3449 results about "Reference electrode" patented technology

The invention belongs to the technical field of medical electronic equipment, and discloses a control system for alternative electrical stimulation of idiopathic tremor, and the system comprises a signal collection module which is used for obtaining tremor motion data of a patient in real time; the signal processing module is used for analyzing tremor frequency, amplitude and phase characteristics; the dynamic parameter generation module is used for generating an alternate stimulation mode according to the tremor characteristics; and the electrode array module comprises at least two stimulating electrodes and a reference electrode. The invention provides a non-invasive and dynamically optimized alternate electrical stimulation control system which is used for inhibiting hand tremor of an idiopathic tremor patient, regulation and control of a tremor network can be enhanced by alternately stimulating different peripheral nerves, the curative effect can be improved through closed-loop feedback optimization parameters, long-acting and safe tremor inhibition is achieved, and the treatment effect is improved. The problems of insufficient curative effect, nerve adaptability, surgical risk and the like in the prior art are solved.

The invention relates to a flexible electrochemical pH sensor as well as a preparation method and application thereof. Wherein the flexible electrochemical pH sensor comprises a flexible nanofiber substrate as well as a working electrode and a reference electrode which are arranged on the surface of the flexible nanofiber substrate at an interval, the working electrode comprises a first working part and a first wire part connected with the first working part, and the first working part is provided with a polyaniline sensitive layer. The flexible electrochemical pH sensor has the characteristics of high sensitivity, good flexibility and good air and moisture permeability, can be tightly attached to the surface of skin to monitor the pH value of body fluid, and is high in monitoring accuracy and simple in manufacturing method.

The invention relates to the technical field of blood potassium detection, in particular to a blood potassium detection paper-based sensor and a preparation method and application thereof.The sensor is obtained by integrating a substrate, a sensing electrode and a whole blood microfluid channel, and the sensing electrode is located between the substrate and the whole blood microfluid channel; the whole blood microfluid channel comprises a serum diffusion area, a whole blood separation area positioned above the serum diffusion area and a blood potassium detection area positioned below the serum diffusion area; a blood separation membrane is also arranged in the whole blood separation area; the substrate is qualitative filter paper, and the sensing electrode comprises an all-solid-state PBA working electrode and an Ag / AgCl reference electrode; compared with the prior art, calibration is not needed when potassium ions in whole blood are detected, the whole blood sample can be directly used, centrifugal separation is not needed, the detection speed is increased, the hemolysis problem of the whole blood sample in blood potassium detection can be avoided, and the detection sensitivity, accuracy and stability are further improved.

Disclosed are devices, systems and methods for in vivo monitoring of localized environment conditions within a patient user by measuring analytes, including glucose, oxygen, and / or other analytes. In some aspects, a sensor device includes a wafer-based substrate, at least one electrochemical sensor two-electrode contingent including a working electrode and a reference electrode on the substrate and configured to detect a target analyte in a body fluid when the sensor device is deployed within a subject's body, where the working electrode is functionalized by a chemical layer configured to facilitate a reaction involving the target analyte that produces an electrical signal; and an electronics unit in communication with the electrochemical sensor electrode contingent to transmit the electrical signal to an external processor.

A microcatheter with a guidewire therein can be steered to target tissue, then the target tissue can be punctured with the guidewire to create a transseptal puncture. The microcatheter can have a diameter substantially smaller than known sheaths which are typically used to guide a needle to a target puncture site in known transseptal puncture treatments. The guidewire can have an atraumatic, electrically conductive distal end that can be electrically energized to puncture the target tissue. Once the guide wire is across, ancillary devices such as a dilator and sheath can be delivered over the guide wire across the transseptal puncture. The microcatheter can include one or more location sensors. A navigation module can use the electrically conductive distal end as a reference electrode to the location sensor(s) of the microcatheter.

