Escape electron mitigation device and mitigation method for nuclear fusion device, and nuclear fusion device

Abstract

The invention relates to the field of nuclear fusion devices, and discloses an escape electron relieving device and relieving method of a nuclear fusion device and the nuclear fusion device.The relieving device comprises an escape electron diagnosis unit used for detecting existence of escape electrons in real time and conducting high-frequency monitoring to obtain a real-time kinetic energy distribution spectrum of escape electron beams; the self-adaptive control unit is used for calculating the resonance frequency capable of triggering strong scattering of the electron beam in the current energy state in real time according to the received real-time kinetic energy distribution spectrum of the escape electron beam in combination with the background magnetic field and density of the plasma; and the radio frequency wave injection unit is in electric connection or communication connection with the self-adaptive control unit, and the radio frequency wave injection unit can dynamically select one of radio frequency waves of a plurality of frequency bands according to the resonant frequency calculated by the self-adaptive control unit and inject the radio frequency waves into the plasma. According to the invention, the energy of the escape electrons can be tracked in real time, and the emission frequency band is adaptively switched to realize rapid and nonlinear scattering dissipation of the escape electrons, so that the dissipation efficiency is improved.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] This invention relates to the field of plasma control and safety technology for nuclear fusion devices, and particularly to an escape electron mitigation device, mitigation method, and nuclear fusion device for a nuclear fusion device. Background Technology

[0002] In magnetically confined nuclear fusion devices such as tokamas, plasma disruption is one of the significant risks affecting the safe operation of the device. During disruption, a large number of high-energy runaway electrons (REs) are generated. These runaway electrons can be accelerated to energies of several MeV (megaelectron volts) or even tens of MeV, forming highly concentrated runaway electron beams. When these high-energy electrons escape the magnetic confinement and collide with the first wall or divertor structure, a large amount of energy is deposited in a very small area, potentially causing material melting, structural damage, or even serious equipment failure. Therefore, effectively mitigating or suppressing runaway electron beams has become a key issue in the safety control of fusion devices. Summary of the Invention

[0003] This invention aims to at least solve one of the technical problems existing in the prior art. To this end, this invention proposes an escape electron mitigation device for nuclear fusion devices. This escape electron mitigation device can track the energy of escape electrons in real time and adaptively switch the transmission frequency band to achieve rapid, nonlinear scattering dissipation of escape electrons, thereby reducing energy waste and improving dissipation efficiency.

[0004] The present invention also aims to provide a method for mitigating escape electrons in a nuclear fusion device, which applies the aforementioned escape electron mitigation device for nuclear fusion devices.

[0005] The present invention also aims to provide a nuclear fusion device that utilizes the escape electron mitigation device described above for nuclear fusion devices.

[0006] An escape electron mitigation device for a nuclear fusion device according to an embodiment of the present invention includes: an escape electron diagnostic unit, which is used to detect the presence of escape electrons in real time and obtain the real-time kinetic energy distribution spectrum of the escape electron beam at high frequency when plasma breaks down; an adaptive control unit, which is communicatively connected to the escape electron diagnostic unit and has a built-in resonance frequency calculation model, which can calculate in real time the resonance frequency that can induce strong scattering of the electron beam under the current energy state based on the received real-time kinetic energy distribution spectrum of the escape electron beam and the background magnetic field and density of the plasma; and a radio frequency wave injection unit, which is electrically or communicatively connected to the adaptive control unit and has multiple frequency bands of radio frequency waves, which can dynamically select one of the multiple frequency bands of radio frequency waves and inject it into the plasma according to the resonance frequency calculated by the adaptive control unit.

[0007] The escape electron mitigation device of the nuclear fusion device according to the present invention can track the energy of escape electrons in real time and adaptively switch the transmission frequency band to achieve rapid, nonlinear scattering dissipation of escape electrons. Moreover, it has a faster response and can induce the scattering of the high-energy electron beam at the throwing angle within the sub-millisecond level, rapidly converting the parallel dangerous kinetic energy of escape electrons into vertical energy and electromagnetic wave energy. It can also provide an adaptive energy adjustment method, which can reduce energy waste and improve dissipation efficiency.

