relying on the integrated miniature sulfide data acquisition unit of the intraoral wearable flexible base which can be worn in the mouth for a long time and cooperating with the extraoral periodontal condition monitoring unit.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] This invention relates to the field of non-invasive periodontal condition detection technology, specifically to a wearable exhaled breath sulfide detection system and method for monitoring periodontal condition. Background Technology

[0002] Periodontal disease, with its associated infections, bone resorption, and chronic inflammation, harms both local oral health and overall systemic health, and is linked to various systemic diseases such as diabetes and infective endocarditis. Therefore, early warning systems for periodontal disease are crucial.

[0003] Studies have shown that periodontal pathogens (such as *Porphyromonas gingivalis* and *Fusobacterium nucleatum*, Gram-negative anaerobes) decompose sulfur-containing substrates such as desquamated epithelium and food debris, producing odorous sulfides such as hydrogen sulfide, methanethiol, and dimethyl sulfide. The concentration of these sulfides is positively correlated with periodontal disease indicators such as periodontal pocket depth, bleeding index, and plaque index, reflecting periodontal health status. The concentration of volatile sulfides in the breath of normal individuals is usually below 50 ppb, while in patients with severe periodontitis it can reach over 500 ppb. Currently, clinical assessment of periodontal health mainly relies on two technical approaches, but both have significant limitations and cannot meet the urgent need for early disease warning and continuous dynamic monitoring.

[0004] Firstly, traditional invasive probing and imaging examinations: This method relies on professional dentists using periodontal probes for manual measurements (such as probing depth and attachment loss), combined with X-rays to assess bone tissue changes. Although considered the gold standard for diagnosis, it is essentially a delayed confirmation of structural damage that has already occurred. This process is invasive, may cause patient discomfort, and only provides static snapshots at discrete time points, failing to reflect the active progression of the disease. More importantly, it completely fails to directly monitor the core biochemical process leading to periodontitis—the dynamic changes in volatile sulfides produced by the metabolism of periodontal pathogens—thus missing the early intervention window before irreversible tissue damage occurs.

[0005] Secondly, existing detection methods based on exhaled breath data collection for sulfides. While these methods (such as some halitosis detectors) incorporate the biochemical detection of sulfides into the evaluation system, they typically employ an in vitro, discrete active exhaled breath sampling mode. Users must intentionally exhale into the handheld device, and the obtained data is actually an instantaneous mixed gas sample, easily affected by breathing patterns, and cannot represent the true, continuous gas environment in the oral cavity, especially near periodontal pockets. These devices usually exist as standalone consumer electronics products, and the measurement results lack clinical interpretability. Furthermore, they also cannot achieve long-term, imperceptible in-situ monitoring, limiting their value in tracking disease progression. Moreover, the gas-sensitive materials used in these existing detection devices, such as MXene and Au / In2O3, suffer from low selectivity, poor stability, easy oxidation and failure in humid oxygen environments, and poor biocompatibility. Summary of the Invention

[0006] This invention aims to provide a wearable exhaled sulfide detection system and method for monitoring periodontal condition. It combines in-situ in vivo sensing with in vitro intelligent analysis, and optimizes from materials and structure to system integration to achieve continuous, real-time, wearable collection of exhaled sulfides in daily life, as well as periodontal health monitoring and early warning of periodontal disease.

[0007] The basic solution provided by this invention is: a wearable exhaled breath sulfide detection system for monitoring periodontal condition, comprising: Wearable flexible baseplate for intraoral use; The miniature sulfide data acquisition unit is integrated into the base after being encapsulated in a medical safety packaging layer with holes. It includes a sensing module, a flexible detection circuit module electrically connected to the sensor module, and a flexible wireless power supply module. The sensing module includes a composite gas-sensitive material layer for collecting sulfide data from exhaled breath; a flexible detection circuit module for controlling the sulfide data acquisition process and wireless transmission, including temperature control of the sensing module; and a flexible wireless power supply module for wirelessly powering the necessary electrical components built into the sulfide data acquisition unit. The periodontal condition monitoring unit is located outside the oral cavity and is wirelessly connected to the micro sulfide data acquisition unit. It is used to receive sulfide data and perform analysis and processing to visualize and reflect the periodontal health status and provide early warnings.

[0008] This invention also provides a wearable method for detecting exhaled sulfides for monitoring periodontal condition, utilizing a wearable exhaled sulfide detection system for monitoring periodontal condition; the method includes: S1, the user wears the base with the micro sulfide data acquisition unit inside the mouth, and the exhaled air enters the interior of the medical safety sealing layer through the medical safety sealing layer; S2, the micro sulfide data acquisition unit wirelessly powers the built-in electrical components of the sulfide data acquisition unit through a flexible wireless power supply module, collects exhaled sulfide data through a sensor module, and controls the sulfide data acquisition process through a flexible detection circuit module and wirelessly transmits it to the periodontal condition monitoring unit. The control includes temperature control of the sensor module. S3, a periodontal health monitoring unit located outside the oral cavity, wirelessly connects with a micro sulfide data acquisition unit to receive sulfide data and perform analysis and processing to visually reflect periodontal health status and provide early warnings.

