A 24V starting power microcontroller voltage control method and system

Abstract

The present application relates to the technical field of automobile power management, and provides a 24V starting power microcontroller voltage control method and system, the method comprising: obtaining and managing the task of the microcontroller in the 24V starting power system of the automobile; identifying and asynchronously scheduling the task of the microcontroller to obtain a voltage control task and a compensation task; setting the voltage control task as a preset high-level priority, and reserving an execution time window for the voltage control task; setting the compensation task as a preset low-level priority, and asynchronously executing the compensation task in the idle state of the system. The present application has the effect of improving the stability of voltage control and the efficiency of engine starting.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] This invention relates to the technical field of automotive power management, specifically to a method and system for voltage control of a microcontroller for a 24V automotive starting power supply. Background Technology

[0002] In modern automotive electrical systems, the 24V starter module is a critical component for ensuring smooth engine starting and protecting onboard electronic equipment. The module is typically driven by a microcontroller core, which regulates the output through precise voltage control.

[0003] At the output of a 24V starter power module, a large-capacity filter capacitor is typically configured to smooth the output voltage and suppress ripple. However, under the harsh conditions of long-term vehicle exposure to vibration, temperature cycling, and repeated high-current discharges, the internal structure of these output filter capacitors changes, causing their equivalent series resistance to gradually increase, while the effective capacitance value also slightly decreases. When the equivalent series resistance increases, under the large current transient impact required for engine starting, the current flowing through the capacitor will generate a larger voltage drop across its internal equivalent series resistance, resulting in more pronounced ripple in the power supply output voltage, which is more difficult to suppress effectively.

[0004] To address the challenges posed by hardware aging, microcontroller firmware typically includes adaptive adjustment logic. While this increased compensatory computation improves voltage measurement accuracy and control stability to some extent, it also consumes valuable microcontroller processing time. During rapid responses, such as engine startup, this additional computational load can cause minor, unpredictable delays in the execution cycle of the main voltage control program, thereby reducing the transient response speed and accuracy of voltage control.

[0005] When all these factors accumulated from aging and usage habits occur simultaneously, traditional fixed-parameter microcontroller voltage control methods become inadequate. They cannot simultaneously achieve the required high precision, ultra-fast response, and robustness to stably output 24V during the dynamic engine start-up process. This can lead to voltage overshoot, undershoot, or excessively long settling times at the moment of engine start-up, affecting sensitive automotive electronics and even reducing engine start-up efficiency and reliability.

[0006] To address the aforementioned issues, existing technologies urgently need improvement. Summary of the Invention

[0007] This application discloses a voltage control method and system for a microcontroller in a 24V automotive starting power supply. It aims to solve the challenges of maintaining high precision, fast response, and stable output in traditional voltage control methods in modern automotive electrical systems due to factors such as component aging, environmental changes, and increased compensation tasks. In particular, it is difficult to achieve high precision, ultra-fast response, and robustness simultaneously under transient high current surges such as engine start-up, which affects the efficiency of on-board electronic devices and engine starting.

[0008] The technical solution of this application is as follows:

[0009] In a first aspect, this application discloses a voltage control method for a microcontroller in a 24V automotive starting power supply, comprising:

[0010] Acquire and manage the tasks of the microcontroller in the automotive 24V starting power system;

[0011] The tasks of the microcontroller are identified and asynchronously scheduled to obtain voltage control tasks and compensation tasks;

[0012] Set the voltage control task to a preset high priority and reserve an execution time window for the voltage control task;

[0013] Based on a preset high priority and execution time window, the voltage control tasks include: sampling through a hardware low-pass filter to obtain the output voltage; executing a preset control algorithm to calculate the duty cycle of the pulse width modulation signal based on the deviation between the output voltage and the target voltage; and updating the pulse width modulation output signal based on the duty cycle to control the output voltage.

[0014] The compensation task is set to a preset low priority and executed asynchronously when the system is idle. The compensation task includes: activating an external reference voltage source, measuring an internal reference voltage, calculating a correction coefficient, and correcting the output voltage based on the correction coefficient; acquiring local temperature information of the chip using a distributed temperature sensor, and adjusting the clock oscillator frequency and analog-to-digital converter linearity based on the local temperature information; acquiring the operating status information of a pre-specified high-noise accessory, and adjusting the parameters of the digital filter based on the operating status information; generating a test current pulse, sampling the transient response waveform of the output voltage, analyzing the characteristics of the transient response waveform to infer the equivalent series resistance and effective capacitance value of the output filter capacitor, and adjusting the integral and derivative coefficients of the preset control algorithm based on the equivalent series resistance and effective capacitance value.

[0015] This technical solution prioritizes and asynchronously schedules microcontroller tasks, ensuring rapid response and high-precision execution of core voltage control tasks at critical moments. Simultaneously, it schedules compensation tasks during system idle periods, effectively avoiding interference from compensation calculations on the main voltage control program's execution cycle in traditional methods. This solves the problem of decreased voltage control accuracy and response speed caused by hardware aging and environmental changes.

[0016] Furthermore, this application proposes the following steps: generating a test current pulse, sampling the transient response waveform of the output voltage, analyzing the characteristics of the transient response waveform to infer the equivalent series resistance and effective capacitance value of the output filter capacitor, and adjusting the integral and derivative coefficients of the preset control algorithm based on the equivalent series resistance and effective capacitance value:

[0017] Monitor the peak-to-peak value of the output voltage ripple; monitor the transient response time of the output voltage; monitor the overshoot amplitude of the output voltage; monitor the undershoot amplitude of the output voltage;

[0018] Adjust the integral coefficient of the preset control algorithm based on the peak-to-peak value of the ripple; the preset control algorithm is a proportional-integral-derivative control algorithm.

[0019] Adjust the proportional coefficient and derivative coefficient of the preset control algorithm based on the transient response time, overshoot amplitude, and undervoltage amplitude;

[0020] Verify the parameters of the adjusted preset control algorithm and obtain the parameter verification results;

[0021] The stored parameter verification results represent the parameters of the valid adjusted preset control algorithm;

[0022] Rollback invalidated settings for the preset control algorithm parameters.

[0023] Through this technical solution, this application can dynamically adjust the parameters of the PID control algorithm based on key indicators such as output voltage ripple, transient response, overshoot, and undervoltage. It also introduces parameter verification and rollback mechanisms to ensure the adaptability and robustness of the control algorithm under complex operating conditions, effectively address issues such as filter capacitor aging, and improve the stability and reliability of voltage control.

[0024] In some preferred embodiments, the step of monitoring the peak-to-peak value of the output voltage ripple includes:

[0025] Obtain the operating status of auxiliary equipment;

[0026] Identify transient fluctuations based on the operating status of auxiliary equipment;

[0027] Based on transient fluctuations, correct the voltage sample values ​​affected by transient fluctuations;

[0028] Adjust the ripple peak-to-peak value assessment threshold according to the operating status of the auxiliary equipment;

[0029] The peak-to-peak value of the output voltage is monitored by evaluating the threshold based on the corrected voltage sample value and the adjusted peak-to-peak value of the ripple.

[0030] By adopting this technical solution, this application corrects the voltage sampling value and dynamically adjusts the ripple peak-to-peak value evaluation threshold by considering the operating status of auxiliary equipment. This effectively eliminates the negative impact of external interference on ripple monitoring, making the evaluation of ripple peak-to-peak value more accurate, thus providing a more reliable basis for the adjustment of subsequent control algorithms.

[0031] As an optional approach, the steps for monitoring the transient response time of the output voltage include:

[0032] Obtain the operating status of auxiliary equipment inside the vehicle when the power reaches a preset threshold, and obtain the operating information of the specified auxiliary equipment;

[0033] When engine start-up or heavy load switching is detected, the output voltage is continuously acquired at a preset high sampling rate;

[0034] Based on the specified auxiliary equipment operation information, identify transient fluctuations caused by auxiliary equipment whose power reaches a preset threshold, and distinguish the transient fluctuations caused by auxiliary equipment whose power reaches the preset threshold from the output voltage to obtain the distinguished output voltage;

[0035] The first time point is obtained by identifying the time point at which the output voltage deviates from the target value after differentiation;

[0036] The second time point is obtained by identifying the time point when the output voltage after identification and differentiation remains stable within the allowable error range of the target value.

[0037] Calculate the time interval between the first and second time points as the transient response time.

[0038] Through this technical solution, this application combines auxiliary equipment operation information to accurately identify and distinguish transient fluctuations at a high sampling rate, and calculates the time required for the voltage to stabilize from deviation. This enables accurate evaluation of the system's transient response performance during engine startup or heavy load switching, providing key data for optimizing control algorithms.

[0039] Furthermore, the steps for adjusting the proportional and derivative coefficients of the preset control algorithm based on the transient response time, overshoot amplitude, and undervoltage amplitude include:

[0040] Based on the changing trend of ripple peak value, determine the impact of adjusting the proportional coefficient and derivative coefficient of the preset control algorithm on the ripple suppression effect of the integral coefficient.

[0041] If the impact is negative, then the proportional coefficient and differential coefficient should be adjusted in the opposite direction.

[0042] While adjusting the proportional and derivative coefficients in the reverse direction, the integral coefficient is increased to prioritize the recovery of ripple suppression capability;

[0043] After the ripple suppression capability has been restored first, the proportional coefficient and the derivative coefficient are adjusted again.

