107 results about "Sodium" patented technology

The invention discloses a multi-component nano inhibitor for flotation separation of high-argillaceous copper sulphide ore and application, the nano inhibitor is a nano calcium carbonate-calcium oxide-sodium humate coating body, the nano inhibitor is applied to flotation separation of the high-argillaceous copper sulphide ore, collaborative optimization of slime inhibition and copper ore selective collection is achieved, and the flotation separation efficiency of the high-argillaceous copper sulphide ore is improved. And high-quality copper sulfide concentrate and sulfur concentrate are obtained. According to the method, the high specific surface area and the surface activity of the nano particles are utilized, under the weak alkaline environment without desliming, through the simple, convenient, economical and efficient mineral processing technology and reagent combination, efficient recovery of copper, gold and sulfur in the high-argillaceous ore is achieved, the use amount of lime is greatly reduced, and the technical problem of tailing sedimentation is solved.

The invention provides application of sodium 2, 3-dimercaptopropanesulfonate as an inhibitor in low-alkalinity copper-sulfur flotation separation, and relates to the technical field of mineral separation. When the compound serves as an inhibitor, the compound, a collecting agent and a foaming agent are prepared into a composite flotation reagent and used for low-alkalinity flotation separation of chalcopyrite and pyrite, flotation separation is conducted through the steps of one-time roughing, at least one-time scavenging and at least one-time concentration after ore grinding and grading, and copper concentrate is collected; the method can effectively solve the problems that the copper-iron separation effect is poor in the process of flotation separation of the chalcopyrite and the pyrite, the copper recovery rate is low due to addition of a large amount of lime and the like, the chalcopyrite and the pyrite can be efficiently separated under the low-alkalinity condition through the specific flotation process, and the flotation effect on the chalcopyrite is improved.

The invention relates to a sodium layered oxide of formula I: NaxM1a + i-y-z-n M2b + yM3c + zM4d + nO2 wherein: M1a +, M2b +, M3c + and M4d + are different transition metal ions or mixtures thereof, x is a number ranging from 0.5 to less than 1; y, z and n are numbers ranging from 0.01 to 0.85; y + z + n is less than 1; a, b, c and d are the corresponding oxidation numbers of the transition metal ions M1, M2, M3 and M4 respectively; the cumulative oxidation state a * (1-y-z-n) + (b * y) + (c * z) + (d * n) of the transition metal ions is equal to 4-x; and wherein the sodium layered oxide of formula I is not P2-Na < 2 > / 3 > Ni < 1 / 4 > Mn < 1 / 2 > Ti < 1 / 6 > Zn < 1 / 12 > O < 2 >, P2-Na < 2 > / 3 > Ni < 1 / 4 > Mn < 1 / 2 > Ti < 1 / 6 > Mg < 1 / 12 > O < 2 >, or P2-Na < 2 > / 3 > Ni < 1 / 4 > Mn < 1 / 2 > Ti < 1 / 6 > Mg < 1 / 12 > O < 2 >.

The invention discloses a process for extracting high-purity vanadium pentoxide from ammonium polyvanadate, and belongs to the technical field of nonferrous metallurgy. According to the process, efficient purification of vanadium pentoxide is achieved through the steps of sodium hydroxide dissolution, pH adjustment, gradient impurity removal, precise filtration, freezing-unfreezing circulation, high-purity water washing, centrifugal dewatering, two-stage firing and the like. In the process, the gradient impurity removal technology effectively reduces the content of impurities such as iron, sodium and the like, the precision filtration system ensures low residue of the impurities, the freezing-unfreezing circulation step further improves the crystal purity, and the two-stage firing process realizes directional conversion of the alpha-V2O5 crystal form. The purity of the obtained vanadium pentoxide product reaches up to 99.99% or above, the Na < + > content is smaller than or equal to 2 ppm, the Fe residue is smaller than or equal to 5 ppm, the alpha-V2O5 crystal form proportion is larger than or equal to 98%, the problems that in a traditional process, deep impurity removal is difficult, the product purity is insufficient, and crystal form conversion is incomplete are remarkably solved, and an effective technical approach is provided for preparing high-purity vanadium pentoxide.

