300 results about "Carbon matrix" patented technology

An integrated carbon honeycomb structure material and its preparation method are disclosed, belonging to the field of carbon materials technology. Based on a co-sacrificial template low-temperature pyrolysis strategy, the target material can be obtained through three main steps: preparation of a metal salt-colloidal microsphere template precursor, precursor pressing and molding, and subsequent calcination and carbonization. This technology has the characteristics and advantages of simple preparation process, regular and controllable macroscopic structure of the sample (such as shape, area, and thickness), rich and tunable chemical composition, and three-dimensional interconnection of graphene carbon matrix. It has great application potential in many fields such as electrochemical energy storage, catalysis, gas separation, adsorption, and electromagnetic shielding.

The invention relates to the technical field of soil remediation and saline-alkali soil treatment, and discloses a nano-carbon-based slow-release saline-alkali soil conditioner and a gradient controlled release method thereof.The formula comprises a layered nano-carbon matrix, a humic acid intercalation compound, a pH response type cross-linking agent, a calcium ion modifier and a phosphate radical modifier; the method comprises the following steps: constructing a self-regulation repair system for synchronously optimizing salt reduction, nutrient supply and ion balance through a three-dimensional synergistic mechanism of pH response type sodium ion targeted adsorption, microbial activity driven nutrient controlled release and calcium-sodium dynamic replacement. A nano carbon-humic acid layered composite structure is used for synergic desalination and slow-release fertilizer supply, a Ca < 2 + >-PO4 < 3-> gradient ion replacement system is combined for synchronous salt reduction and structure fixation, a pH response coating technology is used for realizing accurate release of nutrients triggered by microbial activity, and a three-dimensional interpenetrating network and graded pores are used for guaranteeing the long-acting stability of the material. And finally, multiple repairing functions are integrated into a single material.

The invention provides a mesoporous silicon carbon negative electrode material and a preparation method and application thereof, and relates to the technical field of battery negative electrode materials, the mesoporous silicon carbon negative electrode material comprises a mesoporous carbon matrix and silicon; the mesoporous carbon matrix can be a spherical, spheroidic or irregular block, the mesoporous carbon matrix has mesoporous structures, and preferably, the mesoporous structures are in ordered distribution; according to the invention, the preparation of the uniform mesoporous structure is realized, the volume expansion of the silicon is effectively relieved, the close combination of the silicon and the carbon is realized by vapor deposition of the silicon on the mesoporous sphere carbon matrix material, and the cycling stability of the material is improved. According to the meso-porous silicon carbon negative electrode material provided by the invention, by optimizing the structural design of the material, the problems of silicon volume expansion, infirm interface bonding, complex preparation process and the like in the prior art are solved.

The present application relates to the technical field of negative electrode materials. Provided are a negative electrode material and a battery. The negative electrode material comprises an inner core and a coating layer located on at least part of the surface of the inner core. The inner core comprises a carbon matrix, and an active substance and boron element distributed in the carbon matrix. The active substance comprises a silicon material and a metal material, and at least part of the silicon material being connected to the metal material. The negative electrode material of the present application has low expansion, ultra-high conductivity, and high initial coulombic efficiency.

The invention belongs to the technical field of preparation of wave-absorbing materials, and particularly relates to a cobalt-based nitrogen-doped carbon nano composite material with a hollow cubic structure as well as a preparation method and application thereof. Comprising the following steps: taking ZnCo-ZIF with a nano cubic structure as a core, coating ZnCo-ZIF with polydopamine by adopting a precipitation method to form a precursor with a core-shell structure, and carbonizing the precursor at 800-900 DEG C to obtain the cobalt-based nitrogen-doped carbon nano composite material with the hollow cubic structure. According to the invention, the dielectric loss capability can be enhanced by using the conductivity and interface polarization effect of the coated carbon layer, and the Co particles introduce strong magnetic loss; meanwhile, due to interface polarization caused by abundant heterogeneous interfaces existing between the Co particles and the coating carbon layer, between the magnetic particles and the carbon nanotubes and between the carbon matrix and the carbon nanotubes in the composite material, the impedance matching characteristic can be improved, and high reflection loss and wide effective absorption bandwidth can be achieved under the low matching thickness.

