5113 results about "Pedestrian" patented technology

The invention provides an edge computing traffic light intelligent decision-making method integrated with AI video analysis, and the method comprises the steps: collecting a real-time traffic video stream of a target intersection through an edge computing device, and extracting a dynamic traffic feature set in the real-time traffic video stream, calling a pre-trained space-time analysis model to carry out multi-modal fusion processing on the dynamic traffic characteristic set, generating a traffic state vector of the target intersection, matching a candidate control strategy in a preset decision rule base based on the traffic state vector, and carrying out parameter adjustment on the candidate control strategy through a strategy optimization model to obtain a target traffic state vector; generating a target signal lamp control parameter; and issuing the target signal lamp control parameters to a traffic signal control terminal of the target intersection, and monitoring traffic state change data of the target intersection in real time to update weight parameters of the space-time analysis model. According to the invention, the traffic efficiency, pedestrian safety and traffic management intelligence degree of urban intersections can be improved.

The invention provides an edge calculation traffic light emergency control method and device for a sudden traffic event. The method comprises the following steps: acquiring real-time traffic flow information of a target intersection; determining an emergency response area of the target intersection based on the position identifier of the sudden traffic event, and extracting a dynamic offset between a historical traffic flow feature and a current traffic flow feature in the emergency response area through an edge computing node; inputting the dynamic offset into a pre-trained traffic signal adaptive model, generating a traffic signal lamp control parameter set corresponding to the emergency response area, and sending a control instruction sequence to the traffic signal lamp of the target intersection according to the traffic signal lamp control parameter set, and the execution priority of the control instruction sequence is dynamically adjusted based on the real-time change trend of the vehicle density distribution data and the pedestrian movement track data. According to the invention, the intersection passing efficiency and the safety guarantee capability of traffic participants under the sudden traffic event can be improved.

The invention relates to the technical field of traffic accident analysis, and discloses an intelligent analysis method for vehicle and pedestrian collision accident liability, and the method comprises the steps: firstly obtaining multi-source heterogeneous accident data, fusing a cross-platform data source through employing a federal learning framework when the data is insufficient, and reconstructing an accident scene three-dimensional coordinate system; and then, based on a multi-modal data fusion result, constructing a traffic participation entity relation topology model by using a graph neural network, and generating an accident dynamic evolution graph. Then, establishing a collision dynamics digital twin model by utilizing a physical engine, extracting a key collision feature vector, and constructing a responsibility probability distribution model based on a generative adversarial network; and optimizing a responsibility judgment strategy by adopting a double-layer reinforcement learning framework, verifying a physical simulation result through a hierarchical verification mechanism, analyzing a responsibility judgment logic chain, and finally outputting a responsibility analysis report with an interpretable label. The method can accurately and intelligently analyze the accident liability, and has good interpretability.

The invention belongs to the technical field of information, and relates to a semantic guidance pedestrian re-identification method and system based on text prompt. The method comprises the following steps: inputting a training image into a visual encoder to obtain visual embedding; mapping the visual embedding into a text space by using a reverse network to obtain a pseudo token, and integrating the pseudo token into a natural language sentence to obtain a language prompt for an input image; inputting the language prompt into a text encoder to obtain text embedding; training a multi-modal interaction module by utilizing visual embedding and text embedding; and inputting a query picture into the trained multi-modal interaction module to obtain a feature vector fusing vision and text information, and executing similarity retrieval in a pedestrian image database by using the feature vector fusing vision and text information to obtain a pedestrian re-identification result. According to the method, the retrieval performance on an existing pedestrian re-identification data set is remarkably improved.

The invention discloses an intelligent traffic signal device and a remote control method, and relates to the technical field of intelligent traffic control. The method is used for solving the problems of low emergency traffic efficiency and global and local control imbalance under sudden traffic events. The method comprises the following steps: firstly, fusing an emergency vehicle navigation path, accident point vehicle motion abnormal parameters and pedestrian aggregation distribution data, constructing a multi-dimensional event evolution feature vector through a space-time encoder, and accurately describing a traffic situation; an event influence domain boundary is delimited based on vehicle trajectory and flow direction consistency analysis, a dynamic evolution model is constructed in combination with an acceleration abrupt change propagation path, and a space-time conflict probability matrix is generated; then executing a hierarchical control strategy, dynamically adjusting an intersection signal period starting time difference in a global level to form an emergency green wave coordination band, and inserting an adaptive full red phase in a local level according to a balance relation between a vehicle arrival rate and a dissipation rate; and finally, reversely correcting model parameters through an actual pass error, updating a conflict probability generation rule, and forming a closed-loop feedback mechanism.

