Capacity estimation method for battery, program product, and battery management system

Abstract

The invention relates to a capacity estimation method for a battery, the capacity estimation method comprising at least the following steps: acquiring an extended SOC-OCV curve of the battery, the extended SOC-OCV curve having a minimum extended SOC less than 0% SOC and a maximum extended SOC greater than 100% SOC, the minimum extended SOC corresponding to a minimum extended OCV, the maximum extended SOC corresponding to a minimum extended OCV, and the minimum extended SOC corresponding to a maximum extended SOC greater than 100% SOC; the maximum extension SOC corresponds to a maximum extension OCV; and detecting the OCV of the battery, and determining the actual available capacity of the battery according to the detected OCV and the extended SOC-OCV curve. The invention also relates to a corresponding computer program product and a battery management system. According to the invention, capacity over-estimation caused by SOC estimation errors can be prevented, and more accurate actual available capacity can be obtained.

Description

Battery capacity estimation methods, program products, and battery management systems Technical Field

[0001] This invention relates to the technical field of batteries, and more particularly to a method for estimating battery capacity. The invention also relates to a corresponding computer program product and a corresponding battery management system. Background Technology

[0002] With the rapid development of battery technology, lithium-ion batteries are widely used in electric vehicles due to their advantages such as high energy density, low self-discharge rate, and long cycle life. Battery management systems (BMS) monitor parameters such as battery voltage, current, and temperature to ensure safe battery operation. To accurately assess the remaining driving range of an electric vehicle, it is necessary to first estimate the actual usable capacity of the battery, and the state of charge (SOC) is a key parameter for estimating this.

[0003] Currently, the State of Charge (SOC) is typically obtained based on the SOC-OCV curve. Traditional SOC-OCV curves are usually calibrated within the range of 0% to 100% SOC. However, in complex real-world operating environments, factors such as temperature fluctuations, current measurement errors, and inconsistent battery aging can cause the measured OCV value to correspond to either below 0% or above 100% SOC. Due to the lack of data within this range, the battery management system (BMS) limits the SOC to the boundary values ​​of 0% or 100%, introducing estimation errors in usable capacity. This leads to an overestimation of the calculated capacity and further results in incorrect assessments of the battery's state by the BMS. Summary of the Invention

[0004] Therefore, the object of this invention is to provide an improved capacity estimation method for batteries, which can at least overcome the shortcomings of the prior art and improve the accuracy of capacity estimation. The object of this invention also includes a corresponding computer program product and a corresponding battery management system.

[0005] According to a first aspect of the present invention, a capacity estimation method for a battery is provided, wherein the capacity estimation method includes at least the following steps: S1: obtaining an extended SOC-OCV curve of the battery, the extended SOC-OCV curve having a minimum extended SOC less than 0% SOC and a maximum extended SOC greater than 100% SOC, the minimum extended SOC corresponding to the minimum extended OCV, and the maximum extended SOC corresponding to the maximum extended OCV; S2: detecting the OCV of the battery, and determining the actual usable capacity of the battery based on the detected OCV and the extended SOC-OCV curve.

[0006] Compared to existing technologies, in the capacity estimation method for batteries according to the present invention, an extended SOC-OCV curve of the battery is obtained. The extended SOC-OCV curve has a minimum extended SOC less than 0% SOC and a maximum extended SOC greater than 100% SOC, wherein the minimum extended SOC corresponds to the minimum extended OCV, and the maximum extended SOC corresponds to the maximum extended OCV. This allows breaking through the boundary limitations of traditional SOC-OCV curves and provides boundary data for SOC below 0% or above 100%. Thus, a more accurate SOC can be determined based on the detected OCV and the extended SOC-OCV curve, thereby preventing overestimation of capacity due to SOC estimation errors and obtaining a more accurate actual usable capacity.

