134 results about "Gluconic acid" patented technology

A bipolar membrane in which a cation-exchange membrane and an anion-exchange membrane are joined to each other, wherein a leakage ratio of gluconic acid at 60° C. is not more than 1.0%, and the cation-exchange membrane is supported by a polyolefin reinforcing member and, further, contains a polyvinyl chloride.

The invention relates to the technical field of polyphenol extraction, and provides a green pear polyphenol extraction method which comprises the following steps: performing steam explosion treatment on pear residue dry powder, and then infiltrating and activating by using an aqueous solution containing L-malic acid; adding betaine and D-gluconic acid into the first part of ultrapure water to prepare a deep eutectic solvent; mixing the eutectic solvent with a second part of ultrapure water to prepare a composite extracting agent; putting the infiltrated and activated raw materials and a composite extracting agent into an extraction device to obtain an extracting solution; carrying out solid-liquid separation on the extracting solution to obtain a clear solution; and adsorbing the clarified liquid through macroporous adsorption resin, then eluting with an ethanol water solution, collecting polyphenol-rich eluent, and carrying out spray drying to obtain the pear polyphenol extract. According to the technical scheme, the quality of an extracted product is improved, and polyphenol oxidation and thermal degradation are reduced; meanwhile, the product storage stability is improved, the phenomena of wall sticking and caking of powder are reduced, and the product yield and physical properties are guaranteed.

The invention provides a capillary crystalline type waterproof agent and a preparation method thereof and a concrete material, the capillary crystalline type waterproof agent comprises a complexing agent, an active silicon component, modified silicon dioxide and a solvent, the complexing agent comprises polyvinyl alcohol grafted gluconic acid, the modified silicon dioxide comprises silane coupling agent grafted silicon dioxide, and the solvent is a solvent. The silane coupling agent contains an epoxy group. According to the invention, deep penetration, uniform distribution and long-term stable impermeability of the waterproof agent can be considered and optimized.

The invention discloses an astragaloside synergistic type composition as well as a preparation method and application of the astragaloside synergistic type composition. Comprising the following components: 8 to 16 parts of astragaloside, 20 to 40 parts of a honeysuckle flower extract, 10 to 20 parts of L-carnitine, 0.1 to 0.5 part of selenium yeast, 3 to 8 parts of diammonium glycyrrhizinate, 5 to 15 parts of taurine, 8 to 20 parts of a fructus forsythiae extract, 2 to 7 parts of vitamin E, 12 to 32 parts of hydroxypropyl-beta-cyclodextrin, 2 to 10.5 parts of maltodextrin, 1 to 7 parts of Arabic gum, 10 to 20 parts of lactose, 1 to 3 parts of zinc gluconate and 2 to 5 parts of magnesium stearate. 1-3 parts of vitamin C, 1-5 parts of xanthan gum and 1-3 parts of lecithin. The composition has a wide application prospect in preparation of veterinary drugs or veterinary food additives.

The present application relates to the field of external ointment preparation, and provides a zinc gluconate ointment and a preparation method thereof.The ointment comprises, by mass fraction: 0.3-2.0 parts of zinc gluconate, 0.05-1.5 parts of L-histidine, 0.05-1.0 parts of polysaccharide, and the balance of purified water, wherein the polysaccharide is chitosan oligosaccharide or hyaluronic acid oligomer.The zinc gluconate, L-histidine and polysaccharide are dispersed to form hydrogel microdroplets under the condition of pH 5.0-6.0, and are further dispersed in the continuous phase of the oil phase.By establishing a complex system in a weak acid environment and using a double constraint structure of microdroplet dispersion and oil phase, the free Zn 2+ The initial release rate is reduced, skin irritation caused by the initial release of traditional preparations is avoided, and a high 24-hour cumulative release amount is maintained.The ointment exhibits excellent physical stability and particle size uniformity during storage, avoids oil-water layering and crystallization, and has both sustained release and good use feeling.

The invention relates to a liquid detergent containing, based on the total weight thereof, a) 22 to 50 wt.% anionic surfactant; b) 0.1 to 8 wt.% gluconic acid salt; c) 0 to 2 wt.% antioxidant; d) 5 to 25 wt.% organic solvent; e) 0.1 to 15 wt.% water; f) less than 0.1 wt.% organic phosphonate, and g) 0.01 to 5 wt.% perfume composition.

