233 results about "Metal forming" patented technology

The invention provides a forming method and a forming die for a ribbed skin product, relates to the technical field of metal forming, and aims to solve one of the technical problems that the ribbed skin product is long in processing time consumption, difficult to release residual stress, difficult to guarantee dimensional precision and strength and high in cost. The forming method of the ribbed skin product comprises the following steps that a forming die is provided, and the forming die comprises a bracket and a bottom block; determining a blank model according to the model of the ribbed skin product, and cutting the blank according to the blank model; the cut blank is placed in a forming die, and the blank is located on the bottom block; and the blank is rolled through a pressing roller, and a ribbed skin product is formed. The forming method is short in processing time consumption.

The invention discloses a follow-up type double-face induction heating auxiliary incremental forming device, method and equipment and a medium, and relates to the field of sheet metal forming. The forming tool heads are fixed to the tail end of the mechanical arm, the two sides of the to-be-machined plate are each provided with one forming tool head, and the forming tool heads are used for extruding the to-be-machined plate to enable the to-be-machined plate to deform; and the electromagnetic induction heating device is rotationally connected with the mechanical arm through a mounting bracket, and the electromagnetic induction heating device is used for providing an electromagnetic field to heat the to-be-processed plate. And the processing performance of the plate is improved in an electromagnetic induction auxiliary heating mode.

The invention discloses a springback compensation control system for a metal stamping part, and belongs to the technical field of metal plate forming. The system comprises a stress memory prediction module, a fractal compensation analysis module, a phase change compensation regulation and control module, a compensation decision fusion module and an execution feedback optimization module. The stress memory prediction module extracts stress evolution characteristics of the stamping process through a multi-scale memory network and a time decay attention mechanism; the fractal compensation analysis module adaptively adjusts the compensation grid density based on the fractal dimension to realize optimal configuration of computing resources; the phase change compensation regulation and control module predicts the phase change behavior of the material through the thermal-mechanical coupling constitutive model and calculates the compensation correction amount caused by phase change; the compensation decision fusion module intelligently fuses three compensation strategies by adopting Bayesian reasoning and a spatial modulation function; and the execution feedback optimization module realizes continuous optimization of the system through online learning. According to the method, the influence of three dimensions of stress history, geometric complexity and material phase change is comprehensively considered, accurate prediction and compensation of the springback behavior are achieved, and the forming precision and production efficiency of the metal stamping part are remarkably improved.

A method for repairing a zone of a metal structural aircraft part having a protection defect in the vicinity of an orifice for receiving a fastener. There is a step of positioning an isolation element on the zone around the orifice, a step of applying a coat of paint to the zone, covering the isolation element, and a step of inserting a metal fastener into an orifice of the isolation element, prior to or following the step of applying the coat of paint. The metal of the fastener is in contact with the isolation element, itself in contact with the metal forming the aircraft structure.

The invention discloses an asymmetric aluminum profile extrusion process simulation method, and particularly relates to the technical field of metal forming simulation. Constructing an asymmetric profile geometric model and extracting key structure parameters; establishing a multi-cavity welding die heat-force coupling simulation model; constructing a dynamic recrystallization structure evolution model; setting initial conditions of an extrusion process and performing finite element simulation; difference comparison is carried out on the simulation result and historical working conditions, an abnormal area is identified, and a flow track feature vector is extracted; a microstructure evolution path is inversed in combination with the microstructure parameters, and a defect prediction matrix is generated; solving the optimal process parameters through a numerical optimization algorithm, and re-simulating and verifying whether the distribution of the tissue and the stress field reaches the standard or not; according to the method, prediction of tissue defects and intelligent optimization of extrusion parameters can be achieved, and the quality control capacity of the asymmetric profile extrusion process is improved.

The present application relates to the technical field of liquid rocket engine nozzle, and discloses a manufacturing method of an extension section of a large-scale liquid rocket second-stage engine nozzle, which is characterized in that the extension section is divided into n cylinder sections according to the size of the plate and the elongation rate of the plate, and each cylinder section is divided into m melon pieces to be prepared by means of tailor welding; the number n of the cylinder sections ensures that the number of the girth welds of the extension section is the least, and the welding of the girth welds is maximally avoided; the cylinder sections of the extension section are obtained by stress relaxation heat correction treatment of preformed cylinder sections, and the uncontrollable welding deformation problem is overcome. The present application solves the problem that the uncontrollable deformation caused by the springback of the sheet metal forming in the block welding leads to the difficulty in guaranteeing the profile tolerance of the inner surface of the nozzle extension section, improves the welding quality, reduces the rejection rate and production cost of the finished product, improves the production efficiency, has a wide application prospect, and any large-diameter thin-walled product can be processed according to the method of the present application.