[0009] The working principle and advantages of this invention are as follows: The core of this solution lies in constructing an integrated, flexible, wearable periodontal health monitoring system that combines in-situ in vivo sensing with in-vitro intelligent analysis. It utilizes a flexible, wearable intraoral base designed for long-term intraoral wear without additional burden, integrating a specially designed exhaled sulfide collection component. This, in conjunction with an in-vitro periodontal health monitoring unit, enables continuous, real-time, wearable collection of exhaled sulfides in daily life, as well as periodontal health monitoring and early warning of periodontal diseases. It offers multi-dimensional advantages from materials and structure to system integration. Firstly, in terms of device design and integration, a miniaturized sulfide data acquisition unit is proposed, encapsulated in a medical-safe encapsulation layer with a microporous structure, and then integrated into a wearable flexible base within the oral cavity. This design offers a synergistic effect: the microporous encapsulation ensures efficient exchange of the gas-sensitive material with exhaled air while strictly isolating it from interference from saliva, microorganisms, etc., guaranteeing long-term biocompatibility and sensing reliability; the flexible base ensures adaptive fit to the curved surfaces of teeth / gingiva, greatly improving wearing comfort and concealment, achieving truly seamless monitoring.

[0010] Specifically, the sensor contains gas-sensitive materials. Due to the complex and humid nature of the oral cavity environment and the presence of numerous interfering gases, existing gas-sensitive materials cannot be used for long-term oral gas monitoring. Therefore, this invention specifically employs high-entropy MXene material, which enhances stability through lattice distortion effects and can be loaded with metal oxides to improve selectivity, thus meeting the needs of long-term in vivo oral gas monitoring.

[0011] Secondly, the solution integrates a flexible wireless power supply module, completely eliminating the constraints of batteries and providing an energy foundation for lifelong wearable devices, while also reducing device size. Because the adsorption of sulfides by the sulfide sensor is poor at room temperature, the flexible detection circuit module specifically integrates a precise temperature control process. By instantaneously heating the sensor, it ensures successful desorption of hydrogen sulfide, significantly improving the stability, selectivity, and response speed of the sensor, and ensuring dynamic data quality.

[0012] Finally, in terms of monitoring modes and intelligent analysis, the intraoral unit is responsible for high-precision, continuous in-situ data acquisition and wireless transmission; the extraoral unit, relying on intelligent analysis, transforms the raw concentration data into intuitive health status visualization and early warning information, realizing continuous real-time monitoring and efficient early warning.

[0013] This invention breaks through the traditional intermittent and passive dental examination mode, realizing a new model of non-invasive, continuous, proactive, and preventive personal periodontal health management. The effectiveness of this system has been verified through various tests, and it has practical application value in early screening of periodontal diseases, tracking of treatment effects, and personalized oral care guidance. Attached Figure Description

[0014] Figure 1 This is a schematic diagram of the structure of a wearable exhaled sulfide detection system for monitoring periodontal condition provided in an embodiment of the present invention; Figure 2 This is a schematic diagram of the structure of the intraoral wearable flexible base integrated with a micro sulfide data acquisition unit provided in an embodiment of the present invention. Figure 1 ; Figure 3 This is a schematic diagram of the structure of the intraoral wearable flexible base integrated with a micro sulfide data acquisition unit provided in an embodiment of the present invention. Figure 2 ; Figure 4 This is a schematic diagram of the structure of the micro sulfide data acquisition unit covered by a medical safety encapsulation layer provided in an embodiment of the present invention; Figure 5 This is an exploded view of the structure of the sulfide sensor provided in an embodiment of the present invention; Figure 6 This is a schematic diagram of the structure of the working electrode provided in an embodiment of the present invention; Figure 7 This is a schematic diagram of the structure of the flexible wireless power supply module provided in an embodiment of the present invention; Figure 8 This is a schematic diagram of the detection circuit provided in an embodiment of the present invention; Figure 9 Test results of the micro sulfide data acquisition unit provided in the embodiments of the present invention Figure 1 ; Figure 10 Test results of the micro sulfide data acquisition unit provided in the embodiments of the present invention Figure 2 ; Figure 11 Test results of the micro sulfide data acquisition unit provided in the embodiments of the present invention Figure 3 ; Figure 12 Test results of the micro sulfide data acquisition unit provided in the embodiments of the present invention Figure 4 ; Figure 13 Test results of the micro sulfide data acquisition unit provided in the embodiments of the present invention Figure 5 ; Figure 14 This is a schematic flowchart of a wearable exhaled sulfide detection method for monitoring periodontal condition provided in an embodiment of the present invention. The markings in the accompanying drawings include: Halley retainer base 1, sensing module 2, sulfide sensor 21, surface encapsulation layer 211, reference electrode 212, working electrode 213, nano-gold particle layer 2131, high-entropy MXene composite material layer 2132, cobalt tetroxide nanoparticles 2133, upper conductive pad layer 214, upper sensor substrate layer 215, wire layer 216, middle sensor substrate layer 217, lower conductive pad layer 218, lower sensor substrate layer 219, substrate encapsulation layer 220, flexible sensor circuit board 22, control circuit module 3, flexible wireless power supply module 31, near-field communication chip 311, conductive pad 312, near-field communication coil 313, control circuit substrate layer 314, flexible detection circuit module 32, detection circuit substrate 321, detection circuit 322, sensor connection pad 323, medical safety encapsulation layer 4, hard porous ceramic layer 41, polydimethylsiloxane layer 42, and periodontal condition monitoring unit 5. Detailed Implementation