[0044] Continuously monitor the peak-to-peak value of the ripple until it returns to the preset range.

[0045] Through this technical solution, this application introduces a judgment mechanism for ripple suppression effect. When the adjustment of the proportional coefficient and the derivative coefficient has a negative impact on the ripple, it can adjust in reverse in a timely manner and prioritize increasing the integral coefficient to restore the ripple suppression capability. This ensures that the voltage stability is not sacrificed while optimizing the transient response, and achieves more refined and robust control.

[0046] Based on this, the steps of continuously monitoring the peak-to-peak value of the ripple until it returns to the preset range include:

[0047] Obtain information about the vehicle's current operating mode;

[0048] Adjust the preset range of ripple peak value based on the vehicle's current operating mode information;

[0049] Calculate the peak-to-peak value of the output voltage ripple during each control cycle;

[0050] The peak-to-peak value of the output voltage ripple is compared with the adjusted preset range to obtain the peak value comparison result;

[0051] If the peak value comparison result indicates that the peak-to-peak value of the output voltage ripple is within the adjusted preset range, then it is determined that the output voltage has been restored to the preset range.

[0052] This technical solution allows for more flexible and adaptable ripple suppression target setting by dynamically adjusting the preset range of ripple peak value according to the vehicle's current operating mode, thereby improving the voltage stability of the system under different operating modes.

[0053] Based on the above, this application further proposes that, if the impact is negative, after the step of adjusting the proportional coefficient and differential coefficient in reverse, it also includes:

[0054] Obtain the difference between the peak-to-peak value of the current output voltage ripple and the peak-to-peak value of the ripple before reverse adjustment;

[0055] Obtain the difference between the transient response time of the current output voltage and the transient response time before reverse adjustment;

[0056] Obtain the difference between the current output voltage overshoot amplitude and the overshoot amplitude before reverse adjustment;

[0057] Obtain the difference between the current undervoltage magnitude of the output voltage and the undervoltage magnitude before reverse adjustment;

[0058] Based on the differences of all types, determine the initial step size of the proportional coefficient and the differential coefficient for the reverse adjustment;

[0059] Adjust the proportional coefficient and derivative coefficient in reverse order based on the initial step size;

[0060] During the reverse adjustment of the proportional and derivative coefficients, the transient response time, overshoot amplitude, and undershoot amplitude of the output voltage are continuously monitored.

[0061] Based on the transient response time, overshoot amplitude, and undervoltage amplitude, adjust the initial step size of the reverse adjustment proportional coefficient and the derivative coefficient to obtain the adjusted step size;

[0062] Based on the adjusted step size, readjust the proportional coefficient and differential coefficient in the reverse direction.

[0063] This technical solution uses multi-dimensional difference analysis to determine the initial step size for reverse adjustment, and continuously monitors key indicators and dynamically adjusts the step size during the adjustment process. This achieves more accurate and intelligent reverse adjustment of the proportional coefficient and differential coefficient, effectively avoiding over-adjustment or under-adjustment, and further optimizing the control effect.

[0064] To optimize the structure, the steps of increasing the integral coefficient while adjusting the proportional and derivative coefficients in reverse to prioritize the recovery of ripple suppression capability include:

[0065] Obtain the instantaneous rate of change of the current system load;

[0066] Obtain dynamic fluctuation information of battery internal resistance;

[0067] Obtain actual switching loss information of the power switching transistor;

[0068] The step size for increasing the integral coefficient is determined based on the trend of ripple peak value, the instantaneous rate of change of system load, the dynamic fluctuation information of battery internal resistance, and the actual switching loss information of power switching transistors.

[0069] Increase the integral coefficient by increasing the step size.

[0070] This technical solution, by comprehensively considering various real-time parameters such as system load change rate, battery internal resistance fluctuation and power switching loss, dynamically determines the step size of the integral coefficient, making the ripple suppression capability recovery process more accurate and efficient, thus enabling rapid and stable output voltage even in complex dynamic environments.

[0071] To improve the solution, after the ripple suppression capability has been restored first, the steps to readjust the proportional and differential coefficients include:

[0072] Monitor the instantaneous rate of change of the system load current;

[0073] Determine whether the instantaneous rate of change exceeds a preset threshold, and obtain the instantaneous change determination result;

[0074] If the instantaneous change judgment result indicates yes, then pause the adjustment of the current proportional coefficient and differential coefficient;

[0075] Restore the proportional and differential coefficients to the previously verified parameters;

[0076] Activate fast recovery mode to prioritize the stability of output voltage;

[0077] Once the instantaneous rate of change recovers to below the preset threshold and the output voltage stabilizes within the target range, restart the adjustment process of the proportional coefficient and the derivative coefficient.

[0078] Adjust the proportional coefficient and differential coefficient based on the adjustment progress before the pause and the current system status.

[0079] This technical solution introduces a monitoring and judgment mechanism for the instantaneous change rate of system load current. When the system load changes drastically, parameter adjustment can be paused and a fast recovery mode can be started, prioritizing the stability of the output voltage. This effectively avoids the negative impact that may be caused by parameter adjustment under unstable operating conditions and improves the robustness of the system.

[0080] Secondly, this application also discloses a voltage control system for a 24V automotive starter power supply microcontroller, used to perform voltage control of the 24V automotive starter power supply microcontroller, including:

[0081] The control task acquisition module is used to acquire and manage the tasks of the microcontroller in the automotive 24V starting power system.

[0082] The asynchronous task scheduling module is used to identify and asynchronously schedule the tasks of the microcontroller to obtain voltage control tasks and compensation tasks;

[0083] The voltage control setting module is used to set the voltage control task to a preset high priority and reserve an execution time window for the voltage control task;

[0084] The output voltage control module performs voltage control tasks based on a preset high priority and execution time window, including: sampling through a hardware low-pass filter to obtain the output voltage; executing a preset control algorithm to calculate the duty cycle of the pulse width modulation signal based on the deviation between the output voltage and the target voltage; and updating the pulse width modulation output signal based on the duty cycle to control the output voltage.

[0085] The compensation task execution module is used to set the compensation task to a preset low priority and execute it asynchronously when the system is idle. The compensation task includes: activating the external reference voltage source, measuring the internal reference voltage, calculating the correction coefficient, and correcting the output voltage based on the correction coefficient; using distributed temperature sensors to obtain the local temperature information of the chip, and adjusting the clock oscillator frequency and the linearity of the analog-to-digital converter according to the local temperature information; obtaining the operating status information of a pre-specified high-noise accessory, and adjusting the parameters of the digital filter according to the operating status information; generating a test current pulse, sampling the transient response waveform of the output voltage, analyzing the characteristics of the transient response waveform to infer the equivalent series resistance and effective capacitance value of the output filter capacitor, and adjusting the integral and derivative coefficients of the preset control algorithm according to the equivalent series resistance and effective capacitance value.

[0086] Through this technical solution, this application achieves intelligent management, priority scheduling, and asynchronous execution of microcontroller tasks via modular design, ensuring the real-time performance and accuracy of core voltage control. At the same time, the compensation function is integrated into low-priority tasks, effectively solving the problem of voltage control performance degradation caused by hardware aging and environmental changes in traditional systems, and improving the overall stability and reliability of the system.

[0087] Beneficial Effects: This application provides a voltage control method for a microcontroller in a 24V automotive starting power supply. By acquiring and managing the tasks of the microcontroller, identifying and asynchronously scheduling them, the voltage control task is set to a preset high priority and an execution time window is reserved. This ensures that the core voltage control task can be executed quickly and accurately at critical moments such as engine start-up, effectively avoiding the control delay caused by compensation calculations in traditional methods. Simultaneously, the compensation task is set to a preset low priority and executed asynchronously when the system is idle. The compensation task includes activating an external reference voltage source for correction, adjusting the clock oscillator frequency and analog-to-digital converter linearity using a distributed temperature sensor, adjusting digital filter parameters according to the operating status of high-noise accessories, and inferring the equivalent series resistance and effective capacitance value of the output filter capacitor by generating test current pulses and analyzing the transient response waveform, thereby adjusting the integral and derivative coefficients of the preset control algorithm.

[0088] This application effectively solves the problems of microcontroller internal reference voltage drift, sensitivity to temperature changes, increased system electrical noise, and aging of filter capacitors in the background technology. The high-priority voltage control task ensures rapid response and stable output under transient high-current impacts, avoiding voltage overshoot, undervoltage, or excessively long settling times. The low-priority compensation task adaptively corrects for changes in the internal and external environment without affecting the main control task, improving the accuracy of voltage measurement and the stability of control. In particular, the inference of the equivalent series resistance and effective capacitance value of the output filter capacitor and the dynamic adjustment of the control algorithm parameters effectively address the increased ripple and suppression difficulties caused by capacitor aging. This achieves high precision, ultra-fast response, and robustness during dynamic engine start-up, stably outputting 24V voltage, protecting sensitive automotive electronic equipment, and improving the efficiency and reliability of engine start-up. Attached Figure Description

[0089] Figure 1 This is a flowchart of a method for controlling the voltage of a microcontroller for a 24V automotive starting power supply, as described in one embodiment of the present invention.

[0090] Figure 2 This is a flowchart of a method for controlling the voltage of a microcontroller for a 24V automotive starting power supply, according to another embodiment of the present invention.