The utility model discloses a metal plate forming die, which relates to the technical field of metal plate dies, and comprises a die body, a base arranged at the bottom of the die body and used for mounting the die body, and a connecting mechanism arranged between the die body and the base, the connecting mechanism comprises two sets of mounting grooves formed in the top of the base and two sets of mounting rods fixedly arranged at the bottom of the mold body and inserted into the mounting grooves in a matched mode, and a positioning mechanism is arranged between the mold body and the base. The mold body and the base are connected by inserting the mounting rods into the corresponding mounting grooves, meanwhile, when the mounting rods are inserted, the ratchet wheels are driven by the oblique teeth to rotate in one direction, the inserted mounting rods can be fixed through self-locking between the ratchet wheels and the pawls, and therefore the mold body is mounted; the positioning columns can be automatically inserted into the corresponding positioning grooves in the inserting process of the mounting rods, so that the mounting rods are positioned, the mounting and fixing process of the mold body can be completed only by completely inserting the mounting rods into the mounting grooves, and the mold is more convenient and rapid to use.

This invention discloses a simulation method for the asymmetric aluminum profile extrusion process, specifically relating to the field of metal forming simulation technology. The method involves: constructing an asymmetric profile geometric model and extracting key structural parameters; establishing a multi-cavity welding die thermo-mechanical coupling simulation model; constructing a dynamic recrystallization microstructure evolution model; setting initial extrusion process conditions and performing finite element simulation; comparing the simulation results with historical conditions to identify abnormal regions and extract flow trajectory feature vectors; combining microstructure parameters to invert the microstructure evolution path and generate a defect prediction matrix; solving for the optimal process parameters using a numerical optimization algorithm and re-simulating to verify whether the microstructure and stress field distribution meet the standards. This method can achieve prediction of microstructure defects and intelligent optimization of extrusion parameters, improving the quality control capability of the asymmetric profile extrusion process.

The application relates to the technical field of machine tool equipment, and discloses a metal forming machine tool equipment with an automatic lubricating function, which comprises a rack, a control panel, a lubricating processing mechanism and a collection filtering mechanism; the filtering mechanism is installed in the rack, the collected lubricating oil is filtered through the filter screen in the movable table, the used lubricating oil is collected and filtered; and a clamping fixing mechanism is arranged; the collection filtering mechanism is arranged, the splashed lubricating oil can be blocked through the blocking piece, the lubricating oil is left in the bottom of the movable table or in the placing groove, the metal wire scraps generated in the processing in the placing groove are taken away in the flowing process of the lubricating oil, the metal wire scraps and the lubricating oil flow into the filtering groove through the first liquid leakage hole or the second liquid leakage hole, the metal wire scraps generated in the processing process can fall into the screen mesh and be collected, the lubricating oil is prevented from splashing around and being difficult to handle, and the lubricating oil can be reused.

This invention discloses a method and apparatus for preparing metal ingots based on melt flow-limited stacking casting and rapid cooling forming, relating to the field of metal forming technology. This method is based on continuous or intermittent advancement of melt flow-limited bottom casting, layer-by-layer reciprocating stacking, and layer-by-layer relay rapid cooling forming. It can achieve continuous rapid cooling forming of the molten metal, refining grains, and by limiting atomic diffusion, achieve layer-by-layer freezing-type rapid solidification forming with uniform atomic distribution in the molten metal, reducing component segregation. It can also simultaneously achieve the relay upward movement or reduction of casting defects such as shrinkage cavities and porosity layer by layer. The flow-limiting guide nozzle is equipped with a liquid outlet and a parallel and similarly shaped anti-oxidation coolant spray nozzle, located at the bottom of a crucible with a filter to reduce inclusions. This invention can simultaneously and rapidly reduce and coordinately control defects such as coarse grains, shrinkage cavities, porosity, component segregation, and inclusions during the solidification of the molten metal in a short process, achieving short-process, high-quality manufacturing of metal ingots, especially large metal ingots (including amorphous ingots).