The invention discloses a sodium ion adsorbent which comprises the following components: 30 to 55 weight percent of SiO2, 0 to 30 weight percent of Al2O3, 0 to 30 weight percent of TiO2, 30 to 60 weight percent of K2O and 0 to 5 weight percent of Re2O3 or / and ZrO2, the Re2O3 is one or more of Gd2O3, Yb2O3, La2O3 and Y2O3, and the Al2O3 and TiO2 are not 0 at the same time.

The invention relates to the technical field of gas analysis, in particular to a determination method for detecting impurity elements in chlorine-nitrogen mixed gas by an ICP-MS (Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry) method. The invention establishes an analysis method for determining the contents of eight elements including iron (Fe), chromium (Cr), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), nickel (Ni), sodium (Na), cadmium (Cd) and phosphorus (P) in chlorine-nitrogen mixed gas by an ICP-MS (Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry) method. By optimizing ICP-MS analysis conditions and a sample pretreatment process and adopting an electronic-grade solvent to leach elements, rapid and accurate detection and high reproducibility of the impurity content in the chlorine-nitrogen mixed gas are realized. The method can be applied to quality control and analysis in the production process of a chlorine-nitrogen mixed gas product, and lays a foundation for establishing a standard of a chlorine-nitrogen mixed gas analysis method.

The invention belongs to the field of mineral treatment, and particularly relates to a selective leaching method for scandium in a scandium-containing mineral, which comprises the following steps: roasting the scandium-containing mineral and an additive to obtain a roasted material, and mixing the roasted material with a leaching agent for leaching to obtain a scandium-rich leachate; the additive is an inorganic salt of at least one cation of sodium, calcium, potassium and ammonium; the leaching agent comprises an aqueous solution of a component A and an aqueous solution of a component B, wherein the component A is a C2-C10 water-soluble binary or above carboxylic acid compound; the component B is a water-soluble salt of the component A; the molar ratio of the component A to the component B is 1: (0.5-5); and the concentration of the component A in the leaching agent is 1-15 mol / L. According to the method, the scandium-containing mineral is roasted and modified through the additive, and then the scandium-containing mineral is leached through the buffer system containing the component A and the component B, so that synergy can be achieved, and scandium in the scandium-containing mineral can be selectively and efficiently extracted.

The application discloses a white granite type high-purity quartz purity prediction method and application thereof, and belongs to the technical field of rock purity prediction. The prediction method encodes and assigns one or more prediction parameters, such as main mica types, rock structures, rock structures, feldspar types, quartz types, solid inclusions, liquid inclusions, solid inclusion quantity, aluminum impurity element content grading, titanium and lithium element content grading, calcium and phosphorus element content grading, potassium and sodium element content grading and grain factor grading, and then predicts the quartz purity in the ore based on a random forest classifier prediction model or a support vector machine prediction model. The comparison between the actual measurement and the prediction result proves that the prediction method has accurate and reliable prediction results, realizes the replacement of manual detection by artificial intelligence prediction, greatly reduces the manpower and material resources, and provides an efficient and accurate prediction method for quartz purity prediction.

The present invention provides a low-sulfur filamentous high-nickel ternary precursor and a preparation method thereof. By adopting the preparation method of the present invention, high-nickel ternary precursor particles with low sulfur and sodium contents and filamentous surfaces can be prepared with a simple process flow. The preparation method comprises the following steps: 1.1) in a nucleation stage, controlling the pH in the reactor to be 10.20-10.60 and the complexing agent concentration to be 0.05 mol / L-0.2 mol / L, wherein the nucleation stage is performed until the material in the reactor grows to a particle size D50 that reaches 30-40% of the target particle size, and then entering the growth stage; 1.2) in the growth stage, controlling the pH in the reactor to be 9.40-10.00 and the complexing agent concentration to be 0.05 mol / L-0.2 mol / L; and, when the reaction liquid in the reactor reaches a first preset liquid level, circulating the reaction liquid in the reactor between the reactor and a concentrator; and when the liquid level in the concentrator reaches a second preset liquid level, controlling the pH in the concentrator to be 11.0-12.0.

