49 results about "Electron transfer mediator" patented technology

Sensors (10, 110, 210, 310, 410) and a method for detecting an analyte are described. Sensors (10, 110, 210, 310, 410) each have a volume of a hydrophilic medium (24) that retains an amount of analyte proportionate to the concentration of analyte in a biological fluid, electrodes (12) and a redox enzyme in contact with medium (24), and an electron transfer mediator. The fluid contacts sensors (10, 110, 210, 310, 410) and at initially predetermined intervals intermittently applies a potential to electrode (12) sufficient to oxidize the mediator and sensing current through electrode (12) as a function of the duration of the applied potential. The applied mediator oxidizing applied potential is maintained for a period of time sufficient to determine the rate of change of current with time through electrode (12). The current flow is correlated with the current flow for known concentrations of the analyte in medium (24).

There is provided the reagent layer composition that can substantially reduce the measurement bias arising from hematocrits. The addition of fatty acid (4-20 carbons) and quaternary ammonium salt to a commonly used reagent layer composition composed of an enzyme, an electron transfer mediator, and several water soluble polymers not only reduce the hematocrit level-dependent bias but also provide very stable performance for an extended period of time. Disclosed are also various types of sub microliter sample volume electrochemical biosensors that are suitable to use with the reagent layer composition of present invention.

There is provided the reagent layer composition that can substantially reduce the measurement bias arising from hematocrits. The addition of fatty acid (4-20 carbons) and quaternary ammonium salt to a commonly used reagent layer composition composed of an enzyme, an electron transfer mediator, and several water soluble polymers not only reduce the hematocrit level-dependent bias but also provide very stable performance for an extended period of time. Disclosed are also various types of sub microliter sample volume electrochemical biosensors that are suitable to use with the reagent layer composition of present invention.

A sensor is provided for the determination of various concentrations of one or more components within a fluid sample. The sensor includes an injection molded body, at least two electrodes, an enzyme, and if desired, an electron transfer mediator. The body includes a reaction zone for receiving a fluid sample. The electrodes are at least partially embedded within the plastic body and extend into the reaction zone. Also contained within the reaction zone is an enzyme capable of catalyzing a reaction involving a compound within the fluid sample. Additionally, the sensor incorporates fill detection which activates a meter, attached to the sensor, for measuring the electrochemical changes occurring in the reaction zone.

There is provided with an enzyme electrode which can be used as a sensor with high sensitivity, a biofuel cell with high output, and an electrochemical reaction device with high reaction efficiency. The enzyme electrode has a conductive base plate, a fusion protein immobilized to the conductive base plate and an electron transfer mediator, wherein the fusion protein is a fusion protein of a enzyme 1 to catalyze a chemical reaction for producing a reaction product 1 from a reaction substrate 1 and a enzyme 2 to catalyze a chemical reaction for producing a reaction product 2 from a reaction substrate 2, and at least one chemical substance of the reaction product 1 is identical to at least one chemical substance of the reaction substrate 2.

Disclosed herein is a method for measuring blood glucose levels, using an electrochemical biosensor provided with a converse-type thin-layer electrochemical cell. The electrochemical cell comprising: a working electrode formed on a flat insulating substrate; an auxiliary electrode formed on a separate flat insulating substrate so as to face the working electrode; a fluidity-determining electrode, formed at a predetermined distance from the working electrode on the flat insulating substrate used for the working electrode or the auxiliary electrode; an adhesive spacer, provided with a sample-introducing part having a micro-passage, for spatially separating the working electrode and the auxiliary electrode by being interposed therebetween; an electrode connector, printed with a thick conductive material on a portion of the auxiliary electrode, for three-dimensionally connecting the working electrode to the auxiliary electrode; and a reagent layer containing an electron transfer mediator and an oxidation enzyme.

Being able to remove organic matter in wastewater economically, and to generate electricity, the invention discloses single pool type microbiocell by using organic wastewater as fuel. The microbiocell includes structures: anode pool contains organic wastewater, and anaerbia; anode inside the anode pool; and cathode fixed on open end of the anode pool. The anode pool is an anaerobic environment. When metastasis of bacteria, organic matter in oxidic wastewater acquires electrons and generates protons. Through anode, and external circuit, electrons and protons reach to cathode. Outside of cathode contacts air directly. Being able to diffuse to inner side of cathode naturally, oxygen in air combines electrons and protons to generate water. Increasing content of oxygen on surface of cathode, the invention does not need extra dynamic force, and does not need to add electron transfer mediator. Anode pool can maintains anaerobic environment well without need of nitrogen blow-off.

