217 results about "Electric potential" patented technology

The invention belongs to the field of electromagnetic particle simulation, and relates to a vacuum confluence region electromagnetic particle simulation method, system, equipment and medium, and the method comprises the following steps: S1, constructing a particle simulation domain of an electric field and a magnetic field of a vacuum confluence region, injecting particles into the particle simulation domain, and carrying out the regional decomposition of the particle simulation domain to obtain a plurality of sub-domains; s2, acquiring charge density and current density of grid points in each sub-domain; discretizing a Maxwell equation set into a form of a Cx = D equation, substituting the charge density and the current density of the grid points in each sub-domain into the Cx = D equation, and solving the Cx = D equation by adopting a GMRES algorithm to obtain potential and vector magnetic potential distribution in each sub-domain; s3, the electric field intensity and the magnetic induction intensity of the grid points in each sub-domain are solved, the electric field and the magnetic field borne by the particles are obtained, and therefore the positions of the particles in the next time step in each sub-domain are determined; and S4, updating the electric field and the magnetic field borne by the particles in each sub-domain in the next time step.

The invention discloses a one-dimensional plasma simulation method based on deep learning optimization and related equipment, and the method comprises the steps: firstly constructing a one-dimensional basic model containing specific parameters, and then constructing and training a neural network of a multi-layer sensor (MLP) structure for predicting a potential function; then, a particle simulation method (DL-PIC) based on deep learning optimization is executed. Under the condition that 1000 grid points are included, compared with a traditional particle simulation method (PIC), the simulation time of the DL-PIC neural network is shortened by about 33.37%. According to the invention, complex physical phenomena such as reflection oscillation caused by heat effect and space charges can be effectively processed, and the method has good expansibility. The method is not only suitable for one-dimensional simulation, but also can be popularized to higher-dimension and electromagnetic particle simulation. Therefore, the invention provides an efficient and accurate solution for plasma simulation research, and can be widely applied to the technical field of plasma simulation.

The invention discloses a method and system for directly controlling the internal potential of a bridge arm of a new energy grid-connected inverter, belonging to the technical field of grid-connected inverter control. The control method comprises the following steps: obtaining measured values ​​by measuring the port voltage and current of the grid-connected inverter, and calculating instantaneous active and reactive values; obtaining the phase angle reference and amplitude reference of the internal potential of the bridge arm of the grid-connected inverter respectively, and then generating the internal potential reference of the bridge arm; at the same time, estimating the internal potential of the bridge arm of the grid-connected inverter based on the port voltage and current measured values ​​and the grid-connected inverter model by using an observer; finally, using the estimated internal potential as a feedback signal of the closed-loop feedback control of the internal potential, comparing it with the generated internal potential reference of the bridge arm, and sending it to the internal potential controller, thereby obtaining a modulation signal and sending it to the PWM module, so as to realize direct control of the internal potential of the bridge arm of the grid-connected inverter; compared with the existing control method of the grid-connected inverter, the method of the invention improves the dynamic performance of the grid-connected inverter and improves the power quality.

The invention discloses a simulation method for calculating rigid-flexible-electric-thermal coupling dynamic response of a space structure, which comprises the following steps of: simplifying the space structure into a central rigid body-cantilever slab model, describing and dispersing the model through a constructed absolute node method mixing unit, deducing a dynamic equation of the model and a temperature field and electrostatic field control equation, and calculating the dynamic response of the rigid-flexible-electric-thermal coupling dynamic response of the space structure. The method comprises the following steps of: obtaining a rigid-flexible-electric-thermal coupling equation set of the system by taking a dynamic response result of the structure into consideration, considering a bidirectional coupling effect between a displacement field and a physical field, solving the equation set by utilizing a solver based on a generalized alpha method, obtaining the dynamic response result of the structure, performing visualization processing, and displaying the change condition of physical quantities such as temperature, potential and displacement along with time. According to the method, the influence of physical field factors is comprehensively considered, the spatial structure dynamic behavior under multi-physical field coupling can be accurately simulated, and a certain basis is provided for the simulation design of the spatial structure.

