154 results about "Applied potential" patented technology

The presence of a select analyte in the sample is evaluated in an an electrochemical system using a conduction cell-type apparatus. A potential or current is generated between the two electrodes of the cell sufficient to bring about oxidation or reduction of the analyte or of a mediator in an analyte-detection redox system, thereby forming a chemical potential gradient of the analyte or mediator between the two electrodes After the gradient is established, the applied potential or current is discontinued and an analyte-independent signal is obtained from the relaxation of the chemical potential gradient. The analyte-independent signal is used to correct the analyte-dependent signal obtained during application of the potential or current. This correction allows an improved measurement of analyte concentration because it corrects for device-specific and test specific factors such as transport (mobility) of analyte and/or mediator, effective electrode area, and electrode spacing (and as a result, sample volume), without need for separate calibration values. The analysis can be performed using disposable test strips in a hand held meter, for example for glucose testing.

The systems and methods of the present invention utilize a linear component of a non-linear, faradaic current response generated by a biological fluid sample when an AC excitation potential sufficient to produce such a faradaic current response is applied to the sample, in order to calculate the concentration of a medically significant component in the biological fluid sample. The current response is created by the excitation of electrochemical processes within the sample by the applied potential. Typically, the linear component of the current response to an applied AC potential contains phase angle and/or admittance information that may be correlated to the concentration of the medically significant component. Also typically, the fundamental linear component of the current response is utilized in the disclosed systems and methods. Harmonics of the fundamental linear component may also be used. Other methods and devices are disclosed.

A microapparatus (11) implantable in the eye (13) comprises a cuasi-bistable microvalve (21) commanded by an intraocular pressure sensor (23) in situ. The microvalve mechanism includes a diaphragm (27) made of a conjugated polymer (29) that shows high deformation and biocompatibility capabilities and which volume depends from the electric potential applied by its pair of electrodes (31). The sensor and actuator-valve are coupled to a drainage conduit (15), the first to deform by the pressure in the ocular globe and the second in a position of buckling to normally close the drainage conduit. The sensor us a membrane of conductive polymeric material with the same properties and whose ohmic resistance varies with the mechanical deformation produced by the ocular pressure.

A negative resistance device (NRD) has a MOSFET-like structure, and is biased by: shorting the gate and source together at a fixed applied potential and applying a different fixed potential to the drain, and sweeping the bulk potential towards the drain potential, causing the bulk current to exhibit a negative resistance characteristic. The NRD may be used in a memory circuit (10) in which a resistor (R) is connected between the bulk (2) and a fixed potential. Two States of the circuit at which the current through the resistor matches that through the bulk of the NRD are stable, providing for bistable memory operation.

A nonvolatile semiconductor memory includes a memory cell 6 composed of a memory cell transistor 1 having a floating gate and a control gate and a memory cell selecting transistor 2, a reference cell 12 composed of a reference cell transistor 30 having the same structure as the memory cell transistor 1 and a reference cell selecting transistor 8, and a reference word line potential generating circuit 31 connected to a gate of the reference cell selecting transistor 8, wherein, in a reading operation, the same power supply voltage is applied between a floating gate and a source node of the reference cell transistor 30, and an intermediate potential between a potential applied when the memory cell selecting transistor 2 is selected and a potential applied when the memory cell selecting transistor 2 is not selected is applied to the gate of the reference cell selecting transistor 8.

A dual active electrochromic device is a combination of at least two working electrodes that contain electrochromic materials and at least one counter electrode where the potentials between each working electrode and a counter electrode are independently supplied. No more than one electrode is reflective. The color of the device results from the additive color of the electrochromic materials and varies according to the potentials applied independently. The electrochromic materials can be electrochromic polymers that are deposited as film on substrates to form the working electrodes. The electrochromic device can be used for display or window applications.

A film or tape has one of its major surfaces defined by microstructured features including a plurality of channels defined by spaced apart protrusions. The microstructured film is able to acquire liquids and to control the directional transport of such liquids for subsequent removal therefrom. The transport can be passive or active (i.e., caused or enhanced by an applied potential). The inventive microstructured films and tapes have applications in laminate floor assemblies (for spill removal) and industrial articles such as computer keyboards and other devices and assemblies that benefit from fluid removal. The invention also has application in evaporative and condensation applications. In one embodiment, at least one cross-channel is formed on the microstructured surface to join adjacent channels for liquid flow therebetween.