[0007] For example, in step S1, obtaining the extended SOC-OCV curve includes at least the following sub-steps: S11: Obtaining the reference capacity of the battery between 0% SOC and 100% SOC, wherein the minimum extended SOC and the maximum extended SOC are respectively related to the reference capacity; S12: Starting from 0% SOC, discharging the battery with a first current until reaching the discharge cutoff voltage to obtain the minimum extended SOC; S13: Starting from 100% SOC, charging the battery with the first current until reaching the charging cutoff voltage to obtain the maximum extended SOC; S14: Starting from the minimum extended SOC, charging the battery in a stepped charging manner. Specifically, the battery is first charged with a second current greater than the first current until 100% SOC is reached, and then charged with the first current until the maximum extended SOC is reached, to obtain an extended charging SOC-OCV curve; S15: Starting from the maximum extended SOC, the battery is discharged in a stepped discharge manner, wherein the battery is first discharged with a second current greater than the first current until 0% SOC is reached, and then discharged with the first current until the minimum extended SOC is reached, to obtain an extended discharge SOC-OCV curve; S16: An extended SOC-OCV curve is derived based on the extended charging SOC-OCV curve and the extended discharge SOC-OCV curve.

[0008] For example, the first current and the second current are set according to the reference capacity; and / or, the second current is an integer multiple of the first current; and / or, step S12 is performed in step S15, or step S13 is performed in step S14.

[0009] For example, in step S12, if the minimum extended SOC at the discharge cutoff voltage is not an integer, the battery is compensated and charged so that the minimum extended SOC increases to the nearest integer; and / or, in step S13, if the maximum extended SOC at the charging cutoff voltage is not an integer, the battery is compensated and discharged so that the maximum extended SOC decreases to the nearest integer.

[0010] For example, in step S11, the baseline capacity is divided into n capacity increments, and the minimum extended SOC and the maximum extended SOC are integer multiples of the capacity increments.

[0011] For example, in step S14, starting from the minimum extended SOC, a capacity increment is charged with the second current, left to stand for a specific time, and the above operation is repeated until 100% SOC is reached, and then the charging is switched to the first current until the maximum extended SOC is reached; and / or, in step S15, starting from the maximum extended SOC, a capacity increment is discharged with the second current, left to stand for a specific time, and the above operation is repeated until 0% SOC is reached, and then the discharging is switched to the first current until the minimum extended SOC is reached.

[0012] For example, the capacity increment is 1% of the reference capacity; and / or, in step S14, if the charging cutoff voltage has been reached before reaching 100% SOC, the charging current is reduced, particularly to the average of the first current and the second current; and / or, in step S15, if the discharging cutoff voltage has been reached before reaching 0% SOC, the discharging current is reduced, particularly to the average of the first current and the second current.

[0013] For example, step S2 includes the following sub-steps: S21: When the detected OCV is greater than the maximum extended OCV or less than the minimum extended OCV, the actual available capacity is calibrated to correspond to the maximum extended SOC or the minimum extended SOC; S22: When the detected OCV is between the maximum extended OCV and the minimum extended OCV, the SOC corresponding to the detected OCV is identified, and the actual available capacity is determined based on the SOC.

[0014] For example, step S2 further includes the following sub-step: S23: When the detected OCV is between the maximum extended OCV and the minimum extended OCV, the corresponding SOC is recorded as a capacity learning point, and capacity learning is performed based on the two capacity learning points and the cumulative charge and discharge capacity between them.

[0015] According to a second aspect of the present invention, a computer program product is provided, comprising a computer program, wherein when the computer program is executed by one or more processors, the processors are capable of executing the capacity estimation method according to the present invention.

[0016] According to a third aspect of the present invention, a battery management system is provided, wherein the battery management system includes a memory and a processor, the processor being configured to implement the capacity estimation method according to the present invention using a computer program product according to the present invention. Attached Figure Description

[0017] The principles, features, and advantages of the present invention will be better understood below by referring to the accompanying drawings. The drawings include: FIG1, which shows a schematic flowchart of a capacity estimation method for a battery according to an exemplary embodiment of the present invention; FIG2, which shows a schematic diagram of an extended SOC-OCV curve of a capacity estimation method for a battery according to an exemplary embodiment of the present invention; FIG3, which shows a schematic flowchart of step S1 of a capacity estimation method for a battery according to an exemplary embodiment of the present invention; and FIG4, which shows a schematic flowchart of step S2 of a capacity estimation method for a battery according to an exemplary embodiment of the present invention. Detailed Implementation

[0018] To make the technical problems to be solved, the technical solutions, and the beneficial technical effects of this invention clearer, the invention will be further described in detail below with reference to the accompanying drawings and several exemplary embodiments. It should be understood that the specific embodiments described herein are for illustrative purposes only and are not intended to limit the scope of protection of this invention.