The invention discloses application of sodium dodecyl amino propionate in flotation separation of newly-generated magnetite and quartz, and belongs to the technical field of iron ore flotation separation. The compound serves as a collecting agent and is used for separating new magnetite and quartz obtained through reduction roasting-magnetic separation, and efficient separation is achieved by adjusting the pH of ore pulp, adding an activating agent and controlling flotation conditions. The iron grade of the obtained iron ore concentrate is not less than 61%, and the recovery rate is not less than 85 The agent has the advantages of being good in low-temperature solubility, high in selectivity, short in technological process and the like, is suitable for industrial production, remarkably improves the quality of iron ore concentrate, and solves the problems that an existing collecting agent is poor in selectivity and insufficient in adaptability.

Provided is a composition, including: (A) a compound represented by the following general formula (1); (B) a compound represented by the following general formula (2); and (C) a silver compound:where R1 and R2 each independently represent a hydrogen atom or an alkyl group having 1 to 5 carbon atoms;where R3 and R4 each independently represent a hydrogen atom, a sodium atom, a potassium atom, or an alkyl group having 1 to 5 carbon atoms, and “n” represents 1 or 2.

The present invention provides a method (600a) and apparatus for producing an alkaline mixture comprising sodium silicate, which mixture is suitable for use as an alkaline activator for alkaline activated and geopolymer cements, but which may also be used, for example, to mineralize captured carbon dioxide. The method comprises comminuting (301) an ore of a target metal into fines, wherein the ore comprises a siliceous mineral and at least one of iron and manganese as the target metal. The siliceous mineral may comprise the target metal itself and / or it may be silica and / or another silicate mineral present as gangue. The ore is dehydrated and hydroxylated compounds contained therein are dehydroxylated (302). The ore thus treated is then reacted (601) in an inert atmosphere with an amount of liquid sodium in excess of the stoichiometric amount thereof required for a redox reaction between the liquid sodium and an oxide of the target metal from the ore, to precipitate out from the liquid sodium a solid phase comprising both the target metal in elemental form and other insoluble products comprising sodium oxide. The redox reaction is conducted at a temperature of at least 320 °Celsius to induce a reaction between the sodium oxide and silica derived from the siliceous mineral to produce sodium silicate, but also below a temperature at which the liquid sodium can react with the oxide of the target metal to produce a ternary oxide thereof. At least some of the liquid sodium having sodium silicate dissolved therein is then separated (305) from the solid phase and is reacted (602) with at least one of oxygen and water to produce a mixture comprising sodium silicate and at least one of sodium oxide and sodium hydroxide. The corresponding apparatus comprises a comminution device (such as a rock crusher or grinder), means for dehydrating and dehydroxylating the ore (such as a dryer), a gas-tight first reaction vessel for reacting the ore thus treated with the liquid sodium, a solid-liquid sodium phase separator, and a second reaction vessel for reacting the liquid sodium having sodium silicate dissolved therein with at least one of oxygen and water. The resulting alkaline mixture is therefore produced whilst extracting the target metal in elemental form from its ore. Thus the energy consumed is split between the production of these two co-products, making the method of the invention a low-energy method of producing an alkaline activator for alkaline activated and geopolymer cements. Both reactions (601, 602) are also significantly exothermic and at least some of the thermal energy from them may be recycled. The invention does not consume any carbon and is therefore at least carbon-neutral. On the other hand, it consumes the silica content of gangue mineral species and / or of siliceous minerals of the target metal in its ore, which have previously been treated as waste products. The amount of waste material produced when extracting the target metal from its ore is thereby reduced as well.