Examples presented herein generally include systems and methods which can contact electrodes to cardiac tissue while sensing electrical potential from fluids near the tissue. The electrodes in contact with the tissue can be carried by an end effector and can be used to sense and / or ablate the tissue they contact. A reference electrode can be insulated by a shaft connected to the end effector so that the reference electrode can sense the electrical potentials from the fluids near the tissue while being prevented, by the shaft geometry, from contacting the cardiac tissue. In some examples, the reference electrode can be tubular, having an inner surface that is configured to contact and sense electrical potentials from the fluids and an electrically insulated outer surface. Configured as such, the reference electrode can serve as an extension of an irrigation tube extending through the shaft.

The invention relates to a flow battery charge state detection device and method, and is applied to the technical field of flow batteries. Compared with the prior art, the reference detection cavity connected with the bipolar plate is formed, the reference electrolyte can be replaced and supplemented without arranging a reference electrolyte storage tank, the adaptability of the detection device is improved, and the reference detection cavity corresponds to the positive electrolyte detection cavity and / or the negative electrolyte detection cavity, so that the detection efficiency is improved. A reference electrode is arranged in a reference detection cavity, the potential deviation of a reference electrolyte can be detected and calibrated in real time, and a calibration voltage value of the reference detection cavity is obtained, so that the potential of a positive electrode electrolyte relative to the reference electrode, the potential of a negative electrode electrolyte relative to the reference electrode and the calibration voltage value are used for calibrating the potential deviation of the reference electrolyte. The concentration of each valence ion is calculated on line through a multi-parameter empirical formula, and the charge state of the flow battery is obtained in real time through the concentration of each valence ion, so that the detection error is reduced, the detection sensitivity is improved, and the real-time monitoring precision of the charge state is improved.

The invention discloses a lithium ion cell nondestructive lithium precipitation detection method, which specifically comprises the following steps: at a certain temperature, determining the charging open circuit voltage OCV of a normal lithium precipitation-free cell and a lithium ion battery to be detected, and generating an SOC-OCV table; the method comprises the following steps: carrying out charge-discharge circulation on a lithium ion battery at a certain charge rate and temperature to obtain a voltage-temperature rise curve, and roughly determining a voltage interval of stable heat production of a battery cell based on the voltage-temperature rise curve; a charging dQ / dV curve is obtained based on an incremental capacity method, the inflection point is accurately determined in the voltage interval of stable heat production of the battery cell in the dQ / dV curve, and the polarization heat production value corresponding to the interval from the inflection point to the charging end is calculated; and carrying out polarization heat proportion calculation on the batch of battery cells, and screening out the battery cells lower than a threshold value based on an outlier method as lithium precipitation battery cells. According to the method, lithium precipitation detection can be carried out under the condition that a sensor and a reference electrode are not additionally arranged, and risk assessment is carried out on early lithium precipitation of the high-capacity lithium ion battery cell.

[Problem] To provide a device usable for a concentration measuring apparatus and a concentration measuring method that make it possible to detect a threshold voltage Vth with high sensitivity and quickly measure the concentration of a substance of interest in a sample liquid even if the amount of the substance of interest in the sample liquid is extremely small. [Solution] A device comprising an insulating substrate, at least one insulating composite layer, and a liquid storage part capable of holding a sample liquid, wherein the insulating composite layer has a pair of electrodes and a semiconductor layer in contact with the pair of electrodes, and the liquid storage part has a reference electrode that makes contact with the sample liquid. The semiconductor layer is composed of an oxide containing an indium (In) element, a zinc (Zn) element, and an additive element (X), wherein the additive element (X) is at least one element selected from tantalum (Ta), strontium (Sr), and niobium (Nb). A sensitive membrane selective for the substance of interest in the sample liquid is provided between the insulating composite layer and the liquid storage part.