The invention relates to the technical field of cleaning tablets, and provides a multi-effect cleaning tablet for a kitchen waste processor and a preparation method of the multi-effect cleaning tablet. The multi-effect cleaning tablet comprises a foaming cleaning layer, an oxidation sterilization layer and a deep decomposition layer, the foaming cleaning layer is arranged on one side of the oxidation sterilization layer, the deep decomposition layer is arranged on the opposite side of the oxidation sterilization layer, and the foaming cleaning layer comprises sodium bicarbonate, gluconic acid-delta-lactone, alkyl glycoside, limonene and a chelating agent; the oxidation sterilization layer comprises sodium percarbonate, potassium hydrogen peroxysulfate, potassium carbonate, sodium citrate and a stabilizer; the deep decomposition layer comprises biological enzyme. Gluconic acid-delta-lactone is adopted in the foaming cleaning layer of the multi-effect cleaning tablet to generate gluconic acid, so that the system is prevented from instantly and violently turning over, a middle-layer peroxidation system is favorably released at a proper time, invalid decomposition is reduced, strong acid or violent pH fluctuation is prevented from permeating into an inner layer, the enzyme inactivation risk is reduced, the foaming process is mild, and the foaming effect is good. And the integral integrity of the tablet can be maintained.

The application belongs to the technical field of food processing, and particularly relates to a preparation method of a portable freeze-dried Chinese wolfberry polysaccharide solid beverage, which comprises the following steps: taking Qaidam Chinese wolfberry pomace as raw material, after pretreatment, using cellulase-assisted ultrasonic extraction and vacuum low-temperature concentration to obtain a Chinese wolfberry polysaccharide solution; then mixing the Chinese wolfberry polysaccharide solution with a probiotic auxiliary material mixture uniformly in a sterile manner, pre-freezing, freeze-drying and then dispensing to obtain a finished product. The application adopts an 'enzymatic cold extraction and vacuum low-temperature concentration' process, greatly improves the extraction rate and activity of Chinese wolfberry polysaccharide, shortens the freeze-drying time, and the prepared solid powder is portable and easy to store, convenient to brew, suitable for multiple scenes, through the compounding of probiotics and zinc gluconate and the sugar-free formula, it is suitable for sugar control groups. The application makes full use of the resource advantages of Qaidam Chinese wolfberry, solves the problems of existing product homogenization, poor portability, raw material waste and the like, and the product has both functionality and convenience.

This invention develops a pH-responsive controlled-release electrochemiluminescence sensor based on glucose oxidation and its application in the detection of CYFRA 21-1, belonging to the field of electrochemiluminescence sensor construction technology. The sensor constructed in this invention uses BSA / luminol-Ab2 / SiO2-PEI@Au NPs as the secondary antibody label and CeO2-Au as the substrate material. It utilizes the oxidation of glucose to gluconic acid under voltage, thereby lowering the pH. The sensor constructed in this invention has a wide detection range, high sensitivity, and low detection limit, providing a feasible solution for the detection of CYFRA 21-1.

The invention relates to a large-particle dog and cat oral health-care functional food wrapped with instant freeze-dried particles and a preparation method thereof, and belongs to the technical field of pet food. According to the scheme, an external spraying system comprises grain base material particles, 0.1 to 0.15 part of lecithin, 0.002 to 0.003 part of monostearin, 0.001 to 0.003 part of vitamin E and 0.8 to 1.2 parts of chicken oil, and an instant freeze-dried particle layer comprises 0.1 to 0.2 part of fucoidan, 0.02 to 0.05 part of lysozyme, 0.04 to 0.08 part of tea polyphenol, 0.02 to 0.04 part of zinc gluconate, 0.05 to 0.1 part of Arabic gum, 0.03 to 0.1 part of glutamine, 0.01 to 0.02 part of vitamin B2, 0.01 to 0.04 part of vitamin B12 and 0.02 to 0.07 part of glycine. The toothpaste can effectively inhibit the formation of dental plaque and dental calculus and remove halitosis.

The application discloses a preparation method and application of a sodium alginate-cyperus esculeus protein / isolated whey protein double-network gel, and comprises the following steps: step 1, mixing cyperus esculeus protein, isolated whey protein and sodium alginate to prepare a compound; and step 2, adding gluconic acid-delta-lactone and calcium carbonate into the compound to promote gel formation, so as to obtain a sodium alginate-cyperus esculeus protein / isolated whey protein compound gel induced by calcium acetate coordination. Compared with a pure protein gel, the sodium alginate-cyperus esculeus protein / isolated whey protein compound gel has excellent performances in texture characteristics, rheological characteristics and the like, and the water retention of the compound gel is also better than that of the pure protein gel. Moreover, the double network has a good encapsulation rate for curcumin and has a good slow-release effect.

