1562 results about "Reductase" patented technology

Disclosed is an improved biofuel cell having a cathode comprising a dual function membrane, which contains an oxygen oxidoreductase enzyme immobilized within a buffered compartment of the membrane and an electron transport mediator which transfers electrons from an electron conducting electrode to the redox reaction catalyzed by the oxygen oxidoreductase enzyme. The improved biofuel cell also has an anode that contains an oxidoreductase enzyme that uses an organic fuel, such as alcohol, as a substrate. An electric current can flow between the anode and the cathode.

A non-mediated enzyme electrode comprises a base substrate (2) on which is provided an electrically conductive base layer (8) comprising finely divided platinum group metal or oxide bonded together by a resin; a top layer on the base layer (8), the top layer comprising a buffer. A catalytically active quantity of an oxidoreductase enzyme is provided in at least one of the base layer and the top layer. The invention also provides a biosensor (20) which includes an enzyme electrode, and methods of manufacturing the enzyme electrode and biosensor.

A highly safe and effective prophylactic / ameliorating or therapeutic agent for NACH and the method for using the same are provided.A prophylactic / ameliorating or therapeutic agent for NASH containing a combination of at least one first ingredient selected from the group consisting of an ω3PUFA and pharmaceutically acceptable salts and esters thereof and at least one second ingredient selected from the group consisting of (a) a biguanide hypoglycemic agent, (b) a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug, (c) a 3-hydroxy-3-methyl glutaryl coenzyme A reductase inhibitor, and (d) an angiotensin II receptor blocker as the active ingredients; and its method of use.

A method of improving the rheological properties of a flour dough and the quality of the finished product made from such a dough, including adding an effective amount of an oxido-reductase capable of oxidizing maltose, in particular a hexose oxidase, e.g. isolated from an algal species such as Iridophycus flaccidum, Chondrus crispus or Euthora cristata and a dough improving composition containing the oxidore-ductase.

The present invention provides a sensor that electrochemically determines cholesterol in low density lipoprotein by only one feed of a sample. The sensor has: an electrode system that is mounted on an electrically insulating base plate and includes at least a working electrode and a counter electrode; an enzyme layer formed on the base plate with the electrode system; and a reagent layer that is arranged before the enzyme layer in a sample solution supply path to the electrode system. The enzyme layer includes at least an oxidoreductase and an electron mediator. The reagent layer includes a reagent that depresses reactivity of cholesterol in lipoproteins other than the low density lipoprotein with the oxidoreductase, for example, a reagent that attaches to lipoproteins other than the low density lipoprotein to form a water-soluble complex.

A method for detecting the presence or absence of, or for determining the concentration of, NADH or NADPH in a sample is provided, wherein the method comprises contacting a reductase and a redox active agent to said sample; and measuring the quantity of reduced redox active agent produced by the reductase, by electrochemical means. The method may be used to quantify the amount or activity of a redox enzyme or its substrate, wherein the redox enzyme uses NAD+, NADP+, NADPH or NADP as a cofactor.

The present invention concerns an electrode carrying immobilized redox enzymes such that electric charge can flow between an electron mediator group to the enzyme cofactor by the use of boronic acid or a boronic acid derivative that acts as a linker moiety between the cofactor and the electron mediator group. The invention also concerns devices and systems that make use of the electrode of the invention, such as bio-sensors and fuel cells, the electrode being one of the components thereof.

The present invention provides methods of producing an isoprenoid or an isoprenoid precursor in a genetically modified host cell. The methods generally involve modulating the level of hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA (HMG-CoA) in the cell, such that the level of HMG-CoA is not toxic to the cell and / or does not substantially inhibit cell growth, but is maintained at a level that provides for high-level production of mevalonate, IPP, and other downstream products of an isoprenoid or isoprenoid pathway, e.g., polyprenyl diphosphates and isoprenoid compounds. The present invention further provides genetically modified host cells that are suitable for use in a subject method. The present invention further provides recombinant nucleic acid constructs for use in generating a subject genetically modified host cell, including recombinant nucleic acid constructs comprising nucleotide sequences encoding one or more mevalonate pathway enzymes, and recombinant vectors (e.g., recombinant expression vectors) comprising same. The present invention further provides methods for identifying nucleic acids that encode HMG-CoA reductase (HMGR) variants that provide for relief of HMG-CoA accumulation-induced toxicity. The present invention further provides methods for identifying agents that reduce intracellular accumulation of HMG-CoA.

Methods for increasing and decreasing male fertility using selective 11β-HSD1-dehydrogenase, 11β-HSD1-reductase and 11β-HSD2 dehydrogenase modulating compounds are described.