[0091] Figure 3 This is a system block diagram of a microcontroller voltage control system for a 24V automotive starting power supply according to another embodiment of the present invention;

[0092] Explanation of reference numerals in the attached figures:

[0093] 1. Microcontroller voltage control system for automotive 24V starting power supply; 11. Control task acquisition module; 12. Task asynchronous scheduling module; 13. Voltage control setting module; 14. Output voltage control module; 15. Compensation task execution module. Detailed Implementation

[0094] The technical solutions of this application will now be clearly and completely described with reference to the accompanying drawings. Obviously, the described embodiments are merely some embodiments of this application, and not all embodiments. The components of this application described and shown in the accompanying drawings can generally be arranged and designed in various different configurations. Therefore, the following detailed description of the embodiments of this application provided in the accompanying drawings is not intended to limit the scope of the claimed application, but merely to illustrate selected embodiments of this application. All other embodiments obtained by those skilled in the art based on the embodiments of this application without inventive effort are within the scope of protection of this application.

[0095] It should be noted that similar reference numerals and letters in the following figures indicate similar items; therefore, once an item is defined in one figure, it does not need to be further defined and explained in subsequent figures. Furthermore, in the description of this application, terms such as "first," "second," etc., are used only to distinguish descriptions and should not be construed as indicating or implying relative importance.

[0096] This application proposes a voltage control method for a microcontroller in an automotive 24V starting power supply, combined with... Figure 1 As shown, it includes:

[0097] S1 acquires and manages the tasks of the microcontroller in the automotive 24V starting power system;

[0098] S2 identifies and asynchronously schedules the tasks of the microcontroller to obtain voltage control tasks and compensation tasks;

[0099] S3 sets the voltage control task to a preset high priority and reserves an execution time window for the voltage control task;

[0100] S4, based on a preset high priority and execution time window, performs the following voltage control tasks: sampling through a hardware low-pass filter to obtain the output voltage; executing a preset control algorithm to calculate the duty cycle of the pulse width modulation signal based on the deviation between the output voltage and the target voltage; and updating the pulse width modulation output signal based on the duty cycle to control the output voltage.

[0101] S5 sets the compensation task to a preset low priority and executes it asynchronously when the system is idle. The compensation task includes: activating the external reference voltage source, measuring the internal reference voltage, calculating the correction coefficient, and correcting the output voltage based on the correction coefficient; acquiring the local temperature information of the chip using a distributed temperature sensor, and adjusting the clock oscillator frequency and the linearity of the analog-to-digital converter based on the local temperature information; acquiring the operating status information of a pre-specified high-noise accessory, and adjusting the parameters of the digital filter based on the operating status information; generating a test current pulse, sampling the transient response waveform of the output voltage, analyzing the characteristics of the transient response waveform to infer the equivalent series resistance and effective capacitance value of the output filter capacitor, and adjusting the integral and derivative coefficients of the preset control algorithm based on the equivalent series resistance and effective capacitance value.

[0102] In this embodiment, the term "microcontroller" refers to an integrated circuit chip, which internally includes a processor core, memory, timers, an analog-to-digital converter (ADC), a pulse width modulation (PWM) module, and various input / output interfaces to perform specific control functions. In an automotive 24V starting power supply system, the microcontroller is the core control unit, responsible for monitoring the power supply status, executing voltage regulation algorithms, and managing system tasks.

[0103] The "voltage control task" refers to the core function of a microcontroller responsible for real-time monitoring of the output voltage, calculating control parameters, and driving the PWM signal to maintain a stable output voltage. This task has extremely high real-time requirements and directly affects the power supply's transient response and steady-state accuracy.

[0104] "Compensation tasks" refer to auxiliary functions in a microcontroller used to calibrate internal system parameters and optimize control performance. These tasks typically do not have high real-time requirements and can be executed when the system is idle to correct errors caused by hardware aging or environmental changes.

[0105] A hardware low-pass filter is an analog circuit used to filter out high-frequency noise and ensure the purity of voltage sample values. Its function is to prevent high-frequency interference signals from entering the analog-to-digital converter, thereby improving the accuracy of voltage measurements.

[0106] "Preset control algorithm" usually refers to proportional-integral-derivative (PID) control algorithm or other similar feedback control algorithm, which is used to calculate the required control quantity based on the deviation between the output voltage and the target voltage.

[0107] Pulse Width Modulation (PWM) signals are a technique that controls average voltage or current by adjusting the pulse width. In power supply control, PWM signals are used to drive power switching transistors, thereby regulating the output voltage.

[0108] An "external reference voltage source" refers to a voltage source that is independent of the microcontroller's internal components, possesses high stability and high precision, and is used to calibrate the drift of the microcontroller's internal reference voltage source.

[0109] "Distributed temperature sensors" refer to multiple temperature sensors integrated in different locations inside a microcontroller chip to obtain local temperature information of various areas of the chip, so as to more accurately assess the overall thermal state of the chip.

[0110] "High-noise accessories" refer to devices in the automotive electrical system that may generate significant electromagnetic interference, such as windshield wiper motors, cooling fan motors, and fuel pumps.

[0111] A "digital filter" is a module that uses digital signal processing algorithms to implement filtering functions, and is used to further filter out noise in voltage sampling signals.

[0112] "Output filter capacitor" refers to a capacitor connected to the power supply output terminal to smooth the output voltage, reduce ripple, and provide the energy required by transient loads.

[0113] In the voltage control method of the microcontroller in the automotive 24V starting power supply system, it is first necessary to acquire and manage the tasks of the microcontroller. This can be achieved in several ways. For example, the microcontroller can be configured with a task queue containing various system operations to be executed, such as voltage sampling, PWM update, temperature monitoring, and reference voltage calibration. These tasks can be managed by the operating system or a bare-metal scheduler. As another implementation method, an event-driven mechanism can be used, where the corresponding task is activated and added to the execution list when a specific event (such as a timer interrupt or ADC conversion completion) occurs.

[0114] Next, the microcontroller's tasks are identified and asynchronously scheduled to obtain voltage control and compensation tasks. Task identification can be accomplished by analyzing the nature of the tasks and their real-time requirements. For example, tasks directly related to the output voltage (such as voltage sampling, PWM calculation and updating) are identified as voltage control tasks, while tasks related to system calibration and parameter optimization (such as reference voltage measurement, temperature information acquisition, and digital filter parameter adjustment) are identified as compensation tasks. Asynchronous scheduling can be achieved by implementing a real-time operating system (RTOS) or a simple task scheduler in the microcontroller. The RTOS can schedule tasks based on their priority and time slices, ensuring the real-time performance of high-priority tasks.

[0115] Set the voltage control task to a preset high priority and reserve an execution time window for it. A high priority can be achieved by assigning the highest priority value to the voltage control task in the RTOS. For example, the priority of the voltage control task can be set to 10, while other tasks can have priorities from 1 to 9. The reserved execution time window can be achieved by configuring a timer interrupt to ensure that the voltage control task receives sufficient CPU time to complete its operation within each control cycle. For example, a timer interrupt can be set to trigger every 100 microseconds, and the voltage control task can be executed within the interrupt service routine.

[0116] Based on a preset high priority level and execution time window, the voltage control task includes: sampling the output voltage through a hardware low-pass filter; calculating the duty cycle of the pulse width modulation (PWM) signal based on the deviation between the output voltage and the target voltage using a preset control algorithm; and updating the PWM output signal according to the duty cycle to control the output voltage. The hardware low-pass filter can be a simple RC filter used to filter out high-frequency noise. Sampling can be performed using a microcontroller's analog-to-digital converter (ADC) to convert the analog voltage signal into a digital value. The preset control algorithm can be a PID controller, calculating the proportional, integral, and derivative terms based on the deviation between the output voltage and the target voltage, and summing them to obtain the control quantity. The duty cycle calculation can be mapped based on the control quantity and the characteristics of the PWM module. Updating the PWM output signal can be accomplished by writing to the PWM register, thereby changing the duty cycle of the PWM waveform and thus controlling the output voltage.

[0117] The compensation task is set to a preset low priority and executed asynchronously when the system is idle. The compensation task includes: activating an external reference voltage source, measuring the internal reference voltage, calculating correction coefficients, and correcting the output voltage based on these coefficients; acquiring local temperature information of the chip using distributed temperature sensors and adjusting the clock oscillator frequency and analog-to-digital converter linearity based on this information; acquiring the operating status information of a pre-specified high-noise accessory and adjusting the parameters of the digital filter based on this information; generating a test current pulse, sampling the transient response waveform of the output voltage, analyzing the characteristics of the transient response waveform to infer the equivalent series resistance and effective capacitance value of the output filter capacitor, and adjusting the integral and derivative coefficients of the preset control algorithm based on these values. The low priority can be achieved by assigning a lower priority value to the compensation task in the RTOS. The system idle state can be determined by monitoring CPU utilization or the length of the task queue. When CPU utilization is below a certain threshold or the task queue is empty, the system is considered idle, and the compensation task can be executed at this time. An external reference voltage source can be implemented using a high-precision voltage reference chip. An ADC measures the internal reference voltage and compares it with the external reference voltage to calculate a correction factor. Distributed temperature sensors can be implemented using multiple thermistors or PN junctions integrated within the chip. The ADC reads the temperature value, and the frequency division factor of the clock oscillator or the calibration parameters of the analog-to-digital converter are adjusted accordingly. Operating status information of high-noise accessories can be obtained by reading data from the vehicle bus (such as the CAN bus). The cutoff frequency or order of the digital filter is adjusted based on the accessory's operating status. Test current pulses can be generated by controlling a programmable load or driving a resistor via PWM. The transient response waveform of the output voltage is sampled by an ADC, and signal processing algorithms are used to analyze the waveform characteristics to infer the equivalent series resistance and effective capacitance value of the output filter capacitor. The integral and derivative coefficients of the preset control algorithm are then adjusted based on these parameters.

