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6399 results about "Diffusion" patented technology

Diffusion is net movement of anything (e.g., atom, ions, molecules) from a region of higher concentration to a region of lower concentration. Diffusion is driven by a gradient in concentration. The concept of diffusion is widely used in many fields, including physics (particle diffusion), chemistry, biology, sociology, economics, and finance (diffusion of people, ideas and of price values). The central idea of diffusion, however, is common to all of these: an object (e.g. atom, idea, etc.) that undergoes diffusion spreads out from a point or location at which there is a higher concentration of that object.

Electrochemical cell

A method for determining the concentration of a reduced (or oxidised) form of a redox species in an electrochemical cell of the kind comprising a working electrode and a counter electrode spaced from the working electrode by a predetermined distance, said method comprising the steps of: (1) applying an electric potential difference between the electrodes; (2) selecting the potential of the working electrode such that the rate of electro-oxidation of the reduced form (or electro-reduction of the oxidised form) of the species is diffusion controlled, (3) selecting the spacing between the working electrode and the counter electrode so that reaction products from the counter electrode arrive at the working electrode; (4) determining current as a function of time after application of the potential and prior to achievement of a steady state; (5) estimating the magnitude of the steady state current, and (6) obtaining from the change in current with time and the magnitude of the steady state current, a value indicative of the diffusion coefficient and/or of the concentration of the reduced form (or the oxidised form) of the species. Also disclosed is an apparatus for determining the concentration of a redox species in an electrochemical cell comprising: an electrochemical cell having a working electrode and a counter (or counter/reference) electrode, means for applying and electric potential difference between said electrodes, means for measuring the change in current with time, and characterised in that the working electrode is spaced from the counter electrode by less than 500 mum.
Owner:LIFESCAN INC

Process for making and programming and operating a dual-bit multi-level ballistic MONOS memory

A fast low voltage ballistic program, ultra-short channel, ultra-high density, dual-bit multi-level flash memory is described with a two or three polysilicon split gate side wall process. The structure and operation of this invention is enabled by a twin MONOS cell structure having an ultra-short control gate channel of less than 40nm, with ballistic injection which provides high electron injection efficiency and very fast program at low program voltages of 3~5V. The cell structure is realized by (i) placing side wall control gates over a composite of Oxide-Nitride-Oxide (ONO) on both sides of the word gate, and (ii) forming the control gates and bit diffusion by self-alignment and sharing the control gates and bit diffusions between memory cells for high density. Key elements used in this process are: 1) Disposable side wall process to fabricate the ultra short channel and the side wall control gate with or without a step structure, and 2) Self-aligned definition of the control gate over the storage nitride and the bit line diffusion, which also runs in the same direction as the control gate. The features of fast program, low voltage, ultra-high density, dual-bit, multi-level MONOS NVRAM of the present invention include: 1) Electron memory storage in nitride regions within an ONO layer underlying the control gates, 2) high density dual-bit cell in which there are two nitride memory storage elements per cell, 3) high density dual-bit cell can store multi-levels in each of the nitride regions, 4) low current program controlled by the word gate and control gate, 5) fast, low voltage program by ballistic injection utilizing the controllable ultra-short channel MONOS, and 6) side wall control poly gates to program and read multi-levels while masking out memory storage state effects of the unselected adjacent nitride regions and memory cells. The ballistic MONOS memory cell is arranged in the following array: each memory cell contains two nitride regions for one word gate, and ½ a source diffusion and ½ a bit diffusion. Control gates can be defined separately or shared together over the same diffusion. Diffusions are shared between cells and run in parallel to the side wall control gates, and perpendicular to the word line.
Owner:HALO LSI INC

Microelectronic device and method for label-free detection and quantification of biological and chemical molecules

Molecular recognition-based electronic sensor, which is gateless, depletion mode field effect transistor consisting of source and drain diffusions, a depletion-mode implant, and insulating layer chemically modified by immobilized molecular receptors that enables miniaturized label-free molecular detection amenable to high-density array formats. The conductivity of the active channel modulates current flow through the active channel when a voltage is applied between the source and drain diffusions. The conductivity of the active channel is determined by the potential of the sample solution in which the device is immersed and the device-solution interfacial capacitance. The conductivity of the active channel modulates current flow through the active channel when a voltage is applied between the source and drain diffusions. The interfacial capacitance is determined by the extent of occupancy of the immobilized receptor molecules by target molecules. Target molecules can be either charged or uncharged. Change in interfacial capacitance upon target molecule binding results in modulation of an externally supplied current through the channel.
Owner:THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA AS REPRESENTED BY THE SECRETARY OF THE NAVY

Digitizer function-equipped liquid crystal display device information processing electronic device, and game device

