Road vibration broadband low-frequency energy collection device and system based on nonlinear superstructure

Abstract

The invention discloses a road vibration broadband low-frequency energy collection device and system based on a nonlinear superstructure, and relates to the technical field of road engineering. The device comprises a bearing packaging shell, a nonlinear superstructure unit array, an energy gathering and frequency up-conversion mechanism, an energy converter, an electric energy management module, a modular interface and a state monitoring unit, through magnetic tuning, pre-tightening tuning or negative stiffness tuning of the nonlinear tuning assembly, the nonlinear superstructure unit forms a bistable situation trap, a multi-stable situation trap or quasi-zero stiffness characteristic, energy is gathered and dispersed in combination with internal resonance coupling, low-frequency wide-spectrum vibration is adapted, and parameter drift can be dealt with; the low-frequency-to-high-frequency conversion is realized by means of an energy gathering and frequency up-conversion mechanism, the electric energy conversion efficiency is improved, a distributed energy supply network is formed in a multi-device array manner by matching with a protective shell and a modular interface, and the power supply requirements of various roadside devices are flexibly met.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] This invention relates to the field of road engineering technology, specifically to a broadband low-frequency energy harvesting device and system for road vibration based on a nonlinear superstructure. Background Technology

[0002] With the rapid development of intelligent transportation and road health monitoring technologies, the deployment scale of roadside equipment such as road surface sensors, vehicle-road cooperative communication nodes, and bridge and culvert health monitoring devices continues to expand, creating an increasingly urgent need for distributed and sustainable power supply methods. During daily operation, roads generate continuous and abundant vibration energy due to environmental factors such as vehicle loads, road surface unevenness, interlayer interactions, and temperature changes. This vibration energy exhibits significant low-frequency characteristics and displays typical features of broad spectrum, random fluctuations, and large amplitude variations, possessing great potential for conversion into electrical energy for recycling. Vibration energy harvesting technology, as a green and sustainable energy acquisition method, can convert the mechanical energy generated during road vibration into electrical energy, providing a stable power supply for distributed roadside equipment. It requires no complex wiring and does not generate environmental pollution, thus having broad application prospects in the field of road engineering.

[0003] Existing road vibration energy harvesting devices are mostly linear resonant structures. These devices rely on the structure's inherent resonant frequency for operation, making them ill-suited to the complex characteristics of road vibrations. Their bandwidth is generally narrow, only able to harvest energy near specific inherent resonant frequencies, failing to comprehensively cover the broad spectrum of road vibrations, thus limiting energy harvesting efficiency. In the low-frequency range where road vibrations are concentrated, the displacement output of linear structures is small, resulting in extremely low energy conversion efficiency, making it difficult to meet the actual power requirements of roadside equipment. Furthermore, the parameters of linear structures are easily affected by external factors such as temperature changes, material aging, and road condition variations, leading to poor energy harvesting performance stability and insufficient long-term reliability. In addition, road vibration energy is easily dispersed into multiple vibration modes during transmission; linear devices lack an effective energy convergence mechanism, making it difficult to concentrate the dispersed energy at the harvesting end, resulting in low energy output density per unit volume and hindering large-scale application. Summary of the Invention

[0004] The purpose of this invention is to overcome the shortcomings of existing technologies and provide a broadband low-frequency energy harvesting device and system for road vibration based on a nonlinear superstructure. This invention uses magnetic tuning, pre-tightening tuning, or negative stiffness tuning of nonlinear tuning components to enable the nonlinear superstructure unit to form a bistable state well, a multistable state well, or quasi-zero stiffness characteristics. Combined with internal resonant coupling and mechanical rectification by tossing or ratchet, it realizes the convergence and frequency upconversion of low-frequency broadband vibration energy. The mechanical energy is converted into electrical energy by piezoelectric, electromagnetic, or varactor components. After rectification, energy storage, and voltage stabilization by the power management module, a stable voltage is output. The system is formed by multiple devices arrayed to form a distributed power supply network. Coordinated scheduling is achieved through wired or wireless communication, which solves the problems of narrow bandwidth, low efficiency, and poor stability of traditional devices.