The invention belongs to the technical field of gold refining, and provides a method for refining and purifying metal gold. The method comprises the steps that an oxidizing agent is added into a crude gold solution, the pH value of the solution is adjusted, and a sub-purity gold solution is obtained; adjusting the potential of the sub-purity gold solution by adopting a reducing agent to form a gold complex anion complex, so as to obtain a pure gold solution; and adding a reducing agent into the pure gold solution. The preparation method comprises the following steps: hydrolyzing to remove impurities, removing silver, rhodium, iridium, ruthenium, iron, copper, nickel, aluminum, antimony, tin and arsenic, regulating potential to enable gold to form a metastable gold complex anion complex to remove calcium, magnesium and lead, and removing platinum, palladium, sodium and potassium by using the metastable gold complex anion complex; the metal gold with the purity reaching 99.99% is obtained through three-step impurity removal, the whole process does not need to repeatedly regulate and control the pH value and potential, repeated dissolution is also not needed, and the method is still suitable for gold raw materials with the purity being only 90%. The environmental pollution caused by nitrogen-oxygen waste gas and sulfur-containing waste gas is solved, and the gold refining and purifying period is shortened.

The invention discloses an erbium-doped zinc selenide composite material as well as a preparation method and application thereof. The preparation method comprises the following steps: dissolving zinc nitrate hexahydrate and erbium nitrate hexahydrate in deionized water, wherein the molar ratio of erbium ions in the zinc nitrate hexahydrate is 0.02-0.08; adding sodium selenite and sodium hydroxide; adding a reducing agent hydrazine hydrate; after hydrothermal reaction for h, washing and drying to obtain the erbium-doped zinc selenide composite material. The material is of a cubic phase ZnSe structure, erbium is uniformly doped in crystal lattices, and the material is in a nearly spherical particle shape. Rich 4f electronic defect states are introduced into a ZnSe band gap through erbium doping, charge transfer (chemical enhancement) is remarkably promoted, the free carrier concentration is improved to excite localized surface plasma resonance (electromagnetic enhancement), and the synergistic effect of two enhancement mechanisms is achieved. The detection limit of the SERS substrate to methylene blue is as low as 3.24 * 10 <-8 > mol / L, the enhancement factor is as high as 1.73 * 10 < 4 >, and a new way is provided for environmental pollutant monitoring.

A method for testing the stability of a sodium gold sulfite solution is described. A certain amount of the sodium gold sulfite solution is added to an alkaline solution of a desired concentration, followed by the addition of a hydrogen peroxide solution. The stability of the solution is determined by comparing the color change time and the gold foil precipitation time of the mixed solution. The method utilizes the oxidizing properties of hydrogen peroxide to destroy various ligands in the solution, then utilizes the reducing properties of hydrogen peroxide to reduce the gold in the solution. Finally, the stability of the solution is determined based on the difference in the two reaction times. This method offers advantages such as rapid testing, stable results, and simple operation.

The invention belongs to the field of rare earth resource recovery, and particularly relates to a method for selectively leaching scandium in rare earth iron-rich minerals, which comprises the following steps: adding a reducing agent A and a sodium-based activator B into the rare earth iron-rich minerals, and then carrying out heat preservation roasting treatment at the temperature T for the heat preservation time t, so that iron in the rare earth iron-rich minerals is reduced into metal iron; the activation of scandium and the conversion of rare earth to an insoluble double salt form are synchronously realized; the reducing agent A can be lignite and the like; the sodium-based activating agent can be sodium carbonate and the like; the temperature T ranges from 950 DEG C to 1100 DEG C; the time t is 1 to 2 hours. The invention further comprises a scheme of roasting mineral grinding-magnetic separation of iron and an acid leaching scheme of the activated scandium-containing rare earth material. According to the activation method, reduction of iron and efficient leaching of scandium can be achieved, meanwhile, rare earth elements are promoted to be converted into an indissolvable form, and therefore efficient separation of scandium and other rare earth is achieved, and the follow-up separation difficulty is remarkably reduced.