The invention relates to the technical field of aerogel wave-absorbing materials, in particular to a multi-scale structure composite carbon aerogel wave-absorbing material and a preparation method thereof. The aerogel wave-absorbing material comprises a three-dimensional skeleton, a functional component and a conductive network. The three-dimensional skeleton is of a hierarchical porous structure formed by crosslinking two-dimensional graphene oxide and one-dimensional aramid nanofibers through hydrogen bonds, the functional component is zero-dimensional CoFe2O4 nanoparticles which are uniformly dispersed on the three-dimensional skeleton through in-situ growth, and the conductive network is an sp / sphybrid carbon matrix formed by carbonizing the three-dimensional skeleton and the functional component at high temperature. Through multi-dimensional cooperative construction of the zero-dimensional CoFe2O4 nanoparticles, the one-dimensional aramid nanofibers and the two-dimensional graphene, a rich heterogeneous interface and a polarization center are formed in the material, the electromagnetic wave loss capacity is remarkably enhanced, the broadband efficient wave absorbing requirement can be met, and the electromagnetic compatibility of aerospace electronic equipment is remarkably optimized.

This application provides a negative electrode active material, a secondary battery, and an electrical device. The silicon-carbon negative electrode material includes a silicon-carbon composite material, which comprises a first silicon-carbon composite particle and a second silicon-carbon composite particle. The first silicon-carbon composite particle comprises a first carbon matrix with a porous structure and a first silicon-based material disposed within the porous structure of the first carbon matrix. The second silicon-carbon composite particle comprises a second carbon matrix with a porous structure and a second silicon-based material disposed within the porous structure of the second carbon matrix. Furthermore, the mass percentage of silicon in the first silicon-carbon composite particle is greater than the mass percentage of silicon in the second silicon-carbon composite particle. This silicon-carbon negative electrode material exhibits both high specific capacity and good cycle stability, thereby improving the energy density and cycle performance of the battery.

The invention discloses a self-healing high-temperature anti-oxidation carbon-ceramic composite material, belongs to the technical field of ceramic-based composite materials, and particularly relates to a method for introducing a self-healing metal-element-free high-temperature anti-oxidation ceramic matrix into a carbon fiber preform. Then introducing a resin carbon matrix and a self-healing inorganic filler through two times of vacuum impregnation and high-temperature cracking, and finally preparing the SiC matrix by adopting high-temperature siliconizing. The carbon-ceramic composite material prepared by the invention does not contain metal impurities, has a self-healing function, and has a long-life anti-oxidation function in a range of 700-1000 DEG C.

The invention provides a nanometer silicon-carbon composite material, a preparation method thereof and a lithium ion battery. The composite material comprises nanometer silicon particles, a first carbon matrix and a second carbon layer. The preparation method of the nano silicon-carbon composite material comprises the following steps: (1) contacting a porous carbon material with a silicon source-containing solution to obtain a material A; (2) uniformly mixing the material A with a reducing agent-containing solution, and treating to obtain a material B; (3) introducing a treating agent into the material B to prepare a silicon-carbon composite material precursor; (4) uniformly mixing the silicon-carbon composite material precursor with the carbon material precursor C to obtain a material D; and (5) in the presence of the carbon material precursor E, carrying out aging treatment on the material D, and then drying and pyrolyzing to obtain the silicon-carbon composite material. According to the preparation method, the nano silicon-carbon composite material with high specific capacity and long cycle stability can be obtained.

The invention relates to the technical field of fiber composite materials, and discloses a preparation method of a carbon-based carbon fiber composite material, which comprises the steps of carbon fiber pretreatment, double-layer film preparation, sheet filler directional arrangement, carbon-based paste material preparation, mold forming, pressing and heat treatment, and dipping and filling. According to the invention, through a bionic hierarchical arrangement structure and a hydrodynamic force assisted orientation technology, highly oriented arrangement of the flaky filler in a coating is realized, a'brick-mud 'structure similar to a shell pearl layer is formed, and meanwhile, a surface gradient functionalization and sacrificial bond forming method is adopted, so that the surface gradient functionalization is realized. The problems of insufficient interface bonding strength and poor anti-fluorination performance of the coated carbon fiber and the carbon matrix are solved, and the service life and the comprehensive performance of the anode plate are remarkably improved.