[0005] To solve the above-mentioned technical problems, the present invention provides the following technical solution: On the one hand, a road vibration broadband low-frequency energy harvesting device based on a nonlinear superstructure, the device comprising: a load-bearing encapsulation shell, a nonlinear superstructure unit array, an energy gathering and frequency up-conversion mechanism, an energy converter, an energy management module, a modular interface and a status monitoring unit;

[0006] The bearing package housing forms a sealed cavity inside, and the bearing package housing includes an upper pressure plate, a lower base, side walls and a sealing ring;

[0007] The nonlinear superstructure unit array consists of multiple nonlinear superstructure units arranged periodically or quasi-periodically. Each nonlinear superstructure unit includes an elastic component, an inertial mass block, and a nonlinear tuning component. The nonlinear tuning component enables the nonlinear superstructure unit to form a bistable state well, a multistable state well, or quasi-zero stiffness characteristics through magnetic tuning, pre-tightening tuning, or negative stiffness tuning.

[0008] The energy converging and frequency upconversion mechanism includes an internal resonant coupling component, a limiting and collision component, a toggle or ratchet mechanical rectifier component, and a buffer layer.

[0009] The energy converter is selected from one or more combinations of piezoelectric components, electromagnetic components, and varactor components. The piezoelectric components include stacked piezoelectric elements, cantilever piezoelectric elements, or fiber composite piezoelectric sheets. The electromagnetic components include coil magnet structures. The varactor components are variable capacitors.

[0010] The power management module includes a rectifier unit, a supercapacitor, a voltage regulator and power management unit, and an output port;

[0011] The modular interface includes a quick-connect structure, a positioning structure, and a removable top cover;

[0012] The status monitoring unit includes a voltage, current, and temperature acquisition module, a health diagnosis module, and a wired or wireless communication interface.

[0013] Furthermore, the nonlinear tuning component includes a magnetic tuning element, which is composed of opposing permanent magnets, and magnetic tuning is achieved by adjusting the magnetic gap between the permanent magnets.

[0014] Furthermore, the nonlinear tuning assembly includes a preload tuning element, which is an elastic preload bolt or a preload spring, and preload tuning is achieved by adjusting the preload force.

[0015] Furthermore, the nonlinear tuning component includes a negative stiffness tuning element, which consists of an elastic rod and a limiting block, and provides negative stiffness characteristics through the nonlinear deformation of the elastic rod.

[0016] Furthermore, the energy gathering and frequency upconversion mechanism achieves weak coupling between different nonlinear superstructure units through an internal resonant coupling component, thereby concentrating the dispersed modal energy towards the energy harvesting end where the energy converter is located.

[0017] Furthermore, the limiting and collision component includes a rigid limiting block and a buffer pad disposed on the surface of the rigid limiting block, the buffer pad being made of rubber or polyurethane.

[0018] Furthermore, the voltage regulation and power management unit of the power management module adopts a DC-DC conversion circuit, and the output voltage is stabilized at 3.3V, 5V or 12V.

[0019] On the other hand, a road vibration broadband low-frequency energy harvesting system based on a nonlinear superstructure is provided, which includes multiple energy harvesting devices and a distributed energy supply network.

[0020] Multiple energy harvesting devices are laid in an array on the road surface or roadbed through modular interfaces to form a distributed energy supply network;

[0021] Distributed energy networks enable coordinated control and energy dispatch of various devices through wired or wireless communication.

[0022] Furthermore, the distributed energy supply network includes a centralized control unit, which obtains the operating status data of each energy harvesting device through the communication interface of the status monitoring unit, and allocates electrical energy according to the power demand of the electrical equipment.

