Carbon emission data trusted transaction and auditing method based on block chain

Abstract

The invention belongs to the technical field of block chains, and particularly relates to a block chain-based carbon emission data trusted transaction and auditing method, which comprises a block chain trusted sensor node deployed in a workshop or equipment, an enterprise node and an auditing node. Group signature, double-chain evidence storage and auditing arbitration are combined to form a complete trusted architecture; a double-chain architecture with a data chain and an auditing chain separated is adopted, and efficient evidence storage and auditing isolation is achieved.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] This application belongs to the field of blockchain technology, specifically relating to a blockchain-based method for trusted transactions and auditing of carbon emission data. Background Technology

[0002] The collection and auditing of carbon emission data is a crucial step in achieving the "dual carbon" goals. With the advancement of carbon market development, ensuring transparent and traceable auditing while guaranteeing data authenticity and privacy has become a dual requirement of both technology and policy.

[0003] Existing blockchain auditing solutions typically employ ring signatures or group signatures to protect the privacy of data uploaders and ensure the integrity and anonymity of on-chain evidence. However, they lack accountability mechanisms, making it difficult to identify specific responsible parties when data anomalies are found, thus compromising between privacy protection and traceability. In highly volatile scenarios such as carbon allowance trading, some solutions attempt to match transactions using timestamps or fee priority, but neglect the utilization of short-term trends, potentially leading to distorted price discovery and unfair trading. This further highlights the necessity of constructing an integrated architecture of "trustworthy data collection—efficient evidence storage—audit and arbitration" in carbon market regulation. Summary of the Invention

[0004] To address the aforementioned issues, this application proposes a blockchain-based method for trusted trading and auditing of carbon emission data. This method combines group signatures, dual-chain notarization, and audit arbitration to form a complete trusted architecture. The technical solution is as follows: A blockchain-based method for trusted trading and auditing of carbon emission data includes blockchain trusted sensor nodes, enterprise nodes, and audit nodes deployed in workshops or equipment; The blockchain-based trusted sensor nodes are deployed at the emission source to periodically collect data, and then upload the collected data after signing it using a group signature mechanism. As the group administrator node in the group signature scheme, the enterprise node is responsible for system initialization, allocating group private key parameters to the blockchain trusted sensor nodes, calculating and maintaining the group public key, participating in the verification and confirmation of audit results, and undertaking signature unsealing and responsibility positioning in the event of a dispute. As a regulatory and credible node, the audit node is responsible for reviewing and confirming the audit results, and in the event of audit failure or dispute, it invokes the arbitration contract to participate in the arbitration process in collaboration with the enterprise node, and finally confirms the arbitration result and stores it on the blockchain. The blockchain adopts a dual-chain architecture that separates the data chain and the audit chain; Data chain evidence storage: After verification by the audit node, the first block is generated and the original data is stored; Audit Chain Evidence: Audit information is written into the audit chain and jointly verified by enterprise nodes and government nodes.

[0005] Preferably, the initialization and key allocation are as follows: The blockchain platform, acting as the group management center, randomly generates large prime numbers p and q, and calculates the public key parameter k=p. q, and choose a secure hash function h(); Through Euler's totient function (k)=(p-1)(q-1), generating the private key d and public key parameter e of the enterprise node, satisfying: ; The enterprise node acts as the group administrator, assigning group private key parameters to each blockchain trusted sensor node according to the group signature scheme. And calculate the group public key (k,e,c), where c is the group public key parameter; During initialization, the blockchain network first registers the identity information of all nodes, including the blockchain trusted sensor node ID, enterprise node ID, and audit node ID, to support subsequent identity verification and arbitration.

[0006] Preferably, the carbon emission data collection and group signature steps are as follows: Step 1: Deploy blockchain-based trusted sensor nodes in the workshop or equipment to periodically collect carbon emission data m; Step 2: The blockchain trusted sensor node uses its own group private key. Sign the collected data m to obtain the first signature result. ,in, As a group generator, the verifier can confirm that the signature is from a group member using the group public key; Step 3: (m, Send to a third-party audit node; Step 4: The blockchain trusted sensor nodes sign and upload data in batches at fixed time intervals.

[0007] Preferably, the data chain evidence preservation steps are as follows: Step 1: The audit node verifies the signature result using the group public key; if the verification fails, the signature is discarded. Step 2: After successful verification, the audit node uses its private key to perform a second signature on the data, obtaining the second signature result. ; Step 3: The audit node will (m, , Packed into the first block It is broadcast to the network and written into the data chain to form the original data evidence; Step 4: When storing data in the data chain, direct carbon emission data and indirect carbon emission data can be distinguished and a structured index can be formed.