[0019] This specification provides the operational steps for the methods described in the embodiments or flowcharts, but based on conventional or non-inventive labor, more or fewer operational steps may be included. The order of steps listed in the embodiments is merely one possible execution order among many and does not represent the only possible execution order.

[0020] Figure 1 shows a schematic flowchart of a capacity estimation method for a battery according to an exemplary embodiment of the present invention. Figure 2 shows a schematic diagram of an extended SOC-OCV curve of the capacity estimation method for a battery according to an exemplary embodiment of the present invention.

[0021] As shown in Figure 1, the capacity estimation method for a battery according to the present invention includes at least the following steps: S1: Obtaining the extended SOC-OCV curve of the battery, wherein the extended SOC-OCV curve has a minimum extended SOC less than 0% SOC and a maximum extended SOC greater than 100% SOC, wherein the minimum extended SOC corresponds to the minimum extended OCV, which is less than the OCV corresponding to 0% SOC, and the maximum extended SOC corresponds to the maximum extended OCV, which is greater than the OCV corresponding to 100% SOC, thus breaking through the boundary limits of the traditional SOC-OCV curve; S2: Detecting the OCV of the battery, and determining the actual usable capacity of the battery based on the detected OCV and the extended SOC-OCV curve.

[0022] As shown in Figure 2, the horizontal axis of the extended SOC-OCV curve represents the charge level (SOC) in percentage (%), and the vertical axis represents the open-circuit voltage (OCV) in volts (V). Compared to the conventional SOC-OCV curve, the extended SOC-OCV curve additionally includes extensions from the minimum extended SOC to 0% SOC and from 100% SOC to the maximum extended SOC. For example, a minimum extended SOC of -2% corresponds to a minimum extended OCV of 2.90V, and a maximum extended SOC of 101% corresponds to a maximum extended OCV of 4.19V. The OCV corresponding to 0% SOC is, for example, 3.20V, and the OCV corresponding to 100% SOC is, for example, 4.18V. Of course, other SOC and OCV values ​​that are considered meaningful by those skilled in the art can also be considered.

[0023] In this situation, during actual battery monitoring, factors such as temperature fluctuations, measurement errors, and battery aging can affect the battery. If the detected OCV is lower than the OCV corresponding to 0% SOC or higher than the OCV corresponding to 100% SOC, the detected OCV can still correspond to a specific point on the extended SOC-OCV curve. This specific point can be between the minimum extended SOC and 0% SOC or between 100% SOC and the maximum extended SOC, without having to force the SOC to be set to 0% or 100%. This allows for a more accurate determination of the battery's current SOC, and further, based on the corresponding SOC, a more accurate actual usable capacity can be obtained, thereby effectively improving the accuracy of capacity estimation.

[0024] Figure 3 shows a schematic flowchart of step S1 of a capacity estimation method for a battery according to an exemplary embodiment of the present invention.

[0025] As shown in Figure 3, in step S1, obtaining the extended SOC-OCV curve includes at least the following sub-steps: S11: Obtain the reference capacity of the battery between 0% SOC and 100% SOC.

[0026] To obtain the baseline capacity, the battery is first charged to 100% SOC using a constant current charging method until the terminal voltage reaches the charging cutoff voltage. Then, it is charged using a constant voltage charging method until the charging current decays to a preset termination current. After the battery is left to rest for a specified time, the battery's charge level is defined as 100% SOC. Next, the battery is discharged to 0% SOC using a constant current discharge method until the battery's terminal voltage reaches the discharge cutoff voltage. At this point, the battery's charge level is defined as 0% SOC. The total amount of electricity discharged from the start to the stop of discharge is recorded; this total amount of electricity is the baseline capacity.

[0027] Here, the minimum extended SOC and the maximum extended SOC of the extended SOC-OCV curve are respectively related to the baseline capacity, and the capacities corresponding to the minimum extended SOC and the maximum extended SOC are proportional to the baseline capacity.

[0028] S12: Starting from 0% SOC, discharge the battery at a first current until the discharge cutoff voltage is reached to obtain the minimum extended SOC.

[0029] Here, step S12 can be performed after step S11 to continue discharging from 0% SOC, thereby obtaining a minimum extended SOC less than 0% SOC, wherein the first current is less than the discharge current in step S11. In particular, the first current is set according to the reference capacity, which is, for example, 0.01C, that is, the first current charges or discharges 1% of the reference capacity in 1 hour.