The invention discloses a high-precision foundation pit support leakage potential measurement system and method, an electrode matrix, an electric field establishment module, a reference electrode, a multi-channel electric signal parallel measurement device and a data processing terminal are arranged in a foundation pit, and the outer side of a non-polarized electrode of the electrode matrix is filled with bentonite slurry; the bentonite slurry can infiltrate the contact part of the non-polarized electrode and a foundation pit soil body so as to change the property of the soil body, so that the contact potential of the electrode matrix and the soil body is controlled, the measurement error is reduced, meanwhile, an ion concentration meter and a temperature sensor are arranged in the non-polarized electrode and the reference electrode of the electrode matrix respectively, and the measurement accuracy is improved. The data processing terminal can correct the potential difference according to the electrode temperature and the ion concentration of the non-polarized electrode and the reference electrode temperature and the reference ion concentration of the reference electrode to calibrate the electrode range caused by the temperature and the ion concentration, so that the real potential difference of the foundation pit is obtained, and the measurement precision is effectively improved. And the accuracy and reliability of a foundation pit leakage detection result are improved.

The invention discloses a wearable sweat glucose detection system based on multi-shell metal organic framework encapsulated enzyme and a preparation method of the wearable sweat glucose detection system. The detection system comprises a sweat collection and sensing module, an electrochemical detection module and an iontophoresis module, the sweat collecting and sensing module comprises a micro-fluidic channel and a screen-printed electrode; the micro-fluidic channel is used for collecting sweat; the screen-printed electrode comprises a working electrode for detecting glucose, a counter electrode and a reference electrode to form a three-electrode system; wherein the working electrode for detecting the glucose is provided with a functional layer, and the functional layer is modified by multi-shell metal organic framework layered encapsulation enzyme for detecting the glucose and chitosan for fixing the multi-shell metal organic framework layered encapsulation enzyme; the electrochemical detection module is used for obtaining electrochemical sensing detection data; and the iontophoresis module is used for outputting an adjustable constant current source to enable iontophoresis to stimulate skin to sweat. The portable long-time continuous detection of sweat glucose can be realized, and the detection method is rapid and convenient.

The invention provides an energy storage lithium battery online lithium precipitation detection framework and method based on an impedance spectrum and a safety threshold value, relates to the field of energy storage battery safety state diagnosis and energy management, and solves potential safety hazards caused by lithium precipitation in the operation process of an energy storage power station. According to the method, the relaxation time distribution characteristic value of the battery impedance spectrum is obtained by identifying the shelving state of the energy storage battery after charging and applying alternating current excitation with specific frequency combination and combining high-speed sampling and impedance spectrum analysis technologies. According to the method, no additional reference electrode is needed, in-situ and online detection is achieved, and the influence of the charging process on impedance change is effectively avoided. Through multiple times of detection and comparison of characteristic value changes, normalization and differentiation are carried out, then comparison with a lithium precipitation safety threshold value is carried out, and if the threshold value is exceeded, lithium precipitation occurs. According to the method, a reliable lithium precipitation detection means is provided for safety diagnosis and state estimation of the energy storage power station, the charging strategy can be optimized, abnormal attenuation of the battery capacity is prevented, and the probability of occurrence of safety accidents is reduced.

The invention provides a NiCo double hydroxide self-supporting nano-catalyst as well as a preparation method and application thereof, and belongs to the field of nano composite materials. The preparation method of the NiCo double hydroxide self-supporting nano-catalyst is characterized by comprising the following steps: firstly, adding cobalt salt and nickel salt into a solvent, performing ultrasonic treatment to completely dissolve the two metal salts to obtain a metal salt solution, and then assembling a working electrode, a counter electrode and a reference electrode in the metal salt solution to obtain a three-electrode device, and finally, adjusting corresponding parameters in an electrochemical workstation, and carrying out a self-supporting deposition experiment of Ni and Co double-metal hydroxides on the three-electrode device in the electrochemical workstation to obtain the NiCo double-metal hydroxide self-supporting nano-catalyst material with a typical scaly structure and excellent performance. According to the preparation method of the NiCo double-metal hydroxide self-supporting nano-catalyst material, product treatment is convenient and fast, and the process is simple.