[0008] In some embodiments of the present invention, the escape electron diagnostic unit includes a detection module and a processing module. The detection module is used to monitor the temperature evolution of hot electrons and the high-energy behavior of escape electrons. The processing module is electrically or communicatively connected to the detection module and the adaptive control unit, and is used to obtain the real-time kinetic energy distribution spectrum of the escape electron beam based on the monitoring data of the detection module.

[0009] In some embodiments of the present invention, the detection module is a hard X-ray spectrometer or an electron cyclotron emission detector.

[0010] In some embodiments of the present invention, the radio frequency wave injection unit includes a broadband tunable radio frequency wave source array and an antenna array. The broadband tunable radio frequency wave source array is electrically connected to the adaptive control unit and is used to dynamically adjust the broadband transmitting radio frequency band array to form radio frequency waves of the multiple frequency bands. The antenna array is electrically connected to the broadband tunable radio frequency wave source array and is used to inject the radio frequency waves into the plasma.

[0011] In some embodiments of the present invention, the radio frequency wave injection unit includes a fixed frequency band wave source array and an antenna array. The fixed frequency band wave source array comprises multiple radio frequency waves to form the multiple frequency bands. The fixed frequency band wave source array is electrically connected to the adaptive control unit. The antenna array is electrically connected to the multiple fixed frequency band wave source arrays for injecting the radio frequency waves into the plasma.

[0012] In some embodiments of the present invention, the antenna array is multiple and spaced apart along the circumferential direction.

[0013] According to an embodiment of the present invention, a method for mitigating escape electrons in a nuclear fusion device uses an escape electron mitigation device for a nuclear fusion device as described in any of the preceding descriptions. The method includes: an escape electron diagnostic unit detecting the presence of escape electrons in real time based on plasma radiation and acquiring the real-time kinetic energy distribution spectrum of the escape electron beam through high-frequency monitoring; an adaptive control unit determining the current energy level of the escape electron based on the real-time kinetic energy distribution spectrum; if the escape electron is in a first energy level stage, the adaptive control unit controlling the radio frequency wave injection unit to emit a radio frequency wave of a first frequency band to make the escape electron satisfy Cherenkov resonance; if the escape electron is in a second energy level stage, the adaptive control unit controlling the radio frequency wave injection unit to emit a radio frequency wave of a second frequency band to make the escape electron satisfy anomalous Doppler resonance, wherein the kinetic energy of the escape electron in the second energy level stage is greater than the kinetic energy in the first energy level stage; and quenching the escape electron through material injection or magnetic perturbation.

[0014] According to the escape electron mitigation method of the nuclear fusion device of the present invention, the escape electron energy can be tracked in real time and the emission frequency band can be adaptively switched to achieve rapid, nonlinear scattering dissipation of escape electrons. Moreover, the response is faster, and the high-energy electron beam can be scattered at the throwing angle within the sub-millisecond level, which can quickly convert the parallel dangerous kinetic energy of the escape electrons into vertical energy and electromagnetic wave energy. It can also provide an adaptive energy adjustment method, which can reduce energy waste and improve dissipation efficiency.

[0015] In some embodiments of the present invention, the first energy level stage is when the kinetic energy of the escaping electron is less than or equal to 5 MeV, and the second energy level stage is when the kinetic energy of the escaping electron is greater than 5 MeV.

[0016] In some embodiments of the present invention, in the step of quenching the escaped electricity in a coordinated manner by means of material injection or magnetic perturbation, the material injection method includes projectile injection or gas injection, and the magnetic perturbation method includes three-dimensional resonant magnetic perturbation.

[0017] According to an embodiment of the present invention, a nuclear fusion device includes: a vacuum chamber; an escape electron mitigation device as described in any of the preceding descriptions, wherein the escape electron diagnostic unit is disposed on the vacuum chamber, and the radio frequency wave injection unit is used to inject the radio frequency wave into the vacuum chamber.

[0018] According to the embodiments of the present invention, the nuclear fusion device can track the energy of escape electrons in real time by setting an escape electron mitigation device, and adaptively switch the transmission frequency band to achieve rapid, nonlinear scattering dissipation of escape electrons, thereby reducing energy waste, improving dissipation efficiency, and improving the reliability of the nuclear fusion device.