[0023] Compared with existing technologies, this broadband low-frequency energy harvesting device and system for road vibration based on a nonlinear superstructure has the following advantages:

[0024] I. This invention utilizes magnetic tuning, pre-tightening tuning, or negative stiffness tuning design of nonlinear tuning components to enable nonlinear superstructure units to form bistable, multistable, or quasi-zero stiffness characteristics. Under low-frequency random excitation on roads, the inertial mass block can achieve cross-potential well transitions and nonlinear energy capture, effectively covering a wide low-frequency spectrum from a few hertz to tens of hertz, and is insensitive to changes in vehicle speed and load. Simultaneously, weak coupling between different units is achieved through internal resonant coupling, concentrating the vibrational energy dispersed in multiple modes towards the energy harvesting end, increasing the energy output density per unit volume. The tunable characteristics also adapt to different road types and seasonal temperature changes, avoiding performance degradation caused by parameter drift and ensuring long-term stable operation.

[0025] II. This invention utilizes an internal resonant coupling of energy convergence and frequency upconversion mechanisms, along with a toggle or ratchet mechanical rectification design, to efficiently convert low-frequency large displacement to high-frequency local strain. This provides a powerful drive for piezoelectric, electromagnetic, or varactor components, significantly improving energy conversion efficiency. The sealing ring and high-strength material design of the housing ensure reliable waterproof, dustproof, shear-resistant, and fatigue-resistant performance, making it suitable for complex working conditions such as road compaction and rainwater erosion. The modular interface's quick-connect and positioning structure simplifies installation and maintenance. Combined with a distributed power supply network formed by the arraying of multiple devices, it can flexibly meet the power supply needs of various roadside equipment such as road surface sensors, vehicle-road cooperative nodes, and bridge and culvert monitoring.

[0026] Other advantages, objectives and features of the invention will be set forth in part in the description which follows, and in part will be apparent to those skilled in the art from the following examination or study, or may be learned from the practice of the invention. Attached Figure Description

[0027] To more clearly illustrate the technical solutions in the embodiments of the present invention or the prior art, the accompanying drawings used in the description of the embodiments or the prior art will be briefly introduced below. Obviously, the drawings described below are merely some embodiments of the present invention. For those skilled in the art, other drawings can be obtained based on these drawings without any creative effort.

[0028] Figure 1 This is a schematic diagram of the energy harvesting device of the present invention;

[0029] Figure 2 A flowchart of a nonlinear superstructure unit energy harvesting and conversion method;

[0030] Figure 3 A flowchart for a collaborative control method for a distributed energy supply system. Detailed Implementation

[0031] To further illustrate the technical means and effects of the present invention in achieving its intended purpose, the following detailed description of the specific implementation methods, structures, features, and effects of the present invention, in conjunction with the accompanying drawings and preferred embodiments, is provided below.

[0032] Example 1

[0033] This embodiment provides a broadband low-frequency energy harvesting device for road vibration based on a nonlinear superstructure. Employing magnetic tuning, it is adapted to the power supply requirements of roadside temperature and humidity sensors on urban main roads. The device uses a 3×3 periodically arranged nonlinear superstructure unit array, forming a bistable potential trap through magnetic tuning of neodymium iron boron permanent magnets. Energy convergence and frequency upconversion are achieved through internal resonant coupling and toggle-type mechanical rectification. A stacked piezoelectric component is used as the energy converter, and a stable 5V voltage is output after processing by the power management module. This device can cover a low-frequency broadband spectrum of 5-50Hz, with a unit volume output power of 1.2mW / cm³. It possesses waterproof, dustproof, and shear-resistant properties, enabling long-term stable operation under complex urban road conditions.