This invention discloses a non-stoichiometric sodium iron manganese phosphate cathode material with high phase purity. This sodium iron manganese phosphate cathode material has the following general chemical formula: zMPO4-Na x Fe y Mn a‑y (PO4)2(P2O7) / C, where 3.7≤x≤4.3, 1≤y≤2, 2.92≤a≤3, 0<z≤0.1, and the molar ratio of Na to transition metals Fe and Mn (TM) (Na / TM) is between 1.23 and 1.45, with M being Sc, Y, Ho, or Tb. Through non-stoichiometric design, controllable concentrations of sodium vacancies and interstitial Na are actively introduced into the crystal lattice. + Optimized Na + Transport; then by introducing phosphate MPO4 with zircon-type structure as a diffusion promoter, Mn enrichment is avoided and the formation of NMP impurity phase is reduced, and the phase purity of the material is ≥93%; the synergistic effect of the two greatly improves the capacity and rate performance of the material.

The present invention provides a method (100a) and system for controlling the operation of a chemical plant arranged to carry out a chemical process which produces iron and / or manganese in elemental form from respective oxides thereof using liquid sodium as a reductant of the respective oxides and which can also produce an oxide or hydroxide of at least one of calcium, magnesium and iron from a carbonate mineral of at least one of calcium, magnesium and iron. The method (100a) comprises assigning (103a) a respective value to the no. of mol of each one of the chemical species involved in the chemical process as starting materials and products thereof, subject to constraints which are derived from the law of conservation of mass of the constituent elements of those chemical species. The method also assigns (103b) respective values to the nos. of mol of chemical species which are consumed during the chemical process by electrolytic or thermochemical decomposition into their constituent elements, subject to another set of constraints which are derived from the minimum requirements for these constituent elements by the chemical process itself. The former set of constrains allows the materials balance of the process to be controlled and the latter set of constraints allows the energy balance of the process to be controlled. The method then comprises operating (104) the chemical plant to carry out the process according to the values thus assigned. Respective values may be assigned (103a, 103b) to the nos. of mol of a preferred subset of the chemical species involved in the process as starting materials and products thereof and / or a preferred subset of the chemical species which are consumed during the process by electrolytic or thermochemical decomposition into their constituent elements, before values are then assigned to remaining ones of the nos. of mol of other chemical species not in the preferred subset. This allows the chemical plant to be operated in such a way as to optimise its performance relative to such variables as the respective nett amounts of a preferred one or more of the materials it consumes and / or produces, the energy efficiency of a part or the whole of the chemical process and / or its cost effectiveness, for example. Amongst other things, the constraints also ensure that the chemical process always produces less carbon dioxide than instead calcining a carbonate mineral of at least one of calcium, magnesium and iron to produce its corresponding oxide, and that in a large number of cases, it can produce no carbon dioxide at all. Also disclosed is a graphical technique which may be used to assign the respective values to the nos. of mol of the chemical species involved in the chemical process subject to the stated constraints, whereby the method and system of the invention may be implemented.

