280 results about "Organic fuel" patented technology

Disclosed is an improved biofuel cell having a cathode comprising a dual function membrane, which contains an oxygen oxidoreductase enzyme immobilized within a buffered compartment of the membrane and an electron transport mediator which transfers electrons from an electron conducting electrode to the redox reaction catalyzed by the oxygen oxidoreductase enzyme. The improved biofuel cell also has an anode that contains an oxidoreductase enzyme that uses an organic fuel, such as alcohol, as a substrate. An electric current can flow between the anode and the cathode.

Methods and apparatus are presented using tunable diode lasers for monitoring and / or controlling a high temperature process using an oxidizer containing O2 and organic fuel. Real-time monitoring of key species such as O2, CO, and H2O allow determination of the global or local stoichiometry, gas temperature, particulate concentration, and air entrainment levels into the process. Coupling the measured information with a control system provides a means for optimizing and controlling the process.

A reactive material that includes at least one of a fuel, an oxidizer, and a class 1.1 explosive and is formulated for use in a reactive material projectile. The reactive material is formulated to provide at least one of an overpressure of greater than approximately 9 pounds per square inch at a radial measurement of 12 inches from a point of impact on a target, a hole greater than approximately 2 square inches at an optimum penetration level in a target, and pressure, damage, and a flame when the reactive material bullet impacts a target. The fuel may be a metal, a fusible metal alloy, an organic fuel, or mixtures thereof. The oxidizer may be an inorganic oxidizer, sulfur, a fluoropolymer, or mixtures thereof. A reactive material projectile having the reactive material disposed therein is also disclosed.

A fuel cell including primarily (a) a membrane electrode assembly, which comprises (i) a proton exchange membrane having a front face and a rear face, (ii) an anode being coupled to the front face, and (iii) a cathode being coupled to the rear face; (b) a fuel permeation-controlling member positioned in front of the anode; the member being substantially impermeable to an organic fuel or water at an ambient temperature or below, but being permeable at a temperature higher than an activation temperature; (c) heating means in control relation to the fuel permeation-controlling member to activate fuel permeation through the member on demand. The invented fuel cell is compact and lightweight, with significantly reduced fuel crossover and improved fuel utilization efficiency. The fuel cell is particularly useful for powering small vehicles and portable devices such as a notebook computer, a personal digital assistant, a mobile phone, and a digital camera.

The invention discloses a porous silicon dioxide-coated titanium dioxide nanopowder photocatalytic material. In the porous silicon dioxide-coated titanium dioxide nanopowder photocatalytic material, the particle size of titanium dioxide is 30-100nm, the thickness of a silicon dioxide coating layer is 5-15nm, silicon dioxide contains mesopores, and the pore diameter is 2-3nm. The invention also discloses a preparation method of the photocatalytic material. The preparation method is simple, easy to implement and low in production cost, and the obtained powder photocatalytic material can degrade organic and inorganic small-molecule gases and organic fuel rather than macromolecular dyes and has no photocorrosion on a supported organic base.

The invention discloses a technology for preparing organic fuel through directly converting carbon dioxide by using sunlight and a photothermal catalyst. Sunlight is utilized to supply light and heat for the synthesis and catalytic process of the photothermal catalyst, and the photothermal catalyst can simultaneously absorb and utilize ultraviolet light, visible light and infrared light parts in sunlight, so that a phtothermal catalytic reaction is induced to prepare the organic fuel through reducing carbon dioxide by using hydrogen. The photothermal catalyst comprises the following components: an active component which is a 2-30 nano-scale non-stoichiometric oxide belonging to a VIII-family element in a transition family and a carrier material which is an oxide or carbon material with the specific surface area of 30-1000cm<2> / g, alkaline resistance, high heat conductivity or photocatalytic activity. A steeping and in-situ sintering method or photodepositing and in-situ sintering method is used as a synthesis method so that the energy consumption is low, and the photothermal catalyst has high activity and long service life by using a solar-assisted in-situ sintering technology. The technology for preparing organic fuel through directly converting carbon dioxide by using sunlight and the photothermal catalyst is low in energy consumption in the catalytic process, high in organic fuel production efficiency and stable in catalyst activity.

