Peanut cultivation method suitable for acid soil

Abstract

The invention relates to the technical field of agriculture, and discloses a peanut cultivation method suitable for acid soil, comprising the following steps: S1, soil detection and lime pretreatment; s2, matched application of alkaline fertilizer; s3, regularly monitoring the pH value of the soil and supplementing lime; s4, base fertilizer application; s5, topdressing in a growth period; s6, applying a foliar fertilizer and a plant growth regulator in the flowering needle stage; and S7, applying a medium element fertilizer in a full fruit period. By adopting a soil pretreatment technical scheme of applying lime in batches, synergistically turning and burying organic fertilizer, regularly monitoring the pH value of soil and supplementing lime, the technical effects that the soil acidity is stabilized in a suitable growth range of peanuts for a long time, soil hardening is avoided, and the improvement effect is long-acting and sustainable are achieved; compared with the technical scheme that lime is excessively applied at a time and subsequent pH monitoring and supplementing are lacked in the prior art, the defects that soil improvement is uneven, short-term acidification rebound occurs, and soil hardening is likely to be caused are overcome.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] This invention relates to the field of agricultural technology, specifically to a peanut cultivation method suitable for acidic soils. Background Technology

[0002] Peanuts are an important oilseed and cash crop in my country, widely cultivated, especially in the hilly, plain, and mountainous areas of southern China. Peanut growth is sensitive to soil pH, thriving in slightly acidic to neutral soils with a pH of 5.5-6.5. However, due to long-term cultivation, rainfall leaching, and fertilization practices, soil acidification is a significant problem in many parts of southern my country, with a large amount of arable land having a pH below 5.0, classifying it as strongly acidic soil. To meet the needs of peanut cultivation, current techniques often involve applying lime to adjust soil acidity, while simultaneously incorporating organic fertilizer to enhance soil fertility. These efforts aim to create a suitable growing environment for peanuts, ensuring normal germination, root development, and nutrient absorption, thereby maintaining a certain yield level.

[0003] However, in existing peanut cultivation in acidic soils, many growers often apply large amounts of lime at once to simplify the process. This results in the lime not being fully mixed with the soil, causing local soil pH to spike beyond the suitable range for peanuts, while some deeper soil layers remain strongly acidic, leading to poor soil improvement uniformity. Furthermore, there is a lack of long-term monitoring and dynamic replenishment mechanisms for soil pH after lime application. As the peanut growth cycle progresses, rainwater leaching and nutrient consumption occur, soil acidity can quickly rebound to levels unsuitable for peanut growth. This not only affects subsequent peanut plantings but also necessitates frequent lime additions, increasing planting costs. In addition, excessive lime application at once can damage soil aggregate structure, reduce soil permeability and water retention, and inhibit peanut root penetration and respiration, thus affecting the overall growth of peanuts. Summary of the Invention

[0004] To address the shortcomings of existing technologies, this invention provides a peanut cultivation method suitable for acidic soils, solving the problems of uneven soil improvement, short-term acidification rebound, and soil compaction caused by excessive application of lime in a single application without subsequent pH monitoring and replenishment in existing technologies.

[0005] To achieve the above objectives, the present invention provides the following technical solution: a peanut cultivation method suitable for acidic soils, comprising the following steps:

[0006] S1, Soil testing and lime pretreatment: Test the soil of the cultivation plot to confirm that its pH < 5.0. Then, 1-3 months before the dry season after rice harvest, apply lime to the soil in 2-3 times in combination with deep plowing, and simultaneously turn over and bury organic fertilizer to allow the lime to fully react with the soil.

[0007] S2, Alkaline fertilizer application: 15-20 days after completing step S1, when the soil pH reaches 5.5-6.5, reduce or avoid the application of sulfur-based fertilizers, chloride-based fertilizers and superphosphate, and switch to alkaline or neutral fertilizers.

[0008] S3, Regular monitoring of soil pH and lime supplementation: After step S2 is completed, soil pH is tested once every 2 years. When the pH drops to <5.0, lime is applied to supplement the soil pH. The amount of lime supplemented is 50% of the total amount of lime used in step S1, and organic fertilizer is applied at the same time.

[0009] S4, Base fertilizer application: After step S2 is completed and 10-15 days before peanut sowing, apply base fertilizer to the soil during rotary tillage;

[0010] S5, Topdressing during the growing season: Apply fertilizer to the soil 30-40 days after peanut emergence;

[0011] S6, Application of foliar fertilizer and plant growth regulator during the pegging stage: After step S5 is completed, when peanuts enter the pegging stage, foliar fertilizer containing trace elements such as boron, zinc, molybdenum and iron is sprayed, and plant growth regulators are sprayed according to the growth status.

[0012] S7, application of medium-quantity element fertilizer during the pod-filling stage: After step S6 is completed, when peanuts enter the pod-filling stage, foliar spray with medium-quantity element fertilizer containing calcium and magnesium.

[0013] Preferably, in step S1, the lime is slaked lime or quicklime, and the total amount of lime applied per acre is 200-250 kg of slaked lime or an equal amount of quicklime.

[0014] Preferably, in step S1, the organic fertilizer is well-rotted poultry and livestock manure or crop straw, and the amount of organic fertilizer used for burial per acre is 500-800 kg.

[0015] Preferably, in step S2, the alkaline or neutral fertilizer is calcium magnesium phosphate fertilizer, and the amount of calcium magnesium phosphate fertilizer used in the base fertilizer in step S4 is 30 kg / mu.

[0016] Preferably, in step S4, the amount of base fertilizer used includes: 900-1100 kg / mu of chicken manure, 140-160 kg / mu of lime, 1.8-2.2 kg / mu of borax, 18-22 kg / mu of urea, and 9-11 kg / mu of potassium nitrate.

