9046 results about "Fresh water" patented technology

Oil-based settable spotting fluid compositions and methods of using the compositions are provided. The oil-based settable spotting fluid compositions are basically comprised of oil, an emulsifying surfactant for emulsifying the oil with water whereby an oil-external emulsion is formed, a de-emulsifying surfactant which in time de-emulsifies said oil-external emulsion when the emulsion is contacted with external water, a hydraulic settable component selected from the group consisting of ASTM Class C or the equivalent fly ash and ASTM Class F or the equivalent fly ash together with a source of calcium and water selected from the group consisting of fresh water and salt water.

A desalination process is disclosed which combining two or more substantially different water treatment processes in a unique manner to desalinate saline water, especially sea water, to produce a high yield of high quality fresh water, including potable water, at an energy consumption equivalent to or less than much less efficient prior art desalination processes. In this process a nanofiltration step is synergistically combined with at least one of sea water reverse osmosis, multistage flash distillation. multieffect distillation of vapor compression distillation to provide an integrated desalination system by which sea water can be efficiently and economically converted to high quality potable water in yields which are at least 70%-80% greater than the yields available from the prior art processes. Typically a process of this invention using the nanofiltration initial step will produce, with respect to sea water feed properties, calcium, magnesium, sulfate and bicarbonate ion content reductions of 63%-94%, pH decreases of about 0.4-0.5 units and total dissolved solids content reductions of 35%-50%.

A method of hydraulically fracturing a hydrocarbon-bearing subterranean formation ensures that the conductivity of water inflow below the productive zone of the subterranean formation is reduced. The method consists of two principal steps. In the first step, a fracture in and below the productive zone of the formation is initiated by introducing into the subterranean formation a fluid, free of a proppant, such as salt water, fresh water, brine, liquid hydrocarbon, and/or nitrogen or other gases. The proppant-free fluid may further be weighted. In the second step, a proppant laden slurry is introduced into the subterranean formation which contains a relatively lightweight density proppant. Either the fluid density of the proppant-free fluid is greater than the fluid density of the proppant laden slurry or the viscosity of the proppant-free fluid is greater than the viscosity of the proppant laden slurry. The method limits undesirable fracture height growth in the hydrocarbon-bearing subterranean formation during the fracturing.

An Ultraviolet-C (UVC) based portable water purification system employing a novel array of baffles increases the efficiency per unit energy of irradiating UVC light in the eradication of pathogens in the water. Closed loop feedback allows monitoring the application of UVC light power to ensure high levels of pathogen eradication. This system is capable of eradicating a wide range of waterborne bacteria, viruses, protozoa, helminthes, yeast, and mold found in natural freshwater sources worldwide. By adding pre- or post-filters, the system can remove harmful organic compounds, pesticides, inorganic compounds and heavy metals from the water. The system can also be used to eradicate pathogens in fluids other than water. As a feature of this invention, a communications systems that can reach geographically dispersed populations at low cost without the need to install costly wired communications infrastructure is combined with and powered by the water purification system. In one embodiment, a packet radio system is provided to create nodes in a wireless mesh communications system to provide voice, data, video and internet communications using an array of the water purifiers to create a wireless mesh network.

A process for purification of fluids, for example, desalination of seawater or brackish water, using organic solutes in a concentrated water solution for use in a forward osmosis process, to extract fresh water out of salt water through the forward osmosis membrane, and subsequently separating the organic solutes out of the diluted forward osmosis permeate by cloud point extraction, thereby regenerating a concentrated organic solution for recycling to the forward osmosis process, and fresh water for potable water use.

