2756 results about "Pyrrole" patented technology

Provided herein are compounds of Formula (I), or a pharmaceutically acceptable form thereof, and pharmaceutical compositions comprising the same. Also provided herein methods of modulating the activity of cellular targets by administering to a subject a compound of Formula (I), or a pharmaceutically acceptable form thereof. Further provided herein are methods of treating cancer, fibrotic diseases, and inflammatory diseases by administering to a subject a compound of or a pharmaceutically acceptable form thereof.

The invention belongs to the technical field of fiber materials, and particularly relates to a modified aramid nanofiber as well as a preparation method and application thereof. The preparation method comprises the following steps: (1) preparing an aramid nanofiber dispersion liquid; (2) modifying the aramid nanofiber by using POSS; and (3) carrying out in-situ polymerization on polypyrrole on the surface of the aramid nanofiber. POSS (polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane) has a relatively large volume exclusion effect, the template effect of long-chain alkyl quaternary ammonium salt can be influenced by scattered adhesion of POSS on the surface of aramid nanofiber, uneven polymerization of pyrrole monomers is caused, and formation of a rough structure on the surface of the fiber is facilitated. According to the invention, the polypyrrole-coated aramid nanofiber with a coarse structure is used as a polyolefin modified material, so that the problem of low interfacial force existing in a common filler is solved, and the polyolefin resin composite material with high strength and antistatic property is obtained and can be widely applied to the fields of pipes, plates, grouting equipment parts, grouting bags and the like.

The invention relates to the technical field of drilling fluids, and discloses a lignite-based modified filtrate reducer for a drilling fluid and a preparation method of the lignite-based modified filtrate reducer. The lignite-based modified filtrate reducer for the drilling fluid is obtained by stirring and mixing the lignite grafted copolymer, the hydroxy propyl cellulose and the graphene oxide, drying and crushing. The steric effect generated by an oxazine ring, a pyridine ring, a triazine ring, a benzene ring and a pyrrole ring grafted into the lignite improves the temperature resistance and salt resistance of the filtrate reducer; the dispersing capacity of clay particles in a drilling fluid system is improved through sulfonic acid hydrated groups, and high-temperature coalescence of drilling fluid clay due to the high-temperature effect is avoided; a sulfonic acid anion group and a quaternary ammonium salt cation group are introduced into the filtrate reducer at the same time, so that the filtrate reducer can form a salt internal bond under the action of electrostatic force, and the salt resistance of the filtrate reducer is improved; the nano silicon dioxide increases the rigidity of the filtrate reducer, so that the filtrate reducer is not easy to curl under the conditions of high temperature and high salt.

The invention discloses a preparation method of a degradable transparent conductive polymer film, and belongs to the technical field of film preparation. Preparing dispersion liquid I through graphene oxide quantum dots; preparing a dispersion liquid II from polyaniline nanofibers; dissolving pyrrole and toluenesulfonic acid in N, N-dimethylformamide to prepare a reaction solution, adding the dispersion liquid I and the dispersion liquid II, stirring, and adding ferric chloride hexahydrate to obtain a reaction solution; adjusting the pH value of the reaction solution to 1.5, and heating to obtain a polypyrrole solution; preparing cellulose acetate, polyvinyl alcohol and N, N-dimethylformamide to obtain a cellulose acetate solution; mixing the polypyrrole solution and the cellulose acetate solution, adding glutaraldehyde to obtain a mixed solution, and pouring the mixed solution into a mold to prepare a composite wet film; and putting the composite wet film into a hot-pressing forming machine for hot-pressing to generate the polymer film. The conductive polymer film prepared by the invention can be applied to the fields of supercapacitor electrode materials, electromagnetic shielding materials, flexible sensors and the like, and provides a new high-performance material choice for the development of related fields.