The invention relates to the technical field of negative electrode materials, and particularly discloses a high-capacity hard carbon material and a preparation method and application thereof. The preparation method comprises the following steps: adding biomass into an acid solution for reaction, adding the obtained pretreated biomass and organic carboxylic acid metal salt into water, carrying out cross-linking esterification reaction and solid-liquid separation at 70-90 DEG C, and drying the obtained solid at 160-200 DEG C to obtain a hard carbon precursor; and heating the hard carbon precursor to 1100-1300 DEG C in a protective atmosphere, and carbonizing to obtain the high-capacity hard carbon material. The esterification structure inhibits ordering of a carbon matrix, bends a carbon layer around pores, realizes wrapping of the pores, and finally converts an internal porous structure into a rich closed-pore structure. The preparation method focuses on a technological means of anion / cation coordinated regulation and control, and coordinated regulation and control of a pore-interface are carried out from the atomic scale, so that a new way is provided for low-cost preparation of a high-capacity and high-first-effect hard carbon material.

A negative electrode material, which comprises an active material, the active material comprising a silicon material and a carbon matrix having pores, wherein at least part of the silicon material is located in the pores of the carbon matrix. The true density of the negative electrode material is ρ g / cm3, the total pore volume thereof is V cm3 / g, and the negative electrode material satisfies the following formula: M=ρV / (ρ+V), where 0.020≤M≤0.085. The negative electrode material has strong structural stability and a low volume expansion rate, and has characteristics such as a high capacity, high initial Coulombic efficiency and good cycling performance.

A silicon-carbon composite material, and a preparation method therefor and a use thereof. The silicon-carbon composite material comprises a silicon-carbon composite particle; and the silicon-carbon composite particle comprises a carbon matrix and carbon nanotubes distributed in the carbon matrix, the tubes of the carbon nanotubes containing silicon nanowires.

The invention discloses a metal oxide / carbon / nickel composite material, a preparation method and application of the metal oxide / carbon / nickel composite material to a magnesium-based hydrogen storage material, and belongs to the field of hydrogen storage energy. The problems that a single-component catalyst in the MgH2 hydrogen storage material is low in active site, the interface is inactivated in the circulation process and the like are solved. A metal nickel source and a cerium source are combined with an organic ligand trimesic acid to form bimetal MOF, CeO2 / C / Nix obtained after calcination inherits the high specific surface area of MOF, metal is evenly dispersed in a carbon matrix, CeO2 / C / Nix is introduced into MgH2, microscale efficient catalysis of MgH2 is achieved, when the doping amount of CeO2 / C / Ni20 is 8 wt.%, the initial dehydrogenation temperature is 188.23 DEG C, and when the doping amount of CeO2 / C / Ni20 is 8 wt.%, the initial dehydrogenation temperature is 188.23 DEG C, and the specific surface area of CeO2 / C / Nix is 27.8 wt.%. After 10 cycles, the capacity retention rate is 98.8%, excellent hydrogen storage performance is shown, and a unique insight is provided for large-scale production of the magnesium-based hydrogen storage material.

The invention discloses a covalently bridged bicontinuous hard carbon negative electrode material and a preparation method and application thereof, and belongs to the field of electrochemical energy storage materials. According to the method, the limitation of a biomass hard carbon long-range disordered structure is broken through through a template-self-assembly-reconstruction three-section reaction, atomic-scale synergy of electrons and ions is realized in a hard carbon matrix, and in-situ mechanical interlocking and chemical bridging between heteroatom doped carbon dots and a hard carbon matrix graphite domain are enhanced by utilizing the design of a precursor; topological reconstruction of a carbon skeleton is triggered through pickling purification and a high-temperature carbonization process, and accurate fusion of C-C covalent bonds is realized. The graphitized nano domain grown in the process provides a rapid transmission channel for electrons, generated topological defects and heteroatoms provide a rapid transmission channel for adsorption and surface migration of sodium ions, and the prepared material shows excellent reversible capacity, first coulombic efficiency and rate capability.

The present invention relates to the synthesis of pure metal or multi-metal derivatives of ZIF-11, ZIF-12 or amorphous ZIF structures in high yield followed by calcination under inert conditions to produce in composite nanostructures one or more metal selenide dispersed on the surface of or embedded in a carbon matrix, and using these composites as electrodes for lithium ion batteries, sodium ion batteries, potassium ion batteries, supercapacitors or fuel cells.