The invention provides a pedestrian trajectory prediction method based on window attention and a space diagram interaction network, and belongs to the technical field of computer vision. The technical problems of difficult long-time dependence modeling and complex space interaction are solved. According to the technical scheme, the method comprises the following steps: S1, acquiring data of a data set; s2, in the time dimension, designing a window mask mechanism, and adjusting the attention receptive field at each moment; s3, constructing a hierarchical heterogeneous graph convolutional network according to a spatial dimension, and combining a pedestrian dynamic interaction graph with a scene static semantic graph; and S4, inputting the time dimension features and the space dimension features into a multi-scale expansion convolutional network to generate a multi-modal trajectory. The method has the beneficial effects that the model is subjected to experimental verification on a public data set ETH / UCY, the experimental result proves the effectiveness of the model, the superior performance of the model is shown on key indexes, and the generalization ability in processing different scenes is also excellent.

The invention discloses a multi-target pedestrian re-identification system based on multiple modes and a vector database, relates to the technical field of network communication and positioning, and solves the problem of cross-target and cross-mode trajectory association in a complex multi-camera scene. The multi-target pedestrian re-recognition system comprises a monocular tracking module, a multimode extraction module, a trajectory generation module, a multi-objective matching module and a global retrieval module, through organic combination of multi-modal features and a multi-modal multi-path recall strategy, the accuracy and applicability of cross-modal pedestrian re-identification are significantly improved. Through track-level feature generation and storage design, the modeling capability of dynamic features of a target in a complex scene is enhanced; through collaborative design of a space-time constraint mechanism and multi-modal features, logic consistency and global optimality of target person trajectory association are ensured.

The invention discloses an on-bridge pedestrian abnormal behavior identification and early warning method based on intelligent monitoring, and relates to the technical field of bridge engineering, and the method comprises the steps: carrying out the registration of a current visible light image and a current infrared image, and obtaining a registration dual-mode image based on a current image coordinate system; considering current bridge deformation to establish a current coordinate mapping conversion model for mapping pixel coordinate points in the current image coordinate system to physical coordinate points of a current bridge physical space coordinate system; obtaining the current three-dimensional actual coordinates of the pedestrian; recognizing abnormal behaviors of the pedestrians on the bridge based on the current three-dimensional actual coordinates of the pedestrians and acquiring current dynamic risk score values of the pedestrians; and determining the current risk level of the pedestrian according to the current dynamic risk score value of the pedestrian and a preset risk threshold value to realize multi-level linkage protection response. The method provided by the invention solves the technical problem in the prior art that the current actual coordinate of the pedestrian is difficult to accurately obtain due to environmental interference, and the abnormal recognition of the pedestrian on the bridge is inaccurate.

The invention relates to a multi-stage filtering road spilled object detection method based on dynamic difference analysis, which is suitable for automatic identification of unstructured foreign matters in video monitoring. The method comprises the following steps: firstly, extracting a reference image road mask, eliminating vehicle and pedestrian interference by using YOLOv8 detection, and extracting a motion candidate area through a frame difference method and background modeling; and then context expansion and super-resolution reconstruction are carried out on the candidate region, the candidate region is converted into an HSV space, multi-dimensional features such as color similarity, structural similarity and shadow determination are synthesized for screening, false detection is further removed in combination with inter-frame time sequence consistency, and finally a stable detection result is output. The method provided by the invention has the advantages of strong anti-interference capability, high adaptability, high detection precision and the like, and is suitable for the intelligent recognition task of the expressway thrown objects in a complex environment.

The invention belongs to the field of data processing, and discloses a test method for pedestrian trajectory prediction and emergency braking in an automatic driving platform. Comprising the steps of segmenting a real road environment in advance, obtaining grades of small road segments according to calculation of segmentation coefficients, carrying out resource allocation on the small segments according to the grades, and collecting multi-source heterogeneous data; importance optimization is introduced into a Transform model, possible prediction trajectories of individuals are generated, graph data are constructed by using the possible prediction trajectories, an Autoencoder anomaly detection mechanism is introduced, high-risk trajectories are screened out, and high-risk scenes are output; combining the road geometric model with the high-risk scene to form a scene library, loading the scene in a simulation platform, carrying out automatic driving test, carrying out virtual-real data cross validation in combination with real vehicle test data, and obtaining performance evaluation of an algorithm; pedestrian track prediction and emergency braking in the automatic driving process are achieved.