The invention relates to the technical field of organic synthesis, and discloses a preparation method of bromo-pyrrole nitrile. The method comprises the following steps: (1) mixing p-chlorophenylglycine, acetonitrile, trifluoroacetic acid and a catalyst, then dropwise adding acyl chloride and carrying out acylation reaction, and after the reaction is completed, purging with an inert gas; (2) under the inert gas, mixing the mixture obtained in the step (1) with inorganic salt, then dropwise adding 2-chloroacrylonitrile, carrying out cyclization reaction, and separating a liquid phase from the obtained mixture; and (3) under the inert gas, mixing the liquid phase obtained in the step (2), hydrobromic acid and hydrogen peroxide, carrying out a bromination reaction, then extracting with acetonitrile to obtain an acetonitrile layer, then removing the acetonitrile, and then carrying out cooling crystallization to obtain the bromo-pyrrolenitrile. According to the technical scheme, the reaction yield is high, different solvents do not need to be frequently replaced, and the solvents can be recycled.

The invention relates to the technical field of low-carbon olefin hydration, and discloses a modified hydrated filler as well as a preparation method and application thereof. The modified hydrated filler comprises a filler matrix, and a silane layer, a modified layer A and a modified layer B which are sequentially coated on the outer surface of the filler matrix from inside to outside, the modified layer A contains a pyrrolyl group, an amido group and a furyl group; the modified layer B contains phenoxy, pyrrolyl, furyl, sulfonic acid group, phosphate group and acylamino. The modified hydrated filler provided by the invention can obviously improve the mixing effect of water and alkene and promote the improvement of the yield of low-carbon alcohol.

The invention belongs to the technical field of fuel cell electrode material preparation, and particularly relates to a carbon electrode material for a polypyrrole modified bio-based fuel cell and a preparation method of the carbon electrode material. Comprising the following steps: modifying rice hull low-temperature carbonized powder by sequentially adopting POSS (Polyhedral Oligomeric Silsesquioxane) containing unipolar functional groups and POSS containing polypolar functional groups to obtain modified low-temperature carbonized powder; and carrying out in-situ polymerization on a pyrrole monomer on the surface of the modified low-temperature carbonized powder, and carrying out high-temperature carbonization and hydrofluoric acid corrosion to obtain the polypyrrole modified bio-based fuel cell carbon electrode material. The polypolar functional group POSS not only is beneficial to the in-situ polymerization reaction of pyrrole, but also can form a continuous macromolecular chain, and a net structure is formed on the surface of the whole material. The effect of the unipolar functional group POSS is to improve the stability of the low-temperature carbonized powder in the high-temperature carbonization process, and more importantly, the unipolar functional group POSS is to provide a channel for subsequent hydrofluoric acid corrosion, etch away non-conductive substances and improve the conductivity and specific surface area of the carbon electrode material.

The invention relates to the technical field of lithium batteries, in particular to a composite binder aqueous solution, a silicon-based negative pole piece and a preparation method and application of the silicon-based negative pole piece. The preparation method of the composite binder aqueous solution comprises the following steps: dissolving a water-based polymer binder and a micromolecular physical crosslinking agent in water, adding pyrrole, stirring, adding an initiator, and mixing to obtain the composite binder aqueous solution. A small molecule physical cross-linking agent is introduced into the water-based polymer binder, and a large number of hydrogen bond binding sites are increased, so that the mechanical property of the binder is remarkably enhanced, and the machinability of the pole piece is further improved. Meanwhile, polypyrrole can be generated in the binder through in-situ polymerization, and the polypyrrole can be tightly coated on the surfaces of the silicon particles through strong interaction between the binder and the silicon particles to form a stable conductive network, so that the charge transfer capability of the electrode is remarkably improved. In addition, the composite binder is also beneficial to formation of a solid electrolyte layer rich in Li-N and participates in formation of a solid electrolyte interface layer, so that the lithium ion transmission capability of the composite binder is further improved.

The invention discloses a preparation method of antistatic modified chinlon filaments, and relates to the field of chinlon filaments. When the antistatic modified chinlon filament is prepared, (formylmethyl) diethyl phosphate and 1-aminopyrrole react to prepare pyrrole diethyl phosphate; reacting the hydroxylated multi-walled carbon nanotube with pyrrole diethyl phosphate to obtain a modified multi-walled carbon nanotube; the preparation method comprises the following steps: reacting 2, 2 '-bipyridine-5, 5'-dicarboxylic acid with 2-amino-5-nitrophenol, and then reducing to obtain a benzoxazole diamine monomer; then, adipic acid, 1, 5-diaminopentane and a benzoxazole diamine monomer are subjected to a reaction, and modified polyamide is prepared; uniformly mixing the modified polyamide, the modified multi-walled carbon nanotubes, pyrrole, ferric trichloride and copper chloride, and performing melt spinning to obtain the antistatic modified polyamide filament. The antistatic modified chinlon filament prepared by the invention has excellent antistatic, flame-retardant, anti-aging and mechanical properties.

