Intelligent enclosed projection type fuse

Abstract

This invention discloses an intelligent enclosed jet-type fuse, comprising an insulating protective shell and a fuse tube composed of multiple stacked insulators. The top of the fuse tube is connected to an umbrella-shaped inlet terminal, and the bottom is fixed by a base. The base integrates a sensing unit and an intelligent circuit board. A fuse assembly is snapped into the fuse tube, and its surface has small holes with variable cross-sections filled with quartz sand. The bottom end is connected to the base. The sensing unit includes a temperature sensor, a vibration sensor, and a Rogowski coil for real-time monitoring of contact temperature, vibration signal, and input current. The circuit board integrates an MCU control module, a LoRa wireless communication module, etc., which can wirelessly transmit monitoring data to a gateway. The insulating protective shell is equipped with aviation plug terminals. The fuse tube is installed through a fixing plate with connecting pieces. The upper and lower contacts adopt a petal-shaped structure to increase the contact area. This fuse integrates overcurrent fusing and intelligent monitoring, and has remote status perception and fault alarm functions.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] This invention relates to the field of power equipment technology, specifically to an intelligent enclosed jet-type fuse. Technical Background

[0002] As a simple and easy-to-operate manual protective electrical appliance, the fuse plays an indispensable role in the power system. Among them, the drop-out fuse is particularly common, mainly composed of insulators, fuse tubes, and fuse wires. Its working principle is relatively straightforward: when a fault current is generated in the system due to a short circuit or overload, the fuse wire melts due to high temperature in a very short time; subsequently, the fuse tube, losing the traction of the fuse wire, falls rapidly downwards under the action of gravity, thereby isolating the faulty line or equipment from the main circuit and preventing further damage. In the overall architecture of the power system, the fuse not only undertakes the responsibility of switching on and off, but is also an important barrier for short-circuit and overload protection. A typical drop-out fuse structure includes a stationary contact, a moving contact, a fusible link, and an insulating support. Under normal operating conditions, the moving contact remains closed with the stationary contact, and the fusible link is in close contact with the stationary contact through an elastic mechanism, ensuring that the current can flow smoothly through the complete circuit formed by the stationary contact, the fusible link, and the moving contact. In the event of an overload or short circuit in the circuit, the fuse will melt rapidly, and the fuse holder will automatically drop under the combined action of gravity and spring force, physically separating the faulty section from the main line and effectively protecting downstream distribution transformers, cables, and other critical equipment from damage. Although drop-out fuses have significant protective advantages in design, many problems have been exposed in actual operation. Traditional drop-out fuses frequently experience insulation failures, such as the fuse wire failing to drop smoothly after melting, cracks in the insulator or breakage at the adhesive joint, cracking or even bursting of the fuse tube, and the fuse tube dropping unexpectedly. These faults are particularly pronounced in areas with harsh environmental conditions—such as high humidity, dust, strong winds, or significant temperature differences—not only affecting power supply reliability but also increasing maintenance difficulty and costs. Furthermore, existing drop-out fuses are also relatively vulnerable to external environmental interference. For example, when a fuse accidentally comes into contact with foreign objects such as tree branches or wires, it can easily trigger a discharge, leading to a short circuit or grounding accident. If the phase-to-phase distance of the transformer is insufficient, it may also induce an arcing short circuit, posing a serious threat to system safety. More concerning is that some users fail to replace faulty fuses promptly, instead resorting to the unsafe practice of simply connecting the fuse wires. This temporary solution not only fails to address the problem but also creates greater safety hazards. Furthermore, fuses exposed to the natural environment for extended periods are susceptible to corrosion from rain, salt spray, and pollution, leading to component rust and jamming, preventing proper drop-out protection and further weakening their protective function.

[0003] A search revealed a drop-out fuse disclosed in patent application CN114038725B. This fuse, consisting of an insulator, a first arm, a second arm, a fuse tube, and multiple fuse wires, allows for quick fuse replacement and circuit reconnection without removing the fuse tube from the power distribution system and installing the fuse wires. The fallen fuse tube is simply flipped upwards until the locking block of the next fuse wire engages with the pressure block. However, the drop-out fuse only has a hook groove on the arm for limiting the fuse tube's movement, which cannot stably guide or limit the falling fuse tube. Therefore, when the fuse tube falls freely, it is prone to detaching from the arm and falling from a height, posing a significant safety hazard. Furthermore, the fuse tube is susceptible to external environmental factors such as wind, causing it to swing erratically on the arm, easily damaging the insulator and potentially leading to circuit safety accidents.