[0015] The following detailed explanation illustrates the specific implementation methods: The basic implementation examples are as follows: Figure 1 As shown: A wearable exhaled breath sulfide detection system for monitoring periodontal condition includes: Wearable flexible baseplate for intraoral use; The miniature sulfide data acquisition unit is integrated into the base after being covered by a medical safety encapsulation layer with holes. It includes a sensing module 2, a flexible detection circuit module 32 electrically connected to the sensor module 2, and a flexible wireless power supply module 31. The sensing module 2 includes a composite gas-sensitive material layer for collecting sulfide data from exhaled breath; a flexible detection circuit module 32 for controlling the sulfide data acquisition process and wireless transmission, including temperature control of the sensing module 2; and a flexible wireless power supply module 31 for wirelessly powering the power components required for the sulfide data acquisition unit. The periodontal condition monitoring unit 5 is located outside the oral cavity and is wirelessly connected to the micro sulfide data acquisition unit. It is used to receive sulfide data and perform analysis and processing to visualize and reflect the periodontal health status and provide early warnings.

[0016] Specifically: like Figure 2 and Figure 3As shown, the intraoral wearable flexible base can adopt a Halli-style retainer base 1 adapted to the shape of the user's dentition, with a sulfide data acquisition unit integrated into the palate of the Halli-style retainer base 1. After obtaining the user's dentition information through an oral scanning method, a self-curing resin is used to shape the model on a wet model, and a sulfide data acquisition unit encapsulated with a medical safety encapsulation layer 4 is embedded to obtain an intraoral wearable flexible base (Hali-style retainer base 1) with an integrated sulfide data acquisition unit.

[0017] The sensing module 2 includes a sulfide sensor 21 with a built-in working electrode 213; a composite gas-sensitive material layer is applied to the surface of the working electrode 213.

[0018] like Figure 4 As shown, the sulfide sensor 21 is mounted on the flexible sensor circuit board 22. The flexible sensor circuit board 22 acts as a carrier, connecting the flexible detection circuit module 32 and the flexible wireless power supply module 31 to achieve electrical connection.

[0019] like Figure 5 As shown, the sulfide sensor 21 includes a surface encapsulation layer 211, a reference electrode 212, a working electrode 213, an upper conductive pad layer 214, an upper sensor substrate layer 215, a wire layer 216, a middle sensor substrate layer 217, a lower conductive pad layer 218, a lower sensor substrate layer 219, and a substrate encapsulation layer 220. Specifically, based on screen printing technology, silver or silver chloride conductive ink and carbon conductive ink are printed on the upper conductive pad layer 214 to serve as the reference electrode 212 and the working electrode 213, respectively (i.e., the reference electrode 212 and the working electrode 213 are located on the same layer of the upper conductive pad layer 214), forming the sulfide detection electrode. After being stacked and pressed, the upper conductive pad layer 214, the upper sensor substrate layer 215, the wire layer 216, the middle sensor substrate layer 217, and the lower conductive pad layer 218 are encapsulated by the surface encapsulation layer 211 and the substrate encapsulation layer 220 to form the sulfide sensor 21.

[0020] like Figure 6 As shown, the composite gas-sensitive material layer includes a layer of gold nanoparticles with a specific shape 2131, a high-entropy MXene composite material layer 2132, and cobalt tetroxide nanoparticles 2133, to achieve low-concentration, body-temperature sulfide concentration detection. The high-entropy MXene material is specifically used, which enhances stability through lattice distortion effects and can load metal oxides to improve selectivity, thus meeting the needs of long-term in vivo oral gas monitoring.

[0021] The gold nanoparticle layer 2131 was deposited electrochemically in an electrochemical workstation to improve electrode performance. Specifically, cyclic voltammetry was used to deposit the nanoparticles on the working electrode 213, i.e., a potential of -0.4V to 0V was cyclically applied to the working electrode 213 in a 5 mmol / L chloroauric acid solution, with a scan rate of 10 mV / s and 3 scan segments.