[0034] The specific implementation process is as follows:

[0035] The energy harvesting device in this embodiment has an overall size of 350mm × 350mm × 180mm. This size is determined based on the thickness of the pavement structure layer of urban main roads, allowing it to be embedded in the road surface without affecting vehicle traffic while still accommodating complete functional components. Figure 1 As shown, the upper bearing plate supporting the enclosure is made of 45# steel, 22mm thick, whose high strength can withstand the impact of 3,000 vehicles per day on urban roads. The lower base is made of aluminum alloy, balancing rigidity and lightweight, facilitating fixed connection with the roadbed concrete. The side walls are made of 304 stainless steel, and the sealing rings are made of fluororubber, forming an IP67-rated sealed cavity that can resist rainwater erosion and road dust intrusion, making it suitable for the humid and dusty environment of urban roads. The modular interface quick-connect structure uses pluggable waterproof terminals, and the positioning structure is a conical positioning pin. The removable top cover is connected to the side walls by stainless steel bolts, facilitating the disassembly and replacement of piezoelectric components or supercapacitors during later maintenance.

[0036] The nonlinear superstructure unit array consists of nine nonlinear superstructure units arranged in a 3×3 periodic pattern with a unit spacing of 80 mm. This spacing ensures weak coupling between units through internal resonant coupling components while avoiding vibration interference between units. The elastic component of each nonlinear superstructure unit is a rectangular cross-section spring steel sheet, measuring 110 mm × 22 mm × 3.5 mm. The high elastic modulus and fatigue resistance of the spring steel material guarantee structural stability under long-term vibration. The inertial mass is made of tungsten alloy, weighing 6 kg. Its high density allows it to obtain sufficient inertial force even under low-frequency, small-amplitude vibrations, meeting the energy requirements for cross-potential well transitions. The nonlinear tuning component consists of a pair of opposing neodymium iron boron permanent magnets, 60 mm in diameter and 12 mm thick. The permanent magnets are fixed to the bottom of the inertial mass and the top of the lower base, respectively. The magnetic gap adjustment range is set to 5-15 mm. By adjusting the magnetic gap, the magnetic force is changed, thereby adjusting the depth of the bistable potential well. When the magnetic gap is 5mm, the potential well depth is relatively large, which is suitable for the high-energy excitation when a vehicle is heavily loaded and passes by; when the magnetic gap is 15mm, the potential well depth is relatively small, which is suitable for the low-energy excitation of light vehicles and uneven road surfaces, ultimately achieving full coverage of the 5-50Hz low-frequency broadband spectrum.

[0037] The internal resonant coupling component of the energy gathering and frequency upconversion mechanism is an elastic connecting rod made of spring steel, with a diameter of 9mm and a length of 90mm. The inertial mass of each nonlinear superstructure unit is connected to the toggle-type mechanical rectifier component at the center through the elastic connecting rod. The weak coupling characteristic of the elastic connecting rod allows the dispersed modal energy of the nine units to be concentrated at the central energy harvesting end, avoiding energy waste. The limiting and collision component is a stainless steel rigid limiting block with a 6mm thick polyurethane buffer pad attached to the surface. The spacing between the limiting blocks is set at 40mm, which not only limits the maximum stroke of the inertial mass block to prevent excessive displacement from causing the elastic component to break, but also generates high-frequency impact through the collision between the inertial mass block and the limiting block. The toggle-type mechanical rectifier component consists of a rack and a gear. The rack is fixed to the bottom of the inertial mass block, and the gear is rigidly connected to the input end of the stacked piezoelectric component. The bidirectional low-frequency motion of the rack is converted into unidirectional high-frequency rotational motion through the gear, realizing the conversion from low-frequency large displacement to high-frequency local strain. The gear speed can reach 1200rpm, providing efficient drive for piezoelectric conversion.

[0038] The energy converter uses two PZT-5H stacked piezoelectric elements, each with a size of 55mm×55mm×22mm, symmetrically arranged on both sides of the gear. The high electromechanical coupling coefficient of the PZT-5H piezoelectric material can ensure high energy output efficiency under high-frequency compressive strain. When the gear drives the piezoelectric element to perform high-frequency compressive motion, positive and negative charges are separated on the surface of the piezoelectric element, and the peak output voltage can reach 25V AC.