A display that has a plurality of charged particles between a pair of substrates and displays images by moving the plurality of charged particles. The display comprises one substrate formed with a pixel electrode; the other substrate that is disposed to face the one surface and is formed with a counter electrode; a plurality of partitions for dividing the gap between the pair of substrates into a plurality of regions; and an insulating layer formed to have an insulating part and openings on the pixel electrode, and displays images by changing the potential difference applied between the pixel electrode and the counter electrode.

A depletion-type NAND flash memory includes a NAND string composed of a plurality of serially connected FETs, a control circuit which controls gate potentials of the plurality of FETs in a read operation, a particular potential storage, and an adjacent memory cell threshold storage, wherein each of the plurality of FETs is a transistor whose threshold changes in accordance with a charge quantity in a charge accumulation layer, the adjacent memory cell threshold storage stores a threshold of a source line side FET adjacent to a source line side of a selected FET, and the control circuit applies a potential to the gate electrode of the source line side FET in the read operation, the applied potential being obtained by adding a particular potential stored in the particular potential storage to a threshold stored in the adjacent memory cell threshold storage.

Methods and apparatus for the micro-scale, dielectrophoretic separation of particles are provided. Fluid suspensions of particles are sorted and separated by dielectrophoretic separation chambers that have at least two consecutive, electrically coupled planar electrodes separated by a gap in a fluid flow channel. The gap distance as well as applied potential can be used to control the dielectrophoretic forces generated. Using consecutive, electrically coupled electrodes rather than electrically coupled opposing electrodes facilitates higher flow volumes and rates. The methods and apparatus can be used, for example, to sort living, damaged, diseased, and/or dead cells and functionalized or ligand-bound polymer beads for subsequent identification and/or analysis.

Disclosed are viologen derivatives as an electrochromic material having improved stability and lifetime, a metal oxide electrode including the same, and an electrochromic device using the viologen derivative as an electrochromic material. The viologen derivative includes a suitable regulator group capable of increasing ΔE that is a potential difference between E₁ (potential at the first redox reaction) and E₂ (potential at the second redox reaction). When ΔE increases, the mole fraction of viologen molecules present in the second reduction state decreases. Therefore, it is possible to lower the mole fraction of viologen molecules present in an irreversibly reduced state at an applied potential, thereby increasing the lifetime of an electrochromic material and an electrochromic device.

An apparatus for estimating a property of an earth formation includes a pulsed neutron generator configured to emit a pulse of neutrons, a formation radiation detector configured to detect radiation emitted from the formation due to interactions with the pulse of neutrons, and a neutron generator radiation detector having a crystal structure and configured to detect a radiation particle emitted from the pulsed neutron generator and to provide a location within the neutron radiation detector at which the particle was detected. The crystal structure includes a plurality of detection cells, each detection cell having at least two electrically conducting columns with an applied potential difference such that electrons generated in the crystal structure by interaction with the radiation particle are collected by at least one of the electrically conducting columns to provide detection locations. A processor estimates the property using the detected formation radiation and the detection locations.

An electric dust collecting apparatus includes at least one needle electrode for charging floating particles in air by generating a corona discharge around needle points; at least one collecting electrode provided on cell-liked arrangement corresponding to the needle electrodes, for attracting and collecting the charged floating particles by an electrostatic force; and at least one deflection electrode having a rectangularly hollow longitudinal structure having a front plate portion and side plate portions wherein the needle electrodes are fixed on the front plate portion, for applying a deflection force to the charged floating particles to move toward the collecting electrodes by a potential applied from the side plate portions, and wherein the at least one deflection electrode having the rectangularly hollow longitudinal structure is obtained by bending a profile plate punched up a sheet metal by a predetermined punch press process, accordingly, the plurality of deflection electrodes can be integratedly formed from a profile punched up from a sheet metal by the punching and bending press process, enabling the manufacturing process to have workability and productivity.

A variable reflectance rearview mirror for a vehicle, comprising: (a) a variable reflectance mirror element having a reflectivity that varies in response to an applied potential so as to exhibit at least a high reflectance state and a low reflectance state; (b) a self-cleaning, hydrophilic coating applied to a front surface of said mirror element having a controlled surface morphology.