[0030] For example, in step S12, if the minimum extended SOC at the discharge cutoff voltage is not an integer, for example, -2.5% SOC, then the battery is compensated by charging it to increase the minimum extended SOC to the nearest integer, in this case -2% SOC, by charging the battery with a charge equivalent to 0.5% of the reference capacity. This facilitates subsequent stepped charging. Here, the compensation charge can be performed with a second current greater than the first current, which is also set according to the reference capacity, for example, 0.1C, thereby shortening the time required for compensation charging.

[0031] S13: Starting from 100% SOC, charge the battery with the first current until the charging cutoff voltage is reached to obtain the maximum extended SOC, which is greater than 100% SOC.

[0032] For example, in step S13, if the maximum extended SOC at the charging cutoff voltage is not an integer, for example, 101.5% SOC, then the battery is subjected to compensatory discharge to reduce the maximum extended SOC to the nearest integer, in this case, 101% SOC, by discharging the battery with a charge equivalent to 0.5% of the reference capacity. This facilitates subsequent stepped charging. Here, the compensatory discharge can also be performed with a second current, thereby shortening the time required for the compensatory discharge.

[0033] S14: Starting from the minimum extended SOC, the battery is charged in a stepped charging manner, wherein, firstly, it is charged with a second current greater than the first current in a constant current charging manner until 100% SOC is reached, and then charged with the first current until the maximum extended SOC is reached, so as to obtain the extended charging SOC-OCV curve.

[0034] For example, both the first and second currents are set according to a reference capacity, and the second current is an integer multiple of the first current, such as 10 times. This allows for a unified reference and ensures data quality and consistency for plotting high-precision curves.

[0035] For example, in step S11, the base capacity is divided into n equal capacity increments, each corresponding to 1 / n of the base capacity. Specifically, the base capacity is divided into 100 equal capacity increments, each corresponding to 1% of the base capacity. Here, the minimum extended SOC and the maximum extended SOC are specifically integer multiples of the capacity increments. Of course, other capacity increments that are considered meaningful by those skilled in the art can also be considered, such as 2% SOC.

[0036] For example, in step S14, stepped charging is implemented as follows: starting from the minimum extended SOC, for example -2% SOC, charging is performed at a second current, i.e., 0.1C, for a capacity increment, for example 1% SOC, and then left to rest for a specific time, for example 4 hours. This process is repeated until 100% SOC is reached. Then, charging is switched to a first current, i.e., 0.01C, until the maximum extended SOC, for example 101% SOC, is reached. Of course, other parameters that are considered meaningful by those skilled in the art can also be considered. During this process, OCV is detected and recorded for each SOC node to obtain the extended charging SOC-OCV curve. In addition, the amount of electricity charged can be recorded during this process, thereby determining the maximum charging capacity from the minimum extended SOC to the maximum extended SOC.

[0037] For example, in step S14, if the charging cutoff voltage has been reached before reaching 100% SOC, the charging current is reduced, especially to the average of the first current, for example 0.01C, and the second current, for example 0.1C, i.e. 0.05C, thereby ensuring that 100% SOC is reached.

[0038] In particular, step S13 can be performed in step S14, i.e., the maximum extended SOC is obtained during the stepped charging process. This eliminates the need for a separate step to obtain the maximum extended SOC and saves time.

[0039] S15: Starting from the maximum extended SOC, the battery is discharged in a stepped discharge manner, wherein first, it is discharged with a second current in a constant current manner until 0% SOC is reached, and then discharged with a first current until the minimum extended SOC is reached, so as to obtain the extended discharge SOC-OCV curve.

[0040] For example, in step S15, stepped discharge is implemented as follows: starting from the maximum extended SOC, a capacity increment, such as 1% SOC, is discharged at a second current, i.e., 0.1C, and then left to stand for a specific time, such as 4 hours. This process is repeated until 0% SOC is reached. Then, the discharge is switched to a first current, i.e., 0.01C, until the minimum extended SOC, such as -2% SOC, is reached. Other parameters that are considered meaningful by those skilled in the art can also be considered. During this process, OCV is detected and recorded for each SOC node to obtain the extended discharge SOC-OCV curve. Furthermore, the amount of electricity discharged can be recorded during this process, thereby determining the maximum discharge capacity from the maximum extended SOC to the minimum extended SOC.