[0004] In summary, traditional drop-out fuses suffer from problems such as overload-induced fuse drop, lack of early warning for fuse tube rupture, low efficiency of manual inspection, and untimely repairs. Existing intelligent monitoring technologies also lack multi-dimensional monitoring methods and cannot meet the needs of outdoor operation and maintenance. Summary of the Invention

[0005] The main objective of this invention is to propose an innovative intelligent enclosed jet-type fuse to address and resolve the technical defects and safety hazards of traditional drop-out fuses commonly used in current power systems.

[0006] To solve the above-mentioned technical problems, the present invention is achieved through the following technical solution.

[0007] A smart enclosed jet-type fuse includes an insulating protective shell and a fuse tube. The fuse tube is connected to the upper end of the insulating protective shell. The insulator is composed of multiple insulators stacked in layers. The top of the fuse tube is connected to an inlet terminal, which has an umbrella-shaped structure. A base is provided at the bottom of the insulating protective shell. A sensing unit is provided inside the base. The fuse tube is fixedly connected to the base. A mounting plate for installation is fixedly provided in the middle of the insulator. An aviation plug terminal is fixedly provided on one side of the insulating protective shell.

[0008] The fixing plate is fixed by a set of semi-circular metal connectors with bolts. The end of the fixing plate is connected to a connecting piece, which consists of two flat metal plates and is fixed by bolts and nuts. One plate is connected to the horizontal part of the L-shaped bracket, and the other plate is connected to the fixing plate.

[0009] The fuse tube is fitted with a fuse assembly inside. The bottom end of the fuse assembly is connected to the top of the base. The fuse assembly is made of a low melting point alloy or a high melting point metal. It melts and breaks the circuit when there is an overcurrent. The surface of the fuse assembly has small holes with variable cross-sections, which are filled with quartz sand.

[0010] The base contains a circuit board and has a fuse indicator on its outer surface. The base is made of insulating and flame-retardant material.

[0011] The circuit board includes an MCU control module, a LoRa wireless communication module, a circuit module, a storage module, a charging management module, and a debugging serial port module. The circuit board uses the LoRa 433MHz wireless frequency band to transmit data with the LoRa wireless communication module. The LoRa wireless communication module forwards the data on the fuse to the gateway device wirelessly. The output terminals of the storage module, the LoRa wireless communication module, and the circuit module are connected to the MCU control module. The output terminal of the MCU control module is connected to the charging management module and the debugging serial port module. The debugging serial port module is electrically connected to the sensing unit.

[0012] An upper contact is provided between the insulating sleeve and the fuse tube, and a lower contact is provided between the fuse tube and the base. The upper and lower contacts are petal-shaped contact contacts to increase the contact area.

[0013] The sensing unit includes a temperature sensor, a vibration sensor, and a Rogowski coil. The temperature sensor detects the temperature of the contacts in the fuse tube of the fuse, the vibration sensor detects the vibration signal of the fuse, and the Rogowski coil detects the current at the input terminal of the fuse.

[0014] The fuse assembly includes a fuse post, and a spring is fixedly connected to the outer wall of the fuse post.

[0015] The base has an opening for the movement of the fuse assembly. An operating handle is fixedly connected inside the opening. A handle is provided at the bottom of the operating handle. A fusible tube is provided inside the operating handle. A connecting ring is fixedly connected to the top of the fusible tube.

[0016] The insulator has alternating skirts arranged along its height direction.

[0017] Compared with the prior art, the beneficial effects of the present invention are as follows:

[0018] 1. This invention discloses an intelligent enclosed jet-type fuse, comprising an insulating protective shell, a fuse tube, and an insulator assembly composed of multiple insulators stacked in layers. The fuse tube is welded to the upper end of the insulating protective shell, and its top is connected to an umbrella-shaped inlet terminal, which helps prevent flashover in humid environments and improves anti-pollution flashover capability. A base is provided at the bottom of the insulating protective shell. The base is made of insulating and flame-retardant material, and integrates a sensing unit and circuit board inside. A fuse-breaking indicator is provided on the outer surface for easy visual observation of the fuse-breaking status. The fuse tube is fixedly connected to the base, and the middle part of the insulator is fixedly mounted via a fixing plate.

[0019] 2. The fuse tube of this invention has a fuse assembly internally engaged, with its bottom end connected to the top of the base. The fuse assembly is made of a low-melting-point alloy or a high-melting-point metal, capable of rapidly melting and cutting off the circuit in the event of an overcurrent, protecting downstream equipment. The surface of the fuse assembly has variable cross-section small holes, surrounded by high-purity silica sand. When the fuse melts and generates an electric arc, the silica sand rapidly melts under the high temperature of the arc, forming a highly insulating silicate glass body. Simultaneously, the variable cross-section small holes accelerate the elongation and cooling of the arc, achieving rapid arc extinguishing and effectively limiting overvoltage.