[0019] Additional aspects and advantages of the invention will be set forth in part in the description which follows, and in part will be obvious from the description, or may be learned by practice of the invention. Attached Figure Description

[0020] The above and / or additional aspects and advantages of the present invention will become apparent and readily understood from the description of the embodiments taken in conjunction with the following drawings, in which: Figure 1 A schematic diagram showing the escape electron mitigation device of a nuclear fusion device provided in some embodiments of the present invention mounted on a vacuum chamber; Figure 2 A flowchart illustrating a method for mitigating escape electrons in a nuclear fusion device according to some embodiments of the present invention; Figure 3 This is a flowchart illustrating a method for mitigating escape electrons in a nuclear fusion device, as provided in other embodiments of the present invention.

[0021] Figure label: 100. Escape electron mitigation device for nuclear fusion device; 10. Escape electron diagnostic unit; 20. Adaptive control unit; 30. Radio frequency wave injection unit; 200. Vacuum chamber; 300. Plasma; 400. Escape electron; 500. Plasma radiation. Detailed Implementation

[0022] Embodiments of the present invention are described in detail below. Examples of these embodiments are shown in the accompanying drawings, wherein the same or similar reference numerals denote the same or similar elements or elements having the same or similar functions throughout. The embodiments described below with reference to the accompanying drawings are exemplary and are only used to explain the present invention, and should not be construed as limiting the present invention.

[0023] In the description of this invention, it should be understood that the terms "center," "longitudinal," "lateral," "length," "width," "thickness," "upper," "lower," "front," "rear," "left," "right," "vertical," "horizontal," "top," "bottom," "inner," "outer," "clockwise," "counterclockwise," "axial," "radial," and "circumferential," etc., indicating orientation or positional relationships, are based on the orientation or positional relationships shown in the accompanying drawings and are only for the convenience of describing the invention and simplifying the description, and do not indicate or imply that the device or element referred to must have a specific orientation, or be constructed and operated in a specific orientation, and therefore should not be construed as a limitation of the invention. Furthermore, features defined with "first" or "second" may explicitly or implicitly include one or more of that feature. In the description of this invention, unless otherwise stated, "a plurality of" means two or more. In the description of this invention, it should be noted that, unless otherwise explicitly specified and limited, the terms "installation," "connection," and "linking" should be interpreted broadly. For example, they can refer to a fixed connection, a detachable connection, or an integral connection; they can refer to a mechanical connection or an electrical connection; they can refer to a direct connection or an indirect connection through an intermediate medium; and they can refer to the internal connection of two components. Those skilled in the art can understand the specific meaning of the above terms in this invention based on the specific circumstances.

[0024] In related technologies, during the rupture phase of a nuclear fusion device, there are generally three methods to mitigate or suppress the escape of electron beams: gas / projectile injection, magnetic disturbance, and fixed-frequency resonant wave injection.

[0025] In gas / projectile injection methods, when rupture precursors are detected, a large amount of high-Z or low-Z material (Z refers to the number of protons in the atomic nucleus), such as large-scale neon, helium, or argon gas, is injected into the plasma. This can rapidly increase the plasma density in a short time, reducing the avalanche effect by increasing the collision damping between escape electrons and the background plasma, thereby suppressing the generation of escape electrons and consuming their kinetic energy. However, there is a physical transport delay as gas or solid projectiles enter the plasma core from the device edge, while the generation and acceleration of escape electrons are extremely rapid, often preventing the injected material from reaching the core region of the high-energy electron beam in time. Secondly, while injecting a large amount of high-Z impurities can rapidly cool the plasma (thermal quenching), it also creates an extremely high central electric field, potentially exciting even more secondary escape electrons.

[0026] In the magnetic perturbation method, by placing three-dimensional passive coils outside or inside the nuclear fusion device or actively applying resonant magnetic perturbations, the magnetic integrity of the plasma is disrupted, forming random or localized magnetic islands. Because the magnetic field lines are not closed, escape electrons in the early stages of acceleration diffuse radially and are lost to the first wall before reaching extremely high energies. Although this method guides low-energy escape electrons to the first wall in advance, the energy may still be too high, potentially causing localized thermal load damage to the first wall. Furthermore, this method is ineffective for already formed high-energy electrons because high-energy electrons are insensitive to small-amplitude magnetic perturbations.