Water containing less than 60 Hz of minerals is disclosed. The water containing less than 60 Hz of minerals contains, as active ingredients, 0.04-34 parts by weight of minerals from which at least one electron has been removed, among germanium (Ge), silver (Ag), iridium (Ir), nickel (Ni), palladium (Pd), tantalum (Ta), antimony (Sb), zinc (Zn), indium (In), boron (B), astatine (At), thallium (Tl), magnesium carbonate (MgCO3), tin (Sn), iron (Fe), calcium sulfide (CaS), molybdenum (Mo), chromium (Cr), sodium (Na), tungsten (W), gallium (Ga), strontium (Sr), potassium (K), beryllium (Be), barium (Ba), magnesium (Mg), scandium (Sc), yttrium (Y), calcium (Ca), titanium (Ti), vanadium (V), hafnium (Hf), bromine (Br), zirconium (Zr), copper (Cu), manganese (Mn), rubidium (Rb), technetium (Tc), platinum (Pt), niobium (Nb), gold (Au), phosphate (Pi), rhenium (Re), ruthenium (Ru), cobalt (Co), zinc oxide (ZnO), aluminum (Al), selenium (Se), bismuth (Bi), phosphorus (P), rhodium (Rh), silicon (Si), iodine (I), tellurium (Te), sulfur (S), lithium (Li), osmium (Os), magnesium hydroxide (Mg(OH)2), and cesium (Cs), mixed with 100 parts by weight of water, wherein there are at least 5 types of minerals.

A sodium-based metal production system comprising: a reactor comprising at least one chamber and at least one heat source; a first inlet subsystem; a sodium oxide dissociation unit; a control circuit configured to: control the first inlet subsystem to feed a respective predetermined amount of the first material into the at least one chamber; controlling the first inlet subsystem to feed a respective predetermined amount of sodium into the at least one chamber; and controlling the at least one heat source to heat the at least one chamber, where the sodium oxide dissociation unit is configured to dissociate the sodium oxide output from the reactor to produce sodium and oxygen, and where the produced sodium is output through a first outlet of the sodium oxide dissociation unit.

The present invention provides an apparatus (10j) and method for separating different chemical species from each other when they are suspended or entrained in liquid metal as solid particles. The apparatus (10j) comprises a vessel (2) for containing liquid metal. The vessel (2) is continuously axially symmetric about a longitudinal axis (Z), and at least part of it tapers to an apex. The vessel (2) comprises an inlet (4) for the liquid metal having suspended or entrained therein, particles of a plurality of different chemical species of respectively different densities each in solid phase, an underflow outlet (5) for the liquid metal with a majority of particles of a first, denser one of the plurality of different chemical species suspended or entrained therein, and an overflow outlet (6) for the liquid metal with a majority of particles of a second, less dense one of the plurality of different chemical species suspended or entrained therein. The underflow outlet (5) is nearer to the apex of the vessel (2) than the overflow outlet (6). The apparatus (10j) also comprises a first electrode (12) coaxial with the longitudinal axis (Z) of the vessel (2), one or more second electrodes (14) spaced apart from the first electrode (12), and a source (17) of a magnetic field. The first and one or more second electrodes (12, 14) each have a magnetic susceptibility with an absolute value of less than 10-2 to avoid disturbing the magnetic field. They are arranged within the vessel (2) to be immersed in the liquid metal when the vessel (2) contains the same, thereby allowing an electrical current (I) to flow through the liquid metal between the first and one or more second electrodes (12, 14). The magnetic field has a major component which is substantially perpendicular to the flow of electrical current (I) through the liquid metal between the first and one or more second electrodes (12, 14). This generates a Lorentz force acting on the liquid metal, causing it to rotate around the longitudinal axis (Z) of the vessel (2). The method may be conducted using such an apparatus. The speed of rotation of the liquid metal is varied by altering the Lorentz force acting on it until the liquid metal forms a vortex inside the vessel (2), which separates the particles of the different chemical species from each other and directs them to a respective one of the underflow or overflow outlets according to their different densities. If the different chemical species also have different magnetic susceptibilities from each other, the magnetic field can act directly on the particles as well in different manners according to their different susceptibilities, thus enhancing their separation according to their different densities. For example, the liquid metal may comprise liquid sodium and the solid particles may comprise the insoluble reaction products from a redox reaction between the liquid sodium and an ore of iron and / or of manganese, in which the liquid sodium acts on the ore as a chemical reducing agent and excess unreacted liquid sodium acts as a transport medium for the insoluble reaction products.