[0020] 3. The fuse assembly of the fuse of this invention includes a fuse tube, the outer wall of which is fixedly connected to a spring. This structure allows the spring's stored energy to quickly pull the fuse break apart at the moment the fuse melts, accelerating the arc extinguishing process. An opening for the fuse assembly to move is provided on the base, and an operating handle is fixedly connected inside the opening. The bottom of the operating handle has a convenient grip, which houses the fuse tube. A connecting ring is fixedly connected to the top of the fuse tube, facilitating fuse replacement and maintenance.

[0021] 4. The circuit board of the fuse of this invention integrates an MCU control module, a LoRa wireless communication module, a circuit module, a storage module, a charging management module, and a debugging serial port module. The system uses the LoRa 433MHz wireless frequency band for data transmission, which has the advantages of long transmission distance, strong penetration capability, and low power consumption. The LoRa wireless communication module is responsible for wirelessly forwarding the data collected by the fuse to the gateway device, thereby connecting to the Internet of Things system. The output terminals of the storage module, LoRa wireless communication module, and circuit module are all connected to the MCU control module. The MCU, as the processing core, has its output terminals connected to the charging management module and the debugging serial port module. The debugging serial port module is electrically connected to the sensing unit, facilitating system debugging and data analysis. Attached Figure Description

[0022] To more clearly illustrate the technical solutions in the embodiments of this application or the prior art, the drawings used in the embodiments will be briefly introduced below. Obviously, the drawings described below are only some embodiments of this application. For those skilled in the art, other drawings can be obtained based on these drawings without creative effort.

[0023] Figure 1 This is a schematic diagram of the overall structure of the present invention;

[0024] Figure 2 This is a schematic diagram of the internal structure of the present invention;

[0025] Figure 3 This is a schematic diagram of the base opening of the present invention;

[0026] Figure 4 This is a cross-sectional view of the present invention;

[0027] Figure 5 This is a schematic diagram of the interior of the base of the present invention;

[0028] Figure 6 This is a schematic diagram of the sensing unit of the present invention.

[0029] In the diagram: 1. Insulating protective housing; 2. Fuse tube; 3. Insulator; 4. Inlet terminal; 5. Base; 6. Sensing unit; 61. Temperature sensor; 62. Vibration sensor; 63. Rogowski coil; 7. Fuse tube; 8. Fixing plate; 9. Aviation connector terminal; 10. Connecting piece; 11. L-shaped bracket; 12. Fuse assembly; 121. Fuse post; 122. Spring; 13. Circuit board; 14. Lower contact; 15. Upper contact; 16. Opening; 17. Operating handle; 18. Handle; 19. Connecting ring. Detailed Implementation

[0030] The technical solutions of the present invention will be clearly and completely described below with reference to the accompanying drawings in the embodiments of the present invention.

[0031] In the description of this invention, unless otherwise explicitly specified and limited, the terms "set," "connect," and "fix" should be interpreted broadly. For example, they can refer to a fixed connection, a detachable connection, or an integral part; they can refer to a mechanical connection or an electrical connection; they can refer to a direct connection or an indirect connection through an intermediate medium; they can refer to the internal communication of two components or the interaction between two components. Those skilled in the art can understand the specific meaning of the above terms in this invention based on the specific circumstances.

[0032] Example

[0033] This invention provides a technical solution: such as Figures 1 to 6 As shown, this embodiment provides an intelligent enclosed jet-type fuse, including an insulating protective shell 1 and a fuse tube 2. The insulating protective shell 1 is made of high-strength, weather-resistant insulating materials such as epoxy resin or silicone rubber, providing mechanical protection and electrical insulation for the entire fuse. The fuse tube 2 is connected to the upper end of the insulating protective shell 1 to ensure sealing and prevent moisture and dust from the external environment from entering. The fuse tube 2 is formed by stacking multiple insulators 3 made of ceramic or composite insulating materials in layers along the axial direction. Each insulator 3 has an alternating awning structure of different sizes along its height direction, which can increase the creepage distance, improve the electric field distribution, and improve the flashover protection performance of the insulator 3 in dirty and humid environments. A fuse assembly 12 is installed in the hollow tube formed by stacking the insulators 3.