The invention relates to the technical field of magnetron sputtering, in particular to a magnetron sputtering uniform coating system for LOW-E glass, which comprises a particle distribution detection module, a potential guide control module, a magnetic field track adjustment module, an angle deviation monitoring module and an energy flux density feedback module. According to the method, a dynamic difference index is constructed by extracting a particle number change rate difference value, time sequence tracking of particle distribution is achieved, edge particles are guided to return to bias in combination with electrode array potential adjustment, the non-equilibrium region particle compensation capacity is improved, a magnetic control structure adjusts the track direction according to the particle accumulation behavior, and local reconstruction of a diffusion path is achieved. The reflection path offset data is used for correcting abnormal rebound behaviors and expanding the particle motion intervention range, the energy flux density difference value serves as control input, the electric field and magnetic field action areas are linked, real-time balance adjustment of the deposition process is completed, and the uniformity of the film layer thickness and the space coverage stability are further improved.

The invention discloses an intrusive rock alteration zone reservoir prediction method comprising the following steps: S1, analyzing and identifying sensitive logging parameters of an intrusive rock alteration zone, and establishing a dominant lithology identification combination chart; s2, establishing a model, and determining seismic response characteristics of intrusive rocks; s3, quantitative evaluation is carried out on the intrusive rock; s4, reservoir prediction of the intrusive rock alteration zone is carried out; and S5, quantitatively predicting the reservoir distribution and thickness of the intrusive rock alteration zone. According to the method, through different lithologic logging response characteristics, a multi-parameter intersection advantage lithologic chart is established, wave group characteristics of intrusive rocks are determined, and the distribution range and thickness of the intrusive rocks are identified by utilizing wave impedance inversion and optimizing attributes of a product of a reflection intensity alternating current component and a phase cosine; and waveform indication inversion of the invaded rock mud shale alteration zone is carried out by using natural potential as a characteristic curve, and reservoir distribution and thickness of the invaded rock alteration zone are predicted and are basically consistent with actual drilling thickness.

In a mass spectrometer (10) for gas analysis, comprising: a mass spectrometer housing (12) evacuated by a vacuum pump; an ion source (16) for ionizing gas atoms or molecules entering the mass spectrometer enclosure (12) and accelerating ions in the mass spectrometer enclosure (12); an ion trap (22) made of an electrically conductive material for collecting ions generated by the ion source (16); an electrical measurement device (24) for measuring the potential or current of the ion trap (22) and connected to the ion trap (22) for inferring the ions collected by the ion trap (22) from the measured potential or current; a magnetic or electromagnetic deflection device configured to deflect or map ions having a specific mass-to-charge ratio to the ion trap (22); an electron barrier (30) made of an electrically conductive material is provided at the ion trap (22), the electron barrier having a lower potential than the ion trap (22) and being configured to generate a reverse electric field to return electrons released from the ion trap (22) onto the ion trap (22).

A method and corresponding devices to reduce the presence of unwanted ions within the pseudo-potential well of the RF fields for inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry is disclosed. This method reduces space-charge effects and leaves more room available for the ions of interest and, hence, leads to increased transmission of the desired ions into the mass analyzer. In the present invention, the space charge is reduced by adding a low-band resolving DC potential, or a fast sweeping resolving DC potential with a notch, or a fast constant resolving DC potential with a notch, or by adding auxiliary quadrupolar or dipolar RF potential to the quadrupole ion guide, such that all the unwanted ions will be outside the stable region and therefore ejected. This reduces the charge density in the ion beam and ameliorate space charge effects.