[0041] For example, in step S15, if the discharge cutoff voltage has been reached before reaching 0% SOC, the discharge current is reduced, especially to the average of the first current, for example 0.01C, and the second current, for example 0.1C, i.e., 0.05C, thereby ensuring that 0% SOC is reached.

[0042] For example, step S12 can be performed in step S15, i.e., obtaining the minimum expanded SOC during the step placement process. This eliminates the need for a separate step to obtain the minimum expanded SOC and saves time.

[0043] It is also possible that step S15 can be performed before step S14.

[0044] S16: Based on the obtained extended charging SOC-OCV curve and extended discharging SOC-OCV curve, derive the extended SOC-OCV curve.

[0045] Here, the extended SOC-OCV curve may include both the extended charge SOC-OCV curve and the extended discharge SOC-OCV curve. Alternatively, the extended SOC-OCV curve may be determined based on the average values ​​of the extended charge SOC-OCV curve and the extended discharge SOC-OCV curve for each SOC.

[0046] Furthermore, the maximum available capacity can be determined jointly based on the maximum charging capacity recorded in step S14 and the maximum discharging capacity recorded in step S15.

[0047] Figure 4 shows a schematic flowchart of step S2 of a capacity estimation method for a battery according to an exemplary embodiment of the present invention.

[0048] As shown in Figure 4, step S2 includes the following sub-steps: S21: When the detected OCV is greater than the maximum extended OCV in the extended SOC-OCV curve, for example 4.19V, or less than the minimum extended OCV, for example 2.90V, the actual usable capacity is calibrated to correspond to the maximum extended SOC or the minimum extended SOC.

[0049] For example, when the detected OCV is greater than the maximum extended OCV, the SOC is set to the maximum extended SOC, and the actual available capacity is set to the maximum available capacity. Conversely, when the detected OCV is less than the minimum extended OCV, the SOC is set to the minimum extended SOC, and the actual available capacity is set to zero.

[0050] S22: When the detected OCV is between the maximum extended OCV and the minimum extended OCV, the SOC corresponding to the detected OCV is identified based on the extended SOC-OCV curve, and the actual available capacity is determined based on the SOC.

[0051] For example, as shown in FIG4, step S2 further includes sub-step S23: when the detected OCV is between the maximum extended OCV and the minimum extended OCV, the corresponding SOC is recorded as a capacity learning point, and capacity learning is performed based on the two capacity learning points and the cumulative charge and discharge capacity between them to determine the accurate capacity value.

[0052] For example, there are two capacity learning points, -2% SOC and 101% SOC. If 103Ah of charge is applied between these two capacity learning points, the capacity between 0% SOC and 100% SOC can be calibrated using the following equation: C = 103Ah / [101% - (-2%)] = 100Ah.

[0053] This reflects the true percentage change in SOC and the actual absolute amount of electricity transferred, and avoids the denominator being undesirably reduced, thus preventing overestimation of capacity due to SOC estimation errors.

[0054] It is easy to understand that when the detected OCV is greater than the maximum extended OCV or less than the minimum extended OCV, it is not suitable to record it as a capacity learning point.

[0055] According to the present invention, a computer program product is provided, comprising a computer program that, when executed by one or more processors, enables the processors to perform the capacity estimation method for batteries according to the present invention.

[0056] According to the present invention, a battery management system is also proposed, the battery management system including a memory and a processor, the processor being configured to implement the capacity estimation method for batteries according to the present invention using a computer program product according to the present invention.

[0057] The foregoing description of the embodiments is limited to the framework of the examples given. Of course, the various features of the embodiments can be freely combined with each other without departing from the framework of the invention, as long as it is technically meaningful.

[0058] Other advantages and alternative embodiments of the present invention will be apparent to those skilled in the art. Therefore, the present invention is not, in its broader sense, limited to the specific details, representative structures, and exemplary embodiments shown and described. Rather, those skilled in the art can make various modifications and substitutions without departing from the basic spirit and scope of the invention.

Claims

1. A method for estimating battery capacity, characterized in that, The capacity estimation method at least Includes the following steps: S1: Obtain the extended SOC-OCV curve of the battery, wherein the extended SOC-OCV curve has a minimum extended SOC of less than 0% SOC and a maximum extended SOC of greater than 100% SOC, wherein the minimum extended SOC corresponds to the minimum extended OCV and the maximum extended SOC corresponds to the maximum extended OCV; S2: Detect the OCV of the battery, and determine the actual usable capacity of the battery based on the detected OCV and the extended SOC-OCV curve.