This invention relates to compounds, compositions, and methods useful for modulating 5-alpha reductase (SRD5A-1, SRD5A-2) and androgen receptor (AR) gene expression using short interfering nucleic acid (siNA) molecules. This invention also relates to compounds, compositions, and methods useful for modulating the expression and activity of other genes involved in pathways of 5-alpha reductase and androgen receptor (AR) gene expression and / or activity by RNA interference (RNAi) using small nucleic acid molecules. In particular, the instant invention features small nucleic acid molecules, such as short interfering nucleic acid (siNA), short interfering RNA (siRNA), double-stranded RNA (dsRNA), micro-RNA (mRNA), and short hairpin RNA (shRNA) molecules and methods used to modulate the expression of 5-alpha reductase and androgen receptor (AR) genes.

Provided are novel benzothiepines, derivatives, and analogs thereof; pharmaceutical compositions containing them; and methods of using these compounds and compositions in medicine, particularly in the prophylaxis and treatment of hyperlipidemic conditions such as those associated with atherosclerosis or hypercholesterolemia, in mammals. Also provided are compositions and methods for combination therapy employing ileal bile acid transport inhibitors and EG Co-A reductase inhibitors for the treatment of hyperlipidemic conditions.

The invention provides the nucleotide sequence and amino acid sequence for the enzyme carboxylic acid reductase isolated from bacteria. Expression cassettes, vectors, transformed cells, and variants are also provided as methods for use of recombinant biocatalytic reagents in production of synthetic, aromatic, aliphatic and alicyclic aldehydes and alcohols.

The invention provides a non-naturally occurring microbial organism having a muconate pathway having at least one exogenous nucleic acid encoding a muconate pathway enzyme expressed in a sufficient amount to produce muconate. The muconate pathway including an enzyme selected from the group consisting of a beta-ketothiolase, a beta-ketoadipyl-CoA hydrolase, a beta-ketoadipyl-CoA transferase, a beta-ketoadipyl-CoA ligase, a 2-fumarylacetate reductase, a 2-fumarylacetate dehydrogenase, a trans-3-hydroxy-4-hexendioate dehydratase, a 2-fumarylacetate aminotransferase, a 2-fumarylacetate aminating oxidoreductase, a trans-3-amino-4-hexenoate deaminase, a beta-ketoadipate enol-lactone hydrolase, a muconolactone isomerase, a muconate cycloisomerase, a beta-ketoadipyl-CoA dehydrogenase, a 3-hydroxyadipyl-CoA dehydratase, a 2,3-dehydroadipyl-CoA transferase, a 2,3-dehydroadipyl-CoA hydrolase, a 2,3-dehydroadipyl-CoA ligase, a muconate reductase, a 2-maleylacetate reductase, a 2-maleylacetate dehydrogenase, a cis-3-hydroxy-4-hexendioate dehydratase, a 2-maleylacetate aminoatransferase, a 2-maleylacetate aminating oxidoreductase, a cis-3-amino-4-hexendioate deaminase, and a muconate cis / trans isomerase. Other muconate pathway enzymes also are provided. Additionally provided are methods of producing muconate.

In the case in which a fuel cell has a structure in which a cathode (2) and an anode (1) are opposed with the intermediary of an electrolyte layer (3) and the cathode (2) is formed of an electrode to which an oxygen reductase and so on is immobilized and this electrode has pores inside, at least part of the surface of this electrode is rendered water repellent. For example, the surface of the electrode is rendered water repellent by forming a water-repellent agent on the surface of this electrode. Thereby, in the case in which the cathode is formed of an electrode to which an enzyme is immobilized and this electrode has pores inside, a fuel cell that can stably achieve a high current value by optimization of the amount of water contained in the cathode and a manufacturing method thereof are provided.

Compounds that modulate the oxidoreductase enzyme indoleamine 2,3- dioxygenase, and compositions containing the compounds, are described herein. The use of such compounds and compositions for the treatment and / or prevention of a diverse array of diseases, disorders and conditions, including cancer- and immune-related disorders, that are mediated by indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase is also provided.

This invention provides an easy and efficient process for producing a simvastatin of great use as an HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor, which comprises deacylation of lovastatin with an inorganic base and a secondary or tertiary alcohol and subjecting the resulting diol lactone to selective protection with a ketal or acetal protective group, acylation and deprotection-lactonization to give simvastatin.

The present invention discusses a novel process for the synthesis of [R-(R*,R*)]-2-(4-fluorophenyl)-B,D-dihydroxy-5-(1-methylethyl)-3-phenyl-4-[(phenylamino)carbonyl]-1H-pyrrole-1-heptanoic acid hemi calcium, atorvastatin. The compound so prepared is useful as inhibitor of the HMG-CoA reductase and may thus be used as hypolipidemic and hypocholesterolemic agent.