[0008] Preferably, the audit chain evidence preservation steps are as follows: Step 1: The audit node executes the audit smart contract to perform compliance verification and emission calculation on the carbon emission data; Step 2: Generate audit information and audit results, and package them into the second block. Broadcast to enterprise nodes and audit nodes; Step 3: After the enterprise node and audit node are verified, Join the local audit chain and return confirmation information to the audit node; Step 4: The audit chain not only stores the results, but also the calculation logic of emission factor selection rules and emission conversion rules. These rules are stored in the form of smart contracts to achieve automated auditing and generate carbon audit certificates. When the audit node executes the audit contract, it automatically calls and executes these rules to ensure that different nodes get consistent results under the same rule version.

[0009] Preferably, the audit adopts a majority confirmation mechanism, with the following rules: The system counts the number of enterprise nodes and audit nodes that return confirmation information. If the number exceeds two-thirds, the audit is confirmed to be complete. Otherwise, the audit is deemed to have failed, and the failure information is sent back to the audit node, which then initiates further verification.

[0010] Preferably, the arbitration steps are as follows: Step 1: When there is a dispute over the audit results, nodes other than the audit node can trigger an arbitration contract; Step 2: The arbitration process involves the enterprise node acting as the group administrator. Using group administrator privileges, the group signature is unblocked, and the identity of the sensor node that actually submitted the data is restored based on the group signature parameters. The audit node makes the final confirmation based on the arbitration result and writes the arbitration conclusion into the audit chain. The arbitration link supports multi-party arbitration, which requires both enterprise nodes and government nodes to unblock the blockchain. Enterprise nodes and audit nodes must submit their unblocking shares separately. Only when the two work together can the identity of the blockchain trusted sensor node be restored.

[0011] Preferably, it also includes node expansion and key updates: When a new blockchain trusted sensor node joins, the enterprise node receives the joining request; recalculates the group public key parameter c′ to generate a new group public key; generates and distributes the group private key for the new node; and after the new node verifies the group private key, it officially becomes a group member. After updating the key, the enterprise node broadcasts the group public key update block to the entire network to ensure that all nodes use the same latest group public key.

[0012] Compared with the prior art, the beneficial effects of this application are as follows: This invention achieves a balance between privacy protection and accountability by introducing group signatures, dual-chain notarization, arbitration contracts, and majority confirmation mechanisms into the blockchain architecture. Compared with existing technologies that can only provide anonymous notarization, this invention not only ensures the anonymity and integrity of carbon emission data during the upload process, but also enables enterprise nodes to unblock group signatures in the event of a dispute, with confirmation from government nodes, thus achieving effective traceability of responsibility.

[0013] Meanwhile, the adoption of a separate "data chain + audit chain" design ensures that raw data and audit information are stored separately, effectively improving query and verification efficiency and meeting the application needs of high-frequency carbon emission data collection and auditing. Multiple confirmation mechanisms avoid the risks associated with single-node confirmation, enhancing the credibility of audit results; the introduction of an arbitration mechanism ensures that audit disputes can form a complete governance loop.

[0014] On the other hand, this invention supports dynamic expansion. When a new sensor node is added, the enterprise node can update the group public key and broadcast it to the entire network, thereby ensuring the long-term security and stability of the system. Attached Figure Description

[0015] Figure 1 This is a flowchart of the application process. Detailed Implementation

[0016] To make the objectives, technical solutions, and advantages of the embodiments of this application clearer, the technical solutions of the embodiments of this application will be clearly and completely described below with reference to the accompanying drawings. Obviously, the described embodiments are only a part of the embodiments of this application, not all of them. Based on the embodiments of this application, all other embodiments obtained by those skilled in the art without creative effort are within the scope of protection of this application.

[0017] Abbreviations / Terms Blockchain trusted sensors: Nodes deployed at carbon emission sources to collect emission data and possess signing capabilities.

[0018] Group signature: A cryptographic signature method in which group members can sign information on behalf of the group. Verifiers can confirm that the signature comes from within the group, but cannot directly identify the specific member.

[0019] Datachain: A blockchain used to store raw carbon emission data.

[0020] Audit Chain: A blockchain used to store audit information.