[0039] The rectifier unit of the power management module adopts a single-phase bridge rectifier circuit to convert the AC power output from the piezoelectric components into DC power, solving the problem that AC power cannot be directly stored and supplied. The supercapacitor is selected with a 20F / 25V specification. Its high capacity characteristic can store unstable electrical energy generated by random vibration, alleviate energy interruptions caused by vehicle traffic gaps, and ensure power supply continuity. The voltage regulation and power management unit adopts a TPS5430 DC-DC conversion circuit to stabilize the unstable DC power after rectification at 5V. This voltage level matches the rated voltage of the roadside temperature and humidity sensors, avoiding damage to the equipment due to voltage fluctuations. The output port adopts a standard USB-A interface for easy and quick connection of sensors.

[0040] The voltage and current acquisition module of the status monitoring unit uses a high-precision ADC chip with a acquisition frequency set to 5Hz, which can capture subtle changes in output voltage and current in real time. The temperature acquisition module uses a temperature sensor deployed in the center of the device to monitor the operating temperature and prevent high temperatures from causing performance degradation of the piezoelectric components. The health diagnosis module is developed based on an STM32F103 microcontroller and analyzes voltage and current stability and temperature data to determine the risk of failures such as fatigue of elastic components and magnetic attenuation of permanent magnets. The communication interface adopts LoRa wireless communication, with a communication distance of up to 1.5km, which can upload operating status data to the roadside monitoring terminal to achieve remote monitoring.

[0041] During device operation, low-frequency vibrations generated by vehicle loads and road surface unevenness on urban main roads are transmitted to the nonlinear superstructure element array through the upper pressure plate supporting the encapsulation housing. For example... Figure 2 As shown, when the vibration energy is low, the inertial mass block vibrates slightly within the bistable potential well. When the vibration energy generated by a heavily loaded vehicle exceeds the potential well threshold, the inertial mass block undergoes a cross-potential well transition, generating a large-amplitude vibration that drives the rack via an elastic link. The rack drives the gear to rotate at high speed, simultaneously compressing the stacked piezoelectric components on both sides, causing them to generate high-frequency compressive strain and output alternating current. The alternating current is converted to direct current by a bridge rectifier circuit and stored in a supercapacitor. It is then regulated to 5V by a DC-DC converter circuit and continuously powers the roadside sensors via a USB-A interface. Figure 3 As shown, the status monitoring unit collects output voltage, current, and internal temperature data in real time and uploads them to the monitoring terminal via the LoRa module. When the voltage is detected to be continuously lower than 4.8V, an energy storage shortage warning is triggered, and when the temperature exceeds 60℃, an overheat warning is triggered.

[0042] This embodiment effectively covers the low-frequency broadband vibration of 5-50Hz on urban main roads through a magnetically tuned nonlinear superstructure unit array. The internal resonant coupling component achieves efficient convergence of dispersed modal energy, and the combination of a toggle-type mechanical rectification and stacked piezoelectric components significantly improves energy conversion efficiency. The device's sealed packaging design is suitable for the complex working conditions of damp and dusty urban roads, the modular interface simplifies the operation and maintenance process, and the status monitoring function ensures long-term stable operation. In practical applications, it can provide continuous 24-hour power to roadside sensors, with a unit volume output power of 1.2mW / cm³, meeting the power supply requirements of low-power sensing devices.

[0043] Example 2

[0044] This embodiment provides a broadband low-frequency energy harvesting system for road vibration based on a nonlinear superstructure. It employs a pre-tightening tuning method to adapt to the power supply requirements of vehicle-road cooperative communication nodes on highways. The system consists of eight energy harvesting devices arranged in a 4×2 array. The devices utilize a 2×2 periodically arranged nonlinear superstructure unit array. Pre-tightening tuning is achieved through elastic pre-tightening bolts, and energy conversion is completed in conjunction with ratchet mechanical rectification and electromagnetic components. The power management module outputs a stable 12V voltage, and the centralized control unit achieves energy dispatching via NB-IoT communication. This system is adaptable to the vibration frequency of 10-45Hz and the high load characteristics of highways. The peak output power of a single device reaches 8W, and the distributed power supply network can meet the continuous power supply requirements of vehicle-road cooperative nodes.