The invention relates to the technical field of vehicle safety, in particular to a pedestrian body model chest injury risk curve adjusting method. Comprising the following steps: analyzing the relationship between the speed and the chest injury risk, and drawing a first curve between the vehicle speed and the injury risk based on accident statistical data; fitting data of a rib cortical bone uniaxial stretching material mechanics experiment; constructing a vehicle-pedestrian side impact simulation experiment matrix under different working conditions, and generating a simulation sample number; extracting the rib strain of the human body model in the sampling model, calculating the fracture probability of a single rib of the chest of the human body model, and then calculating the maximum simple injury probability of the specified chest of the human body model; fitting the relationship between the vehicle speed in the simulation model and the chest injury risk of the human body model, and drawing a second curve between the vehicle speed in the sample and the chest injury risk of the pedestrian model; and constructing an objective function according to the difference between the first risk curve and the second risk curve. According to the technical scheme, the accuracy of accident damage prediction can be improved.

The invention discloses an intelligent signal lamp phase optimization method and system based on vehicle infrastructure cooperation. According to the invention, through the dynamic game model, the system can sense multi-dimensional states such as traffic flow and pedestrian waiting time in real time, dynamically adjust demand weights of vehicles, pedestrians and roadside facilities, flexibly allocate green light duration, i.e., multi-direction multi-passing time of vehicles and multi-pedestrian time period to preferentially guarantee the street crossing demand; the average waiting time of vehicles and pedestrians is effectively shortened, the overall traffic efficiency of the intersection is obviously improved, and the suitability of daily traffic operation is obviously improved. The dynamic game model rapidly recognizes special requirements through a state value function, dynamically improves the weight priority of emergency vehicles or pedestrians, guarantees the efficient passing of key scenes (such as the rapid passing of emergency vehicles), avoids the long-time overstock of vehicles in other directions, and improves the safety of emergency vehicles or pedestrians. And the response capability and coordination level of the system to complex and emergent scenes are obviously enhanced.

The invention belongs to the technical field of vehicle control, and particularly relates to a vehicle-mounted image recognition and target detection system based on deep learning, and the system comprises a distributed monitoring module which collects the operation, obstacle and traffic signal information of a target vehicle through multi-modal classification and scene matching, completes the marking of a shielding region and the matching of information through the combination of shared data, and achieves the recognition of the target vehicle. Forming an enhanced monitoring set; the label planning module constructs an enhanced topological space based on the enhanced monitoring set, and adjusts moving tracks in different scenes by combining with vehicle and pedestrian track probability distribution fed back by dynamic intention recognition; the action recognition module predicts trajectory parameters and collision probabilities of non-target vehicles and pedestrians by using Bayesian and multi-modal algorithms; the decision-making module generates a real-time control instruction through particle swarm optimization and fuzzy control, and optimal control parameters are fed back through simulation; according to the invention, intelligent track planning and real-time control in a complex scene are realized, and the detection precision and control robustness of the shielded and label-free area are improved.

The invention discloses a long-time pedestrian re-identification method based on dual-path cooperation and key frame guided reconstruction. The method comprises the steps of firstly collecting a pedestrian video to be recognized, and extracting a video feature sequence; space and time position coding is introduced into the video feature sequence; capturing local fine-grained dynamic features through a local dynamic feature capturing path, and modeling long-range time sequence association through a cross-frame global feature modeling path; then, dual-path feature complementation is realized through bidirectional gating interaction; further screening out key frames, and realizing feature reconstruction through a full-frame attention propagation mechanism; and finally fusing the dual-path fusion features, the key frame guide reconstruction features and the refined features to generate pedestrian identity features. And processing pedestrian identity features to obtain standardized feature vectors, performing similarity comparison on the standardized feature vectors and pedestrian features in an image library, and returning a matching list. According to the method, video time sequence information is fully utilized, and the problem of insufficient robustness caused by appearance change in long-time pedestrian re-identification is effectively solved.