The invention discloses a rapid, stable and high-sensitivity underwater electric field signal detection device and a test method, and solves the problems that an electrode of an existing measurement device needs a long time to stabilize potential, rapid stabilization and real-time detection are difficult, and a test electrode has range difference and drifting. The device comprises a front-end electric field signal sensitive electrode, a rapid stabilization circuit, a signal processing circuit and an upper computer, and the testing method comprises the steps that fixed voltage is applied to the front-end electric field signal sensitive electrode, the state of a single-pole switch of the rapid stabilization circuit is controlled, the electrode range is actively stabilized, and baseline fluctuation of current response is reduced. According to the detection device and the test method, the stabilization speed of the sensing electrode can be optimized through the rapid stabilization circuit, and the electrode current signal is processed in real time and transmitted to the upper computer for display, so that rapid deployment of the sensing electrode is realized, and the efficiency of underwater electric field signal detection is improved.

The invention discloses a method for predicting electrostatic potential in a storage tank in oil collection operation of a storage tank, and the method comprises the following steps: initializing and constructing a knowledge respectively establishing a multipath leakage equivalent circuit model library for a fixed roof tank and an inner floating roof tank, the initial fitting impulse current calculation coefficient range, the optimization constraint condition and the conductivity-temperature relation function library are stored; real-time prediction and monitoring: acquiring multi-dimensional data in real time, preprocessing, dynamically calibrating charge generation items, and calculating charge balance by combining a multi-path leakage model and capacitance correction; meanwhile, a high-frequency flow meter is used for detecting the sudden change of the flow speed to trigger an LSTM transient compensation model to predict the transient electrostatic potential variable quantity, and the transient electrostatic potential variable quantity is superposed on a physical model predicted value result to obtain a final electrostatic potential predicted value; dynamic risk assessment and early warning: triggering different levels of early warning according to an assessment result; and deep analysis of abnormal working conditions: when the abnormal working conditions occur, automatically starting local CFD micro-simulation driven by edge calculation to verify local charge aggregation and electric field distortion conditions.

The invention provides an aircraft lightning stroke initial attachment point simulation method. The method comprises the steps that connection between first software and second software is established; presetting an initial simulation environment in the first software, calculating a first electrostatic field value of the initial simulation environment and transmitting the first electrostatic field value to the second software; on the basis of the first electrostatic field value, obtaining surface charges through a Gaussian law and judging whether positive polarity pilot is started or not; obtaining the number of negative charges of the positive polarity pilot according to an electrostatic balance principle; obtaining aircraft potential according to the number of negative charges; setting boundary conditions according to the aircraft potential and calculating a second electrostatic field value; and based on the second electrostatic field value, judging whether the negative polarity pilot starts or not through the Gaussian law, and if so, recording the initial position. According to the method, pilot channel charge distribution is converted into potential boundary conditions, and the problem that a traditional method depends on the geometrical shape and the motion state of an aircraft is solved.

The invention discloses a material ion transmission mechanism research method based on an electronic holography and integral differential phase contrast technology. The method aims at solving the key problem that a traditional characterization means is difficult to directly associate material defects with a local electric field at the same time of an atomic scale. The method comprises the following steps: preparing a transmission electron microscope film sample containing a specific defect structure and applying a tiny bias voltage; obtaining two-dimensional potential and electric field distribution in the sample by using an off-axis electronic holographic technology; obtaining an atomic structure image capable of distinguishing light elements in the same region by using an integral differential phase contrast technology; and finally, carrying out accurate space alignment and correlation analysis on the information of the specific atom defect and the local electric field so as to directly reveal the coupling relationship between the specific atom defect and the local electric field and the influence mechanism of the specific atom defect on ion transmission. The method disclosed by the invention is particularly suitable for illuminating the ion transmission behavior at the shear surface in the Wadsleep-Roth phase niobium-based fast-charging negative electrode material, and has the beneficial effects of high mechanism analysis depth, strong technical complementarity, guiding significance to material design, good method universality and the like.

