6818 results about "Pyrolysis" patented technology

The flavor and aroma characteristics of the smoke of a tobacco blend incorporating Oriental tobacco are improved by subjecting that blend to heat treatment. Oriental tobacco having a relatively high sucrose ester content is combined with a second dissimilar Oriental tobacco material and/or a non-Oriental tobacco material to form a tobacco mixture, and that mixture is heated for a time and under conditions sufficient to reduce the concentration of sucrose esters in the Oriental tobacco. Tobacco blends having reduced levels of sucrose esters yield smoke that does not possess undesirable off-notes provided by pyrolysis products of those sucrose esters; namely, 2-methylpropionic acid, 3-methylbutyric acid and 3-methylpentanoic acid.

A crude oil feedstock or crude oil fractions containing pitch feedstock is pyrolyzed in a pyrolysis furnace.</PTEXT>

A hydrocarbon containing formation may be treated using an in situ thermal process. A mixture of hydrocarbons, H.sub.2, and/or other formation fluids may be produced from the formation. Heat may be applied to the formation to raise a temperature of a portion of the formation to a pyrolysis temperature. A heating rate to a selected volume of the formation may be controlled by altering an amount of heating energy per day that is provided to the selected volume.

A single source precursor for depositing ternary I-III-VI₂ chalcopyrite materials useful as semiconductors. The single source precursor has the I-III-VI₂ stoichiometry “built into” a single precursor molecular structure which degrades on heating or pyrolysis to yield the desired I-III-VI₂ ternary chalcopyrite. The single source precursors effectively degrade to yield the ternary chalcopyrite at low temperature, e.g. below 500° C., and are useful to deposit thin film ternary chalcopyrite layers via a spray CVD technique. The ternary single source precursors according to the invention can be used to provide nanocrystallite structures useful as quantum dots. A method of making the ternary single source precursors is also provided.

A method for the synthesis of compounds of the formula C-LixM1-yM'y(XO4)n, where C represents carbon cross-linked with the compound LixM1-yM'y(XO4)n, in which x, y and n are numbers such as 0<=x<=2, 0<=y<=0.6, and 1<=n<=1.5, M is a transition metal or a mixture of transition metals from the first period of the periodic table, M' is an element with fixed valency selected among Mg<2+>, Ca<2+>, Al<3+>, Zn<2+> or a combination of these same elements and X is chosen among S, P and Si, by bringing into equilibrium, in the required proportions, the mixture of precursors, with a gaseous atmosphere, the synthesis taking place by reaction and bringing into equilibrium, in the required proportions, the mixture of the precursors, the procedure comprising at least one pyrolysis step of the carbon source compound in such a way as to obtain a compound in which the electronic conductivity measured on a sample of powder compressed at a pressure of 3750 Kg.cm<-2 >is greater than 10<-8 >S.cm<-1>. The materials obtained have excellent electrical conductivity, as well a very improved chemical activity.

Methods of compensating for drift in fingerprint spectra of microorganisms caused by changes in their environment are disclosed. These methods of compensating for drift permit identification of microorganisms from their fingerprint spectra regardless of the environment from which the microorganisms are obtained. Furthermore, the disclosed methods may be used to construct coherent databases of fingerprint spectra that may be expanded even though the standard database conditions are no longer experimentally achievable. In particular embodiments, methods of compensating for drift in pyrolysis mass spectra, constructing coherent pyrolysis mass spectral databases, and identifying bacteria from their pyrolysis mass spectra are disclosed.

A method for determining geochemistry of at least one geological sample with laser-induced breakdown spectral measurements performed on the geological sample in a time variant manner with spectral acquisitions made after each of a plurality of measurement shots, spectral pre-processing performed as necessary, and subsequent analysis is applied to the collected data to determine at least one geochemistry parameter of the sample. The method can provide a rapid method to estimate thermal maturity of a sample, which does not require sample preparation, and which can be non-destructive with respect to portions of the sample. A system for performing the method also is provided.

Methods for carrying out high temperature reactions such as biomass pyrolysis or gasification using solar energy. The biomass particles are rapidly heated in a solar thermal entrainment reactor. The residence time of the particles in the reactor can be 5 seconds or less. The biomass particles may be directly or indirectly heated depending on the reactor design. Metal oxide particles can be fed into the reactor concurrently with the biomass particles, allowing carbothermic reduction of the metal oxide particles by biomass pyrolysis products. The reduced metal oxide particles can be reacted with steam to produce hydrogen in a subsequent process step.