A photosynthetic microbial fuel cell belongs to the technical field of microbial fuel cells. The photosynthetic microbial fuel cell is composed of two electrode chambers, namely, a cathode chamber and an anode chamber which are connected with each other by a proton exchange membrane. Each electrode chamber is filled with a fixed amount of anode chamber solution and a fixed amount of cathode chamber solution; photosynthetic microbes are adsorbed on the anode surface and degrade organic wastes and heavy metal wastewater, and simultaneously perform photosynthesis and release electrons and protons. The photosynthetic microbes transfer the electrons to the anode, and the protons enter the cathode by the proton exchange membrane and mix with oxygen in the air to generate water. The electron transfer between the electrodes produces voltage between the electrodes and supplies power to an external circuit. The photosynthetic microbial fuel cell has the advantages of no additional electron transfer medium, improving the oxygen content of the cathode surface without the external power, culturing the photosynthetic microbes (algae and photosynthetic bacteria) without additional nutrients and simultaneously generating electric energy by the anode, and simple cell structure. Adding wastewater to the anode not only can improve the electric energy, benefit the growth and reproduction of the photosynthetic microbes, save the cost, but also can relieve part of the pollution and produce the hydrogen and methane.

Provided is a lithium battery in which the cathode comprises an electroactive sulfur-containing material and the electrolyte comprises a lithium salt, a non-aqueous solvent, and one or more capacity-enhancing reactive components. Suitable reactive components include electron transfer mediators. Also are provided methods for making the lithium battery.

An improved biofuel cell having a cathode comprising a bifunctional membrane containing an oxygen oxidoreductase immobilized within a buffered compartment of the membrane and an electron transport mediator that conducts electrons from The electrodes are transferred to a redox reaction catalyzed by an oxygen oxidoreductase. The improved biofuel cell also has an anode that contains an oxidoreductase that uses an organic fuel, such as an alcohol, as a substrate. Electric current can flow between the anode and cathode.

The invention relates to a microbial fuel cell, in particular to a green algae biological fuel cell generating power on the basis of photosynthesis, which comprises a transparent cathode cell of green algae culture solution and an anode cell containing rich oxygen or oxidant solution, wherein the cathode cell and the anode cell are isolated by a proton exchange membrane; the cathode and anode of the cell are fixed in the cathode cell and the anode cell respectively; the cathode cell is isolated from the air to create an anaerobic environment in the cathode cell, hydrogen-generating green algae is used a system green algae material, an indirect-process hydrogen generation regulating technique is adopted, an electronic transfer mediator is added into the system to enable electrons which aregenerated by photosynthesis to be combined with the electronic mediator through an electron transport chain before reaching hydrogenase, the electronic mediator releases electrons at a cathode electrode, and the electrons are transferred to the anode to combine with protons passing through the proton exchange membrane and oxidant in the cathode cell to form water. In the invention, optical energycan be converted into electric energy by coupling the photosynthesis of microalgae and a cell system, and a novel biological fuel cell is provided.

Disclosed herein is a method for measuring blood glucose levels, using an electrochemical biosensor provided with a converse-type thin-layer electrochemical cell. The electrochemical cell comprising: a working electrode formed on a flat insulating substrate; an auxiliary electrode formed on a separate flat insulating substrate so as to face the working electrode; a fluidity-determining electrode, formed at a predetermined distance from the working electrode on the flat insulating substrate used for the working electrode or the auxiliary electrode; an adhesive spacer, provided with a sample-introducing part having a micro-passage, for spatially separating the working electrode and the auxiliary electrode by being interposed therebetween; an electrode connector, printed with a thick conductive material on a portion of the auxiliary electrode, for three-dimensionally connecting the working electrode to the auxiliary electrode; and a reagent layer containing an electron transfer mediator and an oxidation enzyme.

The invention provides an electrochemical uric acid test strip comprising an insulating substrate (1), a working electrode (2) and a counter electrode (3), wherein the working electrode (2) and the counter electrode (3) are arranged at a first end of the insulating substrate (1) side by side at an interval; the working electrode (2) is provided with an anti-interference reagent layer; the components of the reagent layer comprise an ascorbic acid oxidase, a macromolecular compound and a buffering solution; and the components of the working electrode (2) comprise a non-aqueous redox electron transfer mediator. The invention further provides a manufacturing method of the electrochemical uric acid test strip. The test strip provided by the invention utilizes the non-water-soluble electron transfer mediator and combines an interference-removing enzyme layer, so that the effect of removing ascorbic acid is obvious. In a test, the interference of the ascorbic acid on uric acid test is very small.

Zero valent metal composite, manufacturing thereof, using thereof, and system including thereof, for (in-situ or ex-situ) catalytically treating contaminated water, such as sub-surface water, surface water, above-surface water, water vapor, or / and gaseous water. Composite includes powdered diatomite matrix incorporated with nanometer (1-1000 nm) sized particles of a zero valent (transition) metal (iron, cobalt, nickel, copper, zinc, palladium, platinum, or / and gold) and at least one electron transfer mediator (catalyst) from porphyrinogenic organometallic complexes (e.g., metalloporphyrins (chlorophylls, hemes, cytochromes) or metallocorrins (e.g., vitamin B12), and optionally, includes vermiculite. System includes composite and in-situ or / and ex-situ unit containing the composite, enabling exposure of contaminated water thereto. Applicable to in-situ sub-surface permeable reactive barriers (PRBs). Treatable water contaminants are organics (halogenated organic compounds), or / and inorganics (metal elements, metal element containing inorganic species, nonmetal elements, and nonmetal element containing inorganic species). Applicable to non-aqueous fluids (liquids, vapors, gases), for removing contaminants therefrom.

The invention discloses a column-shaped microbial fuel cell without an ion exchange membrane or a mediator. The invention adopts a cylindrical two-electrode chamber, wherein an anode chamber is arranged inside and filled with granular active carbon; the active carbon is connected with the anode by a carbon rod; a cathode chamber surrounds outside the anode chamber; and anode and cathode carbon cloth is spaced by a hollow plate with a thickness of 0.5-8cm. Electronic receptor solution is infused in the cathode chamber according to the engineering requirement. The design effectively reduces theinternal resistance, reduces the consumption of electric energy on the internal resistance, increases the electric energy output and effectively removes organic pollutants. In the invention, the ion exchange membranes, aeration and electronic transferring mediators are not needed, thereby the operational cost for construction is reduced, and secondary pollution to the environment by medium substances.

The invention discloses a one-step synthetized nanometer material with a biosensing function and applications thereof on the biosensing aspect. The nanometer material is prepared according to the method comprising the following steps of: at room temperature, mixing = enzyme, coenzyme and an electron transfer vector, and then adding earth ions in the mixed liquor to obtain the nanometer particles integrating all the active components. The nanometer particles are modified to the surface of the glassy carbon electrode, and the biosensing performance of the nanometer particles is determined by using the electrochemistry method. The uniform nanometer material with the biosensing function can be prepared by using conventional reactants through a one-step synthesis process, and the prepared nanometer material has excellent biosensing performance.

There is provided the reagent layer composition that can substantially reduce the measurement bias arising from hematocrits. The addition of fatty acid (4-20 carbons) and quaternary ammonium salt to a commonly used reagent layer composition composed of an enzyme, an electron transfer mediator, and several water soluble polymers not only reduce the hematocrit level-dependent bias but also provide very stable performance for an extended period of time. Disclosed are also various types of sub microliter sample volume electrochemical biosensors that are suitable to use with the reagent layer composition of present invention.

This present invention provides a metal-ligand complex and methods for using and preparing the same. In particular, the metal-ligand complex of the present invention is of the formula:La-M-Xbwhere L, M, X, a, and b are those define herein. The metal-ligand complexes of the present invention are useful in a variety of applications including as electron-transfer mediators in dye-sensitized solar cells and related photoelectrochromic devices.