[0045] The specific implementation process is as follows:

[0046] The energy harvesting system in this embodiment is deployed 60mm below the hard shoulder of the highway. This depth avoids direct vehicle crushing while ensuring effective transmission of vibration energy. The bearing plate of the housing for each energy harvesting device is made of high-strength aluminum alloy, 25mm thick, combining lightweight and shear resistance to withstand indirect impacts from heavy trucks on the highway. The lower base and sidewalls are made of 316 stainless steel, and the sealing rings are made of polyurethane with an IP68 sealing rating, allowing it to withstand rain immersion and UV radiation in the open environment of the highway. The overall dimensions of the device are 400mm × 400mm × 200mm. The spacing between adjacent devices is set at 3m during array deployment. This spacing is determined based on the deployment density of vehicle-road cooperative nodes, ensuring that each node receives power support from at least two devices. The modular interface features a waterproof quick-connect connector with a slot-type positioning structure. The removable top cover is secured with clips, facilitating rapid assembly during array deployment and subsequent fault repair.

[0047] The nonlinear superstructure element array consists of four nonlinear superstructure elements arranged in a 2×2 periodic pattern with a spacing of 100mm between elements, achieving internal resonant coupling through elastic links. Each element's elastic component is a leaf spring-type steel spring, measuring 120mm×25mm×4mm. The leaf spring structure provides more stable support, adapting to large-amplitude vibrations on highways. The inertial mass block is made of lead alloy, weighing 8kg. This large mass ensures sufficient energy accumulation for cross-potential well transitions even under short-term vibrations caused by high-speed vehicle traffic on highways. The nonlinear tuning component is an elastic preload bolt with an adjustable preload range of 15-45N. Rotating the bolt changes the initial stress state of the elastic component, thereby adjusting the depth of the multi-stable potential well. A preload of 15N is suitable for vibrations from light passenger cars, while a preload of 45N is suitable for high-load vibrations from heavy trucks, ensuring full coverage of vibration frequencies from 10-45Hz.

[0048] The internal resonant coupling component of the energy gathering and frequency upconversion mechanism is a combination of a flexible silicone coupling pad and a rigid connecting rod, which not only ensures the weak coupling energy transfer between units, but also buffers the impact of large-amplitude vibrations on highways. The limiting and collision component is a stainless steel limiting block with an 8mm thick rubber buffer pad attached to the surface. The limiting stroke is set to 50mm to prevent excessive movement of the inertial mass block from causing structural damage. The mechanical rectification component adopts a ratchet and pawl structure, with the rack fixed to the bottom of the inertial mass block. The ratchet is rigidly connected to the rotor of the electromagnetic component. The unidirectional locking characteristic of the ratchet and pawl can convert the bidirectional low-frequency motion of the inertial mass block into unidirectional high-frequency rotational motion, avoiding energy loss caused by reverse motion. The rotor speed can reach 1500rpm.

[0049] The energy converter uses an electromagnetic component with a coil-magnet structure. The magnet is a neodymium iron boron permanent magnet, fixed to a ratchet rotor. The coil is made of copper enameled wire with 1500 turns and is fixed to the device housing. When the ratchet drives the magnet to rotate at high speed, a rapid relative motion is generated between the magnet and the coil, cutting magnetic field lines to generate an induced electromotive force and outputting a peak voltage of 30V AC. The electromagnetic component's structural design is adapted to high-frequency rotational motion, maintaining stable power generation efficiency even under the vibration excitation of continuous traffic flow on highways.