A hydro-thermal exchange unit (HTEU) for desalinating feed water in accordance with a humidification-dehumidification includes feed water, fresh water and gas conduit circuits for transporting feed water, fresh water, and gas, respectively. The unit also includes an evaporator through which a portion of the feed water conduit and the gas conduit pass. The evaporator causes evaporation of a portion of the feed water to produce vapor that is transported through the gas conduit. The unit also includes a condenser through which a portion of the gas conduit and the fresh water conduit pass. The condenser has input and output ports for coupling the gas and fresh water conduit circuits. The condenser extracts moisture from the vapor transported therethrough by the gas conduit. The extracted moisture is discharged through the fresh water conduit. The unit also includes a heat exchanger through which a portion of the fresh water conduit and the feed water conduit pass to thereby extract residual heat from the fresh water such that the residual heat heats the feed water.

The present invention provides a method for preparing high-effective algae flocculant from non-toxic, easy-to-bio-degrade, cheap, natural macromolecular polymer modified clay. Said modification can obviously raise flocculation algae-removing capability of different clay, the algae-removing rate of various clays can be 20-95% Said high-effective algae flocculant can be used for controlling and treating large area red tide, fresh water algal bloom, and also can be used for removing harmful algae in river and drinking water plant.

Systems and methods are disclosed for extracting freshwater from atmospheric humidity in extremely hot and humid climates and supplying freshwater to a small group of people, a building, a farm, or forestation area. The freshwater is treated to provide drinking water by disinfecting to eliminate microorganisms and filtration to remove suspended particulates from air, erosion or corrosion products, and disinfected waste. Compact units provide drinking water for individuals, passengers in cars, vans, trucks, or recreational boats, or crewmembers on a seagoing cargo ship whether from atmospheric humidity or from moisture-laden gases. Furthermore, systems are disclosed for the ample supply of freshwater with minimal treatment for small- to large-sized buildings in a manner that alleviates the heat load on buildings. Collection of freshwater from hot humid ambient air is also provided for other uses, such as irrigation and farm animal drinking. Various methods are used for condensation of water vapor suspended in the air as alternative to conventional refrigeration cycles using CFC refrigerants. Devices are disclosed using naturally occurring brackish cold water, circulation of cooling water cooled by thermoelectric cooling or thermoacoustic refrigeration as well as evaporative cooling and transpiration cooling. Water produced by the systems may flow under gravitational forces entirely or with the assistance of boasting pumps.

An optimal thermal seawater desalination process is disclosed, which combines two or more substantially different water pretreatment processes in a unique manner and in a special configuration, hereto unknown to prior desalination arts, to produce a high yield of high quality fresh water, including potable water. In this process a two stage NF membrane pretreatment unit (NF₂) with an energy recovery turbo charger (TC) device in between the stages or equipped with an energy recovery pressure exchanger (PX) is synergistically combined with at least one thermal desalination unit to form a dual hybrid of NF₂-Thermal (FIG. 4 ), or alternatively the two stage NF₂ unit is synergistically combined with a two stage SWRO unit (SWRO₂) with an energy recovery TC in between the stages or combined with one stage SWRO (SWRO₁) equipped with an energy recovery TC or PX system and the reject from the SWRO₂ or SWRO₁ unit is made make-up to a thermal unit to form a tri-hybrid of NF₂-SWRO_{2 reject}-Thermal (FIG. 5 ). In both the cases of di- or trihybrids the thermal unit is equivalent to a multistage flash distillation (MSFD) or multieffect distillation (MED) or vapor compression distillation (VCD) or thermal reheat (RH) evaporator. Typically a process of this invention using the two stage NF₂ initial pretreatment step will perform a semi-desalination step by reducing feed TDS by about 35 to 50%, but most important, especially to the thermal seawater desalination process, it removes the water recovery limiting, scale forming hardness ions of Ca⁺⁺ and Mg⁺⁺ by better than 80% and their covalent anions of sulfate to better than 95% and bicarbonate to about 65%. The removal of scale forming hardness ions, especially SO₄⁼, and bicarbonates allowed for the operation of thermal unit in the above hybrids at top brine temperature (TBT) much greater than its present TBT limit by the singular conventional process of 120° C. for MSFD and operation of MED or VCD or RH unit at TBT much higher than their present TBT limit of 65-70° C., with many advantages gained by this process over prior art sweater desalination processes. The process of this invention exceeds all prior thermal seawater desalination arts in efficiency, including water yield, product water recovery ratio and unit water cost as well as in energy consumption per unit product which is equivalent or less than other efficient prior art seawater thermal desalination processes. By this process, an NF product recovery ratio of 75 and 80% or better is achieved from the high salinity Gulf sea (TDS≈45,000 ppm) and about an equal product recovery ratio is also obtained from the SWRO or thermal unit when it is operated on NF product for a total water recovery ratio in excess of 52% for seawater