An aberration correction method and charged-particle beam instrument with four stages of multipole units. The two central stages of multipole units function as two stages of magnetic quadrupole components for superimposing a magnetic potential distribution analogous with an applied electric potential distribution on this electric potential distribution. The instrument further includes an objective lens, an objective aperture mounted in the optical path for a beam of charged particles, an operation portion for varying the accelerating voltage or the working distance between the objective lens and a specimen, and a control portion for controlling the multipole units according to an operation of the operation portion. When the accelerating voltage or working distance is varied, the resultant magnification of the four stages of multipole units and objective lens mounted behind the units is adjusted to maintain constant at least one of octupole component-activating potentials for correcting third-order aperture aberrations.

A layer structure usable in manufacturing an integrated circuit is made, in a single apparatus, by a particular process in which a patterned substrate is provided. An electrolyte solution, out of which a conductive material can be plated under an applied potential, is supplied over a surface of the patterned substrate, and a potential is applied so as to deposit a film of the conductive material out of the electrolyte solution and over the surface of the patterned substrate. The film of conductive material is preferably polished as it is deposited. The conductive material is then removed from field regions of the patterned substrate, while deposits of the conductive material are left in features defined in the patterned substrate. The deposits of the conductive material are then electrically isolated, resulting in the layer structure.

A power converter which has a power module allowing supply and cutoff of main current, and a driver module controlling supply and cutoff of the main current allowed by the power module includes: a high potential side semiconductor device which allows supply and cutoff of the main current on the high potential side of the power module; a low potential side semiconductor device which allows supply and cutoff of the main current on the low potential side of the power module, and is connected with the high potential side semiconductor device in series; plural power module side wirings connected with respective electrodes contained in the high potential side semiconductor device and the low potential side semiconductor device, and disposed adjacent to each other substantially on the same plane as the power module in the order of applied potentials with a connection end between the plural power module side wirings and the driver module located along the end of the power module; plural driver module side wirings provided on the driver module as wirings connected with the plural corresponding power module side wirings, and disposed adjacent to each other substantially on the same plane as the driver module in the order corresponding to the positions of the plural power module side wirings in positions along the end of the driver module; a power source transformer as a circuit which converts a signal voltage for controlling the supply and cutoff of the main current by the driver module into voltage applied to a control electrode of the high potential side semiconductor device and a control electrode of the low potential side semiconductor device, plural terminals of the power source transformer in correspondence with the plural driver module side wirings being provided in the order of the positions of the plural corresponding driver module side wirings; and conductors disposed in the vicinity of the plane on which the plural power module side wirings are provided and in the vicinity of the plane on which the plural driver module side wirings are provided, and electrically connected in such positions as to surround magnetic flux generated by current looping at least through the power source transformer, the driver module side wirings, and the power module side wirings.

This invention provides a remote sensed pre-amplifier for cross-point arrays. In a particular embodiment, there are a plurality of parallel electrically conductive rows and a plurality of parallel electrically conductive columns crossing the rows, thereby forming a cross-point array with a plurality of intersections. Resistive devices, such as magnetic memory cells, also known as spin valve memory cells, are provided in electrical contact with and located at each intersection. A feedback controlled sense pre-amplifier is also provided to maintain an equi-potential for a given memory cell. A reference voltage is provided to the sense pre-amplifier. As voltage potential, VA′, is provided to the first end of a selected column, contacting a selected memory cell, a feedback voltage VA is provided to the sense pre-amplifier by an independent sense path. The independent sense path connects to the second end of the selected column. The sense pre-amplifier adjusts the applied potential VA to minimize the difference between the feedback and reference voltage. An associated method of use is further provided.

An aluminum electrolytic capacitor including an anode electrode, and a method for producing the anode electrode. The method includes providing an aluminum electrolyte including an ionic liquid and an aluminum salt, galvanically deposing an aluminum on an aluminum foil formed from the aluminum electrolyte, and anodically oxidizing a surface of the aluminum foil. The ionic liquid includes a pyrrolidinium cation and a halogenide. The aluminum electrolyte includes 50-70 mol. % of the aluminum salt based on a total substance amount of the ionic liquid and the aluminum salt. The galvanic deposition includes and is based on a deposition temperature ranging from 20° C. to 100° C., a current density ranging from 1 to 100 mA/cm², an applied potential ranging from −0.1V to −1.0 V based on a potential of an aluminum reference electrode, and a deposition rate ranging from 1 to 50 μm/h.