A device for monitoring spacecraft electric potential includes a first conductor configured to be in electrical communication with a conductive structure of a spacecraft, a second conductor capacitively coupled to the first conductor, a switch connected to the first conductor and the second conductor such that closure of the switch electrically ties the first conductor to the second conductor, and a monitoring circuit in electrical communication with the second conductor, the monitoring circuit being configured to detect an electric potential of the second conductor relative to the first conductor, the detected electric potential being indicative of a change in electric potential of the first conductor relative to the second conductor since an opening of the switch.

The invention belongs to the technical field of ultraviolet photoelectric detectors, and discloses a vertical diamond ultraviolet photoelectric detector simulation analysis method and related equipment, and the method comprises the steps: building a geometric model, setting material parameters, coupling a semiconductor field and an electrostatic field, and carrying out the simulation calculation. The problems of high cost, time consumption, difficulty in quantification of key parameter influence, difficulty in observation of photon-generated carrier transport operation and the like caused by dependence on actual device preparation in the prior art can be effectively solved; according to the method, simulation result data such as electron concentration distribution, hole concentration distribution, potential distribution and the like can be obtained by simulating the process that ultraviolet light penetrates through a transparent electrode and irradiates a diamond layer and collecting photo-generated carriers to output light current, so that visual and quantitative reference information is provided for research and development personnel; structural optimization and design improvement of the detector can be effectively guided, blindness of a traditional research and development mode is avoided, and research and development efficiency and device performance are remarkably improved.

The utility model relates to electric potential measurement technical field especially is a kind of Zeta electric potential measuring device, including carousel, the upper clamping mechanism is fixed with the lower end of carousel, the lower clamping mechanism is correspondingly arranged in the lower end of upper clamping mechanism, and the upper clamping mechanism and the lower clamping mechanism are connected by thread sleeve, and the installation hole of upper clamping mechanism and lower clamping mechanism is placed to the sample to be measured. By rotating thread sleeve, since the thread direction of thread side ring is opposite, the upper clamping mechanism and the lower clamping mechanism will move oppositely. At this time, extrusion plate will pass through the triangular block of extrusion limiting mechanism in the moving process, so as to drive metal sheet deflection extrusion to sample and apply uniform pressure, firmly clamp sample between upper and lower clamping mechanism, and it is convenient to operate for different size samples.

The present invention discloses a multi-scale electromagnetic exploration method based on single-electrode potential detection, which relates to the field of exploration geophysical technology. The method includes: determining the measurement area, clarifying the exploration target, and determining the measurement area and measurement point density based on the depth of the exploration target; deploying a number of transmitting sources and receiving arrays in the measurement area to collect surface potential data of the measurement area in real time, and processing the data frequency by frequency according to a preset frequency sequence; generating a surface potential distribution surface based on the single-electrode potential data, constraining and suppressing the field source effect, obtaining electric field distribution information of the measurement surface, and calculating apparent resistivity parameters in combination with magnetic field measurement data; using a multi-directional excitation mode and a multi-source emission scheme to suppress the field source effect, and constructing a three-dimensional resistivity profile to identify low-resistance or high-resistance bodies. The present invention solves the static effect and volume effect, breaking through the limitations of existing electromagnetic instruments on detection accuracy and depth.

The invention relates to the technical field of geotechnical engineering monitoring, and discloses a water-rich sand pebble bed pile foundation settlement monitoring system and method.The system comprises at least one intelligent sensing pile internally and integrally provided with a mechanical-temperature sensing module used for obtaining strain and temperature distribution of a pile body, a water-rich sand pebble bed pile foundation settlement monitoring module, a water-rich sand pebble bed pile foundation settlement monitoring module, a water-rich sand pebble bed pile foundation settlement monitoring module and a water-rich sand pebble bed pile foundation settlement monitoring module, the electrical sensing module comprises an electrode array and is used for applying current and measuring potential; the acoustic sensing module is used for passively collecting acoustic emission signals of soil around the pile; and the data processing module is configured to execute joint inversion imaging, that is, the strain and / or acoustic emission signals are used as prior constraints to invert the electrical data so as to generate a three-dimensional resistivity image representing the state of the soil body around the pile. According to the method, through the multi-physical field joint inversion and physical property parameter decoupling technology, accurate positioning of the damage of the soil body around the pile and quantitative diagnosis of the porosity and the water saturation are achieved.