[0118] Optional, combined Figure 2 As shown, the steps of generating a test current pulse, sampling the transient response waveform of the output voltage, analyzing the characteristics of the transient response waveform to infer the equivalent series resistance and effective capacitance value of the output filter capacitor, and adjusting the integral and derivative coefficients of the preset control algorithm based on the equivalent series resistance and effective capacitance value include:

[0119] A1 monitors the peak-to-peak value of the output voltage ripple; monitors the transient response time of the output voltage; monitors the overshoot amplitude of the output voltage; monitors the undershoot amplitude of the output voltage.

[0120] A2, adjust the integral coefficient of the preset control algorithm according to the peak-to-peak value of the ripple; the preset control algorithm is a proportional-integral-derivative control algorithm;

[0121] A3, adjust the proportional coefficient and derivative coefficient of the preset control algorithm according to the transient response time, overshoot amplitude and undervoltage amplitude;

[0122] A4, verify the parameters of the adjusted preset control algorithm and obtain the parameter verification results;

[0123] A5, the stored parameter verification result represents the parameters of the valid adjusted preset control algorithm;

[0124] A6, parameters of the adjusted preset control algorithm that were rolled back invalidally.

[0125] Specifically, monitoring the peak-to-peak ripple, transient response time, overshoot amplitude, and undervoltage amplitude of the output voltage aims to comprehensively evaluate the dynamic performance and stability of the power supply output. The peak-to-peak ripple reflects the AC component of the output voltage and is closely related to the power supply's filtering effect and stability; the transient response time measures the system's response speed to load changes; the overshoot amplitude represents the maximum deviation of the voltage from the target value during transient changes; and the undervoltage amplitude represents the maximum deviation of the voltage from the target value. These parameters collectively provide a comprehensive evaluation of the power supply performance, offering multi-dimensional basis for subsequent adjustments to control algorithm parameters.

[0126] The preset control algorithm can be understood as a feedback control mechanism for adjusting the output voltage, specifically employing a proportional-integral-derivative (PID) control algorithm. By combining proportional, integral, and derivative terms, the PID control algorithm effectively handles steady-state error, improves response speed, and suppresses oscillations. Specifically, the proportional coefficient primarily affects the system's response speed and steady-state error; the integral coefficient is mainly used to eliminate steady-state error and plays a crucial role in ripple suppression; and the derivative coefficient is used to improve the system's dynamic characteristics, suppress overshoot and undervoltage, and enhance system stability.

[0127] In practical applications, the integral coefficient of the preset control algorithm can be adjusted based on the monitored peak-to-peak value of the ripple. For example, when the peak-to-peak value of the ripple is large, the integral coefficient can be appropriately increased to enhance the suppression of steady-state error and ripple. Simultaneously, the proportional and derivative coefficients of the preset control algorithm can be adjusted based on the transient response time, overshoot amplitude, and undervoltage amplitude. For example, if the transient response time is too long or the overshoot and undervoltage amplitudes are large, it may be necessary to adjust the proportional coefficient to speed up the response or adjust the derivative coefficient to enhance the damping effect, thereby optimizing the transient response performance.

[0128] Furthermore, to ensure the effectiveness and safety of the adjusted control algorithm parameters, they need to be verified. This verification process may include testing the system's dynamic response under specific load conditions and comparing it with preset performance indicators. If the verification results show that the adjusted parameters meet the performance requirements, these parameters are stored as valid control parameters. Conversely, if the verification results show that the adjusted parameters lead to a decrease in system performance or instability, it is necessary to roll back to the parameters before adjustment to avoid potential risks.

[0129] In some preferred embodiments, this application is implemented as follows: Assume that when a car's 24V starting power supply starts the engine, the output voltage experiences a brief drop followed by overshoot due to a momentary change in load. At this time, the microcontroller initiates the parameter adjustment process in the compensation task. First, the system monitors the peak-to-peak ripple, transient response time, overshoot amplitude, and undervoltage amplitude of the output voltage. For example, if the peak-to-peak ripple is detected to be slightly higher than a preset threshold, and the transient response time is long with a large overshoot amplitude, the system first appropriately increases the integral coefficient of the preset control algorithm (e.g., a PID algorithm) based on the high peak-to-peak ripple to enhance ripple suppression. Subsequently, based on the long transient response time and large overshoot amplitude, the system adjusts the proportional coefficient to accelerate the response speed and adjusts the derivative coefficient to enhance the damping effect, thereby reducing overshoot. After completing these adjustments, the system performs a parameter verification process, such as simulating engine start-up or large load switching again, and monitors the adjusted output voltage performance. If the verification results show that the peak-to-peak ripple, transient response time, overshoot amplitude, and undervoltage amplitude have all recovered to the target range, then these new PID parameters will be stored as valid parameters. Conversely, if the verification results are unsatisfactory, the system will automatically roll back to the last valid parameter settings and may trigger further diagnostic or adjustment attempts to ensure that the power supply always operates in an optimal and stable state.

[0130] Optionally, the steps for monitoring the peak-to-peak value of the output voltage ripple include:

[0131] Obtain the operating status of auxiliary equipment;

[0132] Identify transient fluctuations based on the operating status of auxiliary equipment;

[0133] Based on transient fluctuations, correct the voltage sample values ​​affected by transient fluctuations;

[0134] Adjust the ripple peak-to-peak value assessment threshold according to the operating status of the auxiliary equipment;

[0135] The peak-to-peak value of the output voltage is monitored by evaluating the threshold based on the corrected voltage sample value and the adjusted peak-to-peak value of the ripple.

[0136] Specifically, acquiring the operating status of auxiliary equipment refers to the system acquiring and analyzing in real time information such as the operating mode, power consumption, and start / stop events of various auxiliary devices currently connected to the vehicle's 24V starting power system (e.g., air conditioning, audio, headlights, power windows). The purpose is to provide contextual information for subsequent identification and correction of transient fluctuations.

[0137] In this context, identifying transient fluctuations based on the operating status of auxiliary equipment can be understood as anticipating potential voltage or current transient changes when an auxiliary device starts, stops, or its operating mode changes significantly. For example, when high-power auxiliary equipment (such as a starter motor or electric power steering system) starts, significant transient voltage drops or overshoots may occur on the power lines. The purpose is to distinguish between normal ripple and transient interference caused by changes in external load.

[0138] In practical applications, correcting voltage sample values ​​affected by transient fluctuations involves the system employing specific digital signal processing techniques (e.g., transient suppression algorithms, moving average filtering, median filtering, or prediction model-based compensation) to correct the voltage sample values ​​acquired during the transient fluctuation period once the fluctuation is identified. The aim is to eliminate or reduce the impact of transient fluctuations on ripple peak-to-peak value measurement, ensuring the accuracy of the sampled values.

[0139] Furthermore, adjusting the ripple peak-to-peak value assessment threshold based on the operating status of auxiliary equipment means that the system can dynamically adjust the threshold used to determine whether the ripple peak-to-peak value exceeds the limit under different operating conditions of auxiliary equipment. For example, when the system is under heavy load or certain high-noise auxiliary equipment is running, the ripple peak-to-peak value assessment threshold can be appropriately relaxed to avoid misjudgment; conversely, in light-load or low-noise environments, the threshold can be tightened to improve monitoring sensitivity. The purpose is to make ripple monitoring more adaptable to actual working conditions and avoid unnecessary adjustments to the control algorithm.

[0140] Therefore, by monitoring the peak-to-peak value of the output voltage ripple based on the corrected voltage sampling value and the adjusted ripple peak-to-peak value evaluation threshold, the monitoring results of the output voltage ripple are more accurate and reliable in the complex and ever-changing automotive environment.

[0141] In some preferred embodiments, this application is implemented as follows: Assume that the vehicle's 24V starting power supply system is powering multiple auxiliary devices in the vehicle. When the driver starts the vehicle's air conditioning compressor, the system detects the start-up event of the air conditioning compressor (a high-power auxiliary device) by acquiring the operating status of the auxiliary devices. At this time, the system recognizes the transient voltage drop that may be caused by the start-up of the air conditioning compressor. During the transient drop, the system corrects the voltage sample value affected by this transient fluctuation, for example, by filtering out transient components through an adaptive filter or by compensating the sample value through a predictive model. Simultaneously, the system dynamically adjusts the ripple peak-to-peak value evaluation threshold according to the high load state of the air conditioning compressor, for example, by relaxing it from 20mV to 30mV. Subsequently, the system accurately monitors the ripple peak-to-peak value of the output voltage based on the corrected voltage sample value and the adjusted evaluation threshold. In this way, even under transient interference caused by the start-up of the air conditioning compressor, the system can accurately evaluate the actual ripple level of the power supply, avoiding unnecessary adjustments to the control algorithm due to transient fluctuations being misjudged as high ripple, thereby ensuring the stable operation of the power supply and the accuracy of the control algorithm.