[0017] Preferably, in step S4, if a controlled-release fertilizer is selected, the controlled-release fertilizer is a humic acid-coated fertilizer, the inner layer of which is a composite film of humic acid and micronutrients, and the outer layer is a biodegradable polymer film.

[0018] Preferably, in step S5, the amount of topdressing includes: 9-11 kg / mu of urea and 4-6 kg / mu of potassium nitrate, with an irrigation volume of 40-60 m³ / mu.3 .

[0019] Preferably, in step S6, the plant growth regulator is brassinolide or calcium cyclohexane.

[0020] The micronutrient fertilizer should be diluted 300-800 times according to the instructions and sprayed once a week for 2-3 consecutive weeks.

[0021] Preferably, in step S7, the total calcium and magnesium content in the medium-element fertilizer is ≥10%, and the medium-element fertilizer is diluted 200-500 times according to the instructions, sprayed once every 10 days, for a total of 2 consecutive sprays.

[0022] Preferably, in step S1, the interval between two consecutive lime applications is one month, and during the lime application in 2-3 applications, the lime and organic fertilizer should be simultaneously incorporated into the soil through deep plowing.

[0023] This invention provides a peanut cultivation method suitable for acidic soils. It has the following beneficial effects:

[0024] 1. This invention employs a soil pretreatment technology scheme that combines batch application of lime, synergistic incorporation of organic fertilizer, and regular soil pH monitoring and lime replenishment. This achieves the technical effect of maintaining soil acidity within the suitable range for peanut growth, preventing soil compaction, and ensuring long-term and sustainable improvement. Compared with existing technologies that involve excessive application of lime at one time and lack subsequent pH monitoring and replenishment, this invention solves the shortcomings of uneven soil improvement, short-term acidification rebound, and easy soil compaction.

[0025] 2. The present invention adopts a fertilizer adaptation technology solution that uses alkaline or neutral fertilizers to replace acidic fertilizers, which achieves the technical effect of avoiding secondary soil acidification from the source and improving the availability of key nutrients such as phosphorus and calcium in the soil. Compared with the existing technology that uses acidic fertilizers for planting in acidic soils, this invention solves the shortcomings of aggravating soil acidification, causing nutrients to be fixed and difficult to absorb, and affecting the development of peanut pods.

[0026] 3. This invention adopts a nutrient management technology solution of phased water and fertilizer regulation and targeted supply of key nutrients during the growth period. It achieves the technical effect of accurately matching nutrient supply with the needs of peanuts at different growth stages, ensuring the robust growth of plants and the high-quality development of pods. Compared with the existing technology of one-size-fits-all water and fertilizer application and lack of targeted nutrient supply during key growth periods, this invention solves the shortcomings of nutrient supply and demand mismatch, easy to cause excessive plant growth or high empty shell rate, and low yield and quality. Attached Figure Description

[0027] Figure 1 This is a schematic flowchart of a peanut cultivation method suitable for acidic soil according to the present invention. Detailed Implementation

[0028] The technical solution of the present invention will now be clearly and completely described with reference to the accompanying drawings. Obviously, the described embodiments are only some embodiments of the present invention, and not all embodiments. Based on the embodiments of the present invention, all other embodiments obtained by those skilled in the art without creative effort are within the scope of protection of the present invention.

[0029] Example:

[0030] Please see the appendix Figure 1 This invention provides a peanut cultivation method suitable for acidic soils, comprising the following steps:

[0031] S1, Soil testing and lime pretreatment: Test the soil of the cultivation plot to confirm that its pH < 5.0. Then, 1-3 months before the dry season after rice harvest, apply lime to the soil in 2-3 times in combination with deep plowing, and simultaneously turn over and bury organic fertilizer to allow the lime to fully react with the soil.

[0032] The lime used is either slaked lime or quicklime, and the total amount of lime applied per acre is 200-250 kg of slaked lime or an equal amount of quicklime.

[0033] Organic fertilizer is well-rotted poultry and livestock manure or crop straw. The amount of organic fertilizer to be applied by turning over and burying is 500-800 kg per mu.

[0034] The interval between two consecutive lime applications should be 1 month. During the lime application process, which is carried out in 2-3 applications, the lime and organic fertilizer should be turned into the soil together during deep plowing.

[0035] S2, Alkaline fertilizer application: 15-20 days after completing step S1, when the soil pH reaches 5.5-6.5, reduce or avoid the application of sulfur-based fertilizers, chloride-based fertilizers and superphosphate, and switch to alkaline or neutral fertilizers.

[0036] Among them, the alkaline or neutral fertilizer is calcium magnesium phosphate fertilizer, and the amount of calcium magnesium phosphate fertilizer used in the base fertilizer in step S4 is 30 kg / mu.

[0037] S3, Regular monitoring of soil pH and lime supplementation: After step S2 is completed, soil pH is tested once every 2 years. When the pH drops to <5.0, lime is applied to supplement the soil pH. The amount of lime supplemented is 50% of the total amount of lime used in step S1, and organic fertilizer is applied at the same time.

[0038] S4, Base fertilizer application: After step S2 is completed and 10-15 days before peanut sowing, apply base fertilizer to the soil during rotary tillage;

[0039] The base fertilizer application includes: 900-1100 kg / mu of chicken manure, 140-160 kg / mu of lime, 1.8-2.2 kg / mu of borax, 18-22 kg / mu of urea, and 9-11 kg / mu of potassium nitrate.

[0040] If controlled-release fertilizer is selected, it is a humic acid-coated fertilizer. The inner layer of the fertilizer is a composite film of humic acid and micronutrients, and the outer layer is a biodegradable polymer film.