The invention discloses a flexible touch sensor capable of distinguishing a force direction and a preparation method thereof. The sensor comprises a force loading layer, a force amplification block, a test electrode, a piezoresistive layer, a reference electrode and a substrate, the piezoresistive layer is of a micro-pyramid structure; the bottom surface of the force loading layer is fixedly connected with the force amplification block and the substrate respectively; the piezoresistive layer is cross-shaped and is arranged between the reference electrode and the test electrode; the test electrode is of a cross-shaped structure, and the tail part of each channel forms an electrode of the sensor; the piezoresistive layer is tightly attached to the reference electrode and the test electrode respectively; the force amplification blocks are distributed corresponding to the four channels of the test electrode; a wire hole is formed in the substrate, and a wire of the reference electrode penetrates out of the wire hole. According to the invention, high-sensitivity detection of shear forces and normal pressures in different directions is realized, and simultaneous detection of directions and magnitudes of forces is realized.

The present application provides a sensor device and related methods for electrochemically measuring a substance in a fluid, particularly a bodily fluid, wherein said sensor device comprises one or more electrodes, wherein said one or more electrodes comprise at least a working electrode, a reference electrode and / or a counter electrode, wherein the surface of at least the working electrode is coated with a crosslinked polymer, such as a crosslinked chitosan, a crosslinked PEI, a crosslinked polylysine, and the like. In particular embodiments, the sensor device may comprise a microneedle array comprising a plurality of microneedle electrodes, wherein at least the working microneedle electrode is coated with a crosslinked polymer. The present application further provides a system and related methods for the monitoring of a first substance and delivery of a second substance in the dermal interstitial fluid of a subject, wherein the system comprises the sensor device and a drug delivery system.

The invention discloses a temperature correction method of a chloride ion sensor, which comprises the following steps of: S1, arranging a micro array type chloride ion sensor of a pre-embedded concrete protective layer in an array mode, and determining an acquisition scheme; s2, carrying out anomaly detection on a MnO2 reference electrode in the micro array chloride ion sensor; s3, correcting an acquired potential value of the micro array type chloride ion sensor; s4, according to the Nernst potential-concentration logarithm linear relation, determining various coefficients of the standard equation under the control temperature in the concrete; and S5, determining a temperature compensation coefficient according to the Nernst potential-concentration logarithm linear relationship. And S6, calculating the concentration distribution condition of chloride ions at different depths in the concrete by using the sensor potential after temperature compensation. According to the invention, the influence of temperature on the measurement result of the chloride ion sensor can be effectively compensated, the potential abnormal interference in the measurement process of the sensor is effectively overcome, and the precision and reliability of the sensor are improved.

A catheter includes: (a) a shaft for insertion into a heart of a patient, (b) an expandable distal-end assembly, which is coupled to the shaft and is configured to make contact with tissue of the heart, (c) at least first and second electrocardiogram (ECG) electrodes, which are coupled to an outer surface of the expandable distal-end assembly, and when placed in contact with the tissue, are configured to sense ECG signals in the tissue, and (d) a reference electrode, which is positioned within an inner volume of the distal-end assembly, and in an expanded position of the distal-end assembly, the reference electrode: (i) has no physical contact with the tissue, and (ii) is positioned at a first distance from the first ECG electrode and at a second distance from the second ECG electrode, and the difference between the first and second distances is smaller than a predefined threshold.