The invention provides a quantitative analysis method and system for an electric field of a rod-like multilayer structure based on a layer potential technology, and relates to the technical field of object detection. Establishing a multilayer structure geometric model, wherein the multilayer structure geometric model comprises an internal rodlike inclusion, a middle layer area and an outer layer area; constructing a potential control equation and a boundary transmission condition of the multilayer structure under a background electric field, and converting an electric field boundary value problem into an integral equation system on a multilayer boundary based on a layer potential theory; carrying out asymptotic analysis on a layer potential operator in the integral equation system, and deducing a quantitative expression of the disturbance electric field; according to the quantitative expression, geometric parameters and position information of the internal rodlike inclusions are uniquely determined through primary boundary electric field measurement data. Therefore, accurate description of a disturbance electric field containing a rod-shaped three-layer structure is realized, and a uniqueness theory that rod-shaped inclusions can be uniquely reduced through one-time boundary measurement is established.

This invention discloses a phase-field method for multi-topological domain cyclic transformation in lead titanate (PTO) ferroelectric thin films. A computational model of the PTO ferroelectric thin film is established, defining polarization, potential, displacement, and oxygen vacancy concentration as field variables. Based on Ginzburg-Landau theory, a total free energy expression for the PTO ferroelectric thin film is established, incorporating oxygen vacancy transport processes and the coupling between oxygen vacancies and the electrostatic field. Combining time-correlated Ginzburg-Landau kinetic equations, mechanical equilibrium equations, electrostatic equilibrium equations, and Nernst-Planck equations, a phase-field model of the PTO ferroelectric thin film coupled with multiple physics fields is established. A stable initial skyrmion domain structure is constructed, and a preset uniform electric field sequence is applied to simulate the cyclic transformation process between skyrmions and flux-closed domains and / or stripe domains. This method can analyze the evolution path, transformation threshold, oxygen vacancy distribution, and cyclic stability of topological domains in PTO ferroelectric thin films under the synergistic effect of an applied electric field and oxygen vacancies, providing a theoretical basis for the design of ferroelectric topological domain multi-state storage devices.

The utility model belongs to the technical field of semiconductors, and discloses a beam measuring device and equipment. The beam measurement device comprises a measurement shell, a beam cup and an electrode assembly. A closed mounting cavity is formed in the measuring shell, and a conduction slit communicated with the mounting cavity is formed in the side surface of the measuring shell; the beam cup is arranged in the mounting cavity, and the side face of the beam cup is provided with a collecting sinking groove for beam injection; the electrode assembly is provided with a screening slit, one end of the screening slit is communicated with the conduction slit, the other end of the screening slit is communicated with the collection sinking groove, and electric fields with different potentials are formed in the screening slit to eliminate low-energy ions and electrons in the beam current. When the beam current measuring device is used, the beam current passes through the electric fields with different potentials formed by the electrode assembly, so that electrons in the beam current can be eliminated, low-energy ions in the beam current can also be eliminated, the possibility of interference of the low-energy ions and the electrons on the test result of the beam current can be effectively reduced, and the test accuracy of the beam current measuring device is improved. And the measurement accuracy is effectively improved.