A direct organic fuel cell includes a fluid fuel comprising formic acid, an anode having an electrocatalyst comprising palladium nanoparticles, a fluid oxidant, a cathode electrically connected to the anode, and an electrolyte interposed between the anode and the cathode.

A direct-electrochemical-oxidation fuel cell and method for generating electrical energy from a solid-state organic fuel. The fuel cell includes a cathode provided with an electrochemical-reduction catalyst that promotes formation of oxygen ions from an oxygen-containing source at the cathode, an anode provided with an electrochemical-oxidation catalyst that promotes direct electrochemical oxidation of the solid-state organic fuel in the presence of the oxygen ions to produce electrical energy, and a solid-oxide electrolyte disposed to transmit the oxygen ions from the cathode to the anode. The electrochemical oxidation catalyst can optionally include a sulfur resistant material.

The invention relates to a loaded type nickel-based catalyst used for slurry bed methanation, and a preparation method and an application thereof. The loaded type nickel-based catalyst is composed of, by weight, 10-40 wt% of NiO, 56-90 wt% of a carrier and 0-4 wt% of an auxiliary agent. The loaded type nickel-based catalyst is prepared by the steps of preparing a soluble salt solution of 0.5-1.3 g / mL nicdel nitrate and the auxiliary agent; adding a catalyst carrier and a soluble organic fuel to the salt solution in sequence; impregnating for 6-24 h while stirring; heating the solution for concentration in a water bath with a temperature of 60-90 DEG C after finishing the impregnation, or heating for igniting the solution at a temperature of 300-700 DEG C directly; collecting the combustion residue powder, grinding the powder and granulating, and reducing for 2-6 h with a reducing gas on a fixed bed at a temperature of 500-700 DEG C. The loaded type nickel-based catalyst has a slurry bed methanation process, and has the advantages of good and stable catalytic performance, and can be used for large-scale industrialization.

The invention discloses a method for preparing o-phenylenediamine by catalytic hydrogenation of o-nitrophenylamine. The method is characterized in that: in the hydrogenation reaction of o-nitrophenylamine, alcohol is used as a solvent, nickel is used as a catalyst, reduction reaction is performed for 2 to 10 hours under the hydrogen pressure of 1.0 to 6 MPa at the temperature of between 40 and 80 DEG C, and the reaction product is rectified to form the while o-phenylenediamine. The method has the advantages that the alcohol is used as the solvent in the catalytic hydrogenation for producing o-phenylenediamine, the alcohol can be reclaimed and directly used for next reaction, and the waste residue produced by distillation can be used as an organic fuel, so that the problem that a large amount of waste water containing organic substances is produced in reduction of iron powder or sodium sulfide in the conventional process is solved; and thick acid and thick alkali used in the conventional process are avoided in the hydrogenation process, so that corrosion of equipment is greatly reduced, pollution is reduced, and almost zero pollution is realized. In addition, compared with the conventional iron powder or sodium sulfide reduction, the catalytic hydrogenation process has the advantages of low pollution, high yield, high quality, short production period and low energy consumption.

In order to prevent the crossover of an organic fuel such as methanol in a fuel cell and to exhibit excellent electricity generation characteristics without impairing the utilization efficiency of the fuel, at least either of (1) a discontinuous catalyst layer being formed on a surface of an anode catalyst layer and having a higher density (existence probability) of platinum type catalyst than the anode catalyst layer and (2) an electrolyte polymer layer is formed at the interface between the anode catalyst layer and a polymer electrolyte membrane.