This invention discloses a sheet metal forming method and system based on bending springback compensation. The invention relates to the technical field of sheet metal forming. During the execution of a time-series machining path, the bending region of the sheet metal part in the current pass is acquired, and the corresponding local forming force and regional strain distribution information are marked. This information is further input into a preset mechanical-geometric coupling space to determine the local springback content of the current bending pass, improving the accuracy of the local springback content of the current bending pass. Using the target form and position tolerance of the final sheet metal part as the boundary constraint, the bending springback compensation content is decoupled and decomposed into angular springback content and linear offset content. The sensitivity matrix of subsequent unexecuted passes is acquired, and dynamic deduction is performed in combination with the angular springback content and linear offset content to allocate the residual compensation amount of the current pass to subsequent passes, improving the accuracy of the forming compensation content of subsequent passes.

The application discloses a forming equipment for automobile coupling machining, and relates to the technical field of automobile part machining, which comprises a base, two fixing seats installed on the top of the base, a die casting mechanism, a partition directional cooling mechanism and the like. The die casting mechanism comprises a sliding seat arranged between the two fixing seats and a die seat arranged on the outer wall of the opposite side of the sliding seat and one of the fixing seats. The partition directional cooling mechanism comprises a plurality of cooling pipes installed in the die seat, an inner pipe installed in the cooling pipe, and a plurality of partitions installed in the cooling pipe in sequence along the length direction of the cooling pipe. Cooling liquid circulating components are arranged between two adjacent partitions. The cooling liquid circulating components comprise a plurality of inlet ports arranged on the outer wall of the inner pipe and a plurality of outlet pipes arranged on the outer wall of the inner pipe. The balanced cooling effect of the die seat is realized by directing the cooling liquid into each cooling area in the die seat, and the problem that the temperature difference in the cooling process of each area in the traditional die seat affects the metal forming quality is avoided.

The present application relates to the technical field of machining, in particular to a self-adaptive sheet metal forming spinning equipment, which makes the sheet metal part to be processed put down on the rotating assembly through the feeding assembly, and specifically, the spinning die is driven to slide by the moving hydraulic cylinder to eject the sheet metal part and abut against the pressing block to complete the fixation, the pressing block is supported by the supporting block, so that the supporting spring provides a certain pressure to the pressing block to enable the normal processing of the sheet metal part, during the processing, the rotating motor is started to rotate, thereby driving the spinning die to rotate, thereby driving the sheet metal part to rotate, then the moving hydraulic cylinder is started to drive the sheet metal part to move axially and simultaneously push the pressing block to move, then the third hydraulic cylinder drives the mounting block to move radially, thereby driving the pressing motor and the pressing roller to move radially to press the sheet metal part, thereby enabling the separate control of the processing parameters of the sheet metal part, making the processing quality more controllable, and finally improving the processing quality and efficiency.

The utility model relates to the technical field of metal plate profiling bending machines, and discloses a metal plate profiling bending machine which comprises an upper profiling die, a first workbench is arranged on the outer wall of the upper profiling die, and a second workbench is fixedly assembled on the top of the first workbench. According to the bending machine, through the arrangement of an upper pressing die, a turnover die strip, a pressing oil cylinder, a material pressing arm and a second workbench, in the using process of the bending machine, a user can convey a material plate to the first workbench through a conveying system, so that a material pressing air cylinder works to enable the material pressing die strip to clamp the material plate, and therefore the stability of the material plate is guaranteed; then, an output shaft of a profiling oil cylinder extends to enable an upper profiling die to conduct groove pressing operation on the material plate, the pressed material plate is bent in cooperation with operation of a turnover die strip and an end bending air cylinder, and then the effect that the material plate is pressed and bent in sequence is achieved; and the space occupancy rate and the use cost of the bending machine are reduced.

