141 results about "Spray pyrolysis" patented technology

The invention belongs to the field of negative electrode materials, and particularly relates to a silicon-graphite composite material, a preparation method and application thereof and a lithium ion battery, the preparation method comprises the following steps: mixing and slurrying silicon powder, graphite and a composite functional additive, and then carrying out ball milling modification to obtain primary composite particles; the composite functional auxiliary agent comprises an auxiliary agent A, an auxiliary agent B and an auxiliary agent C; the primary composite particles and a carbon source liquid phase are compounded and then subjected to spray drying and heat treatment, or spray pyrolysis is directly carried out, and secondary composite particles are prepared; and carrying out modification treatment on the secondary composite particles prepared in the step 2 in a surface modification liquid, and then carrying out low-temperature annealing at 150-300 DEG C to prepare the silicon-graphite composite material. The surface modification liquid is an organic solution in which conductive lithium salt and an auxiliary agent D are dissolved. Based on the combined control of the preparation process and the structure, the silicon-based negative electrode material with ultra-long cycle life and excellent low-temperature fast charging performance can be obtained.

The invention belongs to the technical field of sodium-ion batteries, and particularly relates to an iron-manganese-based sodium-ion battery positive electrode material as well as a preparation method and application thereof. The preparation method of the iron-manganese-based sodium ion battery positive electrode material comprises the following steps: adding ferric nitrate and manganese nitrate into water for dissolving, performing spray pyrolysis to obtain an iron-manganese oxide precursor, performing ball-milling mixing on sodium carbonate, the iron-manganese oxide precursor and lanthanum telluride, and calcining in an inert gas atmosphere to obtain a composite material; and adding Ni4O4 cubic alkane modified carbazole, the composite material and manganese dioxide into dilute sulphuric acid for ultrasonic dispersion, stirring for reaction, centrifuging, washing and drying to obtain the iron-manganese-based sodium ion positive electrode material. The iron-manganese-based sodium ion battery positive electrode material provided by the invention has the advantages of stable rate cycle, high specific capacity and excellent capacity retention rate.

This invention discloses a process for preparing ultrafine glass powder using a spray pyrolysis method in the field of glass encapsulation materials. The process first prepares a homogeneous solution A using boric acid, aluminum nitrate nonahydrate, alkaline earth metal nitrates, lithium acetate, sodium acetate, and potassium acetate. Tetraethyl orthosilicate is dissolved in anhydrous ethanol to obtain solution B. A rare earth transition metal composite oxide nanoclusters encapsulated with a silica shell hybrid inorganic modifier is dispersed in anhydrous ethanol to obtain suspension C. Solution B and suspension C are mixed, and deionized water and hydrochloric acid are added to adjust the pH. After pre-hydrolysis and cooling, triethyl borate is added dropwise for co-condensation, and then mixed with solution A. After adjusting the pH and aging, the mixture is ultrasonically atomized and spray pyrolyzed to obtain ultrafine glass powder. The glass powder obtained by this invention has small particle size, high sphericity, and can be continuously produced.

The invention discloses a nano cerium oxide composite proton exchange membrane and a preparation method and application thereof.The preparation method comprises the following steps that after a soluble cerium salt solution is sprayed and atomized, pyrolysis is conducted under the oxidizing atmosphere, and nano cerium oxide particles are prepared; then adding into a perfluorosulfonic acid resin solution, adjusting the pH value to be alkaline, and stirring to prepare a composite resin solution; and casting, drying to form a film, and carrying out heat treatment. Compared with the nano cerium oxide particles prepared by the traditional sol-gel method, the nano cerium oxide particles prepared by the spray pyrolysis method are more easily and uniformly dispersed in the perfluorosulfonic acid resin matrix and are not easy to agglomerate, and the basic structure of the perfluorosulfonic acid is maintained after the film is formed. Meanwhile, nano cerium oxide particles are dispersed in a perfluorosulfonic acid resin solution under an alkaline condition, so that the chemical stability and durability of the composite proton exchange membrane are improved, and the proton conductivity of the composite proton exchange membrane is improved.

The invention provides a preparation method of a ternary precursor, a ternary positive electrode material and a preparation method of the ternary positive electrode material, and the preparation method of the ternary precursor comprises the following steps: uniformly mixing a ternary metal salt solution and a chelating agent, carrying out spray pyrolysis on the obtained mixed solution, and sequentially passing through three temperature zones from top to bottom to obtain the ternary precursor. According to the preparation method disclosed by the invention, the chelating agent is added into the ternary metal salt solution as an additive, and spray pyrolysis sequentially passes through three temperature zones from top to bottom, so that the problem of hollowing or crushing of secondary particles is solved; the preparation of the solid spheroidic secondary particle precursor with narrow particle size distribution by a ternary metal salt system spray pyrolysis method can be realized.