The invention discloses a target detection tracking method and device based on radar visual fusion perception, and a medium, and the method employs visual detection as a leading part to establish a radar visual fusion tracking module, and solves a problem that the detection precision, tracking stability and environment robustness are difficult to give consideration to the existing single-mode perception in a complex traffic environment at the same time. Through unified multi-modal fusion of distance and speed information of visual detection, visual tracking and millimeter wave radar, stable, continuous and reliable target identification and track output of targets such as pedestrians and vehicles under a low-computing-power platform are realized.

In various examples, a language model may be trained and used as part of an interface for a simulation system. For instance, user inputs may be applied to the language model and the language model may be trained to generate code, make API calls, or perform any other operations to interact with and / or control various aspects of the simulation. In some examples, the language model may generate code for, among other things, creating and / or customizing a virtual environment associated with the simulation. For instance, the generated code may include, but is not limited to, code for rendering the virtual environment, code for rendering and simulating behaviors of virtual agents (e.g., pedestrians, vehicles, animals, etc.) and / or any other objects (e.g., road signs, buildings, trees, etc.) within the virtual environment, code for recreating and simulating real-world events from recorded sensor data, etc.

The invention discloses a vehicle driving assistance system and method based on AR glasses. The system comprises an environment sensing module, a driver state monitoring module, a danger early warning and avoiding module, an automatic driving and auxiliary driving module, a driving simulation and training module, an abnormal behavior recognition module, a road information and navigation module and a health and emergency response module. The environment perception module is used for solving the problem of poor sight in extreme weather and road perception in a complex environment; by means of sensors such as the laser radar and the camera, road obstacles, pedestrians and vehicles can be accurately recognized, highlighted marking in the AR visual field is achieved, accidents caused by sight blind areas or distraction are reduced, indexes such as the blinking frequency and the head posture of a driver can be monitored, immediate reminding is conducted when fatigue or distraction is found, and parking and resting are forcibly suggested when necessary; and when the driver does not respond in time, the system can automatically brake or adjust the direction to avoid collision.

The invention relates to the technical field of computer vision, in particular to a reloading pedestrian re-identification method based on a visual language pre-training model. The method comprises the following steps: a training stage: inputting an image to obtain a clothing mask image, and generating clothing irrelevant / relevant prompts; text encoder parameters are fixed, prompt weights are optimized, text prompts are input into an encoder to obtain features, and a classifier is constructed to achieve image-text alignment through cross entropy loss; using a visual encoder to extract mask pattern features, and constraining a class center Euclidean distance to realize image-image alignment; stripping clothes characteristics: extracting clothes area characteristics and corresponding text characteristics, optimizing by a classifier, and introducing orthogonal loss to decouple clothes correlation; in the reasoning stage, a query image is input into a trained image encoder to extract features, and cosine similarity ranking and result returning are calculated according to the features of the image library. According to the technical scheme, the recognition accuracy of the pedestrian re-recognition method under the condition of pedestrian clothing change can be improved.

The invention provides a robot social adaptive navigation knowledge learning and migration method and system, and relates to the field of mobile robot navigation. Aiming at the problems that an existing path planner lacks time sequence memory and neglects pedestrian social intent, a man-machine co-fusion scene is constructed, a training set containing an expert demonstration path is made, and a recursive generation model is input; designing a recurrent neural network embedded RRT, generating an RNN-RRT planner, and fusing historical information and pedestrian convergence probability in training; new scene loading training parameters are finely adjusted to realize knowledge migration, loss convergence or output RNN final parameters after reaching a preset round number. According to the method, the path anthropomorphism and generalization ability are improved, and the method is suitable for complex human-computer interaction scenes.

The invention relates to the field of vehicle intelligent control, in particular to a dynamic target prompting method and device, electronic equipment and a storage medium. The method comprises the steps of obtaining a dynamic target and motion data thereof in a vehicle driving environment; then, the driving direction of the vehicle is detected, the motion data is analyzed, a traversing dynamic target with a crossing trend is identified, and potential dangers are locked in advance. And then, detecting whether a collision risk target object exists between the transverse moving target and the transverse moving target based on the reverse driving direction, and if the collision risk target object exists, executing a safety prompt operation on the transverse moving target. Therefore, a set of complete active safety warning mechanism is constructed, other vehicles and pedestrians can timely perceive the danger, compared with the prior art, the system is not in the state of passively waiting for the danger, the safety of the vehicles and the pedestrians in the road environment is greatly improved, and the occurrence probability of traffic accidents is reduced.