The invention discloses an electrochromic device structure containing a reference electrode and a preparation method. The structure comprises at least one reference electrode, and a first conductive substrate layer, an electrochromic layer, an electrolyte layer, an ion storage layer and a second conductive substrate layer which are stacked from bottom to top, the reference electrodes are arranged on the side, close to the electrochromic layer or the ion storage layer, in the electrolyte layer, the reference electrodes make contact with the electrolyte layer, do not participate in the electrochromic reaction and are used for providing potential reference, and when the two reference electrodes are introduced, one reference electrode can serve as a third electrode to form a voltage loop with the first conductive substrate layer, and the other reference electrode can serve as a fourth electrode to form a voltage loop with the second conductive substrate layer. The other electrode and any one of the other three electrodes form a voltage loop; according to the technical scheme, the voltage and current changes of the electrochromic layer and the ion storage layer in the electrochromic device can be monitored, in-situ electrochromic spectrum research is achieved, the potential of the electrochromic layer is accurately controlled based on potential reference, and the electrochemical and spectral repeatability of the device is improved.

This all-solid rechargeable battery includes a first electrode, a second electrode located on the first electrode, a first solid electrolyte layer located between the first electrode and the second electrode, and a reference electrode corresponding to an end portion of the first solid electrolyte layer.

A leaky-wave antenna includes: first and second substrates opposite to each other; and an adjustable dielectric layer between the first and second substrates; the first substrate includes a first dielectric substrate, and first and second transmission lines on a side of the first dielectric substrate close to the adjustable dielectric layer; the first transmission line includes a first trunk line and at least one first main branch connected thereto, and a first auxiliary branch connected to the first main branch; the second transmission line includes a second trunk line and at least one second main branch connected thereto, and a second auxiliary branch connected to the second main branch; the first trunk line and the second trunk line are arranged side by side, with a first gap therebetween; the second substrate includes a second dielectric substrate and a reference electrode layer on the second dielectric substrate.

The invention discloses a method for testing the cycle performance of a hard carbon negative electrode material and application, and belongs to the technical field of sodium-ion batteries. The method for testing the cycle performance of the hard carbon negative electrode material comprises the following steps: S1, preparing a to-be-tested hard carbon material into a negative electrode plate, laminating a positive electrode plate, a diaphragm, the negative electrode plate and a reference electrode, and injecting an electrolyte to prepare a three-electrode battery; s2, discharging the three-electrode battery to a cut-off voltage at a current of 0.5-1 C, and then discharging the three-electrode battery to the cut-off voltage at a current of 0.01-0.1 C; and S3, charging the three-electrode battery, and recording the minimum potential value of the negative electrode relative to the reference electrode and the SOC of the corresponding battery when the potential of the negative electrode is zero. According to the test method provided by the invention, the three-electrode battery is used for testing, the reference electrode is introduced to monitor the real potential of the negative electrode in the charging process of the battery, and the cycle performance of the hard carbon negative electrode material is judged according to the lowest potential of the negative electrode, so that the test period is shortened, and the research and development time of the sodium ion battery is saved.

The invention belongs to the technical field of electrochemical sensors, and particularly relates to a thin-layer channel electrochemical sensor for online detection of available chlorine concentration, the thin-layer channel electrochemical sensor comprises a butt joint seat, a reference electrode module, a working electrode module, an acid path cleaning assembly and an alkali path cleaning assembly, and the alkali path cleaning assembly is located right below the acid path cleaning assembly. In order to solve the problems that in the prior art, after a working electrode and a reaction cup are cleaned, electrolyte needs to be added again, the whole process is tedious, a large amount of electrolyte needs to be consumed, the detection efficiency and speed are reduced, and meanwhile the detection cost is increased, through cooperation of an acid path cleaning assembly and an alkali path cleaning assembly, the detection efficiency is improved; according to the cleaning device, cleaning and impurity removal can be carried out without disassembly, the total time required by continuous detection is shortened, so that the detection efficiency is improved, meanwhile, a worker can select different cleaning modes according to the actual detection frequency, and the working efficiency is improved.