The invention discloses an electric field evaluation method and system based on potential-power transmission line coupling, and relates to the technical field of power system protection, and the method comprises the steps: building a current fluctuation model based on a lightning channel engineering model; hybrid emission of a current element i and a charge element q is adopted based on a current fluctuation model; obtaining a voltage U'under the condition of lossy earth through the induced voltage on each section of line; obtaining a total horizontal voltage based on the voltage under the condition of lossy earth and the voltage under the condition of lossless earth; the electric field is evaluated based on the total horizontal voltage. On the basis of a dipole current model, charge distribution introduction, current generation of magnetic potential and charge generation of potential are combined, the relative positions of charges and current elements can be improved when an electric field channel is discretely simulated by a computer, a near-field electric field can be simulated more accurately, and the simulation precision is improved. Meanwhile, the divergence problem caused by calculation truncation errors can be counteracted when the structure is coupled with a coil type structure, and the accuracy and stability of calculation are improved.

The invention discloses a voltage distribution measurement method based on a nonlinear resistance network. According to the method, a physical grid model composed of a linear resistor and a nonlinear current source is constructed, and a node voltage model equation is established by taking a grid original point as a potential reference point. Two-dimensional measurement data are subjected to dimensionality reduction to form a univariate function by utilizing network physical symmetry, and efficient calculation is realized by combining an FPGA (Field Programmable Gate Array) pipeline architecture. And when the detected voltage value is lower than-15V, starting a cut-off protection mechanism to force the clamping voltage and closing the current source. And finally, a voltage change curve and a two-dimensional thermodynamic diagram are generated through a visualization module, and voltage distribution is visually reflected. The method solves the problems of large error, poor real-time performance and circuit oscillation of a traditional measurement method, is suitable for nonlinear resistance network voltage monitoring in the fields of condensed state physics, plasma control and the like, and has the advantages of high measurement precision, high response speed, reliable hardware protection and the like.

The application provides a method for simulating initial attachment points of lightning strikes on an airplane, which comprises the following steps: establishing a connection between a first software and a second software; presetting an initial simulation environment in the first software, calculating a first electrostatic field value of the initial simulation environment, and transmitting the first electrostatic field value to the second software; obtaining surface charges based on the first electrostatic field value by Gauss law, and judging whether a positive polarity leader is started; obtaining a negative charge quantity of the positive polarity leader according to the principle of electrostatic equilibrium; obtaining an airplane electric potential according to the negative charge quantity; setting a boundary condition according to the airplane electric potential, and calculating a second electrostatic field value; judging whether a negative polarity leader is started based on the second electrostatic field value by Gauss law, and recording a starting position if the negative polarity leader is started. The method solves the problem of dependence of a traditional method on the geometric shape and motion state of the airplane by converting the charge distribution of the leader channel into the potential boundary condition.

The application discloses a phase field simulation method and device of three-dimensional dendrite and electronic equipment, and relates to the technical field of three-dimensional dendrite simulation. The method comprises the following steps: obtaining free energy density; obtaining an initial phase field variable equation, an initial ion concentration equation and an initial electric potential equation; constructing an initial anisotropy parameter function, fitting anisotropy parameters in the anisotropy parameter function to obtain a target anisotropy parameter function; inputting initial conditions and boundary conditions; discretizing the initial phase field variable equation, the initial ion concentration equation and the initial electric potential equation to obtain target phase field variable equations, target ion concentration equations and target electric potential equations in several directions; obtaining target phase field variable distributions, target ion concentration distributions and target electric potential distributions; drawing an isosurface to obtain the morphology of a negative electrode surface or dendrite. The application can reflect the anisotropy of crystal growth from the perspective of three-dimensional space, and can be widely applied in the technical field of rechargeable ion batteries.