The application discloses a kind of high adhesion hydrogel for electroencephalogram test and its preparation method and application, belong to biomedical engineering technical field.The hydrogel includes the following components crosslinked product: anionic monomer, cationic monomer, monomer and mutual penetration agent;The anionic monomer is any one of malic acid, gluconic acid, citric acid and lactic acid, cationic monomer is betaine or acetyl L-carnitine, monomer is N, N-dimethyl acrylamide, acrylic acid, sodium acrylate, 4-acryloyl morpholine or sodium acrylamidomethyl propane sulfonate, mutual penetration agent is sodium chloride aqueous solution or sodium chloride water-retaining agent solution.Preparation, cationic monomer is mixed and dissolved, vacuum drying, adding photo initiator mixing, then mutual penetration agent is added, and it is obtained by ultraviolet light crosslinking.The hydrogel of the application has high adhesion (adhesion strength reaches 203.22 kPa), high ion mobility and excellent biocompatibility, and the signal gain in EEG and ECG test reaches 2-3 times of traditional conductive paste, which can be widely used in medical conductive paste field.

The invention relates to the technical field of biochemical engineering, in particular to calcium gluconate with a spherocrystal structure as well as a preparation method and application of the calcium gluconate. The calcium gluconate product with the spherocrystal structure can be prepared by adding 1.1 wt%-5 wt% of calcium carbonate ethanol water suspension into 5 wt%-20 wt% of gluconic acid ethanol water solution. Due to the unique spherocrystal structure, the calcium gluconate product has the remarkable advantages that the crystal form is regular, and the core performance of high dissolution rate, high bioavailability and good stability is achieved. The successful construction of the advantageous spherocrystal structure is characterized in that the reaction temperature, the reaction raw material input proportion, the concentration, the solvent system (ethanol-water) and the rotating speed are cooperatively regulated and controlled, and the regulation and control mechanism provides reliable technical support for stable formation of the spherocrystal structure. In addition, the preparation process disclosed by the invention is simple to operate, and has the advantages of environmental protection and no generation of pollutants.

The invention relates to a composition containing selenium gluconate and application of the composition in preparation of anti-cancer drugs. The composition comprises a shiitake mushroom extract, a chicory extract and selenium gluconate. Wherein the selenium gluconate is selenium salt of gluconic acid, has an anti-cancer effect, but is easy to generate side effects when being independently used; according to the invention, the mushroom extract, the chicory extract and the selenium gluconate are combined for use, so that the killing power of the composition on cancer cells can be synergistically improved, the immunity can be remarkably improved, the related side effects can be effectively reduced, and the damage to normal cells can be reduced.

A method for preparing stable liquid emulsion forms of plant extract is provided. A plant extract having a bitter flavor is mixed with diluent oil as an oil mixture and heat is applied to the oil mixture. An emulsifying agent is dispersed in water as an emulsifying solution. The oil mixture is mixed with the emulsifying solution. The mixed oil mixture and emulsifying solution is homogenized as a liquid form of the plant extract. Gluconic acid is added to the liquid form of the plant extract. The bitter flavor of the plant extract is disguised by adding a bitter blocker to the liquid form of the plant extract.

The invention relates to the technical field of medicine and health-care food processing, and discloses a preparation process of ganoderma lucidum spore powder with synergistic refined activity release and targeted absorption, the composition is prepared from wall-broken ganoderma lucidum spore powder, starch sodium octenylsuccinate, superfine calcium carbonate, gluconic acid-delta-lactone, sodium alginate and sodium citrate, and has a core-shell structure, the shell layer is interpenetrating network gel formed by calcium ion in-situ crosslinking. The preparation process comprises the steps of solid-phase mechanochemical interface modification, component space pre-arrangement, low-temperature low-surface tension bonding liquid preparation, high-shear latency wetting and fluidized bed thermal triggering and gradient curing. According to the invention, a compact acid-resistant protective layer is constructed through solid-phase interface anchoring and thermal triggering crosslinking technologies, and the problems that wall-broken spore powder is easy to oxidize and rancidify and active components are inactivated in gastric acid are solved. The obtained product has low surface oil content and high embedding rate, stomach protection and intestinal targeted release of active components are realized, and bioavailability is remarkably improved.