[0034] The top of the fuse tube 2 is connected to an inlet terminal 4, which is an outwardly expanding umbrella-shaped structure, typically made of copper or a copper alloy, with a silver-plated surface to reduce contact resistance. This umbrella-shaped structure facilitates reliable, large-area electrical connections with clamps or connectors of external power transmission lines. An upper contact 15 is located at the connection point between the inlet terminal 4 and the top of the fuse tube 2. The upper contact 15 employs a petal-shaped contact design, consisting of multiple circumferentially distributed elastic metal pieces, enabling multi-point, tight elastic contact with the upper end of the fuse assembly 12, significantly increasing the effective contact area and reducing contact resistance and heat generation. The bottom end of the fuse assembly 12 is tightly fitted to the lower contact 14 on the top of the base 5 via a silver-plated copper terminal.

[0035] The fuse tube 2 is vertically connected to the upper outlet of the insulating protective shell. In this embodiment, the fuse tube 2 is not a single integral insulating tube, but rather composed of multiple high-performance composite insulators 3 stacked axially and tightly connected by an internal structure. Each insulator 3 unit is made of high-temperature sintered ceramic or silicone rubber composite material, possessing excellent electrical insulation performance and mechanical strength. In particular, the outer edge of each insulator 3 is designed with alternating large and small shed structures along its height direction. The alternating sheds can significantly extend the creepage distance and effectively suppress surface leakage current in dirty and humid environments, preventing flashover accidents, making it particularly suitable for harsh outdoor environments.

[0036] A base 5 is fixedly mounted on the bottom of the insulating protective housing 1. The base 5 is made of insulating and flame-retardant material, such as reinforced nylon or thermosetting plastic, and forms a sealed cavity inside. The base 5 is fixedly connected to the lower end of the insulating protective housing 1 by a flange or bolts. A fusible tube 7 is fixedly connected to the center of the top of the base 5, and the fusible tube 7 extends upward into the central area of ​​the fuse tube 2. The fusible tube 7 is usually made of a material with good arc-extinguishing properties, such as gas-generating plastic or ceramic.

[0037] The sensing unit 6 and circuit board 13 are integrated in the internal cavity of the base 5. An aviation plug terminal 9 is fixedly installed on the outer wall of the base 5. The aviation plug terminal 9 is located on the right side of the insulating protective shell 1 and adopts an M12 five-pin aviation plug with IP67 protection level. The positive and negative terminals of the power supply and the LoRa antenna feed line are respectively led out for the access of external auxiliary power supply or the output of debugging signals. It supports plug-and-play field deployment and modular maintenance.

[0038] At the center of the insulator 3, typically at the optimal position for mechanical strength of the integral fuse tube 2, a fixing plate 8 is fixedly installed to mount the entire fuse to the supporting crossarm or bracket. The fixing plate 8 is secured to the outer wall of the fuse tube 2 by a set of semi-circular metal connectors fastened together with high-strength bolts. A connecting piece 10 extends from the end of the fixing plate 8. The connecting piece 10 consists of two flat metal plates fastened together with bolts and nuts. One metal plate is fixedly connected to the end of the fixing plate 8, while the other is connected to the horizontal portion of an L-shaped bracket 11. The vertical portion of the L-shaped bracket 11 is then bolted to the support structure of the mounting base. This ensures a secure installation of the fuse and facilitates angle adjustment.

[0039] The fuse assembly 12 is snapped into the inside of the fuse tube 2. The bottom end of the fuse assembly 12 is electrically and mechanically connected to the top of the base 5, while its top end contacts the upper contact 15. The main body of the fuse assembly 12 is the fuse column 121, made of a low-melting-point alloy (such as tin-lead alloy) or a high-melting-point metal (such as silver or copper). The choice of fuse column material depends on factors such as voltage, current, environmental conditions, and cost for the specific application, ensuring the reliability and safety of the fuse. Under overcurrent, concentrated heat is generated. High-purity, strictly screened quartz sand is filled around the fuse column 121 to absorb the arc energy generated when the fuse melts and accelerate the cooling and extinguishing of the arc. A spring 122 is also fixedly connected to the outer wall of the fuse column 121. One end of the spring 122 is fixed to the fuse column 121, and the other end abuts against the inner wall of the fuse tube 7 or a corresponding structure of the base 5. When the fuse is working normally, the spring 122 is in a compressed or pre-tightened state. Once the fuse melts due to overcurrent, the elastic energy stored in the spring 122 is released rapidly, quickly pulling the remnants of the fuse assembly 12 downward into the depth of the fuse tube 7. At the same time, a jet of air is generated, which helps to forcefully stretch and cool the arc, ensuring that the arc is reliably extinguished.