Liquid feed flame spray pyrolysis of solutions of a metal oxide precursor which is an alkoxide or C_1-6 carboxylate and at least one second metal oxide precursor and/or second metal compound dissolved in oxygenated solvent by combustion with oxygen lead to the formation of sub-micron mixed-metal oxide powders not accessible by other processes or by the pyrolysis of metal chlorides or nitrates. The powders have numerous uses in advanced materials applications including particulate solid state lasers, advanced ceramic materials, and as catalysts in organic synthesis and automobile exhaust systems.

Process for the fabrication of porous bodies mainly constituted by SiC containing ceramic with a microstructure which is interfused with micro-channels which consists of the process steps a) Provision of a pre-body made from cellulose or pulp b) Fabrication of an infiltration solution or a slurry consisting of (A) solvent, polysilazane, polysilane and/or polycarbosilane or (B) solvent, polysilazane and/or polysilane as well as active metallic fillers and/or passive ceramic fillers. c) Infiltrating the body with infiltration solution or slurry d) Cross-linking of the polysilazane, polycarbosilane and/or polysilane while generating a solid green body e) Ceramization through pyrolysis of the green body in an inert-gas atmosphere. f) Removal of residual carbon with an oxidizing thermal process, thereof producible catalyst carriers or carbon particulate filters as well as Porous ceramic which is made from at least 80% SiC in which the porous ceramic features a microstructure with micro-channels consisting mainly of SiC coated micro-channels featuring an average diameter between 1 and 25 μm and webs of SiC located between the micro-channels as well as additional ceramic materials with a content below 20 wt %.

Provided is a consumer to industrial scale renewable energy based quintuple-generation systems and energy storage facility. The present invention has both mobile and stationary embodiments. The present invention includes energy recovery, energy production, energy processing, pyrolysis, byproduct process utilization systems, separation process systems and handling and storage systems, as well as an open architecture for integration and development of additional processes, systems and applications. The system of the present invention primarily uses adaptive metrics, biometrics and thermal imaging sensory analysis (including additional input sensors for analysis) for monitoring and control with the utilization of an integrated artificial intelligence and automation control system, thus providing a balanced, environmentally-friendly ecosystem.

A process is provided for cracking hydrocarbon feedstock containing resid comprising: heating the feedstock, mixing the heated feedstock with a fluid and/or a primary dilution steam stream to form a mixture, optionally further heating the mixture, flashing the mixture within a flash/separation vessel to form a vapor phase and a liquid phase, partially condensing the vapor phase by contacting with a condenser within the vessel, to condense at least some coke precursors within the vapor while providing condensates which add to the liquid phase, removing the vapor phase of reduced coke precursors content as overhead and the liquid phase as bottoms, heating the vapor phase, cracking the vapor phase in a radiant section of a pyrolysis furnace to produce an effluent comprising olefins, and quenching the effluent and recovering cracked product therefrom. An apparatus for carrying out the process is also provided.

Compounds, and oligomers of the compounds, are synthesized with cyclic amine ligands attached to a metal atom. These compounds are useful for the synthesis of materials containing metals. Examples include pure metals, metal alloys, metal oxides, metal nitrides, metal phosphides, metal sulfides, metal selenides, metal tellurides, metal borides, metal carbides, metal silicides and metal germanides. Techniques for materials synthesis include vapor deposition (chemical vapor deposition and atomic layer deposition), liquid solution methods (sol-gel and precipitation) and solid-state pyrolysis. Suitable applications include electrical interconnects in microelectronics and magnetoresistant layers in magnetic information storage devices. The films have very uniform thickness and high step coverage in narrow holes.

A method for utilizing whole crude oil as a feedstock for the pyrolysis furnace of an olefin production plant wherein the feedstock after preheating is subjected to mild thermal cracking assisted with controlled cavitation conditions until substantially vaporized, the vapors being subjected to severe cracking in the radiant section of the furnace.