[0022] A high-entropy MAX precursor was etched with hydrofluoric acid solution and then delaminated with tetramethylammonium hydroxide to obtain a high-entropy MXene composite material, which was used to form the high-entropy MXene composite material layer 2132. Specifically, 2 parts by mass of high-entropy MAX precursor (TiVCrMoAlC3) powder was dissolved in 48 parts by mass of hydrofluoric acid, etched at 55°C for 4 days, and the precipitate was washed with deionized water; then delaminated with 5 parts by volume of tetramethylammonium hydroxide solution for 4 hours, centrifuged and washed, and dispersed in deionized water to obtain the final product. In this embodiment, 2g of high-entropy MAX precursor (TiVCrMoAlC3) was slowly added to a polyethylene container containing 40mL of 48% hydrofluoric acid. The mixture was then stirred continuously at 55°C and 400rpm for 4 days. After etching with hydrofluoric acid, the precipitate was washed four to five times with alternating deionized water and anhydrous ethanol at 5000rpm, with each wash lasting 5 minutes, to obtain a wet precipitate with a pH > 6. The obtained wet precipitate was delayered by stirring continuously at 500rpm for 4 hours with 40mL of 5% tetramethylammonium hydroxide solution at 55°C. The delayered wet precipitate was then washed repeatedly five times in a centrifuge at 12000rpm, with each wash lasting 10 minutes, to bring the pH value to 6-8. After the last centrifugation cycle, the precipitate was redispersed in 20mL of deionized water and centrifuged at 3500rpm for 1 hour. The resulting precipitate was high-entropy MXene.

[0023] Cobalt tetroxide nanoparticles 2133 were modified by a hydrothermal method. Specifically, 60 parts by mass of a high-entropy MXene base solution and 60 parts by mass of a cobalt acetate hexahydrate aqueous solution were mixed and stirred at 80°C at a speed of 450 rpm for 18 hours using a magnetic stirrer; then, a hydrothermal reaction was carried out at 150°C for 3 hours. After washing and drying, the cobalt tetroxide particles (2133) were loaded onto the high-entropy MXene composite material layer (2132). In this embodiment, 60 mg of high-entropy MXene was dissolved in 60 mL of deionized water and ultrasonically dispersed for 5 minutes. It was then mixed with 60 mg of cobalt acetate tetrahydrate in a three-necked flask under a protective gas atmosphere. After stirring the mixture continuously at 80°C for 18 hours, the mixture was transferred to a hydrothermal reactor and hydrothermally treated at 150°C for 3 hours. The hydrothermally treated product was collected and washed five times alternately with deionized water and anhydrous ethanol at 5000 rpm. The washed product was then dried in a 60°C vacuum oven to obtain the high-entropy MXene composite material modified with cobalt tetroxide nanoparticles. The product was redispersed in anhydrous ethanol to form a slurry of appropriate concentration. 5 μL of the slurry was drop-coated onto an electrode with a deposited gold nanoparticle layer 2131. After drying in a 60°C vacuum oven for 5 minutes, the working electrode 213 with the modified composite gas-sensitive material layer was obtained.

[0024] The flexible wireless power supply module 31 and the flexible detection circuit module 32 together form the control circuit module 3.

[0025] like Figure 7 As shown, the flexible wireless power supply module 31 includes a near-field communication chip 311, conductive pads 312, a near-field communication coil 313, and a control circuit substrate layer 314, used to achieve wireless charging of the device. The control circuit substrate layer 314 is a flexible pre-designed material film (flexible polyimide film) to adapt to internal stress. The conductive pads 312 and the near-field communication coil 313 are soldered to the front side of the control circuit substrate layer 314 (e.g., ...). Figure 7 (a) As shown, the near-field communication chip 311 is soldered to the back of the control circuit substrate 314 (as shown in the figure). Figure 7 (b) shows the near-field communication chip 311, which saves space to meet the intraoral detection requirements. The near-field communication chip 311 can be the RF430FRL15xH model; the resonant frequency of the near-field communication coil 313 is 13.56MHz. Energy is obtained from a terminal with near-field communication functionality via near-field communication or electromagnetic induction through the near-field communication coil 313, and the energy is then modulated by the near-field communication chip 311 to wirelessly power this device. For example... Figure 4 As shown, the conductive pad 312 is soldered to the flexible sensor circuit board 22 with low-temperature solder to realize the electrical connection between the flexible wireless power supply circuit board 31 and the sulfide sensor 21.

[0026] like Figure 4As shown, the flexible detection circuit module 32 includes a detection circuit substrate 321, a detection circuit 322 disposed on the detection circuit substrate 321, and a sensor connection pad 323. The detection circuit substrate 321 is a flexible pre-designed material film (flexible polyimide film). The sensor connection pad 323 is soldered to the flexible sensor circuit board 22 with low-temperature solder to achieve electrical connection between the flexible detection circuit board 32 and the sulfide sensor 21.