[0050] The rectifier unit of the power management module adopts a full-bridge rectifier circuit to convert the AC power output from the electromagnetic components into DC power; the supercapacitor is selected with a 50F / 30V specification, and its large capacity can store redundant energy between traffic flows on the highway to avoid power interruption; the voltage regulation and power management unit adopts an XL4016 DC-DC conversion circuit to output a stable 12V voltage, which matches the rated power supply requirements of the vehicle-road cooperative communication node; the output port adopts a waterproof terminal interface to prevent short circuit risk in open-air environments.

[0051] The system's centralized control unit is deployed in a roadside control cabinet, employing an STM32F407 industrial-grade microcontroller. It connects to the status monitoring units of eight devices via an NB-IoT communication interface. The status monitoring unit's acquisition module obtains real-time data on each device's output voltage, current, energy storage capacity, and internal temperature. The health diagnostic module identifies faults such as coil short circuits and loose pre-tightening bolts. Based on the power requirements of the vehicle-road cooperative nodes (6W per node), the centralized control unit dynamically schedules 2-3 adjacent devices to provide coordinated power. When the energy storage capacity of a single device falls below 30%, it automatically schedules adjacent devices with sufficient energy storage to supplement power.

[0052] During system operation, the vibration energy generated by highway vehicle loads is transferred through the road structure to the energy harvesting device's supporting enclosure, driving the inertial mass block of the nonlinear superstructure unit to move. By adjusting the preload of the elastic preload bolts, the unit forms a multi-stable potential well. When the vibration energy reaches a threshold, the inertial mass block undergoes a cross-potential well transition, converging the dispersed energy of the four units into a ratchet mechanical rectifier component through the internal resonant coupling component, driving the ratchet to rotate at high speed in one direction. The ratchet drives the magnet and coil to generate relative motion, cutting magnetic field lines to output alternating current. The alternating current is converted to direct current by a full-bridge rectifier circuit and stored in a supercapacitor. It is then regulated to 12V by a DC-DC converter circuit and supplied to the vehicle-road cooperative node through a waterproof terminal interface. The centralized control unit receives real-time operating status data from each device and dynamically schedules energy according to the node's power demand. When a fault is detected in a device, the device is automatically disabled and the scheduling strategy is adjusted to ensure power supply continuity.

[0053] This embodiment utilizes a combination of pre-tightened, tuned nonlinear superstructure units and ratchet mechanical rectification to precisely adapt to the characteristics of high loads and broad-spectrum vibrations on highways. The high-frequency rotating power generation mode of the electromagnetic components improves energy conversion efficiency. The arrayed deployment of eight devices forms a distributed power supply network, modular interfaces ensure rapid deployment and maintenance, and the dynamic scheduling function of the centralized control unit ensures continuous power supply to vehicle-road cooperative nodes. The peak output power of a single device reaches 8W, meeting the power requirements of medium-to-high power equipment. The high-strength sealed encapsulation design of the devices can withstand the harsh environment of highways, and the condition monitoring and fault self-diagnosis functions reduce maintenance costs, providing a reliable and sustainable power supply solution for medium-to-high power roadside equipment.

[0054] The above description is merely a preferred embodiment of the present invention and is not intended to limit the present invention in any way. Although the present invention has been disclosed above with reference to preferred embodiments, it is not intended to limit the present invention. Any person skilled in the art can make some modifications or alterations to the above-disclosed technical content to create equivalent embodiments without departing from the scope of the present invention. Any simple modifications, equivalent changes and alterations made to the above embodiments based on the technical essence of the present invention without departing from the scope of the present invention shall still fall within the scope of the present invention.