[0041] S5, Topdressing during the growing season: Apply fertilizer to the soil 30-40 days after peanut emergence;

[0042] The application of topdressing fertilizer includes: 9-11 kg / mu of urea and 4-6 kg / mu of potassium nitrate, with an irrigation volume of 40-60 m³ / mu. 3 ;

[0043] S6, Application of foliar fertilizer and plant growth regulator during the pegging stage: After step S5 is completed, when peanuts enter the pegging stage, foliar fertilizer containing trace elements such as boron, zinc, molybdenum and iron is sprayed, and plant growth regulators are sprayed according to the growth status.

[0044] Among them, the plant growth regulators are brassinolide or calcium cyclohexane;

[0045] Micronutrient fertilizers should be diluted 300-800 times according to the instructions and sprayed once a week for 2-3 consecutive weeks.

[0046] S7, application of medium-quantity element fertilizer during the pod-filling stage: After step S6 is completed, when peanuts enter the pod-filling stage, foliar spray with medium-quantity element fertilizer containing calcium and magnesium.

[0047] Among them, the total calcium and magnesium content of the medium-element fertilizer is ≥10%. The medium-element fertilizer should be diluted 200-500 times according to the instructions and sprayed once every 10 days for 2 consecutive times.

[0048] The following is a description with reference to specific embodiments:

[0049] Example 1

[0050] The soil pH was 4.0. The previous crop was rice, and there were two months between the rice harvest and the peanut planting.

[0051] A peanut cultivation method suitable for acidic soil includes the following steps:

[0052] S1, Soil testing and lime pretreatment: The operation is started in the first month after rice harvest. Combined with deep plowing to a depth of 15cm, quicklime is applied to the soil in two applications. During the first deep plowing, 100kg / mu of quicklime is applied, and 500kg / mu of well-rotted pig manure organic fertilizer is simultaneously turned over and buried. One month later, the second deep plowing is carried out, and 100kg / mu of quicklime is applied again. The total amount of lime used in the two applications is 200kg / mu, and it is thoroughly mixed with the soil and organic fertilizer.

[0053] S2, Alkaline fertilizer application: 18 days after S1 is completed, the soil pH is tested to be 5.6, which is within the range of 5.5-6.5. It is determined that ammonium sulfate sulfur-based fertilizer and superphosphate are prohibited. Calcium magnesium phosphate fertilizer is selected as alkaline phosphate fertilizer for subsequent base fertilizer application.

[0054] S3, Regular monitoring of soil pH and lime supplementation: After S2 is completed, peanuts are sown and harvested once. In the second year after cultivation, the soil pH is tested at 4.9 and drops to <5.0. Supplement with 100 kg / mu of slaked lime, which is 50% of the total lime usage of 200 kg / mu in S1. At the same time, 500 kg / mu of well-rotted crop straw organic fertilizer is turned over and buried, combined with deep plowing to ensure that the material is incorporated into the soil.

[0055] S4, Base Fertilizer Application: After S2 is completed, 12 days before peanut sowing, rotary tillage is carried out. First, 900 kg / mu of chicken manure and 140 kg / mu of quicklime are spread, and rotary tillage is carried out to a depth of 15 cm. The next day, 30 kg / mu of calcium magnesium phosphate fertilizer, 1.8 kg / mu of borax, 18 kg / mu of urea, and 9 kg / mu of potassium nitrate are spread, and rotary tillage is carried out to a depth of 10 cm to ensure that the base fertilizer is evenly distributed.

[0056] S5, Topdressing during the growing season: 30 days after peanut emergence, in the late seedling stage, dig a 5cm deep trench between the peanut rows and apply 9kg / mu of urea and 4kg / mu of potassium nitrate in strips. Cover with soil after fertilization and immediately irrigate 40m. 3 / acre, to promote fertilizer dissolution and absorption;

[0057] S6, Application of foliar fertilizer and plant growth regulator during the pegging stage: After completing S5, peanuts enter the pegging stage 60 days after emergence. When 50% of the plants in the field show pegging, choose a sunny morning after the dew has evaporated and spray the leaves with a compound micronutrient fertilizer containing boron, zinc, molybdenum and iron. Dilute it 300 times according to the instructions and spray once a week for two consecutive weeks. During this period, observe that the plant growth is normal and no additional plant growth regulator is sprayed.

[0058] S7, application of medium-quantity element fertilizer during the pod-filling stage: After completing S6, peanuts enter the pod-filling stage 90 days after emergence, and the pods begin to swell. Foliar spray with medium-quantity element fertilizer containing calcium and magnesium, with a calcium and magnesium content of 10%, diluted 200 times according to the instructions, spray once every 10 days, for two consecutive times, until the pods mature.

[0059] Example 2

[0060] The soil tested positive for pH 4.5, indicating strong acidity. The previous crop was rice, and there were 2.5 months between the rice harvest and peanut planting, which falls within the 1-3 month window before the dry season.

[0061] A peanut cultivation method suitable for acidic soil includes the following steps:

[0062] S1, Soil Testing and Lime Pretreatment: The operation was started in the first month after rice harvest. Combined with deep plowing to a depth of 18cm, quicklime was applied to the soil in two applications. The first deep plowing applied 112.5 kg / mu of quicklime, and 650 kg / mu of well-rotted chicken manure organic fertilizer was simultaneously turned over and buried. One month later, the second deep plowing applied 112.5 kg / mu of quicklime. The total amount of lime used in the two applications was 225 kg / mu, ensuring that it reacted fully with the soil and organic fertilizer.

[0063] S2, Alkaline fertilizer application: 18 days after S1 is completed, test the soil pH to 5.8, which is within the range of 5.5-6.5. Sulfate-based and chloride-based fertilizers and superphosphate are prohibited. Calcium magnesium phosphate fertilizer is selected as the alkaline phosphate fertilizer.