The invention discloses a multi-scale electromagnetic exploration method based on single-electrode potential detection, and relates to the technical field of exploration geophysics, and the method comprises the steps: determining a measurement region, determining an exploration target, and determining the area of the measurement region and the density of measurement points according to the depth of the exploration target; arranging a plurality of emission sources and receiving arrays in a measurement area, collecting surface potential data of the measurement area in real time, and processing the data frequency point by frequency point according to a preset frequency sequence; on the basis of the single-electrode potential data, generating a surface potential distribution surface, constraining and suppressing a field source effect, obtaining electric field distribution information of a measurement surface, and calculating apparent resistivity parameters in combination with magnetic field measurement data; a multi-azimuth excitation mode and a multi-source emission scheme are adopted, a field source effect is inhibited, a three-dimensional resistivity profile is constructed, and a low-resistance body or a high-resistance body is identified. According to the invention, the static effect and the volume effect are solved, and the limitation of the existing electromagnetic instrument on the detection accuracy and depth is broken through.

The invention provides an ESD release method of a medical endoscope module. The method comprises the following steps: acquiring first parameter information input by a sensing unit, wherein the first parameter information comprises a position relationship between an ESD generation end and an ESD influence end; establishing an electrostatic field simulation model according to the electrostatic field generated by the ESD generation end, and calculating the electric field intensity and potential distribution of the ESD generation end by adopting a finite element method for the space of the ESD generation end; constructing a space coordinate system x-y-z of the ESD generation end, and uniformly dividing grid points; calculating electric field intensity and potential distribution of each grid point according to the position of the space coordinate system, and generating grid point data according to the electric field intensity and the potential distribution according to the grid points; the first parameter information is substituted into the grid points to obtain grid point data, the grid point data is compared with a safety threshold value of the ESD influence end, and if the grid point data is larger than the safety threshold value, an ESD releasing instruction is executed according to a difference value.

A resonance device is provided that includes a first substrate with a resonator having an upper electrode, a second substrate that is disposed such that a first surface faces the first substrate with the resonator therebetween, a first terminal that is disposed on a second surface of the second substrate and that is electrically connected to the upper electrode, a second terminal that is disposed on the second surface and that applies a reference electric potential to the resonator, and an extended wiring line that is connected to the first terminal electrically and that extends on the second surface to an outer edge.

This application provides a simulation system and method for the AC characteristics of vacuum diodes based on a physical information neural network, belonging to the field of numerical simulation technology for electronic devices. The system includes a particle injection module, a particle deposition module, a Poisson equation solving module, an electric field calculation module, and a particle propulsion module. The particle injection module continuously injects electron particles; the particle deposition module maps particle information to a grid and calculates the electron density; the Poisson equation solving module uses a physical information neural network method to solve for the potential distribution based on the electron density; the electric field calculation module obtains the spatial electric field; and the particle propulsion module updates the particle velocity and position, forming a self-consistent coupled simulation. This application achieves continuous and smooth potential solutions through hard constraint embedding of boundary conditions, two-stage optimization, and loss scale adjustment mechanisms, reducing grid dependence and improving computational accuracy and efficiency. It is suitable for numerical simulation of vacuum electronic devices, electron beam systems, and space charge transport problems.

Provided is a dispensing device which prevents the occurrence of dispensing abnormality. This dispensing device comprises: a dispensing mechanism 101 which is provided with a probe 101p for dispensing liquid; a detection unit 102 which is provided with a liquid level sensor for measuring capacitance between a distal end of the probe and a reference electric potential surface, thereby outputting a capacitance signal; and a signal processing unit 103 which determines the state of the probe on the basis of a change in a temporal waveform of the capacitance signal.

Fluid treatment apparatus 10 for undertaking electrolysis of the fluid to thereby produce hydrogen gas, and / or undertake electro-coagulation of the fluid to thereby reduce the presence of suspended solids in the fluid, and / or to undertake desalination of the fluid, the apparatus, comprising a tank 50 containing a fluid comprising water, the tank including electrodes 120, the electrodes connected to an electrical supply 150, the electrical supply arranged to supply electricity to the electrodes such that the voltage between the anode and a reference point at a constant electric potential varies as a function of time, wherein the time-dependence of the voltage between the anode and the reference point is described by a function Va(t)-