[0027] In the fixed-frequency resonant wave injection method, the injected plasma wave (such as an electron cyclotron resonance wave or a whistle wave) induces harmonic Doppler resonance with the escaped electrons, triggering the scattering of the high-energy electrons' throw angle. This converts the dangerous kinetic energy of the escaped electrons parallel to the magnetic field into vertical energy and electromagnetic field energy, thus limiting their maximum energy. This method can effectively reduce the energy of escaped electrons. However, current attempts at resonant wave injection almost all use a single or fixed frequency band. The energy of escaped electrons evolves dramatically during the breakup process. According to microscopic physical mechanisms, escaped electrons with different initial kinetic energies (such as a low-energy state of 1 MeV and a high-energy state of 10 MeV) have drastically different dominant resonance conditions (such as Cherenkov resonance or anomalous Doppler resonance). Fixed-frequency wave injection struggles to maintain resonance with the real-time evolving energy of the escaped electrons, resulting in wasted wave energy and a low kinetic energy dissipation rate of the escaped electrons.

[0028] Based on the above analysis, it is evident that the existing gas / projectile injection, magnetic perturbation, and fixed-frequency resonant wave injection methods have low dissipation efficiency for escaping electrons, and their effects on mitigating or suppressing the escaping electron beam are not ideal. Furthermore, among related technologies, material injection technology suffers from limited penetration depth and long response time; magnetic perturbation technology may exacerbate the first wall load; and fixed-frequency radio frequency wave injection technology cannot adapt to the dynamic evolution of escaping electron energy, exhibiting drawbacks such as low energy dissipation efficiency and wasted wave injection energy.

[0029] The following is for reference. Figure 1 This describes an escape electron mitigation device 100 for a nuclear fusion device according to an embodiment of the present invention.

[0030] like Figure 1 As shown, an escape electron mitigation device 100 for a nuclear fusion device according to an embodiment of the present invention includes: an escape electron diagnostic unit 10, an adaptive control unit 20, and a radio frequency wave injection unit 30.

[0031] The escape electron diagnostic unit 10 is used to detect the presence of escape electrons in real time and to acquire the real-time kinetic energy distribution spectrum of the escape electron beam at high frequency when plasma 300 breaks down. Specifically, the escape electron diagnostic unit 10 can be understood as measuring the energy of X-ray photons emitted by bremsstrahlung, and the photon energy has a strict physical mapping relationship with the kinetic energy of the incident escape electrons. The hard X-ray spectrometer captures a large number of radiation photons at high frequency, counts the number of photons and their corresponding energies, and generates a hard X-ray energy distribution spectrum. By combining the bremsstrahlung cross-section formula to deconvolve the energy spectrum, the real-time kinetic energy distribution state of the escape electrons that produced these photons can be inversely deduced from the photon energy spectrum, thereby accurately calculating the average kinetic energy E of the escape electron beam. The relativistic Lorentz factor γ can be calculated from the kinetic energy using relativity. At the same time, it can also sensitively detect the strong non-thermal radiation signal emitted by high-energy escape electrons, which can be used for cross-validation with the hard X-ray bremsstrahlung energy spectrometer data.

[0032] The adaptive control unit 20 is communicatively connected to the escape electron diagnostic unit 10 and has a built-in resonance frequency calculation model. Based on the real-time kinetic energy distribution spectrum of the received escape electron beam, combined with the background magnetic field and density of the plasma 300, it can calculate in real time the resonance frequency that can induce strong electron beam scattering under the current energy state. The core of the resonance frequency calculation model is solving the harmonic Doppler resonance equation, which includes the relativistic Doppler effect. This can be referenced from the description of plasma-assisted heating and current-driven physics in the International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor (ITER). According to the fundamental physics theory of nuclear fusion wave heating and current-driven physics, the wave frequency at which radio frequency waves resonate with relativistic escape electrons is related to the non-relativistic electron cyclotron frequency, the relativistic Lorentz factor γ, and the Doppler harmonic index. The resonance frequency calculation model can convert the average kinetic energy E of the escaped electron into the Lorentz factor γ and parallel velocity v at the current moment. It then determines that the escaped electron is in a low-energy stage (e.g., around 1 MeV, where γ is small). In this case, the model sets the Doppler harmonic index to 0, at which point the resonance equation degenerates into the Cherenkov resonance condition. The model then calculates the required wave frequency (hereinafter referred to as the first frequency band, ranging from 0.8 GHz to 8 GHz) based on the currently measured parallel velocity. Conversely, if the resonance frequency calculation model determines that the escaped electron is in a high-energy stage (e.g., above 10 MeV, where the parallel velocity approaches the speed of light c, and γ is extremely large), the model algorithm automatically switches the harmonic index to... 1. Activate the anomalous Doppler resonance mechanism and calculate another frequency value for suppressing high-energy electrons (hereinafter referred to as the second frequency band, ranging from 100MHz to 10GHz). The resonance frequency can refer to the optimal harmonic Doppler resonance frequency that can induce strong scattering of the electron beam.