[0027] The detection circuit 322 includes an electrically connected microcontroller, a wireless transceiver module, a power management circuit, and a heating circuit, and integrates necessary front-end measurement and drive circuits. Specifically, as follows... Figure 8 As shown, it includes a microcontroller, a constant current source, a low-pass network, an analog-to-digital converter, a Bluetooth module, a field-effect transistor, a power management circuit, a heating circuit, and external resistors and capacitors.

[0028] The microcontroller is responsible for coordinating and processing the entire detection process. Its specific functions include: providing a precise reference voltage (Vref) to the constant current source; and controlling the signal through I / O. 2The device reads sampled data from the analog-to-digital converter (ADC) using the C-type bus protocol; transmits data with the Bluetooth module via the UART interface; and controls the GPIO (General Purpose Input / Output) ports to output high and low level signals to regulate the conduction and cutoff of the MOSFET, thereby controlling the switching of other circuit modules. The constant current source generates and outputs a constant and precise test current Imeasure based on Vref provided by the microcontroller. This current flows through the sulfide gas sensor 21, converting its resistance change into a measurable voltage signal. This voltage signal is then filtered by a low-pass network to effectively remove high-frequency and power frequency noise interference from the environment, improving the signal-to-noise ratio. The filtered, clean analog voltage signal is acquired by the ADC and converted into a high-precision digital signal for the microcontroller to read and process. The Bluetooth module is responsible for establishing a wireless communication link between this device and the periodontal condition monitoring unit (such as a mobile terminal or smartphone), wirelessly transmitting the sulfide data (sulfide concentration) processed by the microcontroller to the external system for processing and application. The entire device is powered by a flexible wireless power supply circuit board 31 and a high-efficiency power management circuit. The power management circuit converts and stabilizes the voltage to various supply voltages (Vcc, etc.) required by the device, powering all active devices such as the microcontroller, analog front-end, and Bluetooth module, and optimizing power consumption to extend battery life. The heating circuit provides a certain temperature for the sulfide sensor 21. Since the sulfide sensor 21 has poor reversibility of sulfide adsorption at room temperature, a heating circuit is introduced to control the temperature of the sensor in order to improve detection repeatability and increase clinical application value. During non-detection periods and during detection, the microcontroller controls the heating circuit to be disconnected. When the detection is completed, the microcontroller generates a control signal to adjust the circuit to be turned on, so that the temperature reaches 180-220°C within 0.5-1s when the detection is completed, to ensure successful desorption of hydrogen sulfide.

[0029] like Figure 4 As shown, the medical safety encapsulation layer 4 comprises an inner rigid porous ceramic layer 41 and an outer polydimethylsiloxane layer 42. The rigid porous ceramic layer 41 encapsulates the miniature sulfide gas-sensitive sensor module 2 and the control circuit module 3 using computer-aided design / computer-aided manufacturing (CAD / CAM) methods. The polydimethylsiloxane layer 42 encapsulates the miniature sulfide gas-sensitive sensor module 2 and the control circuit module 3, which are already encapsulated by the rigid porous ceramic layer 41, using a solution thermosetting method. Holes are created in the polydimethylsiloxane layer 42 through laser cutting. When the heating circuit momentarily heats the sulfide sensor 21, the rigid porous ceramic layer 41 provides excellent thermal insulation, with a small heating area and short high-temperature time, ensuring the safety of the device.

[0030] To verify the effectiveness of the micro sulfide data acquisition unit in this system, the following tests were conducted in this embodiment; like Figure 9 As shown, in the wearable exhaled breath sulfide detection system used to monitor periodontal condition, the resistance of the sulfide sensor 21 increases when the hydrogen sulfide concentration in the monitoring environment increases, and the resistance value increases with the increase of hydrogen sulfide concentration in the introduced gas; after heating and re-introducing air, the resistance value returns to the baseline, indicating that the response has good reversibility. Meanwhile, Figure 9 This indicates that the sulfide sensor 21 has a fast response speed and a high recovery speed under heating conditions, which helps to reduce detection time and sensor energy consumption. Figure 10 Four independent, repeated experiments were conducted on the same batch of sulfide sensors 21, measuring hydrogen sulfide responses from 1 to 100 ppm. The results were plotted as scatter plots and linearly fitted. The results showed that the hydrogen sulfide concentration in the 1-100 ppm range was linearly correlated with the sensor's resistance response, with a correlation coefficient R0. 2 =0.99, sensitivity is 2.74% / ppm.

[0031] In response to the complex oral microecology and the various volatile disruptive substances derived therefrom, this embodiment tests the selectivity of the system. For example... Figure 11 The experiment simulated the measurement process of exhaled gases in the presence of interfering gases, using 50 ppm hydrogen sulfide, dimethyl sulfide, dimethyl disulfide, ethanol, ammonia, isopropanol, acetone, and nitrous oxide gases under a relative humidity of 70%. Test results showed that the sulfide sensor 21 exhibited the largest response value and the highest response speed to hydrogen sulfide, meeting the requirements for a sulfide detection device in the complex environment of the oral cavity.