This application discloses an infeed / discharge cylinder for a sheet metal forming machine, relating to the technical field of infeed / discharge cylinders. It includes a cylinder body and a blower. The cylinder body is connected to an infeed pipe and an outlet pipe. The infeed pipe is connected to an infeed valve, and the outlet pipe is connected to an outlet valve. The blower is connected to an exhaust pipe and an exhaust pipe, both connected to the cylinder body. The exhaust pipe is connected to an exhaust valve, and the exhaust pipe is connected to an exhaust valve. The exhaust pipe is connected to an infeed pipe, which is connected to an infeed valve. The exhaust pipe is connected to an outlet pipe, which is connected to an outlet valve. When material needs to be fed into the cylinder, the outlet valve, infeed valve, and exhaust valve are closed, while the exhaust valve, outlet valve, and infeed valve are opened. The blower rotates, and the gas inside the cylinder passes through the exhaust pipe and is discharged from the outlet pipe. The gas pressure inside the cylinder decreases, causing the raw material from the infeed pipe to be drawn into the cylinder, thereby preventing the raw material from contacting the blower blades and preventing combustion due to friction between the raw material and the blower blades.

The invention relates to the technical field of metal forming, and particularly discloses an ultrahigh-strength steel hot rolling forming process applied to part preparation. Comprising the following steps that S1, cold rolling is conducted, specifically, a main body contour is formed, specifically, basic structure forming is completed, and 95-98% of the machining allowance of the final size is reserved; for a high-precision surface, the allowance of 0.3 mm is reserved; a welding seam area is completely formed; the bending angle part is 10-15% less than forming; s2, induction heating is conducted, specifically, a semi-finished product formed through cold rolling continuously enters an induction heating device, and the material is fully austenitized through heating and heat preservation; s3, quenching is conducted, specifically, the heated semi-finished product enters a cooling device, the outer surface of the semi-finished product makes contact with a cooling medium, temperature control is conducted on the cooling medium through dynamic water pressure P (t), and the dynamic water pressure is calculated through space-time two-dimensional conditions; and S4, a post-processing procedure.

The utility model relates to the technical field of sheet metal processing, in particular to a sheet metal forming die capable of adjusting clamping force. The stamping die comprises a table top, a to-be-stamped workpiece is placed on the table top, then the to-be-flattened workpiece with the uneven surface is placed at the bottom of an inner cavity of the table top, an air cylinder is started to conduct jacking downwards, a mounting plate is driven to move downwards, the mounting plate drives a die body at the bottom to move downwards, and stamping is conducted on a sheet metal part; the guide rods limit the mounting plate in the horizontal direction so that the mounting plate can move in the vertical direction, the die body can vertically descend and ascend, the good stamping effect can be achieved, and the problems that due to inclination of the die, sheet metal parts are flattened unevenly or deform and the like are solved; and meanwhile, the guide rod and the flattening plate are driven to move downwards to flatten the workpiece, so that the defects of unevenness, scratches, deformation and the like on the surface of a metal plate in the machining and transporting process of the workpiece are prevented, and the product quality is prevented from being influenced.

The present application relates to the fast milling processing method of the complex structure and shape section parts of the airplane, and belongs to the field of aviation sheet metal forming technology. The present application solves the one-time processing of the appearance milling and drilling of the traditional complex cross-section shape and different size section parts, discards the drilling precision ensured by the drilling jig for the hole making of the section part, improves the surface quality of the section part, improves the manufacturing precision of the appearance, notch, bevel and hole, improves the processing efficiency, completes a set of tooling capable of processing different specifications of section parts through the pneumatic universal drilling and milling jig, realizes the efficient and accurate manufacturing of the section part, realizes the group milling of the workpiece, and further reduces the raw material cost, tooling manufacturing cost and shortens the process flow.

The application discloses a kind of high-strength aluminum alloy sheet metal hot forming parameter automatic control architecture and method, it is related to sheet metal forming technical field, including hot stamping forming device and the control system based on multi-physical quantity model;Hot stamping forming device includes hot stamping press, hot stamping die being arranged in hot stamping press, sensor unit being arranged on hot stamping die and temperature control element being arranged on hot stamping die;Control system includes built-in model, built-in model includes the constitutive model of alloy, alloy forming limit model and alloy TTT model;Control system receives the information collected by sensor unit and carries out data analysis;A kind of high-strength aluminum alloy sheet metal hot forming parameter automatic control architecture and method provided by the application solve the problem of rigidification of prior art hot forming device parameter setting.