[0142] Optionally, the steps for monitoring the transient response time of the output voltage include:

[0143] Obtain the operating status of auxiliary equipment inside the vehicle when the power reaches a preset threshold, and obtain the operating information of the specified auxiliary equipment;

[0144] When engine start-up or heavy load switching is detected, the output voltage is continuously acquired at a preset high sampling rate;

[0145] Based on the specified auxiliary equipment operation information, identify transient fluctuations caused by auxiliary equipment whose power reaches a preset threshold, and distinguish the transient fluctuations caused by auxiliary equipment whose power reaches the preset threshold from the output voltage to obtain the distinguished output voltage;

[0146] The first time point is obtained by identifying the time point at which the output voltage deviates from the target value after differentiation;

[0147] The second time point is obtained by identifying the time point when the output voltage after identification and differentiation remains stable within the allowable error range of the target value.

[0148] Calculate the time interval between the first and second time points as the transient response time.

[0149] Specifically, "obtaining the operating status of auxiliary devices inside the vehicle whose power reaches a preset threshold and acquiring the operating information of designated auxiliary devices" refers to acquiring the real-time operating status of high-power auxiliary devices inside the vehicle, such as air conditioning compressors, electric power steering systems, and heated seats, through in-vehicle networks (e.g., CAN bus) or dedicated sensors. These auxiliary devices cause significant load changes during startup or switching, resulting in transient fluctuations in output voltage. Acquiring their operating information can provide a basis for subsequent identification and differentiation of transient fluctuations.

[0150] "Continuously acquiring output voltage at a preset high sampling rate when engine start-up or heavy load switching is detected" means that when the system detects engine start-up (e.g., via ignition signal or engine speed signal) or heavy load switching (e.g., high-power auxiliary equipment), the analog-to-digital converter (ADC) sampling frequency is temporarily increased to a preset high sampling rate to capture subtle changes in the output voltage. This is designed to ensure that a sufficiently dense set of voltage data points can be acquired during critical transient events to accurately analyze the transient response waveform.

[0151] "Based on the operating information of designated auxiliary equipment, identifying transient fluctuations caused by auxiliary equipment whose power reaches a preset threshold, and distinguishing these transient fluctuations from the output voltage to obtain a differentiated output voltage" refers to using previously acquired operating information of designated auxiliary equipment, combined with signal processing techniques (such as digital filtering, pattern recognition, or event-based signal separation algorithms), to separate voltage fluctuations caused by these auxiliary equipment that are unrelated to the power supply's own transient response from the original output voltage sample value. For example, if it is known that an auxiliary device starts at a certain moment and causes a voltage disturbance of a specific frequency or amplitude, the disturbance can be removed from the total voltage waveform using an appropriate algorithm, thereby obtaining a purer, differentiated output voltage that reflects the power supply's own response characteristics.

[0152] "Identifying the first time point when the differentiated output voltage first deviates from the target value" refers to determining the moment in the differentiated output voltage waveform when it first deviates from the preset target voltage value (e.g., the deviation exceeds a certain preset threshold). This time point is usually considered to be the starting point of the transient response.

[0153] "Identifying the time point at which the differentiated output voltage remains stable within the allowable error range of the target value, thus obtaining the second time point" refers to determining the time point in the differentiated output voltage waveform at which, after experiencing a transient change, it remains within the allowable error range of the target voltage value (e.g., ±1% or ±2%). This time point is usually considered the end point of the transient response, marking that the system has returned to stability.

[0154] "Calculating the time interval between the first and second time points as the transient response time" means obtaining the time length from the start point to the end point of the transient response through simple time difference calculation. This time length is the monitored transient response time.

[0155] As a specific implementation method, a concrete example is given below. Assume that in a car's 24V starter power system, when the driver starts the engine, the system detects an engine start signal. Simultaneously, the vehicle's air conditioning compressor may also start at this time, reaching a preset power threshold. Without the solution described in this application, the voltage fluctuations caused by the air conditioning compressor starting might be superimposed on the transient response of the power supply itself, leading to distortion of the monitored transient response waveform and thus misjudging the transient response time.

[0156] However, when using the solution of this application, the operating status information of the air conditioning compressor is first obtained. When engine start is detected, the system continuously acquires the output voltage at a high sampling rate. At this time, based on the known operating information of the air conditioning compressor, the system can identify the specific transient fluctuations caused by the start of the air conditioning compressor and use digital filtering or signal separation technology to distinguish them from the total output voltage waveform, obtaining a purer, separated output voltage. Subsequently, on the separated output voltage waveform, the system can accurately identify the time point when the output voltage first deviates from the target value (first time point) and the time point when it remains stable within the allowable error range of the target value (second time point). For example, if the target voltage is 24V and the allowable error is ±0.2V, the system will identify the moment when the voltage first drops below 23.8V and the moment when it finally stabilizes within the range of 23.8V to 24.2V. Finally, by calculating the time interval between these two time points, the accurate transient response time can be obtained. For example, if the first time point is t1 and the second time point is t2, the transient response time is t2-t1. This precise transient response time will then be used to adjust the proportional and derivative coefficients of the preset control algorithm to optimize the power supply's dynamic performance.

[0157] Optionally, the steps of adjusting the proportional and derivative coefficients of the preset control algorithm based on the transient response time, overshoot amplitude, and undervoltage amplitude include:

[0158] Based on the changing trend of ripple peak value, determine the impact of adjusting the proportional coefficient and derivative coefficient of the preset control algorithm on the ripple suppression effect of the integral coefficient.

[0159] If the impact is negative, then the proportional coefficient and differential coefficient should be adjusted in the opposite direction.

[0160] While adjusting the proportional and derivative coefficients in the reverse direction, the integral coefficient is increased to prioritize the recovery of ripple suppression capability;

[0161] After the ripple suppression capability has been restored first, the proportional coefficient and the derivative coefficient are adjusted again.

[0162] Continuously monitor the peak-to-peak value of the ripple until it returns to the preset range.

[0163] The phrase "judging the impact of adjusting the proportional and derivative coefficients of the preset control algorithm on the ripple suppression effect of the integral coefficient based on the trend of ripple peak-to-peak value changes" refers to the system monitoring the peak-to-peak value of the output voltage ripple in real time during the adjustment of the proportional and derivative coefficients. By comparing the peak-to-peak values ​​of the ripple before and after adjustment, or observing the rate of change of the peak-to-peak value of the ripple with the adjustment direction, the system assesses whether the current adjustment operation has an adverse effect on the ripple suppression capability. For example, if the peak-to-peak value of the output voltage ripple significantly increases or exceeds the preset safety threshold after adjusting the proportional and derivative coefficients, it can be judged as a negative impact.

[0164] "If the impact is negative, then adjust the proportional and derivative coefficients in the opposite direction" means that once it is determined that adjusting the proportional and derivative coefficients has a negative impact on the ripple suppression effect, the system will immediately take measures to adjust the previously adjusted proportional and derivative coefficients in the opposite direction in an attempt to offset the negative impact and restore system stability. For example, if the proportional coefficient was increased before, it will now be decreased.

[0165] "Increasing the integral coefficient while adjusting the proportional and derivative coefficients in reverse to prioritize the recovery of ripple suppression capability" means that in order to quickly and effectively restore ripple suppression capability, the system will proactively increase the integral coefficient of the preset control algorithm while adjusting the proportional and derivative coefficients in reverse. The integral coefficient is mainly responsible for eliminating steady-state error and suppressing ripple. By increasing its value, the system's ripple suppression effect can be rapidly enhanced, ensuring the stability of the output voltage.

[0166] "After the ripple suppression capability has been restored first, the proportional and derivative coefficients are readjusted again" means that after the peak-to-peak value of the output voltage ripple has been restored to an acceptable range by adjusting the proportional and derivative coefficients in reverse and increasing the integral coefficient, the system will restart the adjustment process of the proportional and derivative coefficients. At this time, the adjustment will be more cautious, and smaller step sizes or more refined strategies may be used to optimize transient response performance without compromising ripple suppression capability.

[0167] "Continuously monitor the peak-to-peak value of the ripple until it returns to the preset range" means that the system will continuously monitor the peak-to-peak value of the output voltage ripple throughout the adjustment process. Only when the peak-to-peak value of the ripple remains consistently stable within the preset allowable range is the ripple suppression capability considered to have been restored, and subsequent optimization adjustments can be made.

[0168] In some preferred embodiments, a specific example is given below. Suppose that in a 24V automotive starting power supply system, a microcontroller is performing a voltage control task and needs to adjust the proportional and derivative coefficients of a preset control algorithm to improve transient response time. During the initial adjustment process, the system detects that the peak-to-peak value of the output voltage ripple begins to increase and exceeds the preset allowable range. This indicates that the current adjustment of the proportional and derivative coefficients has a negative impact on the ripple suppression effect of the integral coefficient.