The invention discloses a preparation method and application of a conductive polypyrrole compound. The preparation method comprises the following steps: (1) preparing an emulsion system; (2) adding an oxidizing agent; (3) diluting and dropwise adding monomer pyrrole, and reacting for 6-24 hours; and (4) washing the product, and applying the product to preparation of the foamed conductive polyurethane foam. Comprising the following steps: 1, filtering a conductive polypyrrole compound; 2, carrying out synthesis post-treatment on the conductive polypyrrole compound; 3, effectively mixing the polypyrrole compound with a commercial polyurethane foaming component (firstly premixing with an isocyanate-containing component or a polyol-containing component, and then effectively mixing with another polyol-containing component or an isocyanate-containing component); and 4, carrying out one-time forming foaming to obtain the conductive product. The preparation method has the advantages that better dispersion can be realized by synthesizing the conductive polypyrrole compound which is microcosmically in a nano-scale dendritic shape, and the use amount of a conductive material is reduced; the foamed conductive polyurethane foam is simple and convenient to construct, can be foamed instantly, has high foaming rate, retains the original mechanical properties by more than 50%, and has good conductivity.

The application relates to a compound of formula (I) containing a thiazole ring, an indazol ring and a 6,7-dihydro-5H-pyrrolo[1,2-c]imidazole ring system, to pharmaceutical compositions containing it and its medical use. The compounds are described as selective allosteric inhibitors of T790M / L858R, T790M / L858R / C797S, L858R, L858R / C797S containing EGFR mutants and thus useful for the treatment of cancer, in particular non-small cell lung cancer.

The invention relates to the technical field of organic chemistry and environmental science, in particular to a fluorine-philic and hydrophobic functional monomer, a synthesis method and application thereof, a fluorine-containing compound detection electrode based on the functional monomer and a preparation method of the fluorine-containing compound detection electrode. The chemical structure of the fluorine-philic and hydrophobic functional monomer comprises pyrrole-3-carboxylic acid and fluorine telomer alcohol bonded with the pyrrole-3-carboxylic acid. A long fluorocarbon chain is introduced into a basic functional monomer, so that the fluorine affinity and hydrophobicity of the monomer to a fluorine-containing compound are remarkably improved. Therefore, a derivative pyrrole-3-carboxylic acid of pyrrole is used as a basic functional monomer, and the fluorine telomeric alcohol is bonded on the pyrrole-3-carboxylic acid, so that a novel functional monomer with fluorine-philic and hydrophobic functions is synthesized. The functional monomer realizes specific capture of fluorine-containing organic matter molecules by simultaneously utilizing amido with affinity to perfluorinated compounds in a pyrrole ring and unique fluorine-fluorine interaction force. A perfluorinated compound detection method established based on the functional monomer can avoid interference caused by a sample matrix.

The invention belongs to the technical field of aerogel, and particularly relates to high-conductivity aerogel powder as well as a preparation method and application thereof. The preparation method comprises the following steps: firstly preparing a graphene / polypyrrole nanosheet composite material with a three-dimensional structure, and then preparing the polyimide / graphene / polypyrrole ternary hybrid conductive aerogel by taking a polyamide acid solution as a precursor through a solution dipping and freeze drying process. Polyimide is used as a framework of high-conductivity aerogel powder, excellent mechanical strength and structural integrity are provided, the common brittleness problem of a pure graphene carbon material or polypyrrole conductive polymer aerogel is solved, and the three-dimensional graphene / polypyrrole nanosheet composite material has excellent elasticity and toughness and can be used for preparing a composite material with high conductivity. The polyimide aerogel prepared by the method can be dispersed in a polyimide matrix as a nano reinforcement, can effectively transfer stress and prevent crack propagation, and endows the aerogel with higher mechanical properties.