The invention provides a high-capacity silicon-carbon composite negative electrode material and a preparation method thereof, and relates to the technical field of battery materials, the high-capacity silicon-carbon composite negative electrode material comprises the following components by mass: 20-50 parts of silicon-based particles, 3-8 parts of an interface modification layer, and 45-75 parts of a carbon matrix; the silicon-based particles are nano silicon; the interface modification layer is oxide or nitride and coats the surfaces of the silicon-based particles; the carbon substrate is prepared from 20 to 40 parts of graphite, 15 to 25 parts of amorphous carbon and 5 to 10 parts of carbon nanotubes; through the three-layer structure of the silicon-based particles, the interface modification layer and the carbon substrate, the cooperation of high capacity and high stability is realized, and the nano silicon-based particles give full play to the advantage of high capacity, so that the first discharge specific capacity of the material is higher; the interface modification layer reduces interface impedance of silicon and carbon and inhibits side reaction of silicon and electrolyte; the three-dimensional network of the carbon matrix not only reduces the electrode impedance, but also provides buffering for silicon volume expansion, and is obviously superior to the traditional graphite and the existing silicon-carbon negative electrode.

A porous carbon / anode material composite, including: (a) a porous carbon structure host having pores and pore walls (e.g., carbon framework or skeletons); (b) a plurality of anode active material particles that are disposed in said pores and wherein a weight fraction of the anode active material particles in the composite is from 0.1% to 99%; and (c) an optional carbon coating deposited on a surface of the active material particles or a carbon matrix with the anode active material particles dispersed in the carbon matrix, wherein the carbon coating occupies from 0% to 30% by weight of the composite. Also provided is an anode, including such a porous carbon / anode material particle composite, a lithium-ion cell including such an anode, and a method of producing the porous composite.

A negative electrode active material, a secondary battery and an electrical apparatus. The negative electrode active material includes a silicon-carbon composite material, where the silicon-carbon composite material includes a first silicon-carbon composite particle and a second silicon-carbon composite particle; the first silicon-carbon composite particle includes a first carbon matrix having a pore structure and a first silicon-based material arranged in the pore structure of the first carbon matrix; the second silicon-carbon composite particle includes a second carbon matrix having a pore structure and a second silicon-based material arranged in the pore structure of the second carbon matrix; and a mass percentage content of a silicon element in the first silicon-carbon composite particle is greater than a mass percentage content of a silicon element in the second silicon-carbon composite particle.

A preparation method of a controllable CNTs@PyC interface layer in carbon / carbon composite material, ZIF-67 with different distribution patterns is carried on the surface of carbon fiber; CNTs are in-situ generated from ZIF-67 through chemical vapor deposition, CNTs are distributed on the surface of carbon fiber in different growth patterns; PyC is deposited on the surface of carbon fiber, different shapes of CNTs@PyC interface layer shape are obtained, by controlling the different growth patterns of ZIF-67 on the surface of carbon fiber, the different distribution states of CNTs derived exist, so as to realize the controllable and adjustable interface layer shape, to meet the application requirements under different conditions: the circular ring shape reduces the stress concentration of CNTs@PyC interface layer, avoids a large number of cracks in the composite material. The wave shape is beneficial to the application of carbon / carbon composite material in the service environment under the tensile condition, prolongs the crack propagation path along the interface layer, effectively relieves the PyC ring cracking phenomenon around the fiber, and is more easy to realize the interlocking effect between the interface layer and the carbon matrix, effectively prevents the interface debonding phenomenon, and greatly improves the mechanical properties of carbon / carbon composite material.

The invention relates to the technical field of catalytic materials, in particular to a monatomic alloy catalyst and a preparation method and application thereof.The preparation method comprises the steps that a first solution obtained by mixing cobalt salt, silver salt and a solvent is mixed with a second solution obtained by mixing 2-methylimidazole and a solvent, stirring treatment is conducted, and a first precursor solution is obtained; and carrying out first heat treatment on the obtained precipitate in an inert atmosphere to obtain the fcc Ag1Co / C monatomic alloy catalyst. A first solution and a second solution are mixed to obtain an Ag / ZIF-67 precipitate which is a Co-based zeolite imidazate framework structure composite material, an organic framework of the Co-based zeolite imidazate framework structure composite material is decomposed and carbonized through high-temperature heat treatment, meanwhile, Ag and Co species are reduced and converted into nanoparticles, and the Ag / ZIF-67 precipitate is obtained. And finally, the composite material catalyst with the Ag1Co monatomic alloy nanoparticles embedded into the nitrogen-doped carbon matrix is formed. The catalyst shows the most excellent activity and selectivity, the removal rate of 4-NP reaches 100% within 6 min, and high catalytic activity can be achieved.