[0021] Explanation of mathematical symbols: p, q: Randomly generated large prime numbers used to construct the RSA modulus.

[0022] k: Public key parameter, k=p q.

[0023] h(): Hash function.

[0024] Euler's totient function (k)=(p-1)(q-1).

[0025] d: The private key of the enterprise node.

[0026] e: The public key parameter of the enterprise node, which satisfies... .

[0027] : The group member private key parameter assigned to the i-th sensor node.

[0028] c: Group public key parameter, generated by the group administrator during initialization.

[0029] m: Carbon emission data.

[0030] Generator in a group signature scheme.

[0031] (k,e,c): The complete group public key, used to verify whether the signature comes from a member of the group.

[0032] The first signature result is obtained by the sensor node using its group private key. The calculations were performed on the data m. .

[0033] The second signature result is the result of the auditing node signing the data and the first signature using its private key.

[0034] The first block on the data chain stores the original number m and its signature. , .

[0035] The second block on the audit chain is used to store audit information, results, or certificates.

[0036] c′: The recalculated group public key parameter. Generated when the group administrator updates the group public key after a new sensor node is added.

[0037] A blockchain-based method for trusted trading and auditing of carbon emission data includes blockchain trusted sensor nodes, enterprise nodes, and audit nodes deployed in workshops or equipment; The blockchain-based trusted sensor nodes are deployed at the emission source to periodically collect data, and then upload the collected data after signing it using a group signature mechanism. As the group administrator node in the group signature scheme, the enterprise node is responsible for system initialization, allocating group private key parameters to the blockchain trusted sensor nodes, calculating and maintaining the group public key, participating in the verification and confirmation of audit results, and undertaking signature unsealing and responsibility positioning in the event of a dispute. Audit nodes (also known as government nodes) serve as regulatory and credibility nodes, responsible for reviewing and confirming audit results. In the event of audit failure or disputes, they invoke arbitration contracts to collaborate with enterprise nodes in the arbitration process, ultimately confirming the arbitration results and storing them on the blockchain. The blockchain adopts a dual-chain architecture that separates the data chain and the audit chain: Data chain evidence storage: After verification by the audit node, the first block is generated and the original data is stored; Audit Chain Evidence: Audit information is written into the audit chain and jointly verified by enterprise nodes and government nodes.

[0038] Arbitration and Traceability: When there is a dispute in the audit, the arbitration contract is invoked, and the enterprise node unblocks the group signature to restore the identity of the blockchain trusted sensor node and achieve accountability.

[0039] Figure 1 As shown, the implementation of this application includes the following: Step 1: Initialization and Key Distribution The blockchain platform, acting as the group management center, randomly generates large prime numbers p and q, and calculates the public key parameter k=p. q, and choose a secure hash function h(); Through Euler's totient function (k)=(p-1)(q-1), generating the private key d and public key parameter e of the enterprise node, satisfying:

[0040] The enterprise node acts as the group administrator, assigning group private key parameters to each blockchain trusted sensor node according to the group signature scheme. And calculate the group public key (k,e,c).

[0041] During initialization, the blockchain network first registers the identity information of all nodes (blockchain trusted sensor ID, enterprise node ID, government node ID) to support subsequent identity verification and arbitration.

[0042] Step 2: Carbon emission data collection and group signature: 1) Blockchain-based trusted sensor nodes deployed in workshops or equipment periodically collect carbon emission data m, including direct emissions (fuel combustion in production equipment, process emissions) and indirect emissions (purchased electricity, heat, steam, transportation, employee travel, etc.). 2) Trusted sensor nodes in the blockchain use their own group private keys. Sign the collected data m to obtain the first signature result. .in, It serves as the group generator. Verifiers can confirm that the signer is a group member by using the group's public key.

[0043] 3) Set (m, Send to a third-party audit node.

[0044] 4) Blockchain-connected trusted sensor nodes can upload signatures in batches at fixed time intervals (e.g., 15 minutes), improving efficiency.

[0045] Step 3: Data Chain Evidence Preservation 1) The audit node uses the group public key to verify the signature result; if the verification fails, the signature is discarded. 2) After successful verification, the audit node uses its private key to perform a second signature on the data, resulting in a second signature. ; 3) The audit node will (m, , Packed into the first block It is broadcast to the network and written into the data chain to form the original data evidence.

[0046] 4) When storing data in the data chain, direct carbon emission data and indirect carbon emission data can be distinguished and a structured index can be formed for easy auditing and retrieval.

[0047] Step 4: Audit Chain Evidence Preservation: 1) The audit node executes the audit smart contract to perform compliance verification and emission calculation on carbon emission data.

[0048] 2) Generate audit information and audit results, and package them into a second block. Broadcast to enterprise nodes and government nodes; 3) After the enterprise node and government node are verified, Join the local audit chain and return confirmation information to the audit node.

[0049] 4) The audit chain not only stores results, but also computational logic such as emission factor selection rules and emission conversion rules. These rules are stored in the form of smart contracts, enabling automated auditing and generating carbon audit certificates. Audit nodes automatically invoke and execute these rules when executing audit contracts, ensuring consistent results across different nodes using the same rule version.

[0050] Step 5: Majority Confirmation Mechanism The system counts the number of nodes that return confirmation information; if more than two-thirds of them return confirmation information, the audit is considered complete. The audit is considered complete when the number of nodes that return confirmation information reaches more than two-thirds of the total number of nodes in the set. Otherwise, the audit is deemed a failure, and the failure information is sent back to the government node, which then initiates further verification.

[0051] Step 6: Arbitration and Origin Tracing: 1) When there is a dispute over the audit results, nodes other than the audit node can trigger an arbitration contract; The arbitration process involves the enterprise node acting as the group administrator, who uses their administrator privileges to unblock the group signature and restore the identity of the sensor node that actually submitted the data based on the group signature parameters. The government node makes the final confirmation based on the arbitration result and writes the arbitration conclusion into the audit chain.

[0052] The arbitration chain supports multi-party arbitration, requiring dual unblocking by both enterprise and government nodes. The enterprise node, acting as the group administrator, initiates and executes the unblocking operation, but the required share is provided by both the enterprise and government nodes, necessitating their collaboration for identity restoration. The government node provides final confirmation of the arbitration result and records it on the audit chain for evidence preservation. This avoids single-point abuse and further prevents its misuse.

[0053] Step 7: Node Expansion and Key Update 1) When a new sensor node is added, the enterprise node receives the joining request; recalculates the group public key parameter c′ to generate a new group public key; generates and distributes the group private key for the new node; after the new node verifies the group private key, it officially becomes a group member.

[0054] 2) After the key is updated, the enterprise node broadcasts the group public key update block to the entire network to ensure that all nodes use the same latest group public key and avoid the risk of blockchain fork due to inconsistent parameters.

[0055] Specific application scenarios: The blockchain-based trusted transaction and auditing method for carbon emission data proposed in this invention is most suitable for the following main scenarios: Carbon emission allowance trading and auditing: Enhancing the fairness and credibility of the carbon market.

[0056] Energy and environmental data regulation: It can be applied to scenarios such as electricity consumption and green certificate trading.

[0057] Other high-volatility on-chain markets, such as renewable energy credits, can also utilize dual-chain and arbitration mechanisms.

[0058] The foregoing has shown and described the basic principles, main features, and advantages of this application. Those skilled in the art should understand that this application is not limited to the above embodiments. The embodiments and descriptions in the specification are merely preferred examples and are not intended to limit the application. Various changes and modifications can be made without departing from the spirit and scope of this application, and all such changes and modifications fall within the scope of the claims. The scope of protection of this application is defined by the appended claims and their equivalents.

Claims

1. A blockchain-based method for trusted trading and auditing of carbon emission data, characterized in that, This includes blockchain-based trusted sensor nodes, enterprise nodes, and audit nodes deployed in workshops or equipment; The blockchain-based trusted sensor nodes are deployed at the emission source to periodically collect data, and then upload the collected data after signing it using a group signature mechanism. As the group administrator node in the group signature scheme, the enterprise node is responsible for system initialization, allocating group private key parameters to the blockchain trusted sensor nodes, calculating and maintaining the group public key, participating in the verification and confirmation of audit results, and undertaking signature unsealing and responsibility positioning in the event of a dispute. As a regulatory and credible node, the audit node is responsible for reviewing and confirming the audit results, and in the event of audit failure or dispute, it invokes the arbitration contract to participate in the arbitration process in collaboration with the enterprise node, and finally confirms the arbitration result and stores it on the blockchain. The blockchain adopts a dual-chain architecture that separates the data chain and the audit chain; Data chain evidence storage: After verification by the audit node, the first block is generated and the original data is stored; Audit Chain Evidence: Audit information is written into the audit chain and jointly verified by enterprise nodes and government nodes.