[0033] The radio frequency (RF) wave injection unit 30 is electrically or communicatively connected to the adaptive control unit 20 and has multiple RF wave frequency bands. The RF wave injection unit 30 can dynamically select one of the multiple RF wave frequency bands and inject it into the plasma 300 based on the resonant frequency calculated by the adaptive control unit 20. Due to differences in microscopic physical mechanisms, different electron kinetic energies correspond to different resonance conditions. The RF wave injection unit 30 can dynamically switch the emission frequency band according to the control commands of the adaptive control unit 20, instantaneously injecting a specific frequency RF wave into the plasma 300, precisely exciting the targeted plasma wave, inducing resonance and scattering, thereby reducing electron energy and alleviating the thermal load on the first wall.

[0034] The escape electron mitigation device 100 of the nuclear fusion device in this invention constructs an energy-adaptive dynamic frequency switching mechanism for radio frequency waves. Unlike existing radio frequency injection technologies that only use a single or fixed frequency band, this invention utilizes the energy-dependent characteristics of the interaction between escape electrons and plasma waves: that is, in the low-energy initial acceleration stage of escape electrons, Cherenkov resonance dominates; while in the high-energy stage, anomalous Doppler resonance dominates. By adjusting the injection wave frequency band in real time, this invention ensures that the radio frequency wave always maintains a precise match with the dominant resonance condition of the current evolution stage of the escape electrons, thereby improving wave energy utilization and electron beam dissipation efficiency.

[0035] Secondly, this invention also utilizes nonlinear resonant interactions to achieve sub-millisecond-level ultra-fast energy dissipation and conversion. By targeting and exciting plasma waves in a specific frequency band, it induces escaping electrons to generate strong throwing angle scattering within a sub-millisecond timescale, rapidly converting their dangerous kinetic energy parallel to the magnetic field direction into vertical energy and electromagnetic field energy. This mechanism solves the physical bottleneck of traditional material injection being affected by mechanical diffusion delay.

[0036] Furthermore, the escape electron mitigation device 100 of the nuclear fusion device in this embodiment of the invention forms a hardware closed-loop control architecture of "real-time diagnosis - calculation feedback - dynamic injection". The system integrates an escape electron diagnostic unit 10 for real-time acquisition of the energy spectrum, an adaptive control unit 20 with a built-in ultra-fast resonant frequency calculation model, and a radio frequency wave injection unit 30 with multiple frequency bands, which can adapt to the transient monitoring and control requirements of the drastic rise in electron energy under extreme fracture conditions.

[0037] The escape electron mitigation device 100 of the nuclear fusion device according to an embodiment of the present invention can track the energy of escape electrons in real time and adaptively switch the transmission frequency band to achieve rapid, nonlinear scattering dissipation of escape electrons. Moreover, it has a faster response and can induce the scattering of the high-energy electron beam at the throwing angle within the sub-millisecond level, quickly converting the parallel dangerous kinetic energy of escape electrons into vertical energy and electromagnetic wave energy. It can also provide an adaptive energy adjustment method, which can reduce energy waste and improve dissipation efficiency.

[0038] In some embodiments of the present invention, the escape electron diagnostic unit 10 may include a detection module and a processing module. The detection module is used to monitor the temperature evolution of hot electrons and the high-energy behavior of escape electrons. The processing module is electrically or communicatively connected to the detection module and the adaptive control unit 20, and is used to obtain the real-time kinetic energy distribution spectrum of the escape electron beam based on the monitoring data from the detection module. The detection module can refer to a detector capable of detecting escape electrons and their energy to achieve monitoring of escape electrons. The processing module can refer to a device capable of analyzing and processing the detection data from the detection module, such as a processor or a computer, etc.

[0039] In some embodiments of the present invention, the detection module may be a hard X-ray spectrometer or an electron cyclotron emission detector. It is understood that the detection module may primarily be a hard X-ray spectrometer, but may also incorporate data from an electron cyclotron emission detector for verification.