The present invention relates to novel compounds, to said compounds for use as a medicine, more in particular for the prevention or treatment of diseases mediated by activity of cGAS, yet more in particular for the prevention or treatment of inflammation conditions or cancer. The present invention also relates to a method for the prevention or treatment of said diseases comprising the use of the novel compounds. The present invention furthermore relates to pharmaceutical compositions or combination preparations of the novel compounds as well as to said compositions or preparations for use as a medicine, more preferably for the prevention or treatment of diseases mediated by activity of cGAS, yet more in particular for the prevention or treatment of inflammation conditions or cancer. The present invention also relates to processes for the preparation of said compounds.

The invention belongs to the technical field of biological catalysis, and particularly relates to four R-transaminase and application thereof in asymmetric synthesis of chiral N-heterocyclic amine active drug intermediates. The amino acid sequences of the R-transaminase disclosed by the invention are shown as SEQ ID NO. 1, SEQ ID NO. 3, SEQ ID NO. 5 and SEQ ID NO. 7. Four kinds of R-transaminase are obtained through gene mining and screening, and recombinant escherichia coli is constructed and expressed by adopting a gene engineering technology. The obtained R-transaminase can be used for synthesizing chiral drug intermediates (R)-3-amino-N-Boc-pyrrole (1b) and (R)-3-amino-N-Boc-piperidine (2b) with high stereoselectivity, and has a good application prospect.

Disclosed herein are substituted hexahydro-1H-cyclopenta[c]pyrrole compounds, which may be useful as antagonists of the muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M4 (mAChR M4). Also disclosed herein are methods of making the compounds, pharmaceutical compositions comprising the compounds, and methods of treating disorders using the compounds and compositions.

The invention belongs to the field of fuel cell catalyst preparation, and particularly relates to a defect-rich nitrogen-doped carbon-loaded platinum-cobalt intermetallic compound as well as a preparation method and application thereof. The invention provides a simple fused salt synthesis method capable of realizing large-scale preparation, and the fused salt synthesis method is used for preparing a novel high-activity PtCo intermetallic compound catalyst. The preparation method comprises the following steps: carrying out high-temperature calcination on two-dimensional leaf-shaped ZIF serving as a precursor under the action of KCl and NH4Cl mixed molten salt to obtain a nitrogen-doped carbon material, carrying out NH3 heat treatment on the nitrogen-doped carbon material to remove pyrrole nitrogen and pyridine nitrogen in the nitrogen-doped carbon material so as to form topological defect active sites, and preparing the nitrogen-doped carbon material. And finally, forming the defect-rich nitrogen-doped carbon-loaded PtCo intermetallic compound catalyst through a gas phase reduction method. A platinum-cobalt intermetallic compound can be anchored by topological defects, agglomeration of particles in the high-temperature synthesis process can be inhibited, the activity is improved, agglomeration and dissolution of the particles in the electrochemical reaction process are inhibited, and the durability is improved.

The invention provides a preparation method and application of polypyrrole graphene oxide hydrogel with an anisotropic structure. The preparation method comprises the following steps: adding sodium hydroxide and urea into water according to a certain proportion, adding microcrystalline cellulose into an alkali urea solution, uniformly stirring, and repeatedly freezing and thawing to obtain a cellulose solution; adding graphene oxide into water for cell disruption and dispersion to obtain a uniform graphene oxide solution; adding the graphene oxide solution into the cellulose solution, then adding an epichlorohydrin cross-linking agent, and carrying out stirring treatment, centrifugation and low-temperature standing to form gel; and pre-stretching the hydrogel to a certain length, immersing the hydrogel into a dilute sulphuric acid solution, taking out the hydrogel, adding pyrrole, carrying out polymerization growth in a closed environment, taking out the hydrogel, soaking the hydrogel in water, and washing the hydrogel to obtain the anisotropic polypyrrole graphene oxide hydrogel. The anisotropic polypyrrole graphene oxide cellulose hydrogel disclosed by the invention has excellent solar photo-thermal water evaporation performance and also has excellent thermal management performance.

The invention discloses a preparation method of 4-bromo-2-(4-chlorphenyl)-5-trifluoromethyl-1H-pyrrole-3-formonitrile, and belongs to the technical field of organic synthesis.The preparation method comprises the steps of acylation reaction, cyclization reaction, bromination reaction and recovery. The preparation method disclosed by the invention is high in safety, the prepared 4-bromo-2-(4-chlorphenyl)-5-trifluoromethyl-1H-pyrrole-3-formonitrile is high in purity and yield, the equipment investment is small, the bromination reaction speed is high, the acid-binding agent can be recycled, the drying time during recycling is short, and the water content in the recycled acid-binding agent is low.