[0064] S3, regular monitoring of soil pH and lime supplementation: In the second year after cultivation, the soil pH was measured at 4.8, which dropped to <5.0. 112.5 kg / mu of slaked lime was applied, which is 50% of the total lime application of 225 kg / mu in S1. At the same time, 650 kg / mu of well-rotted pig manure organic fertilizer was turned over and buried, and mixed with deep plowing.

[0065] S4, Base Fertilizer Application: After completing S2, 12 days before peanut sowing, rotary tillage and prepare the land. First, spread 1000 kg / mu of chicken manure and 150 kg / mu of quicklime, and rotary tillage to a depth of 15 cm. The next day, spread 30 kg / mu of calcium magnesium phosphate fertilizer, 2.0 kg / mu of borax, 20 kg / mu of urea, and 10 kg / mu of potassium nitrate, and rotary tillage to a depth of 10 cm a second time to ensure even distribution of base fertilizer.

[0066] S5, Topdressing during the growing season: 35 days after peanut emergence, apply 10 kg / mu of urea and 5 kg / mu of potassium nitrate in strips, cover with soil, and irrigate 50 m³. 3 / mu, matching the nutrient requirements of the seedling stage transitioning to reproductive growth;

[0067] S6, Application of foliar fertilizer and plant growth regulators during the pegging stage: Peanuts enter the pegging stage on the 65th day after emergence. On a sunny afternoon after the high temperature has subsided, spray the leaves with a compound micronutrient fertilizer containing boron, zinc, molybdenum and iron, diluted 550 times according to the instructions, once a week for two consecutive weeks. At the same time, spray a 0.01% brassinolide solution once to enhance the plant's stress resistance.

[0068] S7, application of medium-quantity element fertilizer during the pod-filling stage: Peanuts enter the pod-filling stage on the 95th day after emergence. Foliar spray with medium-quantity element fertilizer containing calcium and magnesium, with a calcium and magnesium content of 12%. Dilute 350 times according to the instructions and spray once every 10 days for 2 consecutive times to promote full pods.

[0069] Example 3

[0070] The soil tested positive for pH 4.8, indicating strong acidity. The previous crop was rice, and there were 3 months between the rice harvest and peanut planting, which falls within the 1-3 month window before the dry season.

[0071] A peanut cultivation method suitable for acidic soil includes the following steps:

[0072] S1, Soil Testing and Lime Pretreatment: The operation is started in the first month after rice harvest. Combined with deep plowing to a depth of 20cm, quicklime is applied to the soil in two applications. The first deep plowing involves applying 125kg / mu of quicklime and simultaneously turning in 800kg / mu of well-rotted cow manure organic fertilizer. One month later, the second deep plowing involves applying 125kg / mu of quicklime. The total amount of lime used in the two applications is 250kg / mu, ensuring that it is thoroughly mixed with the soil and organic fertilizer.

[0073] S2, Alkaline fertilizer application: 18 days after S1 is completed, test the soil pH to 6.0, which is within the range of 5.5-6.5. Sulfate-based and chloride-based fertilizers and superphosphate are prohibited. Calcium magnesium phosphate fertilizer is selected as the alkaline phosphate fertilizer.

[0074] S3, regular monitoring of soil pH and lime supplementation: In the second year after cultivation, the soil pH was tested at 4.9. When it dropped to <5.0, 125 kg / mu of quicklime was applied, which is 50% of the total lime application of 250 kg / mu in S1. At the same time, 800 kg / mu of well-rotted crop straw organic fertilizer was turned over and buried, and deep plowing was combined to ensure that it was absorbed into the soil.

[0075] S4, Base Fertilizer Application: After S2 is completed, 12 days before peanut sowing, rotary till the land and first apply 1100 kg / mu of chicken manure and 160 kg / mu of quicklime, then rotary till to a depth of 15 cm. The next day, apply 30 kg / mu of calcium magnesium phosphate fertilizer, 2.2 kg / mu of borax, 22 kg / mu of urea, and 11 kg / mu of potassium nitrate, then rotary till to a depth of 10 cm to ensure even distribution of base fertilizer.

[0076] S5, Topdressing during the growing season: 40 days after peanut emergence, apply 11 kg / mu of urea and 6 kg / mu of potassium nitrate in strips, cover with soil, and irrigate 60 m³. 3 / mu, to meet the nutrient needs in the later stages of seedling stage;

[0077] S6. Application of foliar fertilizer and plant growth regulator during the pegging stage: Peanuts enter the pegging stage 70 days after emergence. On a sunny morning after the dew has evaporated, spray the leaves with a compound micronutrient fertilizer containing boron, zinc, molybdenum and iron. Dilute it 800 times according to the instructions and spray once a week for three consecutive weeks. At the same time, spray a 0.1% calcium cyclamate solution once to prevent excessive vegetative growth.

[0078] S7, application of medium-quantity element fertilizer during the pod-filling stage: Peanuts enter the pod-filling stage 100 days after emergence. Foliar spray with medium-quantity element fertilizer containing calcium and magnesium, with a calcium and magnesium content of 15%. Dilute 500 times according to the instructions and spray once every 10 days for two consecutive times to ensure that the pods are mature and plump.

[0079] Example 4

[0080] The pH value was 4.3, the plot area was 1 mu (approximately 0.16 acres), and the previous crop was rice.

[0081] A peanut cultivation method suitable for acidic soil includes the following steps:

[0082] S1, Soil Testing and Lime Pretreatment: The operation is started in the first month after rice harvest. Combined with deep plowing to a depth of 19cm, quicklime is applied to the soil in two applications. The first deep plowing applies 115kg / mu of quicklime and simultaneously buries 680kg / mu of well-rotted sheep manure organic fertilizer. One month later, the second deep plowing applies 110kg / mu of quicklime. The total amount of lime used in the two applications is 225kg / mu, ensuring that it is fully mixed with the soil and organic fertilizer.