This invention discloses a blueberry anthocyanin nutritional solid composition for relieving eye discomfort. The composition comprises blueberry anthocyanin solid powder, algal oil powder, zinc gluconate, and selenium-enriched yeast, and may optionally contain lipid nutrients containing gamma-linolenic acid, as well as food additives and excipients. Oral administration of this composition provides the body with various nutritional supports related to ocular surface function and ocular moisture, helping to maintain tear secretion levels, improve tear film stability, and support the normal physiological state of the corneal epithelium, thereby relieving eye dryness and discomfort caused by environmental stimuli or increased eye strain. Animal experiments showed that after 14 days of continuous administration of the composition, experimental mice exhibited a significantly increased tear secretion volume compared to the control group without the composition, with an increase of approximately 165%. Corneal fluorescein staining scores were also significantly reduced, indicating improved ocular surface condition and significantly enhanced eye comfort.

This invention relates to a self-triggered demulsification Pickering emulsion cascade catalytic system, its preparation method, and its application. The preparation method includes: preparing Fe3O4 magnetic nanoparticles by co-precipitation; coating their surface with a SiO2 shell using a modified Stöber method to obtain Fe3O4@SiO2 core-shell nanoparticles; simultaneously grafting a triamine silane coupling agent and octyltrimethoxysilane onto the Fe3O4@SiO2 surface using a one-pot method to obtain magnetic amphiphilic nanoparticles; dividing the magnetic amphiphilic nanoparticles into two batches, and immobilizing glucose oxidase and Candida antarcticis lipase B respectively via EDC / NHS-mediated amide coupling reaction to obtain nanoparticle catalysts; using the nanoparticle catalysts as solid emulsifiers in Pickering emulsions to construct an oil-water two-phase cascade catalytic system, realizing a cascade catalytic reaction of glucose oxidation – peracidification – olefin epoxidation; utilizing the accumulation of gluconic acid during the reaction to lower the pH, triggering emulsion demulsification, achieving product separation and magnetic recovery of the nanoparticle catalysts.

The invention relates to the field of hair growth nutrients, and discloses a nutrient composition for promoting hair growth and a preparation method thereof, the composition comprises a basic hair growth nutrient group and an absorption-promoting synergistic group; the basic hair growth nutrition group comprises the following components in parts by weight: 0.3-0.8 part of ferrous lactate, 2-5 parts of zinc gluconate, 5-8 parts of magnesium stearate, 3-8 parts of a coating material and 17-25 parts of milk mineral salt; the absorption-promoting synergistic group comprises the following components in parts by weight: 0.2-1.5 parts of a black pepper extract, 2-10 parts of lecithin and 2-8 parts of casein phosphopeptides, the black pepper extract and the lecithin are firstly released, an intestinal epithelium channel is opened by utilizing a biological penetration promoting effect, and a pre-permeation state is established; the subsequently released CPP is complexed with divalent metal ions in intestinal juice to prevent precipitation, so that the CPP is synchronously and rapidly absorbed through a pre-opened channel, and the problems of competitive antagonism and difficult absorption of high-dose minerals are effectively solved.

The invention discloses a method for improving the quality of marinated bean curd through a WOW emulsion type controlled-release coagulator, and aims to overcome the defects of rough bean curd gel network and poor water binding capacity caused by too fast release of marinating liquid in the prior art. The method comprises the following steps: respectively preparing a composite inner water phase containing bittern tablets and gluconic acid-lactone, an oil phase containing a hydrophobic emulsifier and a structured outer water phase containing water-soluble polysaccharide; shearing and mixing the inner water phase and the oil phase to prepare a primary W / O emulsion, and homogenizing the primary W / O emulsion and the outer water phase to prepare the W / O / W multiple controlled-release coagulator; and finally, adding into hot soybean milk, standing, incubating, squeezing and forming. According to the preparation method disclosed by the invention, physical isolation of the multiphase emulsion and chemical phase change synergy of the double coagulators are utilized, so that the release rate of magnesium ions is effectively delayed, polysaccharide macromolecules directly participate in gel skeleton construction, a compact and uniform three-dimensional interpenetrating network is formed, the water binding capacity of the bean curd is remarkably improved, the dehydration rate is reduced, and the product is endowed with an excellent texture.