A catheter includes a shaft having a distal-end and an expandable distal-end assembly configured for insertion into a cavity of an organ of a patient. The expanded assembly defines an inner volume and includes (i) a proximal base section configured to couple the assembly to the shaft's distal-end, (ii) a plurality of functional electrodes that are at least partially external to the inner volume and configured to be placed in contact with wall tissue of the cavity, and (iii) a reference ring electrode located on the proximal base section of the assembly externally to the inner volume, wherein the reference ring electrode is selectively positioned outside of the inner volume at the base section, and wherein the reference ring electrode is configured to be coupled with each of the plurality of functional electrodes for generating an electric field between each of the plurality of functional electrodes and the ring electrode.

The invention discloses an all-solid-state calibration-free ion concentration detection method. The method comprises the following steps: constructing a plurality of traditional three-electrode detection systems; in each traditional three-electrode detection system, current and impedance signals are synchronously acquired through a step potential electrochemical spectrum and an electrochemical impedance spectrum, and interface kinetic parameters are analyzed; on the basis of a traditional three-electrode detection system, an original reference electrode is removed, a counter electrode is reserved, all glassy carbon electrodes with gradient membrane volumes are connected in series one by one to obtain a new three-electrode detection system, the new three-electrode detection system is immersed in a to-be-detected solution, a preset potential is applied, and through transient current response in combination with calibrated kinetic parameters, the gradient membrane volumes of the glassy carbon electrodes are detected. And performing inversion to obtain the ion concentration of the to-be-detected solution. According to the method, automatic calibration is realized by analyzing interface process kinetic parameters of different-volume film ion selective electrodes and calculating the slope to generate a built-in standard curve. According to the method, interface process parameters are obtained through transient current, and dependence of a traditional detection system on the stable potential of a reference electrode is eliminated.

The open type in-situ electrochemical reaction tank comprises a reaction tank main body and a connecting assembly, an open type electrolyte cavity is arranged above the reaction tank main body, and a base for mounting a working electrode is arranged below the reaction tank main body; a through objective lens hole is formed between the electrolyte cavity and the base, and a reference electrode jack is formed in the side wall of the electrolyte cavity; a working electrode lead hole is formed in the side wall of the base, and an O-shaped gasket groove, a silica gel gasket groove and a working electrode fixing screw hole are formed in the bottom of the base. The reaction tank disclosed by the invention can realize in-situ electrochemical spectrum detection by connecting an electrochemical workstation, is small in volume, simple in mounting method, convenient to clean, high in quality of collected spectrum signals, acid-base-resistant and wide in application range, not only can be adaptive to upright and inverted micro-Raman spectrum systems, but also can ensure the accuracy of electrochemical spectrum test, and is suitable for large-scale popularization and application. The reaction mechanism can be deeply understood, the reaction conditions can be optimized, and the research quality can be improved.

The invention relates to a preparation method of a microelectrode and an in-situ electrochemical Raman spectrum pool, the in-situ electrochemical Raman spectrum pool comprises a base, a working electrode, an auxiliary electrode, a reference electrode and an electrode fixing table, the base is provided with an electrolytic tank and a limiting groove, the electrode fixing table is installed on the base, the electrode fixing table is provided with a plurality of limiting holes, and the working electrode and the auxiliary electrode are arranged on the base. The working electrode is mounted on the limiting groove, extends out of the corresponding limiting hole of the electrolytic tank and is exposed; and the working electrode comprises an electrode base and the microelectrode prepared by the preparation method of the microelectrode. According to the in-situ electrochemical Raman spectrum cell, the current collector and the micro-electric body are packaged in the microelectrode in the hose together, so that the exposed part of the current collector of the microelectrode is positioned outside the electrolyte of the electrolytic cell, and the exposed part of the micro-electric body of the microelectrode is positioned in the electrolyte of the electrolytic cell; therefore, the interference of the current collector on a microelectrode signal is effectively avoided; and the electrolytic tank without a bottom hole is formed, so that the electrolyte in the electrolytic tank is further prevented from leaking.

