The invention relates to a functional-material-based glucose biosensor. A working electrode of the glucose biosensor is made from a graphene nanomaterial, the glucose biosensor is formed by using the working electrode made from the graphene nanomaterial in the assembling of the glucose biosensor, belongs to a quantitative test technology and shows excellent linearity and resolution, and the detection sensitivity, the detection range and the detection speed are increased; and particularly in the concentration range of human blood glucose, the amplitude of a response current can be increased by 50%, and the resolution can be increased by over twice. The functional-material-based glucose biosensor and a preparation method thereof have the advantages that: immobilized enzyme of a nano-functional membrane prepared from the graphene nanomaterial can be continuously analyzed for over 1,000 times, so that the cost for measurement is low, the accuracy of analysis is higher than that of other methods, the relative error reaches about 1%, the response time is shortened to 20 seconds, the service life is also greatly prolonged, the precise timing measurement of the concentration of glucose can be achieved; and the functional-material-based glucose biosensor has the characteristics of high specificity, short-time performance, low-cost analysis, no special requirements on analyzing substances, safety and simplicity and convenience in operation, and convenience for on-site measurement and the like and can be applied to the daily measurement of blood glucose of diabetes patients.