The invention relates to a Cu / Cu2O film electrode for the photoelectrocatalytic reduction of CO2, which comprises p-type and n-type Cu2O films prepared on a Cu substrate by an electrochemical method and a chemical boiling method. Two Cu / Cu2O electrodes are used for the photocatalytic reduction, electrocatalytic reduction and photoelectrocatalytic reduction of the CO2 respectively; the two electrodes have catalytic activity on the CO2 reduction in three systems, and the selectivity of the electrodes on a product C2H4 is enhanced due to the existence of Cu2O; the two electrodes have the highestCO2 reduction efficiency in a photoelectrocatalytic system; p-type Cu2O and n-type Cu2O have low CO2 photocatalytic reduction efficiency in a photocatalytic system; the CO2 is reduced into the C2H4 through the electrocatalysis of the p-type Cu2O and the n-type Cu2O and the CO2 reduction efficiency of the p-type Cu2O is higher than that of the n-type Cu2O in an electrocatalytic system; and the yield of the C2H4 on the p-type Cu2O electrode and the yield of the C2H4 on the n-type Cu2O electrode are almost the same in the photoelectrocatalytic system and are 1.5 and 2.7 times that of the C2H4 inthe electrocatalytic system, and the CO2 reduction efficiency of the n-type Cu2O in the photoelectrocatalytic system is increased by more times. The composite electrode can be used for reducing the CO2 into the organic fuel under photoelectrocatalysis.

An improved biofuel cell having a cathode comprising a bifunctional membrane containing an oxygen oxidoreductase immobilized within a buffered compartment of the membrane and an electron transport mediator that conducts electrons from The electrodes are transferred to a redox reaction catalyzed by an oxygen oxidoreductase. The improved biofuel cell also has an anode that contains an oxidoreductase that uses an organic fuel, such as an alcohol, as a substrate. Electric current can flow between the anode and cathode.

The invention relates to a methanation catalyst. The methanation catalyst comprises the following components by weight percent: 5 to 60 percent of catalyst active component NiO and the balance of catalyst carrier Al2O3, and the methanation catalyst also can contain 1 to 25 percent by weight of additive M, wherein the additive M is selected from one or more of oxides of Ce, Ca, Co, La, Zr, Sm, Ba, Mn, Fe, Mo, Ti and Cu. The invention also provides a method for preparing the methanation catalyst. The method comprises the following steps: mixing a catalyst active component precursor, an additive M precursor and a catalyst carrier precursor according to the constituent ratio of the corresponding methanation catalyst, adding organic fuel to be uniformly mixed, and drying the mixture to form a gel product; burning the gel product, and washing and drying a reaction product to obtain the methanation catalyst. The methanation catalyst and the preparation method thereof are simple in operation and environment-friendly, have the advantages of low requirement on equipment, gradual changeability in manipulation, low cost, low energy consumption and the like and are particularly applicable to the industrialized mass production.

The invention discloses an aqueous neoprene type environment-friendly glue which comprises aqueous rosin emulsion with low grain diameter and high stability, aqueous acrylic resin emulsion, ethane-vinyl acetate emulsion, anion type neoprene latex, aqueous foam suppressor, wetting dispersant, preservative, tackifier, nanometer calcium carbonate concentrated slurry, aerosol, and the like. The invention also discloses a preparation method of the aqueous neoprene type environment-friendly glue; the aqueous neoprene type environment-friendly glue takes water as a dispersed media, is uniform milky liquid, has the comprehensive advantages of no organic solvent, no heavy metal, insipidity, good initial adhesive force, excellent bond strength, excellent hold tack, excellent heat resistance and aging resistance, short drying time, long opening time, large spray area of unit weight, glue saving, excellent oily leather resistance, fireproofing, safe transportation, and the like, has the advantages of reducing environment pollution, improving operation and construction environment, saving large amounts of organic fuel, insipidity, and the like, is widely applied to industries of soft furniture of cases and bags, sofas, swivel chairs, mattresses, pillows, folding screens, and the like, and is especially suitable for application of green high-grade export products of occident.

A liquid organic, fuel cell is provided which employs a solid electrolyte membrane. An organic fuel, such as a methanol / water mixture, is circulated past an anode of a cell while oxygen or air is circulated past a cathode of the cell. The cell solid electrolyte membrane is preferably fabricated from Nafion™. Additionally, a method for improving the performance of carbon electrode structures for use in organic fuel cells is provided wherein a high surface-area carbon particle / Teflon™-binder structure is immersed within a Nafion™ / methanol bath to impregnate the electrode with Nafion™. A method for fabricating an anode for use in a organic fuel cell is described wherein metal alloys are deposited onto the electrode in an electro-deposition solution containing perfluorooctanesulfonic acid. A fuel additive containing perfluorooctanesulfonic acid for use with fuel cells employing a sulfuric acid electrolyte is also disclosed. New organic fuels, namely, trimethoxymethane, dimethoxymethane, and trioxane are also described for use with either conventional or improved fuel cells.