[0032] The stability of the sulfide sensor 21's response to hydrogen sulfide was tested to ensure consistency in sensor data readings at the same sulfide concentration. Figure 12 Four independent and repeated experiments were conducted on the same batch of sulfide sensor 21. The experiments used 50 ppm hydrogen sulfide, and the sensor was used to measure the concentration 10 times under a relative humidity of 70%. The results showed that the sulfide sensor 21 exhibited good consistency in its response to the same concentration of hydrogen sulfide, with all four groups showing relatively small coefficients of variation: 0.25, 0.42, 0.28, and 0.37, respectively. This indicates that for the same resistance value, the sensor reads a good consistency in the concentration of hydrogen sulfide in exhaled gas.

[0033] Because the medical safety encapsulation layer 4 has gas inlet and outlet pores, there is a risk of material dissolution by saliva. Therefore, this embodiment also tests the biosafety of the high-entropy MXene composite material layer 2132 modified with cobalt tetroxide nanoparticles 2133. Human immortalized keratinocytes (Hacat) cultured in vitro were used to simulate oral mucosa. Biosafety was tested using the CCK8 assay, i.e., after sterilization, the material was immersed in DMEM medium, and the immersion solution was used to prepare a complete culture medium for cell culture. Figure 13 The material did not exhibit statistically significant cytotoxicity when the coating slurry concentration was 25 mg / mL, while the normal test concentration was 10 mg / mL, indicating that the material has good biocompatibility under normal conditions and meets the requirements for oral use.

[0034] The periodontal condition monitoring unit 5 is deployed on a mobile terminal (such as a smartphone) and / or a medical data management platform. In this embodiment, as... Figure 1 As shown, the interface is deployed on mobile terminals (such as smartphones). The illustrations and data are for illustrative purposes only. The interface design should be adapted according to the actual usage requirements.

[0035] First, data on exhaled hydrogen sulfide concentration (HTSC) were collected from healthy individuals and patients with periodontal disease at different stages during pre-defined behaviors to establish a standard curve. Specifically: Preset behaviors refer to standardized physiological or daily life events that are strongly correlated with and repeatable in oral sulfide concentrations. In this protocol, the sampling times can be selected as follows: upon waking, before meals, after meals, and during sleep. Sampling time points are as follows: t1: fasting upon waking (6:00-7:00); t2: before lunch (11:30-12:30); t3: after dinner (19:00-20:00); t4: before bedtime (22:00-23:00). All testing time points are preset by the periodontal condition monitoring unit, and the microcontroller periodically wakes up the micro sulfide data acquisition unit to complete data collection and transmission. At the same time, the periodontal condition monitoring unit provides visual and / or voice prompts to inform the user that the test is about to begin.

[0036] A standard curve represents the statistical distribution model of exhaled sulfide data (such as hydrogen sulfide concentration H2S, ppb) for a specific population under specific preset behaviors. Specifically, it involves statistical analysis of sulfide data for each population group k (e.g., k = healthy, gingivitis, periodontitis) and each preset behavior t (e.g., t = 1, 2, 3, 4), calculating the mean concentration (μ) and standard deviation (σ) to form a corresponding concentration distribution curve with confidence intervals, serving as the standard curve for each population group under the preset behaviors. In this embodiment, standard curves are included for healthy individuals, gingivitis patients, and periodontitis patients. Each standard curve consists of data from four time points (t1, t2, t3, and t4), with each time point including statistical information such as mean, standard deviation, and confidence interval. During user matching, the concentration values ​​at the four corresponding time points need to be compared.

[0037] In practical use, the system regularly acquires exhaled sulfide data during the user's preset behaviors over a continuous time period, compares it with all standard curves, and selects different strategies based on the comparison results to conduct subsequent periodontal health assessments and early warnings, and visualizes the data (e.g., on the user's mobile device).

[0038] In this embodiment, hydrogen sulfide concentrations were intensively collected at four time points during the first week: upon waking, before meals, after meals, and during sleep (each time point was recorded three times at 30-second intervals, and the average value was taken as the valid data for that time point). The average sulfide data for the four time points over the week was calculated. A consistency check was performed between the average concentration at the four time points and all standard curves. The consistency check process is as follows: Calculate the agreement index M with all standard curves:

[0039]

[0040] in, For the first There are n time points; n is the total number of detection time points. For the first The degree of matching between sulfide data at each time point and the standard curve; For the first The weight of the matching degree at each time point can be determined based on the stability and interference of sulfide data. For example, the morning data is the most stable and has the least interference, so it has the highest weight. The others are averaged. For example, the weights for the four time points are 0.4, 0.2, 0.2, and 0.2, respectively. For the user Average value of sulfide data at each time point; and The standard curves are respectively The mean and standard deviation at each time point; where... .

[0041] Consistency determination rules: For each data set collected in real time and each standard curve, a corresponding consistency index is calculated. If all of them are less than the first threshold (e.g., 70%), they are considered "inconsistent with the standard curve". If one of them exceeds the first threshold, it is consistent with the standard curve. If more than two of them are not less than the first threshold, the standard curve with the highest M is taken as the consistent curve.