[0040] Inside the fuse tube 2, a replaceable fuse assembly is snapped in place. The fuse assembly 12 is made of silver, copper, or a silver-copper composite material. The shape of the fuse is precisely designed; it is not a simple straight wire. Its surface is machined with multiple small holes or narrow sections of varying cross-sections, so that heat will preferentially concentrate at these weak points during overcurrent, thereby achieving rapid and accurate melting. The fuse is precisely placed inside the fuse tube, and its surroundings are filled with high-purity quartz sand with strictly screened particle size. The role of the quartz sand is crucial: when the fuse melts due to overcurrent and generates an electric arc, the quartz sand rapidly vaporizes at the high temperature of the arc, generating enormous pressure. It also relies on the narrow gaps between its particles to strongly deionize and cool the arc, thereby rapidly extinguishing the arc when the current crosses zero and assisting in ejecting the arc products to a safe area at the lower end of the fuse tube.

[0041] The fuse assembly 12 is disposed and positioned within the fuse tube 2, and includes a fuse post 121. Compression springs 122 are evenly distributed circumferentially on the outer wall of the fuse post 121 to compensate for thermal expansion and contraction and maintain constant contact pressure at the contacts. The bottom end of the fuse assembly 12 is electrically and mechanically connected to the top of the smart base via a precision mechanical structure. In this embodiment, the fuse assembly includes a central fuse post 121, with a high-strength compression spring 122 cleverly fitted onto its outer wall. The spring provides stable contact pressure during normal fuse operation; when the fuse melts, the energy stored in the spring is released, accelerating the separation and drop of the fuse element, ensuring complete circuit interruption, and potentially triggering a status indication mechanism.

[0042] An opening 16 for the fuse assembly 12 to move on the base 5 is provided. An operating handle 17 is fixedly connected inside the opening 16, and a handle 18 for easy operation is provided at the bottom of the operating handle 17. The inside of the operating handle 17 communicates with the fuse tube 7, and a connecting ring 19 is fixedly connected to the top of the fuse tube 7 for use with a special operating tool when replacing the fuse. When it is necessary to replace the blown fuse, the operator can use the insulated operating rod to hook the handle 18 and the operating handle 17 to remove the fuse tube 7 and the fuse residue inside from the base for replacement.

[0043] The bottom of the base 2 has an opening 16, and an operating handle 17 is fixedly connected inside the opening 16. A handle 18 is provided on the outer wall of the operating handle 17. A fusible tube 7 is provided inside the operating rod 16, and a connecting ring 19 is fixedly connected to the top of the fusible tube 7. In use, the fusible tube 7 is installed inside the operating handle 17. The operating rod 16 can be connected and disconnected through the handle 18. At the same time, placing the fusible tube 18 inside the operating rod 16 can effectively limit the movement track of the spring 122, so that the spring 122 maintains linear movement in the sleeve, avoiding the skewing and jamming of the spring 122.

[0044] The base 5 has an opening 16 for the movement of the fuse assembly 12 and the fuse tube 7. The operating handle 17 is normally in the locked position. When it is necessary to replace a blown fuse or perform maintenance, the operator can use the insulated operating rod to hook the special handle at the bottom of the operating handle. By pulling or rotating the operating handle in a specific direction and angle, the internal mechanical structure can be unlocked. At this time, under the action of internal spring force or its own weight, the blown fuse assembly and its connected fuse tube will fall out of the fuse tube along the guide mechanism, or move to a position that is easy to remove (i.e., "drop-out" or "pull-out" design), thus clearly indicating the faulty phase and facilitating replacement. After replacing the new fuse assembly 12, the reverse operating handle can be used to reset and relock it, restoring the fuse to the standby state.

[0045] The base 5 is a fully enclosed structure, integrally injection molded from flame-retardant reinforced polycarbonate. Its bottom has a circular opening 16 to accommodate and guide the vertical movement of the fuse assembly 12. An operating handle 17 is integrated inside the opening 16. This operating handle 17 is a hollow aluminum cylindrical structure, with an ergonomically designed insulated handle 18 extending from its bottom for easy manual replacement of the fuse during live work. A fuse tube 7 is nested inside the operating handle 17. The top of the fuse tube 7 is fixed to a connecting ring 19 via a threaded connection. The connecting ring 19 is integrally molded with the lower contact 14, which also adopts a petal-shaped structure, arranged symmetrically with the upper contact 15, together forming a highly reliable double-ended electrical contact system. The base 5 is made of high-temperature resistant, flame-retardant engineering plastics (such as PBT, PA66 with glass fiber) or ceramic materials, and integrates sensing, control, and communication modules.