A direct organic fuel cell includes a formic acid fuel solution having between about 10% and about 95% formic acid. The formic acid is oxidized at an anode. The anode may include a Pt / Pd catalyst that promotes the direct oxidation of the formic acid via a direct reaction path that does not include formation of a CO intermediate.

The invention relates to a preparation method of a cobalt oxide / graphene composite nano material, which is characterized by comprising the following steps: (1) preparing a 0.01-1.00 mol / L cobalt nitrate-organic fuel mixed solution, wherein the mol ratio of organic fuel to metal ions is 0.9-2; (2) preparing a 0.1-1.0 mg / ml graphene oxide dispersion solution; (3) calculating the volumes of the mixed solution obtained in the step (1) and the graphene oxide dispersion solution obtained in the step (2) according to the mass ratio of cobalt oxide to graphene in the designed product and the required preparation amounts, and mixing the mixed solution and the graphene oxide dispersion solution by ultrasonic to obtain a dispersion solution for atomization; (4) filling the dispersion solution obtained in the step (3) into an ultrasonic atomization device, carrying the generated atomized liquid drops into a 500-1100 DEG C pipe furnace by argon or nitrogen gas at the flow rate of 0.3-1.2 L / minute, and initiating solution combustion reaction; and (5) collecting the solid reaction product. The invention has the advantages of shorter technical procedure, simple synthesis equipment and continuous preparation process, can directly obtain the final powder product by one step, and can easily implement industrialized preparation.

A device for electrolysis of an aqueous solution of an organic fuel. The electrolyte is a solid-state polymer membrane with anode and cathode catalysts on both surfaces for electro-oxidization and electro-reduction. A low-cost and portable hydrogen generator can be made based on the device with organic fuels such as methanol.

The invention discloses a phase-transfer preparation method of graphene-based composite aerogel. The phase-transfer preparation method comprises the following steps of dispersing graphene oxide in an alkaline or neutral aqueous solution to obtain a stable graphene oxide dispersion liquid, dispersing a low-dimensional nanomaterial in a surfactant-containing aqueous solution to obtain a stable low-dimensional nanomaterial dispersion liquid, mixing the graphene oxide dispersion liquid and the low-dimensional nanomaterial dispersion liquid to obtain a uniform mixed solution, carrying out phase-transferring to obtain a stable graphene-low dimensional nanomaterial dispersion liquid, carrying out hydro-thermal treatment to obtain the graphene-based composite aerogel, and carrying out drying treatment on the graphene-based composite aerogel to obtain a desired product. The phase-transfer preparation method has the advantages of simple and controllable processes, environmental friendliness, low cost and large-scale production feasibility. The graphene-based composite aerogel has a novel structure and good mechanical and electrical properties and can be used as an electrode material such as a supercapacitor electrode material or an organic fuel adsorbent.

The invention discloses an organic fuel cell anti-freeze cooling liquid with low conductivity and ultra-long acting and a preparation method of the anti-freeze cooling liquid in the field of anti-freeze cooling fluids. The anti-freeze liquid is prepared from components in percentage by weight as follows: 10wt%-70wt% of ethylene glycol, 0.001wt%-0.01wt% of 8-hydroxyquinoline, 0.005wt%-0.02wt% of uracil, 0.01wt%-0.03wt% of 4-acetaminophen, 0.01wt%-0.05wt% of benzotriazole octadecylamine, 0.005wt%-0.05wt% of N-bromosuccinimide, 0.001wt%-0.01wt% of inosine and the balance of deionized water. The preparation method of the anti-freeze liquid comprises the steps as follows: all the components of the anti-freeze cooling fluid are put in a reaction kettle in percentage by mass; the components are stirred and mixed for 30-90 min, so that all components are fully dissolved and mixed uniformly, the mixed solution passes through anion and cation mixed exchange resin by the aid of a pressure pump, and the fuel cell anti-freeze cooling fluid is obtained. The organic fuel cell anti-freeze cooling liquid with low conductivity and ultra-long acting is weakly alkaline, is anti-freezing and anti-boiling and has performance of low conductivity, ultra-long acting and high corrosion inhibition.