2. The blockchain-based trusted transaction and auditing method for carbon emission data according to claim 1, characterized in that, Initialization and key allocation are as follows: The blockchain platform, acting as the group management center, randomly generates large prime numbers p and q and calculates the public key parameters. And select a secure hash function h(); Through Euler's totient function (k)=(p-1)(q-1), generating the private key d and public key parameter e of the enterprise node, satisfying: ； The enterprise node acts as the group administrator, assigning group private key parameters to each blockchain trusted sensor node according to the group signature scheme. And calculate the group public key (k,e,c), where c is the group public key parameter; During initialization, the blockchain network first registers the identity information of all nodes, including the blockchain trusted sensor node ID, enterprise node ID, and audit node ID, to support subsequent identity verification and arbitration.

3. The blockchain-based trusted transaction and auditing method for carbon emission data according to claim 1, characterized in that, The steps for carbon emission data collection and group signature are as follows: Step 1: Deploy blockchain-based trusted sensor nodes in the workshop or equipment to periodically collect carbon emission data m; Step 2: The blockchain trusted sensor node uses its own group private key. Sign the collected data m to obtain the first signature result. ,in, As a group generator, the verifier can confirm that the signature is from a group member using the group public key; Step 3: (m, Send to a third-party audit node; Step 4: The blockchain trusted sensor nodes sign and upload data in batches at fixed time intervals.

4. The blockchain-based trusted transaction and auditing method for carbon emission data according to claim 1, characterized in that, The data chain evidence preservation steps are as follows: Step 1: The audit node verifies the signature result using the group public key; if the verification fails, the signature is discarded. Step 2: After successful verification, the audit node uses its private key to perform a second signature on the data, obtaining the second signature result. ; Step 3: The audit node will (m, , Packed into the first block It is broadcast to the network and written into the data chain to form the original data evidence; Step 4: When storing data in the data chain, direct carbon emission data and indirect carbon emission data can be distinguished and a structured index can be formed.

5. The blockchain-based trusted transaction and auditing method for carbon emission data according to claim 1, characterized in that, The audit chain evidence preservation steps are as follows: Step 1: The audit node executes the audit smart contract to perform compliance verification and emission calculation on the carbon emission data; Step 2: Generate audit information and audit results, and package them into the second block. Broadcast to enterprise nodes and audit nodes; Step 3: After the enterprise node and audit node verification are passed, Join the local audit chain and return confirmation information to the audit node; Step 4: The audit chain not only stores the results, but also the calculation logic of emission factor selection rules and emission conversion rules. These rules are stored in the form of smart contracts to achieve automated auditing and generate carbon audit certificates. The audit node automatically invokes and executes these rules when executing the audit contract, ensuring that different nodes obtain consistent results under the same rule version.

6. The blockchain-based trusted transaction and auditing method for carbon emission data according to claim 1, characterized in that, The audit employs a majority confirmation mechanism, with the following rules: The system counts the number of enterprise nodes and audit nodes that return confirmation information. If the number exceeds two-thirds, the audit is confirmed to be complete. Otherwise, the audit is deemed to have failed, and the failure information is sent back to the audit node, which then initiates further verification.

7. The blockchain-based trusted transaction and auditing method for carbon emission data according to claim 1, characterized in that, The arbitration process is as follows: Step 1: When there is a dispute over the audit results, nodes other than the audit node can trigger an arbitration contract; Step 2: The arbitration process involves the enterprise node acting as the group administrator. Using group administrator privileges, the group signature is unblocked, and the identity of the sensor node that actually submitted the data is restored based on the group signature parameters. ; The audit node makes the final confirmation based on the arbitration result and writes the arbitration conclusion into the audit chain; The arbitration link supports multi-party arbitration, which requires both enterprise nodes and government nodes to unblock the blockchain. Enterprise nodes and audit nodes must submit their unblocking shares separately. Only when the two work together can the identity of the blockchain trusted sensor node be restored.

8. The blockchain-based trusted transaction and auditing method for carbon emission data according to claim 1, characterized in that, It also includes node expansion and key updates: When a new blockchain trusted sensor node joins, the enterprise node receives the joining request; recalculates the group public key parameter c′ to generate a new group public key; generates and distributes the group private key for the new node; and after the new node verifies the group private key, it officially becomes a group member. After updating their keys, enterprise nodes broadcast the group public key update block to the entire network to ensure that all nodes use the same latest group public key.

Images