This invention belongs to the field of rare earth resource recovery, specifically relating to a method for selective leaching of scandium from rare earth iron-rich minerals. The method involves adding a reducing agent A and a sodium-based activator B to the rare earth iron-rich minerals, followed by calcination at a temperature T for a holding time t. This reduces the iron in the rare earth iron-rich minerals to metallic iron, simultaneously activating scandium and converting rare earth elements into insoluble complex salts. The reducing agent A can be lignite, etc.; the sodium-based activator can be sodium carbonate, etc.; the temperature T is 950-1100℃; and the time t is 1-2 hours. This invention also includes a scheme for separating iron through grinding and magnetic separation of the calcined minerals and an acid leaching scheme for the activated scandium-containing rare earth materials. The activation method of this invention can achieve iron reduction and efficient scandium leaching while simultaneously promoting the conversion of rare earth elements into insoluble forms, thereby achieving efficient separation of scandium from other rare earth elements and significantly reducing the difficulty of subsequent separation.

A cathode for an electrochemical device is described including a sodium-based disordered rock salt which can include a transition metal, such as manganese, iron, or titanium. The electrochemical device can be a sodium-ion battery. The disordered rock salt can either be stoichiometric or an over-stoichiometric. A degree of over-stoichiometry of the disordered rock salt is from 0% to about 100%. The disordered rock salt may include, Na1.1Ti0.2Mn0.7O2, MS10-Na1.1Ti0.2Mn0.7O2, MS20-Na1.1Ti0.2Mn0.7O2, Na1.2Ti0.4Mn0.4O2, MS10-Na1.2Ti0.4Mn0.4O2, Na1.3Ti0.6Mn0.1O2, and MS10-Na1.3Ti0.6Mn0.1O2, or a combination thereof.

This invention provides a one-step sodium-removed manganese-based phosphate cathode material, its preparation method, and its application. The chemical formula of the cathode material is Na. x VMn 1‑y M y (PO4)3 or Na x V 1‑y M y Mn(PO4)3; wherein, 2≤x≤4, 0.01≤y≤0.5; the M includes Ti 4+ Cr 3+ Y 3+ Zr 4+ Nb 5+ Mo 6+ Hf 4+ W 6+ The cathode material is a manganese-based phosphate cathode material in which M replaces part of the vanadium or manganese sites, and the cathode material exhibits one-step sodium ion deintercalation / intercalation kinetics. The one-step sodium-deintercalation manganese-based phosphate cathode material prepared by this invention has rapid sodium ion deintercalation / intercalation capability, excellent high-rate capacity and cycle stability, and effectively solves the problems of slow second-step sodium deintercalation kinetics and poor structural stability.

The present invention provides a method (100a) and system for controlling the operation of a chemical plant arranged to carry out a chemical process which produces iron and / or manganese in elemental form from respective oxides thereof using liquid sodium as a reductant of the respective oxides and which can also produce an oxide or hydroxide of at least one of calcium, magnesium and iron from a carbonate mineral of at least one of calcium, magnesium and iron. The method (100a) comprises assigning (103a) a respective value to the no. of mol of each one of the chemical species involved in the chemical process as starting materials and products thereof, subject to constraints which are derived from the law of conservation of mass of the constituent elements of those chemical species. The method also assigns (103b) respective values to the nos. of mol of chemical species which are consumed during the chemical process by electrolytic or thermochemical decomposition into their constituent elements, subject to another set of constraints which are derived from the minimum requirements for these constituent elements by the chemical process itself. The former set of constrains allows the materials balance of the process to be controlled and the latter set of constraints allows the energy balance of the process to be controlled. The method then comprises operating (104) the chemical plant to carry out the process according to the values thus assigned. Respective values may be assigned (103a, 103b) to the nos. of mol of a preferred subset of the chemical species involved in the process as starting materials and products thereof and / or a preferred subset of the chemical species which are consumed during the process by electrolytic or thermochemical decomposition into their constituent elements, before values are then assigned to remaining ones of the nos. of mol of other chemical species not in the preferred subset. This allows the chemical plant to be operated in such a way as to optimise its performance relative to such variables as the respective nett amounts of a preferred one or more of the materials it consumes and / or produces, the energy efficiency of a part or the whole of the chemical process and / or its cost effectiveness, for example. Amongst other things, the constraints also ensure that the chemical process always produces less carbon dioxide than instead calcining a carbonate mineral of at least one of calcium, magnesium and iron to produce its corresponding oxide, and that in a large number of cases, it can produce no carbon dioxide at all. Also disclosed is a graphical technique which may be used to assign the respective values to the nos. of mol of the chemical species involved in the chemical process subject to the stated constraints, whereby the method and system of the invention may be implemented.