A preparation method of an yttria-stabilized zirconia tetragonal nano powder with high specific surface area. The method is characterized by comprising the following steps: (1) respectively weighing zirconium oxychloride octahydrate?and an yttrium raw material according to a stoichiometric ratio of zirconium and yttrium in (Y2O3)x(ZrO2) 1-2x (0.005<=x<=0.150), according to the amount of a target product, converting the yttrium raw material into an yttrium nitrate solution by dissolving, and then completely dissolving the zirconium oxychloride octahydrate; (2) respectively adding a soluble salt and organic fuel to the solution obtained in the step (1), heating for dissolving, continuing heating and concentrating to a sticky state, igniting in a heating furnace chamber at 400-1000 DEG C, and taking out the powder after complete combustion; and (3) washing, filtering and drying the powder obtained in the step (2). The invention effectively solves the problems of serious particle sintering agglomeration and small specific area in the process of solution combustion for synthesis of zirconium oxide; the powder has specific surface area as high as 378 m<2> / g and particle size about 2.8 nm; and the materials are more accessible and cheaper, so as to facilitate industrialized preparation.

The invention relates to a preparation method of yttrium aluminum garnet yellow fluorescent powder for white light LED (light-emitting diode). The method comprises the steps of: according to a stoichiometric ratio of each metallic element in Y3-x-yGdxAl5O12: yCe<3+>, preparing a mixed nitrate solution of metals contained in a target product; adding a soluble salt, an organic fuel and ammonium nitrate, heating the solution for dissolution till approximately a sticky state, conducting microwave irradiation so as to initiate self-propagating combustion; carrying out washing, drying, grinding andsieving, thus obtaining the yttrium aluminum garnet yellow fluorescent powder of a necessary particle size. The yttrium aluminum garnet yellow fluorescent powder prepared in the invention has controllable particle size, uniform size, regular appearance, and excellent light-emitting performance, and has the advantages of convenient implementation, simple equipment, short synthesis time, no need for long-time material mixing, high-temperature calcination, and ball-milling crushing. Therefore, the preparation method of the invention is a rapid and energy-saving new method for controlling the synthesis of yttrium aluminum garnet yellow fluorescent powder of different particle sizes.

A composite electrolyte membrane for decreasing the crossover of polar organic fuel and a fuel cell employing the membrane are provided. The composite electrolyte membrane includes a modified silica in which silicon atoms have substituents as represented by formula 1 and formula 2; and an cation exchange group-containing polymer: —R1—SO3X  Formula 1 —R2—S—S—R3—  Formula 2 wherein, R1 is an alkylene group with 2-7 carbon atoms, X is a hydrogen atom or an alkali metal, R2 and R3 are each independently an alkylene group with 2-7 carbon atoms.

The invention belongs to the field of new materials and new energy resources, and particularly relates to carbon-coated nickel oxide / metallic nickel (NiO / Ni) and a simple synthesis method of the carbon-coated NiO / Ni. The simple synthesis method comprises the following steps that soluble nickel salt, organic fuel and combustion additives are weighed and mixed to form an aqueous solution through preparation, and the aqueous solution is stirred and dissolves, so that a transparent solution is formed; the solution is heated to be at the temperature ranging from 50 DEG C to 100 DEG C, and moisture is continuously evaporated, so that the solution is in a sticky gel state; the gel is heated to be at the temperature ranging from 140 DEG C to 290 DEG C, self-propagating combustion of the gel happens, black loose powder can be obtained, and the obtained powder is added to solvent to be cleaned and dried, so that a high-purity target material is obtained. According to the invention, the technology is simple, operation is easy, and the raw materials are low in cost and easy to obtain. The prepared NiO / Ni is high in crystal quality, the conductive capacity of the carbon-coated NiO / Ni is enhanced through black carbon, and the carbon-coated NiO / Ni can be applied to devices such as lithium ion batteries and supercapacitors. The technological cost is low, conventional multi-step complex technologies, the long technology period and high-priced devices are avoided, and the carbon-coated NiO / Ni is applicable to large-scale industrial production.