The application relates to the technical field of metal forming, and discloses a screw processing forming die and a processing method thereof. In order to solve the problem that the screw after cold upsetting stamping forming is difficult to demold, two symmetrical die cavity barrels are arranged at the two ends of a die holder, so that the two die cavity barrels can alternately perform cold upsetting stamping forming on the screw. Meanwhile, a middle rod connecting the interiors of the two die cavity barrels is arranged in the middle of the die holder. When the left die cavity barrel performs cold upsetting stamping forming on the screw, the screw pushes the middle rod to make the screw in the right die cavity barrel discharge outward, so that the discharging is realized. Then, the screw is put into the right die cavity barrel again, and in the stamping process, the screw after forming on the left is pushed out of the left die cavity barrel according to the middle rod. In this way, the effect of screw stamping demolding is realized.

The invention belongs to the technical field of sheet metal forming, and discloses a die structure based on sheet metal secondary edge rolling forming, comprising: an integral upper die comprising a forming upper die and a pressure plate which are arranged side by side, the forming upper die having two lower end surfaces with different heights, the two lower end surfaces being connected through a first inclined surface and a first curved surface, the first curved surface is attached to the appearance of the product; the integral lower die comprises a forming lower die, and the forming lower die is provided with a second inclined surface and a second curved surface which are matched with the first inclined surface and the first curved surface, and an upper end surface which is matched with the pressing plate and the lower end surface of the forming upper die; and the supporting core rod is placed on a molded surface formed by the first curved surface and the second curved surface and is used for pressing a part to be rolled. The problems that existing two edge rolling process dies are both complex in structure and low in part edge rolling precision are solved, the first process of secondary edge rolling forming is a one-time plate bending process, a plate is bent into a 90-degree process part, then secondary edge rolling forming is carried out, the forming process is simplified, and the edge rolling precision is improved.

The invention discloses an automatic control framework and method for hot forming parameters of a high-strength aluminum alloy sheet metal part, and relates to the technical field of sheet metal forming, and the automatic control framework comprises a hot stamping forming device and a control system based on a multi-physical-quantity model; the hot stamping forming device comprises a hot stamping press, a hot stamping die arranged in the hot stamping press, a sensor unit arranged on the hot stamping die and a temperature control element arranged on the hot stamping die. The control system comprises a built-in model, and the built-in model comprises a constitutive model of the alloy, a forming limit model of the alloy and a TTT model of the alloy; the control system receives information acquired by the sensor unit and performs data analysis; according to the automatic control framework and method for the hot forming parameters of the high-strength aluminum alloy sheet metal part, the problem that in the prior art, parameter setting of a hot forming device is rigid is solved.

This invention belongs to the field of metal forming technology, specifically relating to a method and apparatus for electrothermal bending of titanium alloy Y-shaped profiles. The electrothermal bending apparatus includes an upper clamping plate and a lower clamping plate supporting the Y-shaped profile cross-section; upper and lower series plates connect multiple upper and lower filler blocks to form a covering surface; a conductive clamp holds the Y-shaped profile and is connected to an electrode; a fixing block connects to the upper and lower series plates and is connected to an electrode, the fixing block being insulated from the Y-shaped profile contact surface and having a conductive structure with the upper and lower series plates to achieve electrical energy conduction and heating. This simple structure effectively controls the distortion of the Y-shaped profile cross-section during electrothermal bending, is suitable for forming complex Y-shaped titanium alloy profiles, and ensures uniform forming temperature and cross-sectional quality.

A method for improving mechanical properties of aluminum alloy sheet by using rough boundary lining ultra-low temperature rolling and application. The present application belongs to the field of metal forming processing technology. The forming process of the present application is to clamp the aluminum alloy sheet with two hard alloy lining plates whose edges are treated by increasing surface roughness, so that the sheet and the lining plate are subjected to ultra-low temperature treatment and rolling together. The method of the present application can not only increase the single pass reduction and improve the rolling efficiency during the whole sheet forming process, but also hinder the transverse expansion tendency of the sheet during rolling, reduce the generation of edge cracks, and more effectively refine the grain size. The method of the present application is simple in process and easy to realize, which is conducive to improving the rolling effect and can be used for large-scale industrial production of aluminum alloy sheet.