A method for the controlled delivery of a fracturing fluid to a well bore comprises formulating an aqueous base fluid such that it meets or exhibits desired physical and chemical characteristics for an optimal fracturing fluid. The formulation of the aqueous base fluid max involve commingling one or more sources of waste water with a source of fresh water followed by controlled injection of one or more additives. This process is substantially completed prior to delivering the aqueous base fluid to the well site. This allows the delivery of an optimal volume of the aqueous base fluid with homogeneously blended additives to the well bore.

A desalination system is driven by a solar powered boiler that outputs a pressurized vapor to drive an expander that generates output motive force. A pump is responsive to the motive force to output pressurized saline water. A reverse osmosis unit receives the pressurized saline water to output fresh water and pressurized brine. A recuperator that transfers heat from the expander exhaust to the boiler feed liquid is incorporated to improve the efficiency of the system. In a particular embodiment, a hydraulic motor receives the pressurized brine and outputs an augmenting motive force to the pump. In another embodiment, a novel motorless boiler feed pump is defined.

A method for improving and utilizing the serious saline-alkaline land at seaside includes such areas as digging ponds to build high-level field, arranging water supplying and draining ditches in the field, planting agricultural crops in the high-level field, and culturing aquatic animals in ponds.

A seawater desalination system is provided using a jet technique, which comprises a filter apparatus, a sonic energy treatment apparatus, and a desalination apparatus. After being coarse-filtered and fine-filtered, the seawater enters the sonic energy treatment apparatus. After being treated by the sonic energy treatment apparatus, the seawater is stored in a water storage tank in the form of small molecular clusters, and then pumped into a reverse osmosis membrane. After osmosis, the water becomes freshwater and stored in a freshwater tank. During the process, the reverse osmosis membrane can be replaced by a distillatory. The system has the advantages of a simple structure of the seawater desalination apparatus, less investment, low cost, and stable performance. The seawater is not only desalinated, but also chain-shortened into water of small molecular clusters, which is easily absorbed and utilized by human body.

A gasification reactor comprising a vessel (1), provided at its upper end with a downwardly directed burner (2), and provided with supply conduits for an oxidizer gas (3), a carbonaceous feed (4) and a moderator gas (5), a combustion chamber (6) in the upper half of the vessel provided with a product gas outlet (7) at its bottom end and an opening for the outlet of the burner (2) at its top end, wherein between the wall of the combustion chamber (6) and the wall of the vessel (1) an annular space (9) is provided, and wherein the wall of the combustion chamber (6) comprises an arrangement of interconnected parallel arranged tubes (10) resulting in a substantially gas-tight wall running from a common lower arranged distributor (12) to a higher arranged common header (11), said distributor (12) provided with a cooling water supply conduit (14) and said header (11) provided with a steam discharge conduit (13) and wherein the steam discharge conduit (13) and the water supply conduit (14) are fluidly connected to a steam drum (29) and wherein the steam drum (29) is provided with a supply conduit (32) for fresh water and wherein the steam drum (29) is positioned at a higher elevation than the common header (11).