The invention provides an electrochemical uric acid test strip comprising an insulating substrate (1), a working electrode (2) and a counter electrode (3), wherein the working electrode (2) and the counter electrode (3) are arranged at a first end of the insulating substrate (1) side by side at an interval; the working electrode (2) is provided with an anti-interference reagent layer; the components of the reagent layer comprise an ascorbic acid oxidase, a macromolecular compound and a buffering solution; and the components of the working electrode (2) comprise a non-aqueous redox electron transfer mediator. The invention further provides a manufacturing method of the electrochemical uric acid test strip. The test strip provided by the invention utilizes the non-water-soluble electron transfer mediator and combines an interference-removing enzyme layer, so that the effect of removing ascorbic acid is obvious. In a test, the interference of the ascorbic acid on uric acid test is very small.

A biosensor measuring an analyte contained in a sample is provided, including: an insulative lower substrate that has at least one electrode on which an enzyme reaction layer reacting with the analyte is formed; an upper substrate that faces the lower substrate and is made of a conductive material; and an adhesive layer that has a sample feed with a predetermined height on the enzyme reaction layer and attaches the upper and lower substrates to each other, where an end of the upper substrate acts as an electrode in which an electron-transfer mediator contained in the enzyme reaction layer is oxidized or reduced, and the other end acts as an electrical contact part that electrically contacts a measurement unit.

Catalytically treating groundwater (10), surface water, or above surface water, contaminated (12) with halogenated organic compounds being members of chlorotriazine, chloroacetanilide, or halogenated aliphatic, herbicide groups, and, halogen containing analogs and derivatives thereof. Method: exposing contaminated water to catalytic amount of electron transfer mediator (18) under reducing conditions, to decrease concentrations of halogenated organic compounds. System: at least one electron transfer mediator (18) contained in at least one (in-situ or / and ex-situ) unit (20), for exposing to contaminated water under reducing conditions. Exemplary electron transfer mediators are porphyrinogenic organometallic complexes, being metalloporphyrins, metallocorrins, or metallochlorins. Exemplary metalloporphyrins are a [TMPyP], [TP(OH)P], [TPP], or [TBSP], free base porphyrin complexed to a transition metal (cobalt, nickel, iron, zinc, or copper). Implemented according to homogeneous or / and heterogeneous catalysis, via batch or flow mode. Reducing conditions naturally exist, or / and are anthropogenically produced, in the contaminated water. Applicable to in-situ groundwater permeable reactive barriers (PRBs) (22).

A test sensor reagent for measuring the concentration of analytes in body fluids includes cellulose polymers for improving the stability of the test sensor and reducing the total assay time. The test sensor reagent also includes an enzyme, an electron transfer mediator and a rheological additive.

The invention discloses a sialic acid electrochemical test paper as well as a preparation method and a detection method thereof. The sialic acid electrochemical test paper comprises an insulating substrate, a conductive electrode, an insulated isolation layer, a reaction layer, a pretreatment layer, a siphon sample guide groove and an adhesion spacer; the reaction layer is an enzyme reaction membrane; the enzyme reaction membrane covers the surfaces of a reference electrode and a working electrode of a reaction region and is arranged at the reaction region end of the insulated isolation layer;the pretreatment layer is arranged at the front end of the reaction layer; the reaction layer and the pretreatment layer are arranged in the siphon sample guide groove; the enzyme reaction membrane comprises an enzyme which is reacted with sialic acid and an electron transfer mediator; and slurry of the pretreatment layer contains a sialic acid hydrolytic agent. For the sialic acid electrochemical test paper provided by the invention, by using a method of detecting the sialic acid with a direct electrochemical biosensor principle, by arranging a sample pretreatment structure and combining enzyme in an enzyme layer, the sialic acid in blood is rapidly and thoroughly decomposed into free sialic acid, so that the test sensitivity of the sialic acid is improved, and a method of accurately, rapidly and simply detecting the sialic acid with low cost is realized.