A nitrocellulose-free, gas-generating composition for use in vehicle occupant restraint systems, in particular in a belt tensioner gas generator, substantially consists of at least one nitrogen-containing organic fuel in a proportion of 55 to 70% by weight, an inorganic oxidator in a proportion of 30 to 45% by weight, at least one combustion moderator in a proportion of up to 10% by weight and up to 5% by weight conventional adjuvants and additives, each in relation to the overall weight of the composition. The composition has a pressure exponent of less than 0.35 and a combustion rate at 200 bar of at least 40 mm / s.

A dual stage invention is designed to autoignite an autoignition material before a low temperature gas generant melts. Low temperature gas generants include a high nitrogen content organic fuel with ammonium nitrate as the oxidizer. The dual stage inflator has a first gas generant and a second gas generant that are ignited by separate igniters. The first gas generant and the second gas generant are insulated from the inflator housing to delay the heat transfer from the housing to the first gas generant and second gas generant during a bonfire test, which needs to be passed to receive Department of Transportation classification. The dual stage inflator also has an autoignition cartridge for disposing of the second gas generant by the first gas generant after the first gas generant burns for a predetermined amount of time.

A method for activating a direct oxidation fuel cell including an anode, a cathode, and a proton-conductive electrolyte membrane interposed between the anode and the cathode is provided. The anode and the cathode each have a catalyst layer on a face in contact with the proton-conductive electrolyte membrane. This method activates the fuel cell by passing a current through the fuel cell from an external power source, with the positive electrode and the negative electrode of the external power source connected to the anode and the cathode of the fuel cell, respectively, while supplying an organic fuel and an inert gas to the anode and the cathode, respectively.

Provided is a preparation method of a rare earth oxide and graphene nanocomposite material. The method comprises the following steps that 1, an aqueous solution containing needed amount of rare earth nitrate is prepared according to the loading capacity of rare earth oxide on graphene and the preparation quantity of a target product and added into a certain volume of graphene oxide dispersing agent of which the concentration ranges from 0.5 g / L to 5 g / L; 2, an appropriate amount of organic fuel is added into the dispersing agent in the first step, stirring and ultrasound are conducted, and a uniform dispersing agent is obtained; 3, the dispersing agent in the first step is heated and concentrated to be thick, the heated and concentrated dispersing agent is put into a heating furnace of 300 DEG C-900 DEG C for ignition, and after burning is conducted, cooling is conducted to room temperature. The preparation method of the rare earth oxide and graphene nanocomposite material is low in synthesis temperature, short in time, easy to carry out and low in cost, a reducing agent does not need to be additionally added, and graphene oxide is subjected to self reduction to obtain graphene; meanwhile, rare earth oxide is small in particle size and uniform in size, and the uniform dispersibility on graphene is achieved. The preparation method of the rare earth oxide and graphene nanocomposite material is rapid, efficient, high in yield, green, environmentally friendly and suitable for industrial production.

An apparatus for gasifying solid organic fuel includes a refractory-lined oxidation chamber, fuel storage, a transfer connecting the fuel storage with an inlet into the oxidation chamber for transferring in an upwardly inclined direction the solid fuel from the fuel storage into the inlet to form an upwardly mounded fuel bed. An oxidant is supplied into the fuel bed to gasify the organic materials in the fuel to produce a gaseous effluent from the fuel bed, thereby leaving a residue of the fuel. The residue drops through an opening under the oxidation chamber onto a residue removal transfer. The oxidant is supplied through a plurality of perforated air distribution members extending across the fuel bed cavity in the oxidation chamber so as to introduce air into the interior of the fuel bed to thereby promote evenly distributed gasification, evenly distributed through the fuel bed.