[0042] If the data matches the standard curve for healthy individuals, the patient is deemed to have healthy periodontium. During subsequent use, the exhaled sulfide data of the user during preset behaviors (every morning, before meals, after meals, and during sleep) will be regularly collected and continuously compared with all standard curves to assess periodontal health status.

[0043] If the correlation index matches the standard curve for patients with periodontal disease (e.g., gingivitis, periodontitis), a potential periodontal risk is identified, and different strategies are selected for early warning based on the periodontal health assessment results. These strategies include: if the user's periodontal health assessment is good, other warnings are issued (e.g., recommending consultation with a gastroenterologist or endocrinologist to find the cause); if the user's periodontal health assessment is poor, advanced warnings are issued (e.g., recommending consultation to improve periodontal condition). The method for determining whether a user's periodontal health assessment is good or poor is as follows: a second threshold (e.g., 85%) is preset, which is greater than the first threshold. When the first threshold < the consistency index ≤ the second threshold, the periodontal health assessment is good; when the consistency index > the second threshold, the periodontal health assessment is poor.

[0044] If the data does not align with any standard curves, a personal standard curve is established based on the current exhaled sulfide data when the user's periodontal health assessment is good. This curve is continuously compared, and a primary warning is issued when the sulfide data changes beyond a threshold (e.g., a reminder is issued when the concentration fluctuation exceeds 20%). If the periodontal health assessment is poor, a higher-level warning is issued (e.g., a recommendation to seek medical attention to improve periodontal health). The method for determining whether a user's periodontal health is good or poor is as follows: the periodontal health status is judged by the standard curve corresponding to the highest value among all consistency indices below the first threshold. For example, if the first threshold is 70%, and the consistency indices of the current data with the standard curves for healthy individuals, gingivitis patients, and periodontitis are 65%, 50%, and 45%, respectively, it indicates that the current periodontal health is leaning towards health, and the periodontal health assessment is good. If the consistency indices are 40%, 65%, and 45%, respectively, it indicates that the current periodontal health leans towards gingivitis risk, and the periodontal health assessment is poor.

[0045] like Figure 14As shown, this embodiment also provides a wearable exhaled sulfide detection method for monitoring periodontal condition, utilizing a wearable exhaled sulfide detection system for monitoring periodontal condition; the method includes: S1, the user wears the base with the micro sulfide data acquisition unit inside the mouth, and the exhaled air enters the interior of the medical safety sealing layer through the medical safety sealing layer; S2, the micro sulfide data acquisition unit wirelessly powers the built-in electrical components of the sulfide data acquisition unit through a flexible wireless power supply module, collects exhaled sulfide data through a sensor module, and controls the sulfide data acquisition process through a flexible detection circuit module and wirelessly transmits it to the periodontal condition monitoring unit. The control includes temperature control of the sensor module. S3, a periodontal health monitoring unit located outside the oral cavity, wirelessly connects with a micro sulfide data acquisition unit to receive sulfide data and perform analysis and processing to visually reflect periodontal health status and provide early warnings.

[0046] It is understandable that the above method and system have the same execution process and effect, so they will not be described again here.

[0047] The wearable exhaled sulfide detection system and method for monitoring periodontal condition provided in this embodiment integrates a specially designed exhaled sulfide collection component with a flexible base that adapts to the shape of the user's teeth. It has a simple structure and is easy to use, enabling continuous, real-time, and wearable detection of exhaled sulfides in daily life. The periodontal condition analysis unit reflects the user's periodontal health status and provides early warning of periodontal diseases.

[0048] The above descriptions are merely embodiments of the present invention. Commonly known structures and characteristics of the solutions are not described in detail here. Those skilled in the art are aware of all common technical knowledge in the field prior to the application date or priority date, are aware of all existing technologies in that field, and have the ability to apply conventional experimental methods prior to that date. Those skilled in the art can, under the guidance of this application, improve and implement this solution in combination with their own capabilities. Some typical known structures or methods should not be obstacles for those skilled in the art to implement this application. It should be noted that those skilled in the art can make several modifications and improvements without departing from the structure of the present invention. These should also be considered within the scope of protection of the present invention, and will not affect the effectiveness of the implementation of the present invention or the practicality of the patent.

Claims

1. A wearable exhaled breath sulfide detection system for monitoring periodontal condition, characterized in that, include: Wearable flexible baseplate for intraoral use; The miniature sulfide data acquisition unit is integrated into the base after being encapsulated in a medical safety packaging layer with holes. It includes a sensing module, a flexible detection circuit module electrically connected to the sensor module, and a flexible wireless power supply module. The sensing module includes a composite gas-sensitive material layer for collecting sulfide data from exhaled breath; a flexible detection circuit module for controlling the sulfide data acquisition process and wireless transmission, including temperature control of the sensing module; and a flexible wireless power supply module for wirelessly powering the necessary electrical components built into the miniature sulfide data acquisition unit. The periodontal condition monitoring unit is located outside the oral cavity and is wirelessly connected to the micro sulfide data acquisition unit. It is used to receive sulfide data and perform analysis and processing to visualize and reflect the periodontal health status and provide early warnings.