The invention discloses a pedestrian multi-target detection and tracking algorithm based on cross-layer fusion and dynamic adjustment, and aims at the problem that a deep convolutional neural network in a backbone network is frequently excessively parameterized, a composite scaling mechanism is introduced to reduce the parameter quantity and improve the feature extraction capability of the network; meanwhile, considering that targets with different scales exist in a data set, a lightweight cross-scale feature fusion module is fused at the neck of the network, so that the adaptability of the model to scale change is enhanced; besides, aiming at the problems of small targets and shielding targets, a new loss function InnerWiseWIoU is designed, and in combination with internal region optimization and context information, the target positioning precision is improved. According to the method, the new model is applied to pedestrian tracking, the shielding degree between pedestrians is calculated and the matching threshold is dynamically adjusted aiming at the condition that a fixed confidence threshold in a tracking task is not suitable for centralized and rapid change of a target, so that the tracking performance is effectively improved, and the adaptability in a complex scene is improved.

The invention belongs to the technical field of federated learning, and relates to a pedestrian re-identification system and method based on federated learning. The system comprises a cloud server, a plurality of edge servers and a plurality of terminal devices, the cloud server is used for pre-training an initial global model according to the public data, dynamically allocating aggregation weights based on clustering quality evaluation results of the local models uploaded by the plurality of edge servers, and generating an updated target global model through weighted average; the edge server is used for receiving the initial global model and the pedestrian image data uploaded by the plurality of terminal devices, constructing a local data set based on the pedestrian image data, and performing localization training on the initial global model through an unsupervised training method to generate a local model; and the terminal equipment is used for collecting pedestrian image data and uploading the pedestrian image data to the edge server corresponding to the terminal equipment.

The invention relates to the technical field of intelligent traffic monitoring, in particular to a toll station pedestrian and non-motor vehicle intrusion intelligent early warning system and method, a terminal layer comprises a sensing terminal composed of a camera, a hard disk video recorder and the like, and an early warning terminal composed of a directional sound post and the like; an edge computing unit is deployed on the edge layer, targets are detected in real time, tracks are tracked and classified, and cloud rechecking is triggered by low-confidence targets; the cloud layer utilizes a visual language large model to recheck a target, pre-mark data, generate an electronic fence and store data; the system adopts a dynamic grading early warning module, three-level early warning is triggered according to a target track, a position and staying time, and automatic degradation is carried out along with the presence of a worker; in addition, through a closed-loop optimization mechanism, a positive / false alarm feedback iteration visual small model is collected. According to the invention, cloud side-end cooperation is realized, multiple models and algorithms are fused, high-precision detection, real-time response, dynamic self-adaption and self-optimization capabilities are realized, the intrusion risk can be effectively prevented, and the safety management level of the toll station is improved.

The invention relates to the technical field of pedestrian floor tile monitoring, and discloses a pedestrian floor tile road condition analysis method based on a knowledge graph. The method comprises the following steps: firstly, acquiring spatial topological data and historical maintenance records of road infrastructures, fusing real-time road condition monitoring data and environmental parameters acquired by a multi-source sensor, and constructing a pedestrian floor tile state knowledge graph structure; analyzing a data association relationship through a map entity alignment algorithm to generate road condition evaluation features, and updating map node weights by using a dynamic path optimization algorithm in combination with real-time data and environmental parameters; then, based on the updated node weight and evaluation features, an intelligent agent decision engine is operated to output a floor tile area risk evaluation result; and finally, collecting whole-process data, and optimizing a knowledge graph structure by using an incremental graph updating algorithm. According to the method, multi-source data fusion and dynamic analysis are realized, and delicacy management of pedestrian floor tile road conditions is assisted.

An operating method of a first device (100) in a wireless communication system is presented. The method may comprise the steps of: determining that a first device (100) interrupts walking of a pedestrian; and determining, on the basis of the determination that the first device (100) interrupts walking of the pedestrian, whether to perform a first operation for preventing the interruption.