A negative electrode material, a preparation method therefor and a battery. The negative electrode material comprises a carbon matrix and an active substance, the carbon matrix containing an oxygen element and a nitrogen element. The mass content of the oxygen element in the negative electrode material is A%, the mass content of the nitrogen element in the negative electrode material is B%, and the powder electrical conductivity of the negative electrode material is P S / cm, A, B and P satisfying the following relationship: (I), M≤5. As the relationship between the nitrogen content, the oxygen content and the powder electrical conductivity satisfies (I), M≤5, while the powder electrical conductivity of the negative electrode material is increased, the initial coulombic efficiency of the negative electrode material is improved.

The application discloses a kind of carbon-tao collaborative skeleton modified C / C composite material and preparation method thereof, belong to ceramic modified C / C composite material technical field.The method disclosed in the application comprises the following steps: low-density C / C composite material is immersed in initial emulsion, then sequentially heat curing, drying, carbonization and deposition pyrolytic carbon treatment, obtain porous carbon matrix;ZrC suspension liquid is introduced into porous carbon matrix by suction filtration treatment, obtain carbon matrix containing carbon-tao collaborative skeleton;Carbon matrix containing carbon-tao collaborative skeleton is immersed in organic zirconium polymer solution, vacuum impregnation-drying and heat treatment are carried out several times, and carbon-tao collaborative skeleton modified C / C composite material is obtained;The method can realize the adjustment of carbon and ceramic interface reaction by adjusting the filtration parameters, and solves the technical problem of poor interface compatibility between carbon matrix and ceramic particles in the ceramic modification process.

The invention provides a silicon-tin-carbon composite material as well as a preparation method and application thereof. The silicon-tin-carbon composite material comprises a carbon matrix, silicon particles and tin particles, on the basis of the weight of the silicon-tin-carbon composite material, the content of tin in terms of element is 65%-80%, preferably 70%-79%; the content of silicon in terms of element is 0.5%-2.5%, preferably 0.6%-1.5%. The preparation method of the silicon-tin-carbon composite material comprises the following steps: uniformly mixing a tin source, a carbon source and a silicon source, then carrying out heat treatment, and washing the obtained product to obtain the silicon-tin-carbon composite material. The invention also provides an application of the silicon-tin-carbon composite material in preparation of a lithium ion battery negative electrode material. The content of tin in the silicon-tin-carbon composite material provided by the invention is high, and a carbon matrix is of a mesoporous structure; the composite material is simple in preparation method, free of organic solvent, low in cost, safe, environment-friendly and easy for industrial production, and shows good electrochemical performance as a lithium ion battery negative electrode material.

This invention discloses a silicon-carbon composite material, its preparation method, and a lithium-ion battery, belonging to the field of lithium-ion battery material technology. The silicon-carbon composite material includes a core comprising a modified graphite carbon matrix and silicon material formed in the pores and surface of the modified graphite carbon matrix; and a coating layer formed on the surface of the core, the coating layer being a carbon layer. This invention uses modified graphite as the carbon matrix, with silicon material embedded in the pores and surface of the graphite. A first-phase carbon source and a second-phase carbon source synergistically coat the core to form a double-layer carbon coating structure, effectively improving the conductivity of the silicon-carbon composite material, suppressing the volume expansion of silicon material during the charging and discharging process of the lithium-ion battery, and improving the structural stability of the silicon-carbon composite material. When applied to lithium-ion batteries, the silicon-carbon composite material of this invention can effectively reduce expansion and improve rate performance and cycle stability.

The invention provides an electrode material and a preparation method thereof, a negative plate, a battery, a battery pack and electric equipment, the electrode material comprises a shell, the shell comprises a shell wall and a cavity enclosed by the shell wall, and the shell wall comprises a carbon matrix and metal oxide nanoparticles arranged on at least part of the surface of the carbon matrix. The electrode material disclosed by the invention has a special shell structure, so that the rate capability and the cycling stability of the metal oxide electrode material can be remarkably improved.