[0040] In some embodiments of the present invention, the radio frequency wave injection unit 30 may include a broadband tunable radio frequency wave source array and an antenna array. The broadband tunable radio frequency wave source array is electrically connected to the adaptive control unit 20 and is used to dynamically adjust the broadband transmission frequency band to form radio frequency waves of multiple frequency bands. The antenna array and the broadband tunable radio frequency wave source array are electrically connected and are used to inject radio frequency waves into the plasma 300.

[0041] In the above technical solution, the broadband RF tunable injection unit 30 can provide RF waves in more frequency bands, which is beneficial for meeting more application needs and is more flexible in operation. The antenna array is used to reflect the RF waves from the broadband tunable RF source array.

[0042] In some embodiments of the present invention, the radio frequency wave injection unit 30 includes a fixed-frequency wave source array and an antenna array. The fixed-frequency wave source array comprises multiple radio frequency waves to form multiple frequency bands. The fixed-frequency wave source array is electrically connected to the adaptive control unit 20. The antenna array is electrically connected to the multiple fixed-frequency wave source arrays for injecting radio frequency waves into the plasma 300. In this technical solution, multiple frequency bands of radio frequency waves can be formed by multiple fixed-frequency wave source arrays, which simplifies the structure of the radio frequency wave injection unit 30 and reduces the failure rate.

[0043] In some embodiments of the present invention, such as Figure 1As shown, there are multiple antenna arrays, spaced apart along the circumference. There can be four antenna arrays, arranged around the walls of the vacuum chamber 200 of the nuclear fusion device. An antenna array can refer to an array composed of multiple transmitting antennas of different frequencies, thus providing multiple frequency bands. The antenna array can transmit radio frequency waves of different frequency bands as needed. In the above technical solution, this approach allows for the injection of radio frequency waves from multiple locations, thereby improving the effect of mitigating and suppressing escaped electrons.

[0044] According to an embodiment of the present invention, a method for mitigating escape electrons in a nuclear fusion device uses an escape electron mitigation device 100 as described in any of the preceding embodiments. Figure 2 and Figure 3 As shown, the escape electron mitigation method for a nuclear fusion device according to an embodiment of the present invention includes: In step S1, the escape electron diagnostic unit 10 detects the presence of escape electrons in real time based on plasma radiation 500 and obtains the real-time kinetic energy distribution spectrum of the escape electron beam through high-frequency monitoring. During this process, the escape electron diagnostic unit 10 can be activated to perform energy spectrum tracking after thermal quenching is detected and escape electrons are predicted by the plasma control system.

[0045] Step S2: Based on the real-time kinetic energy distribution spectrum, the adaptive control unit 20 determines the current energy level of the escaping electrons.

[0046] Step S3: If the escaped electron is in the first energy level stage, the adaptive control unit 20 controls the radio frequency wave injection unit 30 to emit radio frequency waves in the first frequency band so that the escaped electron satisfies Cherenkov resonance; if the escaped electron is in the second energy level stage, the adaptive control unit 20 controls the radio frequency wave injection unit 30 to emit radio frequency waves in the second frequency band so that the escaped electron satisfies anomalous Doppler resonance, wherein the kinetic energy of the escaped electron in the second energy level stage is greater than the kinetic energy in the first energy level stage.

[0047] In step S3, the first energy level stage can refer to the escape electrons being in a low-energy range, and the second energy level stage can refer to the escape electrons being in a high-energy range. When the adaptive control unit 20 determines, based on the diagnostic results of the escape electron diagnostic unit 10, that the escape electron beam is in the low-energy range of initial acceleration, the adaptive control unit 20 controls the radio frequency wave injection unit 30 to emit radio frequency waves of the first frequency band into the plasma 300 to satisfy the Cherenkov resonance condition for low-energy escape electrons, thereby exciting electrostatic waves in the plasma 300. Through sub-millisecond wave-particle interactions, the kinetic energy of the escape electrons diffuses in a parallel direction. When the adaptive control unit 20 determines, based on the diagnostic results of the escape electron diagnostic unit 10, that the escape electron is in a high-energy state, or that the escape electron is further accelerated ("further acceleration of the escape electron" refers to the physical process in which, after the escape electron 400 overcomes the background friction of the plasma 300, under the drive of the strong induced electric field (or high ring voltage) that persists during the rupture, its kinetic energy rises uncontrollably from the initial low energy state (about 1 MeV) until it reaches an extremely high energy state (tens or even hundreds of MeV), and it is determined that the escape electron is in a high-energy range (for example, the average kinetic energy of the escape electron reaches or exceeds 10 MeV), the adaptive control unit 20 immediately instructs the radio frequency wave injection unit 30 to dynamically switch to the second frequency band to satisfy the anomalous Doppler resonance condition of the high-energy escape electron, excite electromagnetic modes such as whistling waves in the plasma 300, induce the high-energy escape electron to produce strong throwing angle scattering, and rapidly convert its parallel kinetic energy into vertical kinetic energy and electromagnetic field energy.