The invention discloses an urban traffic signal space-time adaptive flexible regulation and control method and system. The method comprises the steps of collecting traffic data such as the number of vehicles, the vehicle speed, the number of pedestrians and the pedestrian speed at an intersection in real time; performing cleaning, normalization and feature extraction on the acquired traffic data to generate standardized traffic parameters; based on the standardized traffic parameters, a signal lamp timing scheme is generated through a space-time diagram convolutional network and lightweight deep reinforcement learning hybrid algorithm; adjusting the traffic signal lamp in real time according to the signal lamp timing scheme; the method comprises the steps of storing traffic data and remotely monitored intersection states, integrating information of adjacent intersections to perform regional strategy optimization, integrating strategy data of each intersection through federal learning, and generating a global model to optimize a collaborative penalty coefficient; the method can quickly respond to the dynamic change of the traffic flow, optimizes the signal lamp timing scheme, and remarkably improves the data processing speed and decision-making efficiency.

A vehicle front structure includes a hood, a storage part, and a support. The hood covers a vehicle front of a vehicle from above. The storage part is disposed below the hood and has a shape of a recess including a bottom wall, a front wall, and a rear wall. The support supports the bottom wall of the storage part from below. The support extends in a vehicle width direction of the vehicle and supports the storage part on a front side with respect to a front-rear center of the storage part. The storage part is configured to be bent such that a rear side of the bottom wall with respect to the support moves downward near a rear end of the support by an input from the hood upon a collision with a pedestrian.

The invention discloses a DeepSORT pedestrian tracking method based on multi-feature space-time cooperative interaction, and belongs to the field of computer vision and intelligent video analysis. The method comprises the following steps: acquiring and processing pedestrian data, constructing a target detection and feature extraction model, detecting a test set after training to generate a candidate box, extracting appearance features to construct a cost matrix, matching and updating a trajectory by using a Hungary algorithm, and finally outputting a visual tracking result. In the detection stage, a small target feature enhancement pyramid is designed to improve the small target detection precision, PSConv, Triplet Attention and DyHead are fused to construct a multi-dimensional feature interaction mechanism, and the scale adaptability and the anti-shielding capability are enhanced; in the tracking stage, an IAU module is embedded into an Re-ID branch of DeepSORT, feature discrimination is enhanced through space-time and channel feature dynamic modeling, and ID Switch is reduced. The method effectively improves the perception recognition capability of a multi-scale and strong-shielding target, guarantees the detection accuracy and tracking robustness in a complex environment, and has a good application deployment value.

The invention discloses a shielded pedestrian re-identification method based on attitude guidance and feature fusion. The method comprises the following steps: S1, constructing a preprocessing module; s2, constructing an attitude estimation module, and generating attitude features and heat map features; constructing a feature extraction module for obtaining local visual semantic features; and S4, constructing a feature fusion module for obtaining a local semantic feature set and a posture information fusion set. And S5, constructing prediction for pedestrian identity prediction. S6, taking a plurality of pedestrian color images as input and a corresponding pedestrian identity recognition result as output, constructing and training to obtain an occluded pedestrian re-recognition model based on attitude guidance and feature fusion, and optimizing feature learning by using a joint loss function in the training process; and S7, identifying the pedestrian color image by using the shielded pedestrian re-identification model. According to the method provided by the invention, the recognition effect in a shielding scene is remarkably improved, and high-robustness technical support is provided for a monitoring system in a complex scene.

The invention belongs to the field of pedestrian re-identification, and relates to a video-based unsupervised visible light infrared pedestrian re-identification method, which comprises the following steps: acquiring query data and a data set, inputting the query data and the data set into a trained re-identification model to obtain query features and a feature set, and matching the query features with the feature set to obtain an identification result; the training process of the re-identification model comprises the following steps: acquiring visible light data SV and infrared data ST; inputting the SV and the ST into a feature extraction module to obtain visible light and infrared features FV and FT; inputting the FV and the FT into a clustering module to obtain a clustering result; inputting the clustering result into a progressive false label correction module to obtain a corrected clustering result; inputting the SV and the ST into a feature extraction module to obtain visible light and infrared features qV and qT; updating model parameters according to the qV, the qT and the corrected clustering result until a trained re-identification model is obtained; according to the method, noise samples are recovered into effective labels through intra-modal correction and inter-modal correction, and robustness is enhanced.