2. The wearable exhaled sulfide detection system for monitoring periodontal condition according to claim 1, characterized in that, After obtaining the user's dental information through oral scanning, a self-curing resin is used to shape the model on a wet model, and a micro-sulfide data acquisition unit encapsulated with a medical safety encapsulation layer is embedded to obtain an intraoral wearable flexible base with an integrated micro-sulfide data acquisition unit.

3. The wearable exhaled sulfide detection system for monitoring periodontal condition according to claim 1, characterized in that, The sensing module includes a sulfide sensor with a built-in working electrode; a composite gas-sensitive material layer is modified on the surface of the working electrode; the composite gas-sensitive material layer includes a layer of gold nanoparticles with a certain shape, a high-entropy MXene composite material layer, and cobalt tetroxide nanoparticles.

4. The wearable exhaled sulfide detection system for monitoring periodontal condition according to claim 3, characterized in that, The high-entropy MAX precursor was etched with hydrofluoric acid solution and then delaminated with tetramethylammonium hydroxide to obtain a high-entropy MXene composite material. The high-entropy MXene composite material modified with cobalt tetroxide nanoparticles was obtained by hydrothermal method. The high-entropy MXene composite material modified with cobalt tetroxide nanoparticles was then drop-coated onto a working electrode with a deposited gold nanoparticle layer by drop coating method, finally forming a working electrode with a composite gas-sensitive material layer on its surface.

5. The wearable exhaled sulfide detection system for monitoring periodontal condition according to claim 1, characterized in that, The flexible detection circuit module includes a detection circuit; the detection circuit includes an electrically connected microcontroller, a wireless transceiver module, a power management circuit, and a heating circuit, and integrates necessary front-end measurement and drive circuits; wherein, the temperature of the sensing module is controlled by the heating circuit controlled by the microcontroller.

6. The wearable exhaled sulfide detection system for monitoring periodontal condition according to claim 5, characterized in that, During non-detection periods, the microcontroller controls the heating circuit to disconnect during the detection phase; when the detection ends, the microcontroller generates a control signal to adjust the heating circuit to conduct in order to instantly heat the sensing module.

7. The wearable exhaled sulfide detection system for monitoring periodontal condition according to claim 1, characterized in that, The flexible wireless power supply module includes a near-field communication chip and a near-field communication coil. It is used to obtain energy from a terminal with near-field communication function through the near-field communication coil based on near-field communication or electromagnetic induction. The energy is then modulated by the near-field communication chip for wireless power supply.

8. The wearable exhaled sulfide detection system for monitoring periodontal condition according to claim 1, characterized in that, The periodontal condition monitoring unit is used to establish corresponding standard curves based on the exhaled sulfur content data of healthy people and patients with periodontal disease during preset behaviors. It is also used to regularly acquire the exhaled sulfur content data of users during preset behaviors over a continuous period of time, compare it with all standard curves, and select different strategies for subsequent periodontal health assessment and early warning based on the comparison results.

9. The wearable exhaled sulfide detection system for monitoring periodontal condition according to claim 8, characterized in that, If the results are consistent with the standard curve for healthy individuals, periodontal health is determined. During subsequent use, exhaled sulfide data of the user during preset behaviors are regularly collected and continuously compared with all standard curves to assess periodontal health status. If the curve matches the standard curve for patients with periodontal disease, then a potential periodontal risk is identified and a graded warning is issued. If the data does not match any of the standard curves, then when the user's periodontal health is assessed as good, the current exhaled sulfide data will be used as a personal standard curve for continuous comparison. When the sulfide data changes beyond the threshold, a primary warning will be issued. A high-level warning is issued when the assessment is unfavorable.

10. A wearable method for detecting exhaled sulfides to monitor periodontal condition, characterized in that, The method utilizes the wearable exhaled sulfide detection system for monitoring periodontal condition as described in any one of claims 1-9; the method includes: S1, the user wears the base with the micro sulfide data acquisition unit inside the mouth, and the exhaled air enters the interior of the medical safety sealing layer through the medical safety sealing layer; S2, the micro sulfide data acquisition unit wirelessly powers the built-in electrical components of the sulfide data acquisition unit through a flexible wireless power supply module, collects exhaled sulfide data through a sensor module, and controls the sulfide data acquisition process through a flexible detection circuit module and wirelessly transmits it to the periodontal condition monitoring unit. The control includes temperature control of the sensor module. S3, a periodontal health monitoring unit located outside the oral cavity, wirelessly connects with a micro sulfide data acquisition unit to receive sulfide data and perform analysis and processing to visually reflect periodontal health status and provide early warnings.

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