The invention belongs to the technical field of solid beverages, and discloses a solid beverage containing magnesium and potassium and a preparation method thereof, the solid beverage comprises magnesium salt and potassium salt, and the mass ratio of K < + > to Mg < 2 + > is (2-5): 1; the potassium salt is potassium citrate; the magnesium salt is selected from at least one of magnesium oxide, magnesium gluconate, magnesium glycinate or magnesium citrate. Sylvite and magnesium salt are sieved and then added into purified water to be dissolved, and then spray drying is carried out; and carrying out subsequent packaging on the dried solid particles. The mass ratio of the main components K < + > to Mg < 2 + > of the magnesium-potassium solid beverage is (2: 1)-(5: 1), the two components in the ratio have a synergistic effect, the effect of improving sleep and constipation can be enhanced, and the effect is remarkably reduced when the ratio is not within the range.

The present application relates to the field of new materials, and aims to provide a preparation method of high-entropy pyrochlore type catalytic material with diatom shell morphology.The method comprises the following steps: immersing diatomite in a mixed solvent of triethanolamine and alcohol, adding a plurality of metal precursor solutions and L-lysine and ascorbic acid, uniformly mixing, then adding hydrogen peroxide and NaOH in sequence;after hydrothermal reaction, adding gluconic acid, and performing hydrothermal reaction again;burning the solid product to obtain the catalytic material.The present application adjusts the metal ion complexes in the precursor solution to make the dissociation degrees of the metal ions similar, so that the metal ions with large electronegativity difference have good cooperativity in the subsequent nucleation and crystallization process, thereby improving the uniformity of the final product and reducing the formation temperature of the pyrochlore phase;the formation temperature of the pyrochlore is reduced through secondary hydrothermal reconstruction crystallization;therefore, the present application can save the production cost of the catalytic material compared with the prior art.

The application discloses an anti-inflammatory and antibacterial hydrogel dressing and a preparation method and application thereof, and relates to the technical field of medical materials, and comprises zinc-iron carbonized nanoparticles and a medical hydrogel, wherein the mass ratio of the zinc-iron carbonized nanoparticles and the medical hydrogel is 1: (50-200), the zinc-iron carbonized nanoparticles are dispersed in the medical hydrogel; the zinc-iron carbonized nanoparticles comprise the following raw materials: zinc gluconate, iron gluconate and L-aspartic acid, and the molar ratio of the zinc gluconate, the iron gluconate and the L-aspartic acid is (0.5-1.5):(0.5-1.5):(1.5-2.0); the medical hydrogel adopts a gelatin-polyethylene glycol hydrogel, which is formed by ultraviolet light curing of gelatin modified by methacrylic anhydride and polyethylene glycol modified by acryloyl chloride. The anti-inflammatory and antibacterial hydrogel dressing disclosed by the application not only has excellent mechanical properties, but also can realize slow release of nanoparticles and exert anti-inflammatory and antibacterial functions.

The invention relates to the field of medicine detection, in particular to a method for detecting the content of gluconate radicals in a liquid preparation. The detection method comprises the following steps: detecting the gluconate radical-containing liquid preparation dissolved by a sodium hydroxide solution through a high performance liquid chromatography, and the chromatographic conditions are as follows: a chromatographic column takes octadecyl bonded silica gel as a filler; the mobile phase comprises a mobile phase A and a mobile phase B; the mobile phase A is a mixed solution of a tetrabutylammonium hydroxide solution and acetonitrile in a volume ratio of (85-95): (5-15), the mobile phase B is a mixed solution of a tetrabutylammonium hydroxide solution and acetonitrile in a volume ratio of (30-50): (50-70), and the pH value of the tetrabutylammonium hydroxide solution is adjusted to 6.0-8.0 by adopting phosphoric acid; and gradient elution is carried out. According to the detection method, interference of impurities and other related substances in the liquid preparation can be avoided, the detection method is high in operability, easy and convenient to operate, high in sensitivity, good in repeatability and high in accuracy, the content of gluconate radicals in the liquid preparation medicine can be more accurately detected, and medicine quality control is facilitated.