[0046] Sensing unit 6 integrates multiple sensors for real-time monitoring of the fuse's operating status, including:

[0047] Temperature sensor 61 employs a temperature measuring unit, installed near the internal contacts or key conductive components of fuse tube 2, to accurately detect operating temperature and prevent overheating caused by poor contact. Temperature sensor 61 uses a patch-type digital temperature sensor or an infrared temperature measuring unit, with its probe coupled to the bottom contact area of ​​fuse tube or key conductive connection parts by a thermally conductive material, for real-time monitoring of contact operating temperature. Abnormal temperature rise is often an important indicator of poor contact, overload, or a precursor to a fault. Vibration sensor 62 employs a MEMS accelerometer, installed inside base 5, to detect abnormal vibration signals generated by the fuse due to external wind vibration, short-circuit electrodynamics, or internal fault arcing. It uses a high-sensitivity MEMS accelerometer to monitor vibration signals of the fuse body caused by external wind force, mechanical impact, internal fuse explosion, or operation. Abnormal vibration patterns may indicate loose installation, internal faults, or a blown fuse. The Rogowski coil 63 is used for non-contact detection of the power frequency current flowing through the fuse, as well as potential harmonics and surge currents, enabling real-time current monitoring. Based on the principle of electromagnetic induction, this current sensor has no magnetic saturation issues, a wide measurement range, and good dynamic response. It is fitted around the conductor at the fuse's input terminal to detect and measure the power frequency current flowing through the fuse and its harmonics in real time. By analyzing the current waveform and RMS value, it is possible to determine whether the circuit is in an abnormal state such as overload or short circuit.

[0048] The circuit board 13 is fixedly installed inside the base 5. The circuit board 13 mainly includes an MCU control module, which is responsible for collecting and processing all data from the sensing unit 6 (temperature, vibration, current), and executing preset algorithms for status analysis and fault diagnosis.

[0049] The LoRa wireless communication module uses the LoRa 433MHz wireless band to establish a long-distance, low-power wireless data link with a remote LoRa gateway device. It packages and sends status information processed by the MCU, alarm information (such as over-temperature warnings, abnormal vibration, and fuse failures), and real-time data such as current and temperature to the gateway, which then uploads the data to the backend monitoring system. In this embodiment, the gateway uploads the received data to the power distribution network monitoring cloud platform or main station system via Ethernet, 4G / 5G, etc. Maintenance personnel can view the real-time operating status of all smart fuses within their jurisdiction on a computer or mobile terminal. When a fuse failure occurs, the system can automatically generate a work order and quickly dispatch maintenance tasks, greatly shortening power outage time.

[0050] The circuit module includes power conversion, signal conditioning, and drive circuits, providing a stable power supply for the entire circuit board and each sensor, and converting sensor analog signals into digital signals. The storage module stores device parameters, historical operating data, fault records, and event logs. The charging management module, powered by a solar panel and equipped with a backup battery, manages battery charging and discharging. The debugging serial port module provides a wired communication interface (such as RS485 or TTL level serial port), led out through terminal 9, facilitating on-site debugging, parameter configuration, or data reading. The storage module, LoRa wireless communication module, and circuit module (mainly referring to the signal-conditioned output) are all connected to the input of the MCU control module. The output of the MCU control module controls the charging management module, and the other end connects to the debugging serial port module, which is connected to sensor unit 6 via a cable for initial debugging or direct data reading.

[0051] After each sensor signal is acquired, filtered, and threshold-judged by the MCU, the LoRa wireless reporting process is immediately initiated when a fuse-breaking event is triggered: the timestamp, fault type (overcurrent / overtemperature / vibration over-limit), peak current, contact temperature, device ID, and other structured data are packaged and sent to the regional LoRa gateway. At the same time, the LED fuse-breaking indicator device (constant red light + buzzer pulse prompt) on the front of the base 5 is driven to achieve dual alarms, both local and remote.

[0052] The connections between the modules are as follows: the outputs of the storage module, LoRa wireless communication module, and circuit module (sensor signal) are all connected to the input of the MCU control module. After processing this information according to the program logic, the MCU control module connects its output to the charging management module to optimize energy use, and also to the debug serial port module. The debug serial port module is electrically connected to the sensing unit inside the base via internal cables.

[0053] A fuse indicator, which is an LED indicator, is also provided on the outer surface of the base 5. When the fuse trips, the MCU control module will drive the indicator to activate, providing a local, visible indication of the fuse's tripped status.

[0054] On the side of the base 5, there is a fixed aviation plug-type terminal block 9, which can be used to connect external auxiliary power sources (such as solar panels), wired communication networks (such as RS485) backup, or input and output signals of other smart devices, enhancing the expandability and adaptability of the device.