[0169] At this point, the control method of this application will immediately activate the correction mechanism. First, the system will reverse the previously set proportional and derivative coefficients; for example, if the proportional coefficient was increased before, it will now be decreased. Simultaneously, to quickly restore ripple suppression capability, the system will increase the integral coefficient of the preset control algorithm. During the reverse adjustment of the proportional and derivative coefficients and the increase of the integral coefficient, the system will continuously monitor the peak-to-peak value of the output voltage ripple. Once the peak-to-peak value of the ripple returns to the preset stable range, the system will determine that the ripple suppression capability has been prioritized for recovery. After this, the system will restart the adjustment process of the proportional and derivative coefficients, but this time the adjustment will be more cautious, possibly using a smaller adjustment step size, and combined with real-time monitoring data to ensure that while optimizing transient response, it no longer negatively impacts ripple suppression capability. The entire process will continue until the proportional and derivative coefficients are adjusted to their optimal state, and the peak-to-peak value of the output voltage ripple remains within the preset range.

[0170] Optionally, the step of continuously monitoring the peak-to-peak value of the ripple until it returns to a preset range includes:

[0171] Obtain information about the vehicle's current operating mode;

[0172] Adjust the preset range of ripple peak value based on the vehicle's current operating mode information;

[0173] Calculate the peak-to-peak value of the output voltage ripple during each control cycle;

[0174] The peak-to-peak value of the output voltage ripple is compared with the adjusted preset range to obtain the peak value comparison result;

[0175] If the peak value comparison result indicates that the peak-to-peak value of the output voltage ripple is within the adjusted preset range, then it is determined that the output voltage has been restored to the preset range.

[0176] Specifically, acquiring information about the vehicle's current operating mode refers to the system receiving data about the vehicle's current operating status from the vehicle's Controller Area Network (CAN) bus or other onboard communication interfaces. This information may include, but is not limited to, engine speed, vehicle speed, load status (e.g., the on / off status of high-power accessories such as air conditioning, headlights, and audio systems), battery charging status, and other parameters related to the power system load. Its purpose is to provide a basis for subsequently dynamically adjusting the preset range of ripple peak-to-peak values.

[0177] The adjustment of the preset range for ripple peak-to-peak value based on the vehicle's current operating mode information can be understood as the system consulting a pre-stored mapping table or executing a specific algorithm to determine the reasonable upper and lower limits of the output voltage ripple peak-to-peak value under the current operating mode. For example, the allowable ripple peak-to-peak value range may be appropriately relaxed under engine start-up or heavy load conditions, while a stricter ripple peak-to-peak value range may be required under light load or idling conditions. The purpose is to enable the ripple monitoring threshold to adaptively match the actual operating conditions and avoid misjudgment.

[0178] In practical applications, calculating the peak-to-peak value of the output voltage ripple within each control cycle involves the microcontroller sampling the output voltage multiple times via an analog-to-digital converter (ADC) within each fixed control cycle. The maximum and minimum values ​​are extracted from these samples, and the difference between the two is calculated as the current peak-to-peak value of the ripple. The purpose is to obtain the ripple state of the output voltage in real time.

[0179] Furthermore, the peak-to-peak value of the output voltage ripple is compared with the adjusted preset range. The peak-to-peak value comparison result involves comparing the calculated current peak-to-peak value of the ripple with the preset range adjusted according to the vehicle's operating mode. If the current peak-to-peak value falls within the preset range, the comparison result indicates that the ripple has recovered; otherwise, it indicates that the ripple has not yet recovered or exceeds the allowable range. The purpose is to determine whether the output voltage ripple has reached an acceptable stable level.

[0180] Therefore, if the peak-to-peak value of the output voltage ripple is within the adjusted preset range, it is determined that the ripple has been restored to the preset range. This means that when the peak-to-peak value of the ripple meets the dynamic threshold requirement of the current operating mode, the system considers that the ripple suppression capability has been effectively restored, and subsequent adjustments to the control algorithm parameters or maintenance of the current stable state can continue.

[0181] Optionally, after the step of adjusting the proportional and differential coefficients in reverse if the effect is negative, the method may also include:

[0182] Obtain the difference between the peak-to-peak value of the current output voltage ripple and the peak-to-peak value of the ripple before reverse adjustment;

[0183] Obtain the difference between the transient response time of the current output voltage and the transient response time before reverse adjustment;

[0184] Obtain the difference between the current output voltage overshoot amplitude and the overshoot amplitude before reverse adjustment;

[0185] Obtain the difference between the current undervoltage magnitude of the output voltage and the undervoltage magnitude before reverse adjustment;

[0186] Based on the differences of all types, determine the initial step size of the proportional coefficient and the differential coefficient for the reverse adjustment;

[0187] Adjust the proportional coefficient and derivative coefficient in reverse order based on the initial step size;

[0188] During the reverse adjustment of the proportional and derivative coefficients, the transient response time, overshoot amplitude, and undershoot amplitude of the output voltage are continuously monitored.

[0189] Based on the transient response time, overshoot amplitude, and undervoltage amplitude, adjust the initial step size of the reverse adjustment proportional coefficient and the derivative coefficient to obtain the adjusted step size;

[0190] Based on the adjusted step size, readjust the proportional coefficient and differential coefficient in the reverse direction.

[0191] Specifically, after determining that adjusting the proportional and derivative coefficients of the preset control algorithm negatively impacts the ripple suppression effect of the integral coefficient, the system no longer simply executes the preset reverse adjustment. Instead, it first obtains the differences in a series of key performance parameters. These parameters include the difference between the peak-to-peak ripple of the current output voltage and the peak-to-peak ripple before the reverse adjustment, the difference between the transient response time of the current output voltage and the transient response time before the reverse adjustment, the difference between the overshoot amplitude of the current output voltage and the overshoot amplitude before the reverse adjustment, and the difference between the undervoltage amplitude of the current output voltage and the undervoltage amplitude before the reverse adjustment. These differences reflect the degree and direction of system performance degradation, aiming to provide a quantitative basis for subsequent precise adjustments.

[0192] Based on the differences of all types, the initial step size of the proportional and derivative coefficients for the reverse adjustment can be determined. For example, if the deterioration of the ripple peak-to-peak value, transient response time, overshoot amplitude, or undervoltage amplitude is significant, a larger initial step size can be set to accelerate the recovery speed; conversely, if the deterioration is minor, a smaller initial step size can be set to avoid over-adjustment. The determination of this initial step size can be based on a preset lookup table, fuzzy logic rules, or adaptive algorithms, with the aim of making the reverse adjustment process more intelligent and efficient.

[0193] In practical applications, the proportional and derivative coefficients can be adjusted in reverse based on the initial step size. During the reverse adjustment process, the system continuously monitors the transient response time, overshoot amplitude, and undershoot amplitude of the output voltage. The purpose of this continuous monitoring is to evaluate the effect of the reverse adjustment in real time and provide feedback for further step size adjustments.

[0194] Furthermore, based on the transient response time, overshoot amplitude, and undervoltage amplitude, the initial step size of the inverse adjustment proportional and derivative coefficients can be dynamically adjusted to obtain the adjusted step size. For example, if the transient response time, overshoot amplitude, or undervoltage amplitude is not effectively improved during the inverse adjustment process, or the improvement rate is lower than expected, the step size can be further adjusted, such as decreasing the step size for finer adjustments, or increasing the step size in some cases to accelerate convergence. Finally, based on the adjusted step size, the proportional and derivative coefficients are readjusted in the inverse adjustment until the system performance recovers to an acceptable range.

[0195] Optionally, the steps of increasing the integral coefficient while adjusting the proportional and derivative coefficients in reverse to prioritize the recovery of ripple suppression capability include:

[0196] Obtain the instantaneous rate of change of the current system load;

[0197] Obtain dynamic fluctuation information of battery internal resistance;

[0198] Obtain actual switching loss information of the power switching transistor;

[0199] The step size for increasing the integral coefficient is determined based on the trend of ripple peak value, the instantaneous rate of change of system load, the dynamic fluctuation information of battery internal resistance, and the actual switching loss information of power switching transistors.

[0200] Increase the integral coefficient by increasing the step size.

[0201] Specifically, obtaining the instantaneous rate of change of the current system load refers to the real-time monitoring of the rate of change of the load current or power carried by the automotive 24V starting power supply system. This instantaneous rate of change reflects the system's immediate demand for output voltage stability. For example, the load changes drastically when the engine starts or high-power accessories (such as the air conditioning compressor or electric power steering system) are switched on. Obtaining the dynamic fluctuation information of the battery's internal resistance can be understood as estimating the real-time change of the battery's equivalent internal resistance by measuring the battery's voltage and current in real time and combining this with battery models or empirical data. The dynamic fluctuation of the battery's internal resistance directly affects the power supply's output capability and transient response characteristics, especially at low temperatures or high discharge rates, where the internal resistance may increase significantly. In practical applications, obtaining the actual switching loss information of the power switching transistors specifically involves monitoring the voltage and current waveforms of the power switching transistors (such as MOSFETs or IGBTs) during the switching process and calculating their energy loss in each switching cycle. Switching losses are affected by various factors such as switching frequency, duty cycle, and temperature. Their changes affect the overall efficiency and thermal stability of the power supply, and thus indirectly affect the response of the control system. Furthermore, determining the increment step size of the integral coefficient based on the changing trend of the ripple peak-to-peak value, the instantaneous rate of change of the system load, the dynamic fluctuation information of the battery internal resistance, and the actual switching loss information of the power switch transistors, refers to comprehensively analyzing these dynamic parameters to adaptively calculate the most suitable adjustment amount of the integral coefficient. For example, when the ripple peak-to-peak value deteriorates rapidly, the instantaneous rate of change of the system load is high, the battery internal resistance increases, and the power switch transistor losses increase, a larger increment step size of the integral coefficient may be needed to rapidly enhance the ripple suppression capability. Conversely, if the various indicators change gradually, a smaller step size can be used to avoid overshoot. Therefore, increasing the integral coefficient according to the increment step size means applying the calculated increment step size to the integral term in the preset control algorithm, thereby achieving precise adjustment of the integral coefficient.