[0083] S2, Alkaline fertilizer application: 19 days after S1 is completed, test the soil pH to 5.7, which is within the range of 5.5-6.5. Sulfate-based and chloride-based fertilizers and superphosphate are prohibited. Select calcium magnesium phosphate fertilizer at 30 kg / mu as alkaline phosphate fertilizer.

[0084] S3, regular monitoring of soil pH and lime supplementation: In the second year after cultivation, the soil pH was measured at 4.9, which dropped to <5.0. 112.5 kg / mu of quicklime was applied, which is 50% of the total lime application of 225 kg / mu in S1. At the same time, 680 kg / mu of well-rotted sheep manure organic fertilizer was turned over and buried, and 19 cm deep plowing was combined to ensure that the materials were in the soil.

[0085] S4, Base Fertilizer Application: After completing S2, 13 days before peanut sowing, rotary till the land and first apply 1020 kg / mu of chicken manure and 152 kg / mu of quicklime, then rotary till to a depth of 15 cm. The next day, apply 30 kg / mu of calcium magnesium phosphate fertilizer, 2.1 kg / mu of borax, 21 kg / mu of urea, and 10.5 kg / mu of potassium nitrate, then rotary till to a depth of 10 cm to ensure even distribution of base fertilizer.

[0086] S5, Topdressing during the growing season: On the 36th day after peanut emergence, dig a 5cm deep trench between the peanut rows and apply 10.2kg / mu of urea and 5.1kg / mu of potassium nitrate in strips. Cover with soil after fertilization and then irrigate 45m. 3 / mu;

[0087] S6, Application of foliar fertilizer and plant growth regulator during the pegging stage: After completing S5, peanuts enter the pegging stage on the 67th day after emergence. On a sunny morning after the dew has evaporated, spray the leaves with a compound micronutrient fertilizer containing boron, zinc, molybdenum and iron, diluted 580 times according to the instructions, once a week for two consecutive weeks. At the same time, spray a 0.01% brassinolide solution once.

[0088] S7, application of medium-quantity element fertilizer during the pod-filling stage: After completing S6, peanuts enter the pod-filling stage on the 98th day after emergence. Foliar spray with medium-quantity element fertilizer containing calcium and magnesium, with a calcium and magnesium content of 13%. Dilute it 370 times according to the instructions and spray once every 10 days for two consecutive times until the pods mature.

[0089] Comparative Example 1

[0090] The lime is applied by deep tilling and burying in one go, without being used in batches. The remaining steps are the same as in Example 2.

[0091] Comparative Example 2

[0092] Superphosphate was used instead of calcium magnesium phosphate fertilizer, and the remaining steps were the same as in Example 2.

[0093] Comparative Example 3

[0094] The steps of regularly monitoring soil pH and replenishing lime are removed; the remaining steps are the same as in Example 2.

[0095] Comparative Example 4

[0096] During the pegging stage, spray micronutrient fertilizer directly without dilution, and follow the same steps as in Example 2.

[0097] Table 1. Peanut agronomic traits under different treatments

[0098]

[0099] Combining Examples 1-4 and Comparative Examples 1-4, and considering the differences in peanut agronomic traits under different treatments, it can be seen that the key influencing factors in this invention, such as soil pretreatment, phased water and fertilizer management, key nutrient supply during the growth period, and fertilizer type suitability, have a significant impact on the yield, empty shell rate, seedling emergence rate, and water and fertilizer costs of peanuts planted on a large scale in acidic soil. Moreover, there is a good synergistic effect of improvement, supply, and maintenance among these factors. Comparative Example 1, due to the traditional acidic soil planting method of deep tilling and burying lime in one go without multiple applications and scientific soil pretreatment logic, had a poor seed germination environment with a soil pH of only 4.7 at 10cm depth, and limited root penetration to less than 15cm. This resulted in an imbalance between plant growth and demand, requiring additional fertilization later, and a yield of only 190kg. Example 2 yielded 320kg with a fruit filling rate of 72%, compared to 88% in Example 2, while water and fertilizer costs were 12% higher than in Example 2. Comparative Example 2, lacking a suitable fertilizer type, used superphosphate instead of calcium magnesium phosphate. The acidic fertilizer exacerbated secondary soil acidification, causing the pH to drop to 4.3 in the later stages of cultivation. This increased the risk of fertilizer damage to the seed stalks and insufficient phosphorus and calcium absorption, leading to a fruit filling rate of only 70% and a 100-fruit weight of only 148g, compared to 175g in Example 2. Comparative Example 3... The lack of regular soil pH monitoring and lime replenishment steps resulted in the inability to maintain the soil improvement effect in the long term. In the second year, the soil pH dropped to 4.4 and the activated aluminum ion content was 210 mg / kg, which inhibited plant growth in the long term. The yield in the second year was only 200 kg, compared to 310 kg in Example 2. In Comparative Example 4, the lack of a scientific application process for micronutrient fertilizer during the pegging stage and the direct spraying without dilution resulted in a leaf burn rate of 45% and a sharp drop in nutrient absorption efficiency, leading to only 10 effective pods per plant. In Example 2, there were 18 pods, a yield of 210 kg, and a pod filling rate of 73%, compared to 88% in Example 3. In contrast, Examples 1-4, including Example 4, achieved a synergistic improvement in yield, pod filling rate, 100-pod weight, and cost rationality by optimizing the parameters of the entire process and coordinating the adaptation of key steps.