The invention provides a preparation method of tiall peptide, and belongs to the technical field of polypeptide synthesis, according to the preparation method, a small amount of lysis solution is adopted for lysis, a small amount of poor solution composed of methyl tert-butyl ether and n-heptane with the volume ratio of 1-2: 1 is used for crude peptide precipitation, precipitated particles are uniform, large and not prone to caking, the crude peptide impurity level is lower, and the purity of the crude peptide is higher. The method has the advantages that the method is simple in process and easy in subsequent purification step, the amount of generated waste liquid is small, the activating agent 7-(1H-pyrrolo [2, 3-b] pyridine-1-yl)-1H-benzo [d] [1, 2, 3] triazole-1-alcohol is used for activating amino acid, the coupling reaction degree is high, and the target peptide yield is high. The preparation method of the tilpotide has the advantages of being simple, economical, capable of achieving mass production, low in impurity content, high in purification yield, high in yield and the like.

An advantageous isolated morphic form of trilaciclib which is 2′-((5-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)pyridin-2-yl)amino)-7′,8′-dihydro-6′H-spiro[cyclohexane-1,9′-pyrazino[1′,2′:1,5]pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidin]-6′-one, for example in the form of a dihydrochloride salt or a dihydrochloride, dihydrate.

The invention belongs to the technical field of battery materials, and discloses a nitrogen-doped asphalt-based hard carbon material as well as a preparation method and application thereof. The preparation method comprises the following steps: carrying out oxidation treatment on asphalt to obtain oxidized asphalt; carrying out nitrogen doping treatment on the oxidized asphalt to obtain an asphalt hard carbon precursor; carrying out pre-carbonization and carbonization treatment on the asphalt hard carbon precursor to prepare an asphalt-based hard carbon material; a nitrogen-containing compound is used in the nitrogen doping treatment process, and the nitrogen-containing compound comprises pyridyl and / or pyrrolyl, and hydroxyl and / or aldehyde group. According to the preparation method disclosed by the invention, the asphalt is subjected to oxidation treatment, so that the asphalt contains rich oxygen-containing groups (such as hydroxyl and aldehyde group), and pyridine nitrogen (or pyrrole nitrogen) is introduced into the oxidized asphalt through aldol reaction in the nitrogen doping treatment process, so that the capacity and rate capability of the asphalt-based hard carbon material are improved.

An advantageous isolated morphic form of trilaciclib which is 2′-((5-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)pyridin-2-yl)amino)-7′,8′-dihydro-6′H-spiro[cyclohexane-1,9′-pyrazino[1′,2′:1,5]pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidin]-6′-one, for example in the form of a dihydrochloride salt or a dihydrochloride, dihydrate.

The present application provides an electrolytic solution for magnesium batteries, a method for preparing the same, and a magnesium battery, comprising a non-aqueous solvent and an electrolyte salt, wherein the non-aqueous solvent is selected from one or more of imidazole ionic liquids, pyrrole ionic liquids, piperidine ionic liquids, ether compounds, ester compounds, pyridine compounds, nitrile compounds, sulfone compounds, or ketone compounds; the electrolyte salt has a chemical formula [MgmLinXo(HMDS)2m+m−oRp]·Mq. The electrolytic solution for magnesium batteries provided by the present application is endowed with good stability, strong water resistance and impurity resistance, and excellent electrochemical performance under the mutual synergistic effect among the components, and excellent electrochemical performance under the mutual synergistic effect among the components, and at the same time, the electrolytic solution can promote reversible deposition-dissolution of magnesium, reduce the over-potential, inhibit formation of a passivation layer of magnesium salts on the surface of the anode, and increase the charging-discharging specific capacity and cycling stability of the magnesium battery.