This invention relates to a bimodal tungsten-copper alloy and its preparation method. The preparation method includes: using water-soluble tungsten salt, water-soluble copper salt, and coarse tungsten powder with controllable particle size as raw materials, adding a solvent to prepare a suspension; subjecting the suspension to spray pyrolysis and in-situ reduction reaction to obtain tungsten-copper composite powder; and finally pressing the tungsten-copper composite powder into a green blank and sintering it to obtain a tungsten-copper alloy material with bimodal tungsten grain structure. In the tungsten-copper composite powder prepared by this invention, fine tungsten powder and copper powder are coupled to each other and uniformly distributed on the surface of coarse tungsten powder, forming a structure in which fine tungsten-copper composite powder coats coarse tungsten powder. This effectively improves the uniformity of W and Cu element distribution, thereby enhancing the overall properties of the tungsten-copper alloy, such as density, electrical conductivity, and thermal conductivity.

The present disclosure relates to a kind of ferric phosphate and its preparation method and use, the preparation method includes the following steps: (1) mixing ammonium ferrocyanide and phosphorus source, obtain iron-phosphorus mixed solution;(2) the iron-phosphorus mixed solution obtained in step (1) is carried out spray pyrolysis, obtain solid particles;(3) the solid particles obtained in step (2) are broken, obtain ferric phosphate.The ferric phosphate provided by the present disclosure has higher purity, tap density and specific surface area, the preparation method can avoid using pH regulator and surfactant, reduce by-product production and cleaning step, greatly simplify production process, have higher industrial application value.

The application provides a method for preparing an M-phase VO2 film by a light-assisted spray pyrolysis method and the M-phase VO2 film prepared by the method, and belongs to the field of nanometer materials. The method comprises the following steps: (1) preparing a vanadium dioxide spraying liquid: adding vanadium oxyacetonylacetone into anhydrous methanol, stirring and aging to obtain a vanadium dioxide spraying liquid with ultraviolet photosensitive properties; (2) preparing a vanadium dioxide film: introducing the vanadium dioxide spraying liquid in step (1) into an atomizer and spraying onto a substrate coated with a TiO2 anatase phase under ultraviolet light irradiation to obtain the M-phase VO2 film. The method enables vanadium ions to be chelated in the sol by stirring, and the vanadium dioxide spraying liquid has ultraviolet photosensitive properties. The purity of the VO2(M) film is improved by introducing a titanium dioxide transition layer, and the microstructure of the VO2(M) film is improved by ultraviolet light irradiation, thereby improving the visual transmittance and solar light regulation rate of the VO2(M) film.

A preparation method of a surfactant modified lithium-rich manganese-based positive electrode material comprises the following steps: adding acetate of lithium, acetate of nickel, acetate of cobalt and acetate of manganese into deionized water, uniformly mixing to form a metal salt solution, adding a sodium lignin sulfonate surfactant, simultaneously adding a citric acid monohydrate complexing agent, and uniformly stirring to obtain a precursor solution; a precursor salt solution with the sodium lignin sulfonate concentration being 0.3 g / L is obtained; performing spray pyrolysis on the precursor salt solution to prepare precursor powder; and placing the precursor powder in a muffle furnace for high-temperature calcination treatment to obtain modified lithium-rich manganese-based positive electrode material powder. The method has the advantages that the integrity of the material structure is favorably maintained, the stability of the material can be greatly improved, and the improvement of the cycle performance is realized.

The invention relates to a process for producing lithium zirconium mixed oxides by means of flame spray pyrolysis, mixed oxides obtainable by this process and their use in lithium ion batteries.

The invention discloses a method for introducing a magnetic flux pinning center into a Bi2212 superconducting wire. The method comprises the following steps: 1, mixing strontium carbonate, calcium carbonate, copper and an M compound, and then mixing with nitric acid to react; 2, performing spray pyrolysis to obtain doped second-phase raw powder, and mixing the doped second-phase raw powder with Bi2212 powder; 3, carrying out one-step heat treatment to obtain Bi2212 phase forming powder containing a doped second phase; 4, tubing and drawing to obtain a multi-core Bi2212 wire rod; and 5, heat treatment. Nano-scale doping elements are dispersed on the surface of a micro-nano-scale hollow microspherical alkaline earth cuprate carrier and then introduced into a Bi2212 wire, so that AEC participates in a reaction in the recrystallization process to generate Bi2212 crystal grains, a nano-scale second phase is carried to enter the Bi2212 crystal grains, the second phase is prevented from appearing at a crystal boundary and abnormally growing, a magnetic flux pinning center is effectively introduced, and the magnetic flux pinning efficiency is improved. The current-carrying performance of the Bi2212 superconducting wire in a magnetic field is improved, and the Bi2212 superconducting wire is suitable for the field of superconducting wires.

A process produces zirconium phosphate by flame spray pyrolysis. A solution of at least one zirconium compound, an organic phosphate and a solvent with less than 10% by weight water is subjected to flame spray pyrolysis. Zirconium phosphate obtainable by this process finds application in batteries to encapsulate lithium mixed oxide particles.

The invention belongs to the technical field of electro-catalysis, and particularly relates to a preparation method and application of a carbon dot loaded metal phthalocyanine composite material, and the specific preparation method comprises the following steps: mixing a carbon source, a nitrogen source and a metal salt, carrying out spray pyrolysis to obtain metal doped carbon dots, compounding the metal doped carbon dots and metal phthalocyanine into the carbon dot loaded metal phthalocyanine composite material, and preparing the carbon dot loaded metal phthalocