The invention relates to a filter bank training method. The filter bank training method comprises the steps that first, a training image which has a target position mark is preprocessed to obtain a denoising training image; second, initial clustering is conducted on the denoising training image, and the image is decomposed into K training sets; third, an ideal filter output model is designed according to the target position mark in the training image; fourth, K total filter models are obtained by training according to the ideal filter output model to constitute a filter bank; fifth, whether an image sample set is convergent or not is judged, if yes, the seventh step is executed, and otherwise the sixth step is executed; sixth, whether the convergent frequency reaches a preset threshold value or not is judged at present, if yes, the seventh step is executed, otherwise, classification is conducted again to obtain K new training sets, the K new training sets replace the K training sets, and the fourth step is executed again; seventh, the filter bank is stored, and the training process of the filter bank is completed. The filter bank training method has better distinguishing performance to targets, and improves the accuracy and the precision of positioning to a certain extent.