The present invention relates to Ag and RE doped nanometer zinc oxide and its preparation process and application in photocatalysis to degrade organic matter and killing bacteria. Ag, RE metals La, Ce, Pr, Nd, Sm, etc. are doped into nanometer zinc oxide to raise its photocatalytic activity in degrading harmful chemical matter and resisting bacteria. Under lighting, the doped nanometer zinc oxide has higher photocatalytic activity and higher antibacterial capacity; and in case of no lighting, it has relatively high antibacterial effect owing to the antibacterial effect one Ag, Zn, RE and other antibacterial ions. The preparation process may be an organic matter complexing process or a sprying pyrolysis process. The doped nanometer zinc oxide may be used through mixing with other material, or used as additive added into plastic, ceramic, fiber, timber, rubber, glass, cement, metal and other material to form various kinds of photocatalytic antibacterial material and product.

In at least one embodiment of the present invention, a method for producing liquid hydrocarbons from biomass is provided. The method comprises pyrolizing the biomass with hydrogen (H₂) to form bio-oil. The bio-oil comprises alkanes, alkenes, alcohols, aldehydes, ketones, aromatics, hydrocarbons or mixtures thereof. The H₂ is formed from a carbon-free energy source.

The production of synthetic natural gas from a carbonaceous material, preferably a biomass material, such as wood. The carbonaceous material is first pyrolyzed, then subjected to steam reforming to produce a syngas, which is then passed to several clean-up steps then to a methanation zone to produce synthetic natural gas.

A method for utilizing whole crude oil as a feedstock for the pyrolysis furnace of an olefin production plant wherein the feedstock after preheating is subjected to mild cracking conditions until substantially vaporized, the vapors from mild cracking being subjected to severe cracking in the radiant section of the furnace.

The subject of the invention is an anode material of the silicon-carbon composite type, for a lithium cell, having a high mass capacity and good cycling stability. This material is obtained by a preparation method comprising the steps consisting of:

• • a) providing a silicon powder obtained by the plasma-enhanced chemical vapour deposition (PECVD) technique or by CO₂ laser, the size of the silicon particles being less than 100 nm; b) mixing the silicon powder with a carbon-containing polymer, and c) carrying out the pyrolysis of the mixture. The invention also proposes a lithium cell containing at least one anode the material of which contains the nanocomposite material produced by this method.

Disclosed is a scaleable pyrolysis system for batch processing of waste vehicle tires and other waste to provide pyrolysis products. The core pyrolysis system includes one or more batch reactors, heating units, solids processing units, gas/liquid processing units and control units. In operation, the temperature gradients internal to the reactor are controlled by preferential channeling of heat to provide pyrolysis products that are of high quality, and hence commercially advantageous, while facilitating high throughput.

A process for the conversion of biomass to a liquid fuel is presented. The process includes the production of diesel and naphtha boiling point range fuels by hydrocracking of pyrolysis lignin extracted from biomass.

A process for the pyrolysis of carbonaceous material is carried out in a cyclone reactor which is fitted with enhanced filtering equipment. In addition the invention relates to the use of a cyclone fitted with a rotating filter as a pyrolysis reactor. By using a cyclone of the rotating separator type as a pyrolysis reactor, carbonaceous material, such as biomass, can effectively be converted in a product having excellent chemical properties and which product is free from particulate matter.

Radically improved devices, systems, and methods make it convenient to exchange flavoring or active species with ease and without mixing of previously loaded mixtures. Devices, systems, and methods for introducing any species desired for consumption into e-cigarette vapors without heating them, thus avoiding excessive pyrolysis or degradation to those ingredients. Safer alternatives to current (pods) e-liquid containers and devices, making them NON-accessible to children, and making risk of harmful exposure to liquid nicotine eliminated mitigated or extenuated, are offered along with modular disposable components, to create a new state of the art.

There is provided a coated article (e.g., solar cell) that includes an improved anti-reflection (AR) coating. This AR coating functions to reduce reflection of light from a glass substrate, thereby allowing more light within the solar spectrum to pass through the incident glass substrate. In certain example embodiments, the AR coating is at least partially formed by flame pyrolysis.

A method for thermally cracking a feed composed of whole crude oil and/or natural gas condensate using a vaporizer to vaporize the feed before cracking same, recovering pyrolysis gas oil from the cracked feed, subjecting the recovered pyrolysis gas oil to hydrocracking to form a paraffinic hydrocracked product, and passing at least part of the hydrocracked product to the vaporizer as additional thermal cracking feed.