[0048] Step S4 involves quenching escaped electrons through a combination of material injection and magnetic perturbation. It is understood that regardless of whether the escaped electron is in the first or second energy level, the material injection or magnetic perturbation process is simultaneously triggered when the radio frequency wave injection unit 30 emits a radio frequency wave, thus completing the final safe quenching of the escaped electron 400.

[0049] According to the escape electron mitigation method of the nuclear fusion device of the present invention, the escape electron energy can be tracked in real time and the emission frequency band can be adaptively switched to achieve rapid, nonlinear scattering dissipation of escape electrons. Moreover, the response is faster, and the high-energy electron beam can be scattered at the throwing angle within the sub-millisecond level, which can quickly convert the parallel dangerous kinetic energy of the escape electrons into vertical energy and electromagnetic wave energy. It can also provide an adaptive energy adjustment method, which can reduce energy waste and improve dissipation efficiency.

[0050] In some embodiments of the present invention, the first energy level is defined as the kinetic energy of the escaping electron being less than or equal to 5 MeV, and the second energy level is defined as the kinetic energy of the escaping electron being greater than 5 MeV. This can be understood as the average kinetic energy of the escaping electron being in the 1 MeV range. When the first energy level is defined as the kinetic energy of the escaping electron being less than or equal to 5 MeV, the escaping electron can be considered to be in a low-energy range; when the kinetic energy of the escaping electron is greater than 5 MeV, the escaping electron can be considered to be in a high-energy range.

[0051] In some embodiments of the present invention, in the step of quenching escape electricity in a coordinated manner by means of material injection or magnetic perturbation, the material injection method includes projectile injection or gas injection, and the magnetic perturbation method includes three-dimensional resonant magnetic perturbation.

[0052] According to an embodiment of the present invention, a nuclear fusion device includes a vacuum chamber 200 and an escape electron mitigation device 100 as described in any of the preceding embodiments. An escape electron diagnostic unit 10 is disposed on the vacuum chamber 200, and a radio frequency wave injection unit 30 is used to inject radio frequency waves into the vacuum chamber 200.

[0053] According to the embodiments of the present invention, the nuclear fusion device can track the energy of escape electrons in real time by setting the escape electron mitigation device 100 of the nuclear fusion device, and adaptively switch the transmission frequency band to achieve rapid and nonlinear scattering dissipation of escape electrons, which can reduce energy waste, improve dissipation efficiency, and improve the reliability of the nuclear fusion device.

[0054] Other components and operations of the nuclear fusion device according to embodiments of the present invention are known to those skilled in the art and will not be described in detail here.

[0055] In the description of this specification, the references to terms such as "one embodiment," "some embodiments," "illustrative embodiment," "example," "specific example," or "some examples," etc., indicate that a specific feature, structure, material, or characteristic described in connection with that embodiment or example is included in at least one embodiment or example of the invention. In this specification, the illustrative expressions of the above terms do not necessarily refer to the same embodiment or example. Furthermore, the specific features, structures, materials, or characteristics described may be combined in any suitable manner in one or more embodiments or examples.

[0056] Although embodiments of the invention have been shown and described, those skilled in the art will understand that various changes, modifications, substitutions and alterations can be made to these embodiments without departing from the principles and spirit of the invention, the scope of which is defined by the claims and their equivalents.