The invention belongs to the technical field of electro-catalysis full water splitting, and discloses a nickel-based self-supporting hydrogen evolution electrode and a preparation method and application thereof.The preparation method comprises the steps that nickel chloride hexahydrate and terephthalic acid are dissolved in N, N-dimethylformamide, the concentration of the nickel chloride hexahydrate is controlled to be 0.1-0.15 mol / L, the concentration of the terephthalic acid is controlled to be 0.1-0.15 mol / L, the nickel chloride hexahydrate and the terephthalic acid are stirred to be uniform, ultrasonic treatment is conducted, and an electrolyte is obtained; the pretreated foamed nickel is immersed in the electrolyte to serve as a working electrode, a platinum net serves as a counter electrode, an Ag / AgCl electrode is adopted as a reference electrode, current of-10 mA to-20 mA is applied for deposition for 1.5-2.5 h, and the nickel-based self-supporting hydrogen evolution electrode is obtained after electro-deposition and cleaning and drying are conducted. The nickel-based self-supporting catalytic material prepared by the invention fully exposes active sites, has high catalytic performance, has a good application prospect in the technical field of electro-catalytic materials, and is expected to improve energy and environment problems.

The invention discloses an immunosensor for detecting cytokine interferon gamma through electrochemiluminescence as well as a preparation method and application of the immunosensor. The immunosensor comprises a three-electrode system consisting of an immunoelectrode, a reference electrode and a counter electrode, the immunoelectrode is a VMSF modified electrode confined to cerium dioxide nano enzyme and platinum nano particles, and is obtained by covalently immobilizing an IFN-gamma antibody and closing a non-specific site; when the immunosensor is used for detection, a solution containing luminol is used as an electrolyte. The CeO2 and the PtNPs which are confined in the nano channel show a remarkable synergistic catalysis effect. Compared with direct modification on a plate electrode, CeO2-PtNPs has higher catalytic activity and stability. The sensor provided by the invention is used for INF-gamma detection, has the advantages of high sensitivity, low detection limit and wide detection range, does not need complex pretreatment and separation processes during detection, reduces the detection cost, is simple to operate, and is suitable for large-scale application.

There is disclosed a method and sensor for detecting a plurality of analytes in bodily fluid, the sensor comprising electrodes including a first working electrode, a second working electrode, a third working electrode, a counter electrode, and a reference electrode; wherein the first working electrode is configured to detect a first signal indicative of a first analyte concentration using potentiometry; wherein the second working electrode is configured to detect a second signal indicative of a second analyte concentration using amperometry; wherein the third working electrode is configured to detect a third signal indicative of a third analyte concentration using amperometry; wherein the first analyte, the second analyte, and third analyte are different analytes; wherein the first signal, the second signal, and the third signal are detected using the same reference electrode; wherein at least part of the detection of the first signal occurs simultaneously with the detection of the second signal; wherein the second signal and third signal are detected using the same counter electrode; wherein at least part of the detection of the second signal occurs simultaneously with the detection of the third signal; and wherein at least one of the second working electrode and third working electrode is continuously polarized by application of a polarization voltage during detection of the first signal, second signal and third signal.

The invention belongs to the technical field of metal surface treatment, and relates to a preparation method of a metal surface lattice passivation corrosion-resistant film, which comprises the following steps of: polishing and cleaning a metal surface, constructing a three-electrode system, and applying cathode voltage to the metal to carry out surface modification treatment so as to realize metal surface lattice reconstruction, thereby obtaining the metal surface lattice passivation corrosion-resistant film. A compact adsorption layer of corrosion inhibition molecules is formed; the three-electrode system comprises metal as a working electrode, a platinum sheet as an auxiliary electrode and silver / silver chloride or saturated calomel as a reference electrode. According to the method, metal surface lattice reconstruction is achieved through cathode voltage treatment, the technical thought of traditional anodic oxidation is subverted, the passive film forms a regular lattice structure, defects in the film are greatly reduced, permeation of a corrosion medium is effectively blocked, and the corrosion resistance of metal is remarkably improved.