The invention realtes to a nickel based hydrogenation catalyst, preparation and application thereof. Using alumina or and monox silica as carrier, the catalyst prepared by means of coprecipitation, main containing active component Ni, is characterized in catalyst composed by active component Ni, La, adjuvant X1 and carrier X2O. Calculated by weight of component, the catalyst including: NiO 40-70%, La2O3 2-5%, X2O 20-50%, wherein X1 is selected from one or more of Cu, Mg, Zr, X2 is selected from Al or and Si; surface area to volume ratio thereof is 80-200 m<2>/g, pore volume ratio is 0.4-0.8 ml/g. The catalyst is suit for mono olefin hydrogenation, especially for hydrogenation of pyrolysis C9 distillation, which has higher hydrogenation activity, definited sulfur poison resist and carboid resist to fit for higher require of high colloid raw material hydrogenation which of catalyst has high hydrogenation activity and good stability.

Processes for production of olefins from hydrocarbon feedstocks are provided. In one aspect, the processes of the present invention utilize coils passing through a pyrolysis furnace to partially convert a hydrocarbon feedstock to olefins, followed by further conversion of the hydrocarbon feedstock in an adiabatic reactor. A portion of the coils in the pyrolysis furnace carry the hydrocarbon feedstock and the remainder carry steam only. After a selected period of time, the material flowing through the coils is switched. By flowing steam through the coils that had previously contained the hydrocarbon feedstock, on-line decoking can occur. In another aspect, a high temperature reactor is used to convert methane or natural gas to olefins.

The invention discloses a method for treating contaminated soil by combining in-situ heat strengthening and a soil vapor extraction technology, which is characterized in that a heating well with a certain form is formed in a contaminated area, a heater part is provided in the heating well, and a sleeve pipe is installed, a catalyst is filled in the sleeve pipe for accelerating the high temperature decomposition of the pollutant into simple micromolecular substances. At least one well bore is drilled at the central contaminated area of the heating well which is arranged in the certain form to form an extraction well, a vacuum system is provided for realizing the extraction of the contaminated tail gas. the heating well provides heat to contaminated soil of the heating well and the adjacent areas through the thermal conductivity of the heater part arranged in the heating well, soil is heated, the soil pollutant is subjected to processes of evaporation, in-situ pyrolysis, oxidation, combustion, distillation and the like to form tail gas like simple micromolecular gas, water and pollutant steam, then the tail gas is extracted by the vacuum system in the extraction well, and is connected to a tail gas collection pipeline of the extraction well to send to the ground surface, the pollutant in tail gas is treated through a pollutant treatment facility which is installed on the ground surface. The method also comprises an impervious sealing plate which is arranged on the contaminated soil area ground surface for minimizing the gas exchange of the heating well, the extraction well and atmosphere, and preventing the pollutant from entering in atmosphere to form secondary pollution, and a thermal insulation layer is arranged above or below the impervious sealing plate for avoiding the dissipation of heat.

The invention includes a process of making a lubricating oil composition including: a process for making a high VI lubricating oil composition including the steps of (1) contacting a waste plastics feed including mainly polyethylene in a pyrolysis zone at pyrolysis conditions, whereby at least a portion of the waste plastics feed is cracked, thereby forming a pyrolysis zone effluent including 1-olefins and n-paraffins; (2) passing the pyrolysis zone effluent, including a heavy fraction and a middle fraction, the pyrolysis effluent middle fraction including 1-olefins, to a separations zone; where the pyrolysis effluent heavy fraction portion is separated from the pyrolysis effluent middle fraction; (3) passing the pyrolysis effluent middle fraction to a dimerization zone, where at least a portion of the pyrolysis effluent middle fraction is converted to a lube oil range material; and (4) passing at least a portion of the lube oil range material to a catalytic isomerization dewaxing zone, where at least a portion of the lube oil range material is contacted with a isomerization dewaxing catalyst at isomerization dewaxing conditions thereby forming a high VI lubricating oil composition.

A method for cutting single-wall carbon nanotubes involves partially fluorinating single-wall carbon nanotubes and pyrolyzing the partially fluorinated nanotubes in an inert atmosphere or vacuum up to about 1000° C. The nanotubes are optionally purified before cutting. The partial fluorination involves fluorinating the nanotubes to a carbon-fluorine stoichiometry of CF_x, where x is up to about 0.3. The invention also relates to the derivatization of fluorinated and cut single-wall carbon nanotubes. The single-wall carbon nanotubes can be cut to any length depending on the fluorination and pyrolysis conditions. Short nanotubes are useful in various applications, such as field emitters for flat panel displays and as “seeds” for further nanotube growth.