[0055] The base has a fuse outlet 4 at its bottom, which is electrically connected to the upper end of the fuse tube via a lower contact 14. Both the lower contact 14 and the aforementioned upper contact 15 employ an innovative "petal-shaped" multi-contact design. Traditional columnar or knife-shaped contacts have limited contact area. This invention designs the contacts in a chrysanthemum petal shape composed of multiple elastic copper sheets. When the contacts are closed, multiple springs simultaneously embrace the conductive rod, forming multiple parallel current paths. This significantly increases the effective contact area, reduces contact resistance and temperature rise, improves current carrying capacity and long-term operational stability, while the elastic contact ensures good following performance and reduces arc erosion.

[0056] The working principle of this invention is as follows:

[0057] After the operator installs the device, during normal operation, current flows in from the inlet terminal 4, through the upper contact 15, fuse assembly 12, and the conductive path within the base 5 before flowing out. The sensing unit 6 continuously monitors temperature, vibration, and current. The MCU control module analyzes this data to determine the operating status. The operating status can be remotely transmitted to the monitoring center via the LoRa wireless communication module, enabling intelligent online monitoring. When a continuous overload or short-circuit fault occurs in the line, the fault current causes the fuse column 121 in the fuse assembly 12 to overheat and melt. An electric arc is generated at the moment of melting, and the quartz sand rapidly absorbs the arc energy. Simultaneously, spring 122 releases, spraying fuse remnants downwards, lengthening the arc, and further cooling and extinguishing it in fuse tube 7. The fuse failure event is confirmed by the MCU through the current disappearance signal combined with other sensor data, and an alarm is immediately reported via the LORA network. The local fuse failure indicator activates, facilitating inspection personnel to detect the failure. After receiving the fuse failure alarm and the current waveform data before and after the fault, the monitoring center can accurately locate the fault section and analyze the cause of the fault, greatly improving the efficiency and intelligence level of power distribution network fault handling. During normal operation, current flows in from the incoming end, through the upper contact, fuse, and lower contact, and finally flows out from the base outlet to the load. The fuse assembly is in good condition, and the quartz sand remains stationary. When a continuous overload or short circuit occurs in the line, the current flowing through the fuse exceeds its rated value. The variable cross-section on the fuse heats up rapidly due to its relatively high resistance and small heat capacity. When the melting point is reached, the fuse melts and vaporizes first at these points, generating an electric arc. The high temperature of the electric arc causes the surrounding quartz sand to heat up and vaporize rapidly, and the pressure inside the fuse tube increases instantaneously. The combined action of high-pressure gas and quartz sand particles creates a strong longitudinal blowing and cooling effect on the electric arc, forcing it to extinguish when the current first naturally crosses zero. Simultaneously, the high-pressure gas rapidly elongates the isolation gap created after the fuse melts, and the fuse tube, assisted by a spring, actuates, ensuring the circuit is physically and completely disconnected. The entire arc-extinguishing process is completed within a sealed, insulated protective shell and fuse tube, ensuring safety and reliability.

[0058] The intelligent enclosed ejection-type fuse provided by this invention adopts an integrated, fully enclosed structural design, completely confining the arc generation and extinguishing process within a sealed cavity with high strength, high insulation performance, and excellent arc-extinguishing capability. This effectively isolates the influence of the external environment and completely eliminates the risk of ejection from the external environment due to breaking operations, greatly improving the safety and operational stability of the equipment itself. Simultaneously, this invention integrates advanced sensing technology and a microprocessor unit, enabling real-time monitoring of key parameters such as the fuse's current, temperature, and fuse status. The data is then uploaded to a monitoring center or power distribution automation system via a built-in communication module. This endows the fuse with intelligent diagnostic and early warning functions, allowing it to immediately issue accurate signals at the initial stage of abnormal conditions such as overload or short circuit, or when the fuse trips. This facilitates remote monitoring of equipment status and rapid fault response by maintenance personnel, thereby significantly reducing power outage time and improving power supply reliability.

[0059] In the description of this application, it should be understood that the terms "upper", "lower", "left", "right", etc., indicate the orientation or positional relationship based on the orientation or positional relationship shown in the accompanying drawings, and are only for the convenience of describing the present invention and simplifying the description, and do not indicate or imply that the device or element referred to must have a specific orientation, or be constructed and operated in a specific orientation, and therefore should not be construed as a limitation of the present invention.