[0100] In the examples, the yield of peanuts grown on a large scale in acidic soil was between 280-315 kg, the pod filling rate was between 80%-88%, the 100-pod weight was between 160-175 g, the emergence rate was between 88%-93%, and the water and fertilizer cost was between 280-350 yuan / mu. All of these were significantly better than the comparative example, which had a yield of 190-210 kg, a pod filling rate of 70%-73%, a 100-pod weight of 148-152 g, an emergence rate of 75%-85%, and a water and fertilizer cost of 360-400 yuan / mu. Example 2 showed the best performance, with a yield of 320 kg, a pod filling rate of 88%, a 100-pod weight of 175 g, an emergence rate of 92%, and a water and fertilizer cost of 350 yuan / mu, demonstrating outstanding short-term high yield and long-term stability. Example 4, although adjusted for acidic soil with a deep tillage of 19 cm, 680 kg / mu of sheep manure, and 45 m³ of irrigation, also showed superior performance. 3 / mu, which is the optimal value in non-plain areas, but still achieves a yield of 300kg, a fruit filling rate of 84%, and a 100-fruit weight of 168g.

[0101] In Examples 1-4, S1 soil testing, S2 lime pretreatment and organic fertilizer incorporation, and S4 alkaline fertilizer application were matched together. In Example 2, for strongly acidic soil with pH=4.5, 225 kg / mu of slaked lime was applied twice with a one-month interval, and 650 kg / mu of decomposed chicken manure was incorporated. Combined with 18 cm deep plowing to ensure that the lime was evenly mixed with the soil layer, the pH stabilized at 5.8 after improvement. Then, 30 kg / mu of calcium magnesium phosphate fertilizer was selected to replace superphosphate, providing a suitable soil environment and alkaline fertilizer supply for the plants. The yield of 320 kg, fruit fullness rate of 88%, and 175 g per 100 fruits benefited from this. Although the amount of sheep manure used in the seed stem treatment of Example 4 was 680 kg / mu and the deep plowing of 19 cm was not the optimal value, the yield of 300 kg and fruit fullness rate of 84% were still achieved because the synergistic logic of soil pretreatment and fertilizer type was continued. This proves that flexible combination under unified synergistic standards can still ensure high yield. Meanwhile, in Example S4, the application of basal fertilizer and the topdressing during the growth period in Example S5 were regulated according to the patterns of fertility reserves before peanut sowing, nutrient transition during the seedling stage, reproductive growth during the pegging stage, and pod development during the pod-filling stage. In Example 2, basal fertilizer was applied at 1000 kg / mu of chicken manure, 150 kg / mu of lime, and 20 kg / mu of urea to match the soil fertility requirements before sowing. Topdressing was applied at 35 days after seedling stage at 10 kg / mu of urea and 5 kg / mu of potassium nitrate to adapt to the transition from vegetative growth to reproductive growth. During the pegging stage, boron, zinc, molybdenum, and iron micronutrient fertilizer was sprayed at a 550-fold dilution, and during the pod-filling stage, 12% calcium and magnesium fertilizer was sprayed to avoid excessive plant growth or insufficient nutrients leading to a decrease in the pod-filling rate. In contrast, Comparative Example 3 lacked the long-term logic of phased water and fertilizer regulation and did not have pH monitoring or lime supplementation. In the second year, the soil nutrients were unbalanced and aluminum ion poisoning occurred, resulting in a yield of only 200 kg and a pod-filling rate of 71%, which were 35.5% and 19.3% lower than those in Example 2, respectively. This directly reflects the necessity of synergistic management of phased water and fertilizer and long-term management. In Example 2, nutrient application during the pegging stage (S6) and the pod-filling stage (S7) was adapted to the absorption characteristics of peanut leaves and the development needs of pods. In Example 2, micronutrient fertilizer was diluted 550 times and medium fertilizer 350 times in stages to avoid burning the leaves with high-concentration fertilizer and ensure that the nutrient absorption efficiency reached more than 65%, with a disease and pest incidence rate of only 3.2%. In contrast, in Comparative Example 4, micronutrient fertilizer was sprayed directly without dilution during the pegging stage, resulting in a leaf burn rate of 45%, an absorption efficiency of 18%, 10 effective pods per plant, and a pod-filling rate of 73%, which were 44.4% and 17.0% lower than in Example 2, respectively. Although the disease and pest incidence rate of 5.8% was lower than that of the traditional method, the quality and yield benefits were significantly reduced. In addition, soil pH monitoring and lime supplementation in Example S3 were based on the lime pretreatment standard in Example S2. In Example 2, the soil pH was measured to be 4.8 in the second year after cultivation, which dropped to <5.0. 112.5 kg / mu of slaked lime, which is 50% of the total lime used in S2, was added and 650 kg / mu of decomposed pig manure was simultaneously turned over and buried. The yield in the second year was still 310 kg and the fruit filling rate was 85%. However, in Comparative Example 3, soil pH monitoring and lime supplementation were not carried out during the perennial season. In the second year, the soil pH was 4.4, the leaf yellowing rate was 35%, and the yield was only 200 kg, which was 35.5% lower than that of Example 2.

[0102] Comparative Example 1, due to the traditional planting method of applying lime only once, had a seed germination rate of only 75%, while Example 2 had a germination rate of 92%. The acidic soil improvement was incomplete, resulting in a yield of only 190 kg and a fruit fullness rate of 72%, representing decreases of 40.6% and 18.2% respectively compared to Example 2. Comparative Example 2, lacking a suitable fertilizer type—superphosphate instead of calcium magnesium phosphate—had a high risk of fertilizer damage to the seed stalks and insufficient phosphorus and calcium absorption, resulting in a fruit fullness rate of 70% and a 100-fruit weight of 148 g, representing decreases of 20.5% and 15.4% respectively compared to Example 2. %; Comparative Example 3, due to the lack of regular soil pH monitoring and lime supplementation, experienced increased soil acidification and inhibited plant growth in the second year, with a yield of 200 kg and a leaf yellowing rate of 35%, representing a decrease of 37.5% and 600% respectively compared to Example 2; Comparative Example 4, due to the lack of a scientific dilution process for micronutrient fertilizer during the pegging stage, suffered leaf burn and hindered nutrient absorption, with 10 effective pods per plant, a yield of 210 kg, and a pod filling rate of 73%, representing a decrease of 44.4%, 34.4%, and 17.0% respectively compared to Example 2.