The invention is suitable for the technical field of photocatalyst preparation, and provides a modified tubular g-C3N4 loaded Ni-CoP photocatalyst and a preparation method thereof. The preparation method comprises the following steps: calcining a carbon nitride precursor in stages to obtain tubular carbon nitride, stirring the tubular carbon nitride with a cobalt and nickel-containing compound and an alkaline compound, washing and drying to obtain a precipitate, calcining, mixing and grinding with a phosphorus-containing compound, calcining again, and modifying the product with polydopamine and polypyrrole to obtain the composite material. The photocatalyst modified by the polydopamine and the polypyrrole and loaded with the Ni-CoP by taking the tubular g-C3N4 as the carrier is obtained. According to the invention, three-in-one synergistic integration of'carrier-modifier-cocatalyst 'is realized, the prepared photocatalyst still keeps tubular morphology and has a larger specific surface area, the requirements of anode oxygen evolution reaction (OER) on rapid charge separation and transmission can be met, meanwhile, the light absorption range is widened, the solar energy utilization rate is increased, and a foundation is laid for efficient OER reaction.

The invention discloses mining halogen-free flame-retardant polyester polyol as well as a preparation method and application thereof. The mining halogen-free flame-retardant polyester polyol contains a five-membered furan and / or pyrrole heteroaromatic ring structure and a DOPO (9, 10-dihydro-9-oxa-10-phosphaphenanthrene-10-oxide) structure. In the mining halogen-free flame-retardant polyester polyol, the mining halogen-free flame-retardant polyester polyol is a linear flame-retardant polyester polyol macromolecule of which the DOPO content is controllable and the main chain contains a five-membered furan or pyrrole heteroaromatic structure, and the rigid five-membered heteroaromatic structure and the DOPO structure of the main chain endow the material with excellent thermal stability, molten drop resistance and intrinsic flame-retardant characteristic; the method is suitable for spraying air leakage stoppage and grouting reinforcement of roadways.

The invention discloses high-adhesion port machine lubricating grease and a preparation method thereof, and relates to the technical field of lubricating material preparation and application, the high-adhesion port machine lubricating grease is prepared from the following components by weight: 60-80 parts of base oil, 3-5 parts of a functional copolymer, 0.1-0.6 part of Meso-tetramethyl-meso-tetra (p-aminophenyl) calix [4] pyrrole, 0.1-0.6 part of 1, 2, 4-trimethyl-1, 3, 5-trimethyl-1, 3, 5-trimethyl-1, 3, 5-trimethyl-1, 3, 5-trimethyl-1, 3, 5-trimethyl-1 The lubricating oil comprises the following components in parts by weight: 0.3-0.5 part of 1, 3-diaminothiourea, 3-5 parts of molybdenum sulfide nanosheets, 0.5-1 part of an antirust agent, 0.1-1 part of a dispersing agent, 2-4 parts of an antioxidant and 0.3-0.6 part of modified rosin. The functional copolymer comprises a structural unit introduced by the following monomers: bis (trimethylsilylated) vinyl phosphate, 4-methyl-5-vinylthiazole, N-(4-cyano-3-trifluoromethylphenyl) methacrylamide and vinyl boronic acid pinacol ester. The lubricating grease is high in adhesive force and excellent in extreme pressure wear resistance, salt mist resistance and damp heat resistance.

An advantageous isolated morphic form of trilaciclib which is 2′-((5-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)pyridin-2-yl)amino)-7′,8′-dihydro-6′H-spiro[cyclohexane-1,9′-pyrazino[1′,2′:1,5]pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidin]-6′-one, for example in the form of a dihydrochloride salt or a dihydrochloride, dihydrate.

The invention relates to the field of olefin hydration, and discloses a low-carbon olefin hydrated fiber membrane as well as a preparation method and application thereof. The low-carbon olefin hydrated fiber membrane comprises a hollow fiber membrane substrate, and a first silane layer, a first functional layer and a first alkene-philic layer which are sequentially coated on the inner surface of the hollow fiber membrane substrate from inside to outside, the outer surface of the hollow fiber membrane substrate is sequentially coated with the second silane layer and the second functional layer from inside to outside; the first functional layer contains an amide group, a phenoxy group, a sulfonic group, a phosphate group, a pyrrolyl group and a furyl group; the first enophilic layer contains phenoxy groups; and the second functional layer contains an amide group, a pyrrolyl group and a furyl group. According to the low-carbon olefin hydrated fiber membrane, the contact effect of water and olefin can be improved, movement of hydration equilibrium is promoted, and the superposition loss of olefin is reduced.