The invention discloses an acrylamide modified graft copolymer and a preparation method and usage thereof. The invention is characterized in that 20 parts of acrylamide, 1-20 anionic monomer and/or cationic monomer, 0.1-15 macromonomer, 0.05-10 ionic lyophobic monomer and 50-1000 deionized water are added into a three-necked reaction bottle, the pH value is adjusted to be 3-9, N2 is introduced for 30min, then 0.002-0.5 part of initiator persulfate is added at 30-75 DEG C, the reaction lasts 8-36h, then copolymer PAB is obtained, and finally water is used for dilution to obtain strong PAB solution. During polymerization, no surfactant is used, and the macromonomer with a long chain and the ionic lyophobic monomer with intermolecular association function are introduced into the copolymer PAB, so the capabilities of cooperative tackification and salt-resistance between the rigid conformation of a molecular chain and the intermolecular association can be played optimally, the PAB exhibits unique solution property and has higher colloidal viscosity in high saline solution than in fresh water, and the PAB obtains the capabilities of tackification, salt resistance, low surface tension and strong molecular association and can be used for the oil-displacing acrylamide modified graft copolymer. The copolymer is prepared into water solution with mass concentration of 0.2-3.0g/L and surfactant concentration of 0.01-2 mmol/L, then the water solution is added into a mixing vessel by a stirring device, and then a polymer oil-displacing agent with tackification, salt resistance and cutting resistance is obtained. The PAB has the functions of both a tackifier and a macromolecule surfactant. The copolymer PAB is prepared into water solution which has mass concentration of 0.05-7%, so the macromolecule surfactant with excellent surface activeness can be obtained and then applicable to an emulsifier, an emulsion splitter, a solubilizer and a wetting agent.

A polymer composition for use in the removal and recovery of oil slicks or spills floating on the surfaces of bodies of water or present on land, such as beaches comprising a foam of a blend of polyethylene and an ethylene-alkyl acrylate copolymer and a process for using such foams in the selective removal of oil from fresh water or salt water and the recovery of the absorbed oils from the foams is disclosed. The polymer composition is also for use in other applications in which absorption of liquids is desired.

The raw material composition of the invented high-concentration aqueous film-forming foam extinguishing agent includes fluorocarbon surfactant, hydrocarbon surfactant, organo-silicon surfactant, stabilizing coupler, chelating agent, spreading burn-resisting agent, bacteriostatic agent and water. It can be used for quickly extinguishing oil fire.

A dietary inclusion model for an integrated aquaculture-hydroponics system is derived from the concept of mass conservation. The model enables the maintenance of near-equilibrium concentrations of Ca, K, Mg, N, and P, suitable concentrations of Mn and Cu, and acceptable accumulation rates of Na and Zn, in representative integrated aquaculture-hydroponics systems, by modifying the mineral concentrations of the fish diets according to the model. The model is readily applicable to virtually any freshwater recirculating fish culture system operating at a recycle ratio sufficiently high to maintain appropriate nitrogen concentrations and having an environment suitable for hydroponic plant culture.

A pet water dispenser having a system of water pumps to circulate water, a water bowl containing a temperature sensor to determine the temperature of the water in the bowl, an ultra violet light and a filter to purify and clean the circulating water, an in-line water heater and a thermoelectric cooling plate to keep the water at a desired temperature, water jets inside the bowl to spray water against the inside of the bowl to clean hair and debris from the bowl, a rotating drain disc in the bowl which periodically opens to permit emptying of old water from the water bowl and closes to permit filling of the bowl with fresh water, a digital controller to permit a pet owner to control the operation of the dispenser and the temperature of the water presented in the bowl to the pet.