[0202] Optionally, after the ripple suppression capability has been preferentially restored, the steps of readjusting the proportional and derivative coefficients include:

[0203] Monitor the instantaneous rate of change of the system load current;

[0204] Determine whether the instantaneous rate of change exceeds a preset threshold, and obtain the instantaneous change determination result;

[0205] If the instantaneous change judgment result indicates yes, then pause the adjustment of the current proportional coefficient and differential coefficient;

[0206] Restore the proportional and differential coefficients to the previously verified parameters;

[0207] Activate fast recovery mode to prioritize the stability of output voltage;

[0208] Once the instantaneous rate of change recovers to below the preset threshold and the output voltage stabilizes within the target range, restart the adjustment process of the proportional coefficient and the derivative coefficient.

[0209] Adjust the proportional coefficient and differential coefficient based on the adjustment progress before the pause and the current system status.

[0210] Specifically, the instantaneous rate of change of the system load current refers to the ratio of the change in current within a very short time to the time interval, obtained in real time by a current sensor, from the load current flowing through the vehicle's 24V starting power supply. This instantaneous rate of change reflects the dynamic characteristics of the system load, such as engine starting, and the instantaneous connection or disconnection of high-power accessories (e.g., air conditioning compressor, electric power steering system). The system determines whether the instantaneous rate of change exceeds a preset threshold, which is a critical value pre-set based on system design requirements, load characteristics, and the desired voltage stability level. When the instantaneous rate of change exceeds this threshold, it indicates that the system is experiencing a significant load disturbance. If the instantaneous rate of change indicates yes, the adjustment of the current proportional and derivative coefficients is paused. This means that when a drastic load change is detected, the system immediately stops the iterative optimization process of the proportional and derivative coefficients to avoid parameter adjustments under unstable conditions, thereby preventing the introduction of new unstable factors. Restoring the proportional and derivative coefficients to the previously verified parameters means rolling back the proportional and derivative coefficients currently being adjusted to the most recently verified set of parameters that are stable and effective. This ensures that after pausing adjustments, the system can quickly return to a known operating point and maintain basic voltage control performance. Activating the fast recovery mode prioritizes output voltage stability. The fast recovery mode can be understood as an emergency response mechanism, aiming to pull the output voltage back to the target range and maintain stability in the shortest possible time. This may involve adopting a more aggressive control strategy, faster sampling and response speeds, or temporarily sacrificing some optimization objectives to ensure core voltage stability. Once the instantaneous rate of change recovers below the preset threshold and the output voltage stabilizes within the target range, the adjustment process for the proportional and derivative coefficients is restarted. This indicates that the system will only continue fine-grained parameter optimization after external disturbances subside and its own state stabilizes. Adjusting the proportional and derivative coefficients based on the adjustment progress before the pause and the current system state means that restarting the adjustment process does not start from scratch but considers previously completed adjustment steps and the current actual operating conditions of the system to achieve more efficient and intelligent parameter optimization. For example, the parameter values ​​before the pause can be used as a new starting point, and the adjustment step size or strategy can be dynamically adjusted in combination with the current system status information such as load and temperature.

[0211] This application also discloses a voltage control system for a 24V automotive starter power supply microcontroller, used to perform voltage control of the 24V automotive starter power supply microcontroller, combined with... Figure 3 As shown, the automotive 24V starting power supply microcontroller voltage control system 1 includes:

[0212] The control task acquisition module 11 is used to acquire and manage the tasks of the microcontroller in the automotive 24V starting power system.

[0213] The asynchronous task scheduling module 12 is used to identify and asynchronously schedule the tasks of the microcontroller to obtain voltage control tasks and compensation tasks;

[0214] The voltage control setting module 13 is used to set the voltage control task to a preset high priority and reserve an execution time window for the voltage control task;

[0215] The output voltage control module 14 is used to perform voltage control tasks based on a preset high priority and execution time window, including: sampling through a hardware low-pass filter to obtain the output voltage; executing a preset control algorithm to calculate the duty cycle of the pulse width modulation signal according to the deviation between the output voltage and the target voltage; and updating the pulse width modulation output signal according to the duty cycle to control the output voltage.

[0216] The compensation task execution module 15 is used to set the compensation task to a preset low priority and execute it asynchronously when the system is idle. The compensation task includes: activating an external reference voltage source, measuring an internal reference voltage, calculating a correction coefficient, and correcting the output voltage based on the correction coefficient; acquiring local temperature information of the chip using a distributed temperature sensor, and adjusting the clock oscillator frequency and analog-to-digital converter linearity based on the local temperature information; acquiring the operating status information of a pre-specified high-noise accessory, and adjusting the parameters of the digital filter based on the operating status information; generating a test current pulse, sampling the transient response waveform of the output voltage, analyzing the characteristics of the transient response waveform to infer the equivalent series resistance and effective capacitance value of the output filter capacitor, and adjusting the integral and derivative coefficients of the preset control algorithm based on the equivalent series resistance and effective capacitance value.

[0217] The specific operations for acquiring and managing the tasks of the microcontroller in the automotive 24V starting power supply system have been described in the above embodiments and will not be repeated here. It is important to emphasize that the control task acquisition module can be configured as a dedicated software component within the microcontroller. It monitors various events and state changes in the system in real time through polling or interrupt mechanisms, such as timer overflows, analog-to-digital conversion completion signals, and data received from the communication interface, and converts these events into tasks to be processed. As an optional implementation, the control task acquisition module can be a hardware accelerator specifically designed to efficiently capture and preprocess task requests from different sensors and interfaces, thereby reducing the burden on the main processor.

[0218] The above embodiments have already described the specific operations for identifying and asynchronously scheduling the microcontroller's tasks to obtain voltage control and compensation tasks, which will not be repeated here. It is important to emphasize that the asynchronous task scheduling module can be implemented as a real-time operating system (RTOS) kernel, responsible for managing the task queue, allocating CPU time slices, and performing context switching. This module can intelligently schedule tasks based on their priority and status (ready, running, blocked, etc.), ensuring timely response to high-priority tasks. As an optional implementation, the asynchronous task scheduling module can be a hardware-based scheduler, using dedicated logic circuits to achieve rapid task switching and resource allocation, further improving scheduling efficiency.

[0219] The above embodiments have already described the specific operations of setting the voltage control task to a preset high priority and reserving an execution time window for the voltage control task, which will not be repeated here. It is important to emphasize that the voltage control setting module can be a configuration register group, which sets the priority and time window parameters of the voltage control task by writing specific values. This module can also include a timer management unit for accurately allocating and managing the execution time slices of the voltage control task, ensuring that it receives sufficient processor resources in each control cycle.

[0220] The specific operations of the voltage control task, based on a preset high priority and execution time window, have been described in the above embodiments and will not be repeated here. It is important to emphasize that the output voltage control module integrates an analog-to-digital converter (ADC), a digital signal processor (DSP) or microcontroller core, and a pulse width modulation (PWM) generator. The ADC converts the analog voltage signal output from the hardware low-pass filter into a digital signal; the DSP or microcontroller core executes a preset control algorithm to calculate the duty cycle of the PWM signal; and the PWM generator generates and outputs a PWM signal based on the calculated duty cycle to drive the power switching transistor, thereby achieving precise control of the output voltage.

[0221] The above embodiments have already described the specific operations of setting the compensation task to a preset low priority and executing it asynchronously when the system is idle, which will not be repeated here. It is important to emphasize that the compensation task execution module is a comprehensive functional unit that integrates multiple sub-modules. For example, there is a calibration sub-module for activating the external reference voltage source and measuring the internal reference voltage; a temperature management sub-module for acquiring information from distributed temperature sensors; a noise suppression sub-module for acquiring the operating status information of high-noise accessories and adjusting digital filter parameters; and an adaptive adjustment sub-module for generating test current pulses, sampling transient response waveforms, and inferring filter capacitor parameters. These sub-modules work together to correct and optimize various parameters when the system is idle, thereby improving the long-term stability and adaptability of the system.

[0222] The above are merely embodiments of this application and are not intended to limit the scope of protection of this application. Various modifications and variations can be made to this application by those skilled in the art. Any modifications, equivalent substitutions, improvements, etc., made within the spirit and principles of this application should be included within the scope of protection of this application.

Claims

1. A voltage control method for a microcontroller in a 24V automotive starting power supply, characterized in that, include: Acquire and manage the tasks of the microcontroller in the automotive 24V starting power system; The tasks of the microcontroller are identified and asynchronously scheduled to obtain voltage control tasks and compensation tasks; The voltage control task is set to a preset high priority, and an execution time window is reserved for the voltage control task; Based on a preset high priority level and the execution time window, the voltage control task includes: sampling through a hardware low-pass filter to obtain the output voltage; executing a preset control algorithm to calculate the duty cycle of the pulse width modulation signal according to the deviation between the output voltage and the target voltage; and updating the pulse width modulation output signal according to the duty cycle to control the output voltage. The compensation task is set to a preset low priority and executed asynchronously when the system is idle. The compensation task includes: activating an external reference voltage source, measuring an internal reference voltage, calculating a correction coefficient, and correcting the output voltage based on the correction coefficient; acquiring local temperature information of the chip using a distributed temperature sensor, and adjusting the clock oscillator frequency and analog-to-digital converter linearity based on the local temperature information; acquiring the operating status information of a pre-specified high-noise accessory, and adjusting the parameters of the digital filter based on the operating status information; generating a test current pulse, sampling the transient response waveform of the output voltage, analyzing the characteristics of the transient response waveform to infer the equivalent series resistance and effective capacitance value of the output filter capacitor, and adjusting the integral and derivative coefficients of a preset control algorithm based on the equivalent series resistance and the effective capacitance value.