Provided is a digitizer function-equipped liquid crystal display device capable of preventing the wire shadows of a loop antenna from being projected on a liquid crystal panel and capable of being applied to a large size liquid crystal panel. It is also possible to provide an information processing electronic device and a game device provided with the digitizer function-equipped liquid crystal display device. Here, the digitizer function-equipped liquid crystal display device includes: a liquid crystal panel 1; a light diffusion member 2 which is disposed between the liquid crystal panel 1 and a backlight 5 irradiating the liquid crystal panel 1 with light; an electromagnetic induction type loop antenna which is disposed at a portion apart from the light diffusion member 2 in the direction toward the backlight 5 by a predetermined spacing so as to detect a position on the plane of the liquid crystal panel 1 in one coordinate axis direction and another coordinate axis direction that intersects the one coordinate axis direction; and a spacing retaining means for retaining the spacing between the light diffusion member 2 and loop antenna at a predetermined spacing value. As the spacing retaining means, a first light transmitting member 3 formed of a plate material having a light transmitting property is used.
Owner:SEGA CORP

Method of fabricating silicon capacitive sensor

Manufacturing all-silicon force sensors, such as capacitive pressure sensors (100, 200) that have long term stability and good linear sensitivity, and can be built into of a pneumatic tire. The sensors include buried electrical feedthrough (112b) to provide an electrical connection into a sealed silicon cavity (108). The buried feedthrough consists of a conductor (112b) in a shallow groove (106) in a substrate (102), communicating between the sensing cavity (108) and an external contact area (110). The sensor designs also feature a method for forming a silicon-to-silicon fusion bond (SFB) wherein at least one of the two surfaces (152, 252) to be has a tough silicon surface unsuitable for good SFB joints because it was bonded heavily boron-doped by means of diffusion. The method of this invention includes preparing each doped surface (152, 252) for SFB by polishing the surface with a Chemical-Mechanical Polishing (CMP) process. The sensor designs can also include optional reference capacitors (141, 241) on the same chip (100, 200) as the sensing capacitor (140, 240). The reference capacitors (141, 241) are insensitive to pressure (force), but respond to ambient temperature changes in the same way as the sensing capacitor. Suitable external interface circuits can utilize the reference capacitors (141, 241) to pull out the majority of ambient temperature effects.
Owner:CASE WESTERN RESERVE UNIV

Method And Apparatus For Generating 3D Images

The present invention is directed to an apparatus and method for displaying 3D images. The apparatus comprises: a) a screen with angular dependent diffusion characteristics for direction selectively forwarding light; b) a screen illuminating system, the screen illuminating system comprising multiple modules for generating multiple light beams incident on points of the screen, the modules being arranged so that each point of the screen is illuminated by multiple modules, and the incident light beams generated by one module are projected into multiple different directions from the module towards multiple different points of the screen, and further the different incident light beams generated by one module are forwarded towards different emitting directions from the screen, means for coding each incident light beam with the image information of a single image point in the module, where the 3D image perceived by an observer being generated by multiple modules; c) a control system to control the modules; and d) means for imparting an exit divergence to the exiting light beams being transmitted through or reflected from the screen, the measure of the exit divergence substantially corresponding to the angle between neighbouring emitting directions associated with the optically neighbouring modules, go as to provide a substantially continuous motion parallax in the 3D image perceived by an observer. The apparatus according to the invention comprises imaging means for generating the incident light beams with a convergent section converging substantially towards a point of the screen, where a convergence of the incident light beams is substantially equal to the exit divergence of the light beams exiting the screen. The modules can be video projectors, LED projectors, the optical engines of these, or the like, arranged periodically shifted, preferably in the horizontal direction and the diffuser screen is realised as a holographic screen, arrays of diffractive or refractive elements, retroreflective surfaces, or any combination thereof, for imparting a larger divergence to the exit light beams along at least one, preferably in the vertical direction, while in the other direction the angle of divergence provided by the screen is smaller than the angle between the neighbouring emitting directions associated with the optically neighbouring modules. The invention is also directed to a method implemented by the apparatus according to the invention.
Owner:BALOGH

System and method for the diffusion of illumination produced by discrete light sources

The present invention provides a system and method for the diffusion of illumination from discrete light sources such that the illumination is blended and directed in one or more desired directions. The illumination system comprises a substrate having a plurality of light-emitting elements thereon which are arranged in an array, wherein these light-emitting elements produce illumination at one or more wavelengths. Proximate to the light-emitting elements is a diffuser, which collects the illumination produced by the discrete light-emitting elements and redirects this illumination in one or more predetermined directions, thereby blending together the one or more wavelengths of illumination and concentrating the illumination in the predetermined directions. The illumination system further comprises a power system, which provides energy to the light-emitting elements thereby resulting in their activation. Through the blending of the illumination produced by the discrete light-emitting elements together with the redirection of the illumination in a desired direction, both of which are enabled by the diffuser placed proximate to the discrete light-emitting elements, the creation of a blended pattern of illumination from these discrete light-emitting elements is provided, wherein this pattern of illumination can be one or more lines or planes of illumination.
Owner:SIGNIFY HLDG BV
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