The invention relates to a technology for afforestation and planting in areas with shallow water level and heavily-salted soil and solves the problems of high cost for foreign soil replacement and short duration. The technical proposal is that: the process realizes the original soil planting by building an integral isolation zone in the greening area and controlling a microcirculation system inside the isolation zone and desalting with fresh water. The process comprises the following steps: A. building an isolation zone; B. desalting with fresh water until the salt content in soil is below 0.2%; and C. planting seedlings for afforestation. The technology solves the technical problems of high cost for foreign soil replacement and short duration of afforestation and greening in coastal areas with shallow water level and heavily-salted soil; and has the advantages of overcome serious erosion of underground salt water to soil mass, good desalting effect, reduced afforestation cost, improved soil structure, low requirements for raw materials for afforestation, applicability for various seedlings, easy maintenance and management and low cost.

The invention relates to a general-purpose composite Chinese herbal medicine immune enhancer for freshwater cultured fish, which is made of raw materials with the following weight ratios, based on the amount added per ton of feed: rhubarb 800-2000g; Sanqi 350-1000g; water Silybum 1200-2500g; Cassia 600-800g; Astragalus 600-2000g; Scutellaria baicalensis 500-900g; 500-1500g; Garlic 1000-2000g. After many tests in the laboratory, it has been proved that the general-purpose compound Chinese herbal medicine immune enhancer for freshwater aquaculture fish can improve the survival rate of a variety of freshwater aquaculture fish in the process of attacking viruses; The long-term breeding experiment of farmed fish feed proves that the general-purpose compound Chinese herbal medicine immune enhancer for freshwater farmed fish can effectively reduce the incidence of a variety of high-density farmed freshwater fish and improve the survival of the breed; the additive is safe, efficient, and has no side effects for long-term use. The breeding objects have strong vitality, rapid growth, bright body color, high feed conversion rate, and good breeding benefits.

The invention relates to a method for carrying out desalination and zero-discharge processing of power plant desulphurization wastewater by adopting an electrodialysis technology. The method comprises the following steps: neutralizing, precipitating, coagulating and filtering the power plant desulphurization wastewater and removing CODs (Chemical Oxygen Demands), heavy metals, F-ions, gypsum, silicon dioxide, hydroxide of iron and aluminum and other insoluble particles in waste water; separating C1-ions and other monovalent ions in clear liquid from SO3<2->, SO4<2-> and other divalent ions through nanofiltration; desalinating and concentrating water produced by the nanofiltration by adopting a multistage countercurrent reverse electrodialysis method. The method has the advantages that the concentration of the Cl-ions in nanofiltration concentrated water and electrodialysis freshwater generated by the method is lower, and the nanofiltration concentrated water and the electrodialysis freshwater can be returned for flue gas desulfurization; the content of NaCl in a small amount of electrodialysis concentrated water produced reaches above 12 percent, the bivalent ions and other impurities are removed by nanofiltration, and the electrodialysis concentrated water is further evaporated and concentrated, so that chlorine-alkali industry electrolytes and NaCl salt can be obtained. Through the method, the zero-discharge treatment and the resource utilization of the desulfurization wastewater can be realized.

The invention relates to a method for producing a high-efficiency composite microbial agent by using livestock liquid dung, and belongs to the technical field of environmental microbiology and agricultural science. The method comprises the following steps: diluting livestock liquid dung or livestock feces with water; after hydrolysis and acidification treatment, performing standing and settlement for desilting; mixing a supernatant obtained with a photosynthetic bacterial solution for anaerobic culture; using the mixed solution as a base liquid and stepwise adding lactobacilli, saccharomyces, bacillus thuringienesis and actinomycete into the base liquid in a proportion; and after anaerobic culture and aerobic treatment, finally filling the mixture into a biological fluidized bed for further treatment to obtain the high-efficiency composite microbial agent. The microbial agent is rich in the photosynthetic bacteria, the lactobacilli, the saccharomyces, the actinomycete, the bacillus thuringienesis, azotobacter, nitrobacteria, denitrifying bacteria and other beneficial organisms, and be widely used in agriculture, livestock breeding, fresh water aquaculture, organic sewage treatment, microbial deodorization, and other aspects. The technology is suitable to be used by various livestock farms (raisers) for liquid dung treatment.