2. The voltage control method for a microcontroller of a 24V automotive starting power supply according to claim 1, characterized in that, The steps of generating a test current pulse, sampling the transient response waveform of the output voltage, analyzing the characteristics of the transient response waveform to infer the equivalent series resistance and effective capacitance value of the output filter capacitor, and adjusting the integral and derivative coefficients of the preset control algorithm based on the equivalent series resistance and the effective capacitance value include: Monitor the peak-to-peak value of the output voltage ripple; monitor the transient response time of the output voltage; monitor the overshoot amplitude of the output voltage; monitor the undershoot amplitude of the output voltage; Based on the peak-to-peak value of the ripple, adjust the integral coefficient of the preset control algorithm; the preset control algorithm is a proportional-integral-derivative control algorithm. Based on the transient response time, the overshoot amplitude, and the undervoltage amplitude, adjust the proportional coefficient and derivative coefficient of the preset control algorithm; Verify the parameters of the adjusted preset control algorithm and obtain the parameter verification results; The stored parameter verification results represent the parameters of the effective adjusted preset control algorithm; Rollback invalidated settings for the preset control algorithm parameters.

3. The voltage control method for a microcontroller of a 24V automotive starting power supply according to claim 2, characterized in that, The step of monitoring the peak-to-peak value of the output voltage ripple includes: Obtain the operating status of auxiliary equipment; Identify transient fluctuations based on the operating status of auxiliary equipment; Based on the transient fluctuations, correct the voltage sample values ​​affected by the transient fluctuations; Adjust the ripple peak-to-peak value assessment threshold according to the operating status of the auxiliary equipment; The peak-to-peak value of the output voltage is monitored by evaluating the threshold based on the corrected voltage sample value and the adjusted peak-to-peak value of the ripple.

4. The voltage control method for a microcontroller of a 24V automotive starting power supply according to claim 2, characterized in that, The step of monitoring the transient response time of the output voltage includes: Obtain the operating status of auxiliary equipment inside the vehicle when the power reaches a preset threshold, and obtain the operating information of the specified auxiliary equipment; When engine start-up or heavy load switching is detected, the output voltage is continuously acquired at a preset high sampling rate; Based on the specified auxiliary equipment operation information, identify transient fluctuations caused by auxiliary equipment whose power reaches a preset threshold, and distinguish the transient fluctuations caused by auxiliary equipment whose power reaches the preset threshold from the output voltage to obtain the distinguished output voltage; The first time point is obtained by identifying the time point at which the output voltage deviates from the target value after differentiation; The second time point is obtained by identifying the time point when the output voltage after identification and differentiation remains stable within the allowable error range of the target value. Calculate the time interval between the first and second time points as the transient response time.

5. The voltage control method for a microcontroller of a 24V automotive starting power supply according to claim 2, characterized in that, The step of adjusting the proportional coefficient and derivative coefficient of the preset control algorithm based on the transient response time, the overshoot amplitude, and the undervoltage amplitude includes: Based on the changing trend of the peak-to-peak value of the ripple, determine the influence of adjusting the proportional coefficient and derivative coefficient of the preset control algorithm on the ripple suppression effect of the integral coefficient. If the effect is negative, then the proportional coefficient and the differential coefficient are adjusted in the opposite direction. While adjusting the proportional coefficient and the derivative coefficient in the opposite direction, the integral coefficient is increased to prioritize the recovery of ripple suppression capability; After the ripple suppression capability has been restored first, the proportional coefficient and the derivative coefficient are adjusted again; Continuously monitor the peak-to-peak value of the ripple until it returns to a preset range.

6. The voltage control method for a microcontroller of a 24V automotive starting power supply according to claim 5, characterized in that, The step of continuously monitoring the peak-to-peak value of the ripple until the peak-to-peak value of the ripple returns to a preset range includes: Obtain information about the vehicle's current operating mode; Based on the vehicle's current operating mode information, adjust the preset range of ripple peak value; Calculate the peak-to-peak value of the output voltage ripple during each control cycle; The peak-to-peak value of the output voltage ripple is compared with the adjusted preset range to obtain the peak value comparison result; If the peak value comparison result indicates that the peak value of the output voltage ripple is within the adjusted preset range, then it is determined that the output voltage has been restored to the preset range.

7. The voltage control method for a microcontroller of a 24V automotive starting power supply according to claim 5, characterized in that, The step of adjusting the proportional coefficient and the differential coefficient in reverse if the influence is a negative influence further includes: Obtain the difference between the peak-to-peak value of the current output voltage ripple and the peak-to-peak value of the ripple before reverse adjustment; Obtain the difference between the transient response time of the current output voltage and the transient response time before reverse adjustment; Obtain the difference between the current output voltage overshoot amplitude and the overshoot amplitude before reverse adjustment; Obtain the difference between the current undervoltage magnitude of the output voltage and the undervoltage magnitude before reverse adjustment; Based on the differences of all types, determine the initial step size of the proportional coefficient and the differential coefficient for the reverse adjustment; Based on the initial step size, the proportional coefficient and the differential coefficient are adjusted in reverse. During the reverse adjustment of the proportional coefficient and the derivative coefficient, the transient response time, overshoot amplitude, and undershoot amplitude of the output voltage are continuously monitored. Based on the transient response time, the overshoot amplitude, and the undervoltage amplitude, the initial step size of the reverse adjustment proportional coefficient and the derivative coefficient is adjusted to obtain the adjusted step size; Based on the adjusted step size, the proportional coefficient and the differential coefficient are readjusted in reverse.

8. The voltage control method for a microcontroller of a 24V automotive starting power supply according to claim 5, characterized in that, The step of increasing the integral coefficient while adjusting the proportional coefficient and the derivative coefficient in reverse to prioritize the recovery of ripple suppression capability includes: Obtain the instantaneous rate of change of the current system load; Obtain dynamic fluctuation information of battery internal resistance; Obtain actual switching loss information of the power switching transistor; The step size for increasing the integral coefficient is determined based on the trend of ripple peak value, the instantaneous rate of change of system load, the dynamic fluctuation information of battery internal resistance, and the actual switching loss information of power switching transistors. The integral coefficient is increased according to the increase in step size.

9. A voltage control method for a microcontroller of a 24V automotive starting power supply according to claim 5, characterized in that, The step of readjusting the proportional coefficient and the derivative coefficient after the ripple suppression capability has been preferentially restored includes: Monitor the instantaneous rate of change of the system load current; Determine whether the instantaneous rate of change exceeds a preset threshold to obtain the instantaneous change determination result; If the instantaneous change judgment result indicates yes, then the adjustment of the current proportional coefficient and differential coefficient is paused; Restore the proportional coefficient and the derivative coefficient to the parameters that were previously verified; Activate fast recovery mode to prioritize the stability of output voltage; Once the instantaneous rate of change recovers to below the preset threshold and the output voltage stabilizes within the target range, the adjustment process of the proportional coefficient and the derivative coefficient is restarted. Adjust the proportional coefficient and the differential coefficient based on the adjustment progress before the pause and the current system status.

10. A voltage control system for a 24V automotive starting power supply microcontroller, used to perform voltage control of a 24V automotive starting power supply microcontroller, characterized in that, include: The control task acquisition module is used to acquire and manage the tasks of the microcontroller in the automotive 24V starting power system. The asynchronous task scheduling module is used to identify and asynchronously schedule the tasks of the microcontroller to obtain voltage control tasks and compensation tasks; The voltage control setting module is used to set the voltage control task to a preset high priority and reserve an execution time window for the voltage control task; The output voltage control module, based on a preset high priority and the execution time window, performs the following voltage control tasks: sampling through a hardware low-pass filter to obtain the output voltage; calculating the duty cycle of the pulse width modulation signal by executing a preset control algorithm according to the deviation between the output voltage and the target voltage; and updating the pulse width modulation output signal according to the duty cycle to control the output voltage. The compensation task execution module is used to set the compensation task to a preset low priority and execute it asynchronously when the system is idle. The compensation task includes: activating an external reference voltage source, measuring an internal reference voltage, calculating a correction coefficient, and correcting the output voltage based on the correction coefficient; acquiring local temperature information of the chip using a distributed temperature sensor, and adjusting the clock oscillator frequency and analog-to-digital converter linearity according to the local temperature information; acquiring the operating status information of a pre-specified high-noise accessory, and adjusting the parameters of the digital filter according to the operating status information; generating a test current pulse, sampling the transient response waveform of the output voltage, analyzing the characteristics of the transient response waveform to infer the equivalent series resistance and effective capacitance value of the output filter capacitor, and adjusting the integral and derivative coefficients of a preset control algorithm according to the equivalent series resistance and the effective capacitance value.

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