[0103] Example 1, due to the use of the lower limits of parameters (200 kg / mu of lime, 900 kg / mu of chicken manure, and 9 kg / mu of urea as topdressing), resulted in weak soil fertility and insufficient nutrient supply during the seedling stage. The yield was 280 kg, the fruit filling rate was 80%, and the 100-fruit weight was 160 g, representing decreases of 12.5%, 9.1%, and 8.6% respectively compared to Example 2. Example 3, due to the use of the upper limits of parameters (250 kg / mu of lime, 1100 kg / mu of chicken manure, and 11 kg / mu of urea as topdressing), achieved an annual yield of 315 kg, a fruit filling rate of 86%, and a 100-fruit weight of 172 g. The cost of Example 4 was similar to that of Example 2, but the high input of water and fertilizer led to a cost of 380 yuan / mu, which was 8.6% higher than that of Example 2. The high-density planting also increased the incidence of pests and diseases to 3.8%, which was 21.6% higher than that of Example 2. The cost-effectiveness of long-term planting for 3 years was slightly lower than that of Example 2. Example 4 had balanced parameters of 225 kg / mu of lime, 680 kg / mu of sheep manure, and 10.2 kg / mu of urea as top dressing, with a cost of 340 yuan / mu, which was 22.9% lower than that of Example 2. The yield was 300 kg, which was only 6.2% lower, and the fruit filling rate was 84%.

[0104] In summary, the key factors in this invention—soil pretreatment (S1-S7), staged water and fertilizer management, key nutrient supply during the growth period, and fertilizer type matching—work synergistically to effectively solve the core problems in peanut cultivation in acidic soils, such as incomplete soil acidification improvement, poor fertilizer-soil compatibility, disconnect between nutrient supply and the growth period, and lack of long-term management. This results in a significant improvement in both short-term yield and long-term quality after large-scale cultivation of peanuts in acidic soils. In particular, Example 2 achieves an optimal balance between high yield of 320 kg / mu, high-quality full pod rate of 88%, 175g weight per 100 pods, and low cost of 350 yuan / mu in large-scale cultivation. Example 4 further verifies the flexible adaptability in acidic soils at high altitudes, such as mountainous areas. Together, these examples demonstrate that the invention is fully adaptable to the needs of intensive cultivation of peanuts in acidic soils on a scale of thousands of mu or more, providing a replicable technical solution for peanut cultivation in strongly acidic soils in different terrains such as hills, plains, and mountains.

[0105] Table 2, Performance Indicators (GB Standard)

[0106]

[0107] Furthermore, the "Peanut Germplasm Resource Description Specification and Data Standard" can be further referenced, which provides detailed supplements to the investigation process and judgment criteria for core agronomic traits of peanuts. Using it in conjunction with the aforementioned GB standards can improve data accuracy.

[0108] Soil pH during critical periods

[0109] Sampling: Sampling is conducted at 5 points along the diagonal of the plot, with a sampling depth of 10-20cm. After mixing, 500g of soil sample is taken to remove stones, roots and other impurities.

[0110] Sample preparation: Mix the soil sample with carbon dioxide-free distilled water at a ratio of 1:2.5, stir for 1 minute, and let stand for 30 minutes to allow the suspension to separate into layers;

[0111] Calibration: Calibrate the glass electrode pH meter using standard buffer solutions of pH 4.00 and pH 7.00;

[0112] Measurement: Insert the electrode into the supernatant, stir gently, and record the pH value after the reading stabilizes. Perform three parallel measurements and take the average value as the pH value of the soil during the critical period.

[0113] Emergence rate (%)

[0114] Sample preparation: Randomly select 3 replicates from the peanut seeds to be tested, with 100 seeds in each replicate. The purity of the seeds must meet the requirement of ≥99% purity in GB4407.2-1996.

[0115] Cultivation conditions: Sand bed cultivation is adopted, with sand particle size of 0.5-1.0mm, humidity maintained at 60%-70% of maximum water holding capacity, temperature controlled at 25±2℃, and light exposure of 12 hours / day;

[0116] Counting and Calculation: On the 8th day after sowing, count the number of seedlings with cotyledons emerging and radicle length greater than or equal to seed length;

[0117] Formula: Emergence rate (%) = (Sum of germination rates for each replicate / 300) × 100.

[0118] Fruit fullness rate (%)

[0119] Sampling: Three replicates were randomly selected from the harvested peanuts, with 200 complete pods in each replicate;

[0120] Judgment criteria: A full pod is defined as a pod in which the kernels are plump and occupy more than 80% of the pod volume, or a pod in which the kernel dry weight is ≥ 80% of the average dry weight of a single peanut seed of the corresponding variety.

[0121] Counting and calculation: Peel open each duplicate pod one by one and count the number of full pods according to the judgment criteria;

[0122] Formula: Full fruit rate (%) = (sum of full fruits for each repeat / 600) × 100.

[0123] Number of full fruits per plant (pieces)

[0124] Sampling: During the peanut pod filling stage, three plots were randomly selected from each plot, and 10 healthy plants free from pests and diseases were selected from each plot.

[0125] Definition of a full pod: A pod in which the kernels are plump and full, occupying more than 80% of the pod volume, or whose kernel dry weight is ≥ 80% of the average dry weight of a single peanut seed of the corresponding variety.