Provided is a screening method for compounds affecting fatty acid biosynthesis, the method comprising: providing a reaction mixture comprising: an acyl carrier moiety or enzymes and precursors sufficient to generate the acyl carrier moiety; a bacterial enzymatic pathway comprising at least two consecutively acting enzymes selected from the group consisting of: malonyl-CoA:ACP transacylase, beta-ketoacyl-ACP synthase III, NADPH dependent beta-ketoacyl-ACP reductase, beta-hydroxylacyl-ACP dehydrase and enoyl-ACP reductase; and substrates and cofactors required for the operation of the enzymes; contacting the reaction mixture with a prospective bioactive agent; conducting a high throughput measurement of the activity of the enzymatic pathway; and determining if the contacting altered the activity of the enzymatic pathway.

The methods of the present invention allow for the measurement of ribonucleotide reductase (RR) activity, an important enzyme in the de novo DNA synthesis pathway. Ribonucleotide reductase converts all four ribonucleotides to their deoxy form and is a rate-controlling step in this pathway. Biosynthetic pathways of deoxyribonucleotides (dN) have received considerable attention in the context of anti-proliferative chemotherapy. Inhibitors of various steps in dN biosynthesis, including inhibitors of RR are among the most useful chemotherapeutic agents in cancer, viral infections, and other therapeutic uses. DNA synthesis from the dN salvage pathway is also an important component to DNA replication. The relative contributions from RR vs. salvage pathways are critical to the actions and effectiveness of chemotherapeutic agents that act on nucleoside metabolic pathways. Until now, however, it has not been possible to study these metabolic processes in vivo. Disclosed within are methods of measuring RR activity in vivo and in vitro which find use, among other things, in drug discovery, development, and approval.

The present invention relates to further genetic modifications in eukaryotic host cells that have been transformed to express a xylose isomerase that confers the host cell the ability of isomerising xylose to xylulose. The further genetic modifications are aimed at improving the efficiency of xylose metabolism and include e.g. reduction of unspecific aldose reductase activity, increased xylulose kinase activity and increased flux of the pentose phosphate pathway. The modified host cells of the invention are suitable for the production of a wide variety of fermentation products, including ethanol, in fermentation processes in which a source of xylose or a source of xylose and glucose are used as carbon source.

The invention relates generally to isolated leucoanthocyanidin reductase LAR polypeptides of the Reductase-Epimerase-Dehydrogenase (RED) protein family, and nucleic acid molecules encoding same and their use in regulating the biosynthesis and accumulation of proanthocyanidins in plants. The invention is further directed to isolated nucleic acid molecules of plants, which encode leucoanthocyanidin reductases of the RED protein family. The isolated polypeptides and nucleic acid molecules of the present invention are useful for modifying the pasture quality of legumes, and, in particular, for producing bloat-safe forage crops, or crops having enhanced nutritional value, enhanced disease resistance or pest resistance, or enhanced malting qualities.

The present invention relates to a method for obtaining a recombinant yeast of Saccharomyces cerevisiae, which ferments lignocellulose raw materials to ethanol, including introducing DNA into a yeast so as to cause the yeast to have introduced genes encoding xylose reductase, xylitol dehydrogenase and xylulokinase.

The present invention provides methods of enzymatically preparing aldehydes from fatty acids by utilizing a carboxylic acid reductase enzyme to reduce the fatty acids to their corresponding aldehydes. The present invention also provides aldehydes prepared by the methods of the invention.

A process for preparing enantiomerically enriched amines by reacting a ketone with ammonia or an ammonium salt and a reducing agent in the presence of a catalytic system comprising the components:a) an amino acid transaminase,b) an alpha-amino acid which is a substrate of the amino acid transaminase,c) an amino acid dehydrogenase suitable for preparing the alpha-amino acid,d) NAD(P)+ ande) an NAD(P)+-reducing enzyme, which reacts NAD(P)+ with the reducing agent to give NAD(P)H.The process can be carried out with catalytic amounts of alpha-amino acid and NAD(P)+, and enables an enantioselective reductive amination of ketones.

The present invention relates to a kit for the treatment of cancer comprising (a) a container for containing a first compound (i) or a precursor thereof, said first compound or precursor being a compound that oxidizes glutathione (GSH); (b) a container for containing a second compound (ii) or a precursor thereof, said second compound or precursor being a compound that forms an adduct or conjugate with GSH; (c) a container for containing a third compound (iii) or a precursor thereof, said third compound or precursor being a compound that inhibits the rate-limiting enzyme of GSH biosynthesis, gamma-glutamylcysteine synthetase (GCS); and (d) a container for containing a fourth compound (iv) or a precursor thereof, said fourth compound or precursor being a compound that inhibits the enzyme responsible for the conversion of GSSG to GSH, glutathione reductase (GR).