A photosynthetic microbial fuel cell belongs to the technical field of microbial fuel cells. The photosynthetic microbial fuel cell is composed of two electrode chambers, namely, a cathode chamber and an anode chamber which are connected with each other by a proton exchange membrane. Each electrode chamber is filled with a fixed amount of anode chamber solution and a fixed amount of cathode chamber solution; photosynthetic microbes are adsorbed on the anode surface and degrade organic wastes and heavy metal wastewater, and simultaneously perform photosynthesis and release electrons and protons. The photosynthetic microbes transfer the electrons to the anode, and the protons enter the cathode by the proton exchange membrane and mix with oxygen in the air to generate water. The electron transfer between the electrodes produces voltage between the electrodes and supplies power to an external circuit. The photosynthetic microbial fuel cell has the advantages of no additional electron transfer medium, improving the oxygen content of the cathode surface without the external power, culturing the photosynthetic microbes (algae and photosynthetic bacteria) without additional nutrients and simultaneously generating electric energy by the anode, and simple cell structure. Adding wastewater to the anode not only can improve the electric energy, benefit the growth and reproduction of the photosynthetic microbes, save the cost, but also can relieve part of the pollution and produce the hydrogen and methane.

Disclosed is an enzyme electrode in which an oxidation-reduction reaction proceeds by utilizing an enzyme as a catalyst. In the enzyme electrode, the enzyme immobilized thereon is so modified as to have increased affinity for a reaction substrate or an electron transfer mediator and / or an increased rate of reaction with the reaction substrate or the electron transfer mediator by adding or inserting at least one codon encoding a predetermined amino acid residue to a nucleotide sequence encoding the enzyme. On the enzyme electrode, an oxidation-reduction reaction can proceed with high efficiency. Therefore, an electric energy produced in the enzyme electrode can be output at a high level. For these reasons, the enzyme electrode can be used suitably in all types of fuel cells, biosensors and electronic devices.

The present disclosure relates to an electron transfer mediator comprising the osmium complex or a salt thereof, a reagent composition for an electrochemical biosensor, and an electrochemical biosensor, where the osmium compound or its salt maintains a stable oxidation-reduction form for an extended time period, a capacity to react with oxidoreductase being capable of performing the redox reaction of the target analytes, and no effect of oxygen partial pressure.

A new ferrous complex capable of being used as an electron transfer mediator for a glucose sensor, a biosensor, and the like, is provided, which measure a glucose concentration in blood, in which the new ferrous complex exchanges rapidly and smoothly an electron between an enzyme and electrode, is strongly absorbed into electrode, and is stable, so that the new ferrous complex allows excellent sensitivity of a glucose sensor to be maintained.

The invention provides a chitosan-transition metal ion composite modified cathode material as well as a preparation method and application thereof, and belongs to the technical field of cathode material preparation. According to the chitosan-transition metal ion composite modified cathode material provided by the invention, chitosan with good biocompatibility is grafted on the surface of a carbonmaterial, and electron transfer mediator transition metal ions are introduced by utilizing extremely good coordination capability of the chitosan; the high-valence chitosan transition metal complex obtains electrons to be changed into a low-valence chitosan transition metal complex, and the low-valence chitosan transition metal complex is oxidized into the high-valence chitosan transition metal complex by dissolved oxygen in seawater. The reduction process of oxygen on a cathode is accelerated through the process, and then the polarization resistance and the power density are improved. The preparation method provided by the invention is simple, and chitosan and transition metal ions are successfully grafted to the carbon material.

Zero valent metal composite, manufacturing thereof, using thereof, and system including thereof, for (in-situ or ex-situ) catalytically treating contaminated water, such as sub-surface water, surface water, above-surface water, water vapor, or / and gaseous water. Composite includes powdered diatomite matrix incorporated with nanometer (1-1000 nm) sized particles of a zero valent (transition) metal (iron, cobalt, nickel, copper, zinc, palladium, platinum, or / and gold) and at least one electron transfer mediator (catalyst) from porphyrinogenic organometallic complexes (e.g., metalloporphyrins (chlorophylls, hemes, cytochromes) or metallocorrins (e.g., vitamin B12), and optionally, includes vermiculite. System includes composite and in-situ or / and ex-situ unit containing the composite, enabling exposure of contaminated water thereto. Applicable to in-situ sub-surface permeable reactive barriers (PRBs). Treatable water contaminants are organics (halogenated organic compounds), or / and inorganics (metal elements, metal element containing inorganic species, nonmetal elements, and nonmetal element containing inorganic species). Applicable to non-aqueous fluids (liquids, vapors, gases), for removing contaminants therefrom.