Claims

1. A broadband low-frequency energy harvesting device for road vibration based on a nonlinear superstructure, characterized in that, The device includes a supporting enclosure, a nonlinear superstructure unit array, an energy focusing and frequency up-conversion mechanism, an energy converter, a power management module, a modular interface, and a status monitoring unit. The bearing package housing forms a sealed cavity inside, and the bearing package housing includes an upper pressure plate, a lower base, side walls and a sealing ring; The nonlinear superstructure unit array consists of multiple nonlinear superstructure units arranged periodically or quasi-periodically. Each nonlinear superstructure unit includes an elastic component, an inertial mass block, and a nonlinear tuning component. The nonlinear tuning component enables the nonlinear superstructure unit to form a bistable state well, a multistable state well, or quasi-zero stiffness characteristics through magnetic tuning, pre-tightening tuning, or negative stiffness tuning. The energy converging and frequency upconversion mechanism includes an internal resonant coupling component, a limiting and collision component, a toggle or ratchet mechanical rectifier component, and a buffer layer. The energy converter is selected from one or more combinations of piezoelectric components, electromagnetic components, and varactor components. The piezoelectric components include stacked piezoelectric elements, cantilever piezoelectric elements, or fiber composite piezoelectric sheets. The electromagnetic components include coil magnet structures. The varactor components are variable capacitors. The power management module includes a rectifier unit, a supercapacitor, a voltage regulator and power management unit, and an output port; The modular interface includes a quick-connect structure, a positioning structure, and a removable top cover; The status monitoring unit includes a voltage, current, and temperature acquisition module, a health diagnosis module, and a wired or wireless communication interface.

2. The road vibration broadband low-frequency energy harvesting device based on a nonlinear superstructure according to claim 1, characterized in that, The nonlinear tuning component includes a magnetic tuning element, which consists of oppositely arranged permanent magnets. Magnetic tuning is achieved by adjusting the magnetic gap between the permanent magnets.

3. The broadband low-frequency energy harvesting device for road vibration based on a nonlinear superstructure according to claim 1, characterized in that, The nonlinear tuning assembly includes a pre-tightening tuning element, which is an elastic pre-tightening bolt or a pre-tightening spring, and pre-tightening tuning is achieved by adjusting the pre-tightening force.

4. The broadband low-frequency energy harvesting device for road vibration based on a nonlinear superstructure according to claim 1, characterized in that, The nonlinear tuning component includes a negative stiffness tuner, which consists of an elastic rod and a limiting block, and provides negative stiffness characteristics through the nonlinear deformation of the elastic rod.

5. A broadband low-frequency energy harvesting device for road vibration based on a nonlinear superstructure according to claim 1, characterized in that, The energy gathering and frequency upconversion mechanism achieves weak coupling between different nonlinear superstructure units through an internal resonant coupling component, thereby concentrating the dispersed modal energy towards the energy harvesting end where the energy converter is located.

6. The broadband low-frequency energy harvesting device for road vibration based on a nonlinear superstructure according to claim 1, characterized in that, The limiting and collision components include a rigid limiting block and a buffer pad disposed on the surface of the rigid limiting block. The buffer pad is made of rubber or polyurethane.

7. A broadband low-frequency energy harvesting device for road vibration based on a nonlinear superstructure according to claim 1, characterized in that, The voltage regulation and power management unit of the power management module adopts a DC-DC conversion circuit, and the output voltage is stabilized at 3.3V, 5V or 12V.

8. A broadband low-frequency energy harvesting system for road vibration based on a nonlinear superstructure, the system being applicable to the broadband low-frequency energy harvesting device for road vibration based on a nonlinear superstructure as described in any one of claims 1-7, characterized in that, The system includes multiple energy harvesting devices and a distributed energy supply network; Multiple energy harvesting devices are laid in an array on the road surface or roadbed through modular interfaces to form a distributed energy supply network; Distributed energy networks enable coordinated control and energy dispatch of various devices through wired or wireless communication.

9. A broadband low-frequency energy harvesting device for road vibration based on a nonlinear superstructure according to claim 8, characterized in that, The distributed energy supply network includes a centralized control unit, which obtains the operating status data of each energy harvesting device through the communication interface of the status monitoring unit and allocates electrical energy according to the power demand of the electrical equipment.

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