The invention provides a multi-station automatic pipe drawing machine based on a servo electric cylinder and a control method of the multi-station automatic pipe drawing machine, and relates to the technical field of metal forming machine tools, the multi-station automatic pipe drawing machine comprises an equipment base frame and a to-be-machined workpiece, and further comprises a linear sliding limiting assembly and a servo electric cylinder, a guide rail sliding block is slidably connected to the outer side of the linear guide rail, a positioning bearing column is fixedly connected to the top end of the guide rail sliding block, and the interior of the positioning bearing column makes contact with the outer side of a workpiece to be machined, so that multi-station switching and rotary positioning of the workpiece are achieved, and the labor cost and the energy consumption cost of a unit product are remarkably reduced; in order to overcome the industrial defects that in the prior art, due to manual clamping and frequent starting and stopping, the production efficiency is low, and continuous operation cannot be achieved, the waiting time of traditional equipment is eliminated, and the core bottleneck of large-scale automatic production is solved.

The utility model discloses a metal product stamping die which comprises an upper die base and a lower die base, a male die plate is arranged at the bottom of the upper die base through an upper fixing plate, a male die assembly is detachably installed at the bottom of the upper die plate, and a lower die plate is arranged at the top of the lower die base through a lower fixing plate. A cavity used for metal forming is formed in the lower die plate, a discharging assembly communicated with the cavity is arranged in the middle of the lower die base, the male die assembly comprises a mounting base, a male die block matched with the cavity is arranged at the bottom of the mounting base, a mounting groove matched with the mounting base is formed in the upper die plate, and the male die block is arranged in the mounting groove. The two sides of the mounting seat are sunken towards the middle to form a connecting groove, and a positioning block is arranged on the connecting groove; compared with the prior art, when the male die is abraded or needs to be adjusted, the male die can be rapidly replaced in a convenient disassembly and assembly mode, the downtime is shortened, and therefore the overall efficiency of a production line is improved.

The utility model discloses a sole pressing machine separated type machine shell and a sole pressing machine, and the sole pressing machine separated type machine shell comprises a machine base, a vertical frame, a front machine shell, a left side machine shell, a right side machine shell and a rear machine shell. The vertical frame is assembled on the top of the machine base and used for assembling a sole pressing mechanism. A front casing; the left shell, the rear shell and the right shell are sequentially assembled and locked on the base to form a closed operation space, so that the influence of dust accumulation on the operation accuracy, the use and the service life of equipment is reduced; the casings are respectively formed by sheet metal and are mutually assembled as independent components, sheet metal casings with different structural designs can be replaced according to production requirements, the effect of meeting production requirements of different factories through customization is achieved, the casings can be rapidly replaced, and operation time is shortened.

The present application belongs to the field of metal forming manufacturing and resource recycling, and provides a kind of aluminum lithium alloy solid phase regenerative plate manufacturing method, the process method includes weighing aluminum lithium alloy waste;Aluminum lithium alloy waste after weighing is loaded into extrusion cylinder;Aluminum lithium alloy waste in extrusion cylinder is compacted to obtain blank;Blank is rotated and friction solidified to obtain circular plate;Circular plate is ejected using ejector rod.The present application avoids the problem that active metal lithium is seriously oxidized, burned and even exploded when remelting and recasting, realizes low energy consumption, low cost, high safety and high quality recovery of aluminum lithium alloy waste.At the same time, the tool structure used in the present application is simple, which is convenient for upgrading based on existing general purpose press to carry out waste solid phase regeneration and reduce equipment development cost.The performance of aluminum lithium alloy waste after solid phase regeneration by the present application is equivalent to that of plate obtained by rolling using aluminum lithium alloy ingot.

This application relates to the field of intelligent assisted calculation and shell spring metal forming technology, and provides a method and system for intelligent calculation and prediction of springback in hyperbolic aluminum plates. The method includes: automating the setting of forming analysis strategies in finite element analysis software; collecting stress data and amplitude data of the aluminum plate in the Z direction to generate an analysis file; automatically processing the analysis file using a series of pre-written restart analysis scripts to obtain the Z-direction displacement of each point on the hyperbolic aluminum plate after springback; using the automatically processed results, the corresponding pre-simulation coordinates, and the material parameters during analysis as input data to train a neural network model; setting material parameters and inputting coordinate data tables; and outputting the coordinate correction results of each point on the hyperbolic aluminum plate based on the trained neural network model, thereby achieving the prediction and correction of springback errors in the hyperbolic aluminum plate. This represents a leapfrog upgrade in hyperbolic aluminum plate springback analysis from "manual trial and error" to "intelligent prediction."