The invention discloses a method for measuring the concentration of sodium ions in a multi-mixing nickel electroplating bath solution based on a sodium ion selective electrode, relates to a method for measuring the content of sodium in an electroplating solution, and belongs to the technical field of solution analysis. The method aims at solving the technical problems that an existing common analysis method is complex in operation and low in accuracy. The method comprises the following steps: taking a standard sodium ion solution; recording the membrane potential E; drawing a standard curve; and measuring the sample. According to the method, the sodium ion concentration can be directly read based on an electrode method, the environment condition of a solution system is set, the sodium ion electrode is used for testing, the method is convenient, stable and rapid, and the testing range and accuracy of the method can meet analysis requirements. The method is used for measuring the concentration of the sodium ions in the multi-mixing nickel electroplating bath solution.

The invention relates to the technical field of analysis and testing, in particular to a method for simultaneously determining the content of germanium, lead, zinc, arsenic, antimony, calcium, magnesium, aluminum, iron, manganese, potassium, sodium and silicon in germanium concentrate through inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectrometry (ICP-AES). According to the method, the contents of 13 elements in the germanium concentrate are measured by adopting lithium metaborate decomposition, nitric acid leaching and inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry. A sample dissolving method, digestion conditions and matrix interference conditions are investigated and researched, and the interference degree is reduced to the minimum by adopting a matrix matching method. The measurement range is as follows: omega (GE) is 1.00%-6.00%; and omega (Pb, Zn, Ca, Mg, Al, Fe, Mn, K, Na, As, Sb and Si): 0.20%-6.00%. A standard recovery experiment shows that the recovery rate is between 92.8% and 105.5%. The method is accurate and simple, and is suitable for rapidly determining the contents of germanium, lead, zinc, arsenic, antimony, calcium, magnesium, aluminum, iron, manganese, potassium, sodium and silicon in the germanium concentrate.

A red phosphor powder having a short afterglow time, and a light-emitting element and a light-emitting device having the red phosphor powder are provided. The red phosphor powder has a main component comprising either or both of calcium (Ca) and strontium (Sr), sulfur (S), and europium (Eu), and contains at least one alkali metal element selected from the group consisting of sodium (Na) and potassium (K).

The invention discloses a red mud all-element high-value resource recycling process, and relates to the technical field of red mud. Sodium silicate and sodium alkali are efficiently separated through washing of the double-helix mud washing machine, concentration of the thickener, dealkalization leaching of ammonium chloride, classification of the hydrocyclone, targeted treatment of coarse and fine particles, high-value utilization of silicon alkali overflow liquid, two-stage membrane electrodialysis and the like; the problems of recovery of sodium silicate and electronic-grade silica sol in the red mud, removal and conversion of sodium hydroxide into high-purity sodium hydroxide and full-component decomposition, separation and enrichment of valuable elements (silicon, aluminum, iron, titanium, vanadium, heavy metals and three-rare elements) are completely solved, and finally full-element utilization of the red mud, especially enrichment of alkali-soluble three-rare elements, is realized. The commercial value of the red mud is far higher than that of bauxite, and a feasible industrial path is provided for harmless, recycling and high-value utilization of the red mud.