[0060] In the description of this specification, references to terms such as "an embodiment," "example," and "specific example" indicate that a specific feature, structure, material, or characteristic described in connection with that embodiment or example is included in at least one embodiment or example of the invention. In this specification, illustrative expressions of the above terms do not necessarily refer to the same embodiment or example. Furthermore, the specific features, structures, materials, or characteristics described may be combined in any suitable manner in one or more embodiments or examples.

[0061] The preferred embodiments of the present invention disclosed above are merely illustrative of the invention. These preferred embodiments do not exhaustively describe all details, nor do they limit the invention to the specific implementations described. Clearly, many modifications and variations can be made based on the content of this specification. This specification selects and specifically describes these embodiments to better explain the principles and practical applications of the invention, thereby enabling those skilled in the art to better understand and utilize the invention. The invention is limited only by the claims and their full scope and equivalents.

Claims

1. A smart, enclosed, jet-type fuse, characterized in that, The device includes an insulating protective shell (1) and a fuse tube (2). The fuse tube (2) is connected to the upper end of the insulating protective shell (1). The fuse tube (2) is made up of multiple insulators (3) stacked in layers. The top of the fuse tube (2) is connected to an inlet end (4). The inlet end (4) has an umbrella-shaped structure. The bottom of the insulating protective shell (1) is provided with a base (5). The base (5) is provided with a sensing unit (6). The base (5) is fixedly connected to a fuse tube (7). The middle part of the insulator (3) is fixedly provided with a fixing plate (8) for installation. The side of the insulating protective shell (1) is fixedly provided with an aviation plug terminal (9).

2. The intelligent enclosed jet-type fuse according to claim 1, characterized in that, The fixing plate (8) is fixed by a set of semi-circular metal connectors by bolts. The end of the fixing plate (8) is connected to a connecting piece (10). The connecting piece (10) consists of two flat metal plates, which are fixed by bolts and nuts. One of them is connected to the horizontal part of the L-shaped bracket (11), and the other is connected to the fixing plate (8).

3. The intelligent enclosed jet-type fuse according to claim 1, characterized in that, The fuse tube (2) is fitted with a fuse assembly (12) inside. The bottom end of the fuse assembly (12) is connected to the top of the base (5). The fuse assembly (12) is made of a low melting point alloy or a high melting point metal. It melts and cuts off the circuit when there is an overcurrent. The surface of the fuse assembly (12) has small holes with variable cross-sections and is filled with quartz sand.

4. The intelligent enclosed jet-type fuse according to claim 1, characterized in that, The base (5) contains a circuit board (13) and has a fuse indicator on its outer surface. The base (5) is made of insulating and flame-retardant material.

5. The intelligent enclosed jet-type fuse according to claim 4, characterized in that, The circuit board (13) includes an MCU control module, a LoRa wireless communication module, a circuit module, a storage module, a charging management module, and a debugging serial port module. The circuit board (13) uses the LoRa 433MHz wireless frequency band to transmit data with the LoRa wireless communication module. The LoRa wireless communication module forwards the data on the fuse to the gateway device through wireless transmission. The output terminals of the storage module, the LoRa wireless communication module, and the circuit module are connected to the MCU control module. The output terminal of the MCU control module is connected to the charging management module and the debugging serial port module. The debugging serial port module is electrically connected to the sensing unit (6).

6. The intelligent enclosed jet-type fuse according to claim 1, characterized in that, An upper contact (15) is provided between the inlet end (4) and the fuse tube (2), and a lower contact (14) is provided between the fuse tube (2) and the base (5). The upper contact (15) and the lower contact (14) are petal-shaped contact contacts to increase the contact area.

7. The intelligent enclosed jet-type fuse according to claim 1, characterized in that, The sensing unit (6) includes a temperature sensor (61), a vibration sensor (62), and a Rogowski coil (63). The temperature sensor (61) detects the temperature of the contacts in the fuse tube (2) of the fuse, the vibration sensor (62) detects the vibration signal of the fuse, and the Rogowski coil (63) detects the current at the input terminal of the fuse.

8. The intelligent enclosed jet-type fuse according to claim 3, characterized in that, The fuse assembly (12) includes a fuse post (121), and a spring (122) is fixedly connected to the outer wall of the fuse post (121).

9. The intelligent enclosed jet-type fuse according to claim 1, characterized in that, The base (5) is provided with an opening (16) for the fuse assembly (12) to move. An operating handle (17) is fixedly connected inside the opening (16). A handle (18) is provided at the bottom of the operating handle (17). A fuse tube (7) is provided inside the operating handle (17). A connecting ring (19) is fixedly connected to the top of the fuse tube (7).

10. The intelligent enclosed jet-type fuse according to claim 1, characterized in that, The insulator (3) has alternating skirts along its height direction.

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