The invention discloses an oral solution for treating xerophthalmia and a preparation method thereof, and belongs to the technical field of biological pharmacy. The oral solution for treating the xerophthalmia is prepared from the following components in parts by weight: 15 to 18 parts of fructus lycii extract, 15 parts of bilberry extract, 10 to 11 parts of taurine, 2.4 to 2.6 parts of zinc gluconate, 750 to 760 parts of grape concentrated juice and the balance of water, the content of soluble solids in the grape concentrated juice is 64 to 66-degree Brix, and the content of total acids is 1.75 to 2.32 percent. In the storage process of the oral solution, the anthocyanin has good stability.

An Aspergillus niger mutant strain designated MTCC 25759 derived from parent strain Aspergillus niger ATCC 9142 through chemical mutagenesis using ethyl methane sulfonate at 1 mg / mL for 30 to 60 minutes demonstrates enhanced production capabilities for both citric acid and gluconic acid. The mutant strain exhibits genetic modifications at 47 specific sequence positions that contribute to improved metabolic pathways, enhanced substrate utilization efficiency, and increased tolerance to acidic fermentation conditions. The mutant strain achieves gluconic acid production of 198.836 g / L representing a 66% improvement over the parent strain's 119.776 g / L yield, and citric acid production reaching 0.415 g / L with consistent late-phase productivity. The enhanced production capabilities provide economic advantages through improved substrate conversion rates, reduced raw material costs, and increased production capacity within existing fermentation infrastructure while maintaining the Generally Regarded As Safe (GRAS) status for commercial applications.

A targeted nanocarrier for delivering drugs to targeted cells. The targeted nanocarrier may comprise a nano-colloid suspension of poly(phenyllactic-co-kojic-co-gluconic acid) (poly(PLKGA)), the nano colloid suspension of poly(PLKGA) comprising: a dispersed phase comprising a plurality of nanoparticles of poly(PLKGA); and a continuous phase comprising a medium of the nano-colloid suspension of poly(PLKGA).

The application discloses a rare earth compound flocculant and a preparation method and application thereof, and comprises a rare earth compound of gluconic acid, a rare earth compound of pyrithione and water, wherein the content of the rare earth compound of gluconic acid is 5-15 wt%, the rare earth compound of gluconic acid is prepared by reacting sodium gluconate and a first rare earth chloride salt in water; the content of the rare earth compound of pyrithione is 0.4-0.6 wt%, and the rare earth compound of pyrithione is prepared by reacting sodium pyrithione and a second rare earth chloride salt in water. The rare earth ions in the application have positive electricity, show extremely strong coordination ability and high coordination number. Meanwhile, the surface of Phaeodactylum tricornutum is negatively charged; therefore, when the rare earth ions contact with the Phaeodactylum tricornutum, the two can rapidly interact in electricity, cause the Phaeodactylum tricornutum to rapidly aggregate and form a mass, and then gradually precipitate.

The application relates to the technical field of semiconductor manufacturing, in particular to a water-soluble protective film and a preparation method and application thereof; the water-soluble protective film is prepared from raw materials comprising the following components: 2wt%-8wt% of a film forming agent; 0.05wt%-0.5wt% of a fluoride removing agent; 0.05wt%-0.5wt% of a buffer; and the balance of a solvent; the fluoride removing agent comprises ammonium tetraborate and / or ammonium gluconate. Compared with the prior art, the water-soluble protective film is prepared from raw materials comprising specific components, the components realize good mutual interaction under specific proportioning conditions, the water-soluble protective film can complex and absorb Al surface F ‑ under certain conditions, and can physically isolate water vapor, so that corrosion of the Al surface is effectively avoided; meanwhile, the water-soluble protective film is soluble in water and can be removed through water washing operation, the operation is simple, and the cost is low.

This invention provides a copper etching solution, its preparation method, etching method, and application. The copper etching solution comprises 1-30 parts cerium ammonium sulfate, 0-20 parts inorganic acid, 0-20 parts organic acid, and 0-90 parts water. The inorganic acid includes one or more of sulfuric acid, phosphoric acid, hypochlorous acid, chloric acid, boric acid, carbonic acid, nitric acid, nitrous acid, and hydrochloric acid. The organic acid includes one or more of citric acid, acetic acid, tartaric acid, malic acid, formic acid, propionic acid, butyric acid, isobutyric acid, valeric acid, isovaleric acid, oxalic acid, malonic acid, succinic acid, glutaric acid, adipic acid, glycolic acid, acrylic acid, methacrylic acid, lactic acid, gluconic acid, maleic acid, benzoic acid, and salicylic acid. The copper etching solution of this invention exhibits good etching properties for copper and minimal damage to nickel-chromium alloys.