2. The capacity estimation method according to claim 1, characterized in that, In step S1, obtaining the extended SOC-OCV curve includes at least the following sub-steps: S11: obtaining the reference capacity of the battery between 0% SOC and 100% SOC, wherein the minimum extended SOC and the maximum extended SOC are respectively related to the reference capacity; S12: starting from 0% SOC, discharging the battery with a first current until the discharge cutoff voltage is reached to obtain the minimum extended SOC; S13: Starting from 100% SOC, charge the battery with the first current until the charging cutoff voltage is reached to obtain the maximum extended SOC; S14: Starting from the minimum extended SOC, charge the battery in a stepped charging manner, wherein first charge with a second current greater than the first current until 100% SOC is reached, and then charge with the first current until the maximum extended SOC is reached to obtain the extended charging SOC-OCV curve; S15: Starting from the maximum extended SOC, discharge the battery in a stepped discharging manner, wherein first discharge with a second current greater than the first current until 0% SOC is reached, and then discharge with the first current until the minimum extended SOC is reached to obtain the extended discharging SOC-OCV curve; S16: Derive the extended SOC-OCV curve based on the extended charging SOC-OCV curve and the extended discharging SOC-OCV curve.

3. The capacity estimation method according to claim 2, characterized in that, The first current and the second current are set according to the reference capacity; and / or the second current is an integer multiple of the first current; and / or step S12 is performed in step S15, or step S13 is performed in step S14.

4. The capacity estimation method according to claim 2 or 3, characterized in that, In step S12, if the minimum extended SOC at the discharge cutoff voltage is not an integer, the battery is compensated and charged so that the minimum extended SOC increases to the nearest integer; and / or in step S13, if the maximum extended SOC at the charging cutoff voltage is not an integer, the battery is compensated and discharged so that the maximum extended SOC decreases to the nearest integer.

5. The capacity estimation method according to any one of claims 2 to 4, characterized in that, In step S11, the reference capacity is divided into n capacity increments, where the minimum extended SOC and the maximum extended SOC are integer multiples of the capacity increments; and / or in step S14, starting from the minimum extended SOC, a capacity increment is charged with the second current, left to stand for a specific time, and the above operation is repeated until 100% SOC is reached, then the charging is switched to the first current until the maximum extended SOC is reached; and / or in step S15, starting from the maximum extended SOC, a capacity increment is discharged with the second current, left to stand for a specific time, and the above operation is repeated until 0% SOC is reached, then the discharging is switched to the first current until the minimum extended SOC is reached.

6. The capacity estimation method according to claim 5, characterized in that, The capacity increment is 1% of the reference capacity; and / or in step S14, if the charging cutoff voltage is reached before reaching 100% SOC, the charging current is reduced, particularly to the average of the first current and the second current; and / or in step S15, if the discharging cutoff voltage is reached before reaching 0% SOC, the discharging current is reduced, particularly to the average of the first current and the second current.

7. The capacity estimation method according to any one of the preceding claims, characterized in that, Step S2 includes the following sub-steps: S21: When the detected OCV is greater than the maximum extended OCV or less than the minimum extended OCV, the actual available capacity is calibrated to correspond to the maximum extended SOC or the minimum extended SOC; S22: When the detected OCV is between the maximum extended OCV and the minimum extended OCV, the SOC corresponding to the detected OCV is identified, and the actual available capacity is determined based on the SOC.

8. The capacity estimation method according to claim 7, characterized in that, Step S2 further includes the following sub-step: S23: When the detected OCV is between the maximum extended OCV and the minimum extended OCV, the corresponding SOC is recorded as a capacity learning point, and capacity learning is performed based on the two capacity learning points and the cumulative charge and discharge capacity between them.

9. A computer program product comprising a computer program, characterized in that, When the computer program is executed by one or more processors, the processors are capable of performing the capacity estimation method according to any one of claims 1 to 8.

10. A battery management system, characterized in that, The battery management system includes a memory and a processor, the processor being configured to implement the capacity estimation method according to any one of claims 1 to 8 using the computer program product according to claim 9.

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