[0126] Counting and Calculation: Count the number of full fruits on each plant and calculate the average value of 30 plants.

[0127] Weight of all fruits (g)

[0128] Sample preparation: Dry the harvested peanuts until the moisture content is ≤10%, remove empty shells, broken and deformed pods, and select plump and uniform pods;

[0129] Weighing: Using an electronic balance with an accuracy of 0.1g, three replicates were randomly selected, with 100 pods in each replicate, and the weights were recorded.

[0130] Calculation: Weight of 100 fruits (g) = (Sum of weights of 3 repetitions / 3).

[0131] Yield (kg / mu)

[0132] Plot setup: Set up 3 yield measurement plots of the same size in the cultivation plot, with each plot having an area of ​​≥10㎡ and a spacing of ≥1m between plots;

[0133] Harvesting and processing: Harvest all peanut plants in the area, thresh the kernels, dry the kernels until the moisture content is ≤10%, and remove impurities;

[0134] Weighing and conversion: Weigh the kernels of each plot using a platform scale with an accuracy of 0.1 kg, and calculate the average yield of the plot;

[0135] Formula: Yield (kg / mu) = (average yield of plot kg / plot area m²) × 666.67.

[0136] Although embodiments of the invention have been shown and described, it will be understood by those skilled in the art that various changes, modifications, substitutions and alterations can be made to these embodiments without departing from the principles and spirit of the invention, the scope of which is defined by the appended claims and their equivalents.

Claims

1. A peanut cultivation method suitable for acidic soils, characterized in that, Includes the following steps: S1, Soil testing and lime pretreatment: Test the soil of the cultivation plot to confirm that its pH < 5.

0. Then, 1-3 months before the dry season after rice harvest, apply lime to the soil in 2-3 times in combination with deep plowing, and simultaneously turn over and bury organic fertilizer to allow the lime to fully react with the soil. S2, Alkaline fertilizer application: 15-20 days after completing step S1, when the soil pH reaches 5.5-6.5, reduce or avoid the application of sulfur-based fertilizers, chloride-based fertilizers and superphosphate, and switch to alkaline or neutral fertilizers. S3, Regular monitoring of soil pH and lime supplementation: After step S2 is completed, soil pH is tested once every 2 years. When the pH drops to <5.0, lime is applied to supplement the soil pH. The amount of lime supplemented is 50% of the total amount of lime used in step S1, and organic fertilizer is applied at the same time. S4, Base fertilizer application: After step S2 is completed and 10-15 days before peanut sowing, apply base fertilizer to the soil during rotary tillage; S5, Topdressing during the growing season: Apply fertilizer to the soil 30-40 days after peanut emergence; S6, Application of foliar fertilizer and plant growth regulator during the pegging stage: After step S5 is completed, when peanuts enter the pegging stage, foliar fertilizer containing trace elements such as boron, zinc, molybdenum and iron is sprayed, and plant growth regulators are sprayed according to the growth status. S7, application of medium-quantity element fertilizer during the pod-filling stage: After step S6 is completed, when peanuts enter the pod-filling stage, foliar spray with medium-quantity element fertilizer containing calcium and magnesium.

2. The peanut cultivation method suitable for acidic soil according to claim 1, characterized in that: In step S1, the lime is either hydrated lime or quicklime, and the total amount of lime applied per acre is 200-250 kg of hydrated lime or an equal amount of quicklime.

3. The peanut cultivation method suitable for acidic soil according to claim 1, characterized in that: In step S1, the organic fertilizer is well-rotted poultry and livestock manure or crop straw, and the amount of organic fertilizer used for burial per acre is 500-800 kg.

4. The peanut cultivation method suitable for acidic soil according to claim 1, characterized in that: In step S2, the alkaline or neutral fertilizer is calcium magnesium phosphate fertilizer, and the amount of calcium magnesium phosphate fertilizer used in the base fertilizer in step S4 is 30 kg / mu.

5. A peanut cultivation method suitable for acidic soil according to claim 1, characterized in that: In step S4, the base fertilizer dosage includes: 900-1100 kg / mu of chicken manure, 140-160 kg / mu of lime, 1.8-2.2 kg / mu of borax, 18-22 kg / mu of urea, and 9-11 kg / mu of potassium nitrate.

6. A peanut cultivation method suitable for acidic soil according to claim 1, characterized in that: In step S4, if a controlled-release fertilizer is selected, the controlled-release fertilizer is a humic acid-coated fertilizer, the inner layer of which is a composite film of humic acid and micronutrients, and the outer layer is a biodegradable polymer film.

7. A peanut cultivation method suitable for acidic soil according to claim 1, characterized in that: In step S5, the amount of topdressing includes: 9-11 kg / mu of urea and 4-6 kg / mu of potassium nitrate, with an irrigation volume of 40-60 m³ / mu. 3 .

8. A peanut cultivation method suitable for acidic soil according to claim 1, characterized in that: In step S6, the plant growth regulator is brassinolide or calcium cyclohexane. The micronutrient fertilizer should be diluted 300-800 times according to the instructions and sprayed once a week for 2-3 consecutive weeks.

9. A peanut cultivation method suitable for acidic soil according to claim 1, characterized in that: In step S7, the total calcium and magnesium content in the medium-element fertilizer is ≥10%. The medium-element fertilizer is diluted 200-500 times according to the instructions and sprayed once every 10 days for two consecutive times.

10. A peanut cultivation method suitable for acidic soil according to claim 1, characterized in that: In step S1, the interval between two consecutive lime applications is one month, and during the lime application in 2-3 applications, the lime and organic fertilizer should be turned into the soil together in conjunction with deep plowing.

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