Claims

1. An escape electron mitigation device for a nuclear fusion device, characterized in that, include: An escape electron diagnostic unit is used to detect the presence of escape electrons in real time and to obtain the real-time kinetic energy distribution spectrum of the escape electron beam at high frequency when the plasma breaks down. An adaptive control unit is communicatively connected to the escape electron diagnostic unit and has a built-in resonant frequency calculation model. It can calculate the resonant frequency that can induce strong scattering of the electron beam in the current energy state in real time based on the real-time kinetic energy distribution spectrum of the received escape electron beam and the background magnetic field and density of the plasma. The radio frequency wave injection unit is electrically or communicatively connected to the adaptive control unit and has multiple frequency bands of radio frequency waves. The radio frequency wave injection unit can dynamically select one of the multiple frequency bands of radio frequency waves and inject it into the plasma according to the resonant frequency calculated by the adaptive control unit.

2. The escape electron mitigation device for a nuclear fusion device according to claim 1, characterized in that, The escape electron diagnostic unit includes a detection module and a processing module. The detection module is used to monitor the temperature evolution of hot electrons and the high-energy behavior of escape electrons. The processing module is electrically or communicatively connected to the detection module and the adaptive control unit, and is used to obtain the real-time kinetic energy distribution spectrum of the escape electron beam based on the monitoring data of the detection module.

3. The escape electron mitigation device for a nuclear fusion device according to claim 2, characterized in that, The detection module is a hard X-ray spectrometer or an electron cyclotron emission detector.

4. The escape electron mitigation device for a nuclear fusion device according to claim 1, characterized in that, The radio frequency wave injection unit includes a broadband tunable radio frequency wave source array and an antenna array. The broadband tunable radio frequency wave source array is electrically connected to the adaptive control unit and is used to dynamically adjust the broadband transmission frequency band to form radio frequency waves of the multiple frequency bands. The antenna array is electrically connected to the broadband tunable radio frequency wave source array and is used to inject the radio frequency waves into the plasma.

5. The escape electron mitigation device for a nuclear fusion device according to claim 1, characterized in that, The radio frequency wave injection unit includes a fixed frequency band wave source array and an antenna array. The fixed frequency band wave source array consists of multiple radio frequency waves forming the multiple frequency bands. The fixed frequency band wave source array is electrically connected to the adaptive control unit. The antenna array is electrically connected to the multiple fixed frequency band wave source arrays and is used to inject the radio frequency waves into the plasma.

6. The escape electron mitigation device for a nuclear fusion device according to claim 4 or 5, characterized in that, The antenna array consists of multiple arrays, which are spaced apart along the circumference.

7. A method for mitigating escaped electrons in a nuclear fusion device, characterized in that, The method, using the escape electron mitigation device of a nuclear fusion device as described in any one of claims 1 to 6, comprises: The escape electron diagnostic unit detects the presence of escape electrons in real time based on plasma radiation and obtains the real-time kinetic energy distribution spectrum of the escape electron beam through high-frequency monitoring. Based on the real-time kinetic energy distribution spectrum, the adaptive control unit determines the current energy level of the escaped electron; If the escaped electron is in the first energy level stage, the adaptive control unit controls the radio frequency wave injection unit to emit radio frequency waves of the first frequency band so that the escaped electron satisfies Cherenkov resonance; if the escaped electron is in the second energy level stage, the adaptive control unit controls the radio frequency wave injection unit to emit radio frequency waves of the second frequency band so that the escaped electron satisfies anomalous Doppler resonance, wherein the kinetic energy of the escaped electron in the second energy level stage is greater than the kinetic energy in the first energy level stage; The escaped electrons are quenched in a coordinated manner by material injection or magnetic perturbation.

8. The method for mitigating escape electrons in a nuclear fusion device according to claim 7, characterized in that, The first energy level stage is when the kinetic energy of the escaping electron is less than or equal to 5 MeV, and the second energy level stage is when the kinetic energy of the escaping electron is greater than 5 MeV.

9. The method for mitigating escape electrons in a nuclear fusion device according to claim 7, characterized in that, In the step of quenching the escaped electricity in a coordinated manner by means of material injection or magnetic perturbation, the material injection method includes projectile injection or gas injection, and the magnetic perturbation method includes three-dimensional resonant magnetic perturbation.

10. A nuclear fusion device, characterized in that, include: Vacuum chamber; The escape electron mitigation device for a nuclear fusion device as described in any one of claims 1 to 6, wherein the escape electron diagnostic unit is disposed on the vacuum chamber, and the radio frequency wave injection unit is used to inject the radio frequency wave into the vacuum chamber.

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