The invention relates to the technical field of silicon-carbon negative electrode composite preparation scheme design, in particular to a silicon-carbon negative electrode composite preparation process for in-situ growth of nano silicon particles. The process comprises the following steps: pre-treating a carbon matrix to improve the surface activity; dipping the carbon matrix in a precursor solution containing a silicon source, a reducing agent and a solvent, and reacting under the conditions of 60-200 DEG C and 0.1-3 MPa, so that the silicon source is subjected to in-situ reduction to generate nano silicon particles; the particle size and morphology of the nano silicon are controlled by regulating and controlling the stirring speed, the temperature gradient and the solvent evaporation rate, and a pore forming agent is introduced to form a porous structure; a conductive auxiliary agent is added, and a conductive network is constructed through mechanical stirring and ultrasonic dispersion; heat treatment enhances interface bonding. The first coulombic efficiency of the silicon-carbon negative electrode composite material prepared by the method is greater than or equal to 88%, the cycle performance is stable, and the silicon-carbon negative electrode composite material is suitable for high-energy-density lithium ion batteries. The method is simple in process, low in cost and suitable for large-scale industrial production.

The invention relates to a preparation method of rare earth metal gadolinium doped red carbon dots, and belongs to the technical field of nano material synthesis and biomedical imaging. Aiming at the problems of low gadolinium ion doping efficiency, more impurity residues and single function in the existing carbon dot preparation, the method comprises the following steps: dissolving p-phenylenediamine and dicyandiamide in a specific molar ratio, adding a GdCl solution, and carrying out ultrasonic dispersion to form a uniform system; performing hydrothermal reaction by adopting a staged temperature control program to optimize the crystallinity of the carbon matrix; high-efficiency removal of impurities is realized through high-speed centrifugation, microporous filtration and molecular weight interception dialysis; and finally, performing low-temperature vacuum drying to obtain a powder product. The obtained gadolinium-doped red carbon dots have the characteristics of uniform particle size, abundant surface hydrophilic functional groups, stable red fluorescence emission and synergistic enhancement of magnetic responsiveness, and can be used for constructing a bimodal fluorescence-magnetic resonance imaging and diagnosis and treatment integrated platform in a living body.

The invention belongs to the technical field of metal battery negative electrode materials, and particularly discloses a sulfur-doped hard carbon material and a preparation method and application thereof. The preparation method of the sulfur-doped hard carbon material comprises the following steps: dissolving chitosan in methanesulfonic acid, and uniformly mixing; adding into diethyl ether until white powder is hydrophobically dissolved out; then removing the residual solvent in the white powder to obtain sulfated chitosan; and finally calcining the sulfated chitosan to obtain the product. A sulfur oxyacid radical molecular template method is adopted, a template is effectively anchored on a biomass chain through a chemical reaction between the template and biomass, in the subsequent high-temperature pyrolysis process, the molecular template is decomposed and self-sacrifice, sub-nano pores are reserved in situ, and effective heteroatom doping is further carried out on the surfaces of the pores. When the composite material is applied to a sodium ion battery as a negative electrode, the occurrence of electrolyte-carbon negative electrode interface side reaction can be effectively inhibited, reversible adsorption and desorption of sodium ions in a carbon matrix are promoted, and extremely high first-circle coulombic efficiency can be shown and can reach 100%.

The invention discloses a preparation method of an embedded porous structure silicon-carbon negative electrode material, which comprises the following steps: firstly, uniformly dispersing nano silicon particles in a solution, and then adding soluble salt or nano particles to obtain a mixed solution; and mixing the mixed solution with an organic carbon solution, uniformly stirring, heating and evaporating to remove a solvent, carbonizing in an inert atmosphere, grinding into powder, soaking in a corresponding solution, and removing soluble salt or nano-particles to obtain the embedded porous structure silicon-carbon negative electrode material. Nano silicon particles of the silicon-carbon negative electrode material are uniformly dispersed in a carbon matrix to form a continuous conductive network, so that a rapid transmission channel is provided for electrons and ions. The porous structure formed by using the soluble salt or the nano-particles as the template is beneficial to the permeation of the electrolyte, and the ion transmission path is shortened. The embedded porous structure not only provides enough mechanical support for reducing the volume change of the silicon particles, but also provides abundant ion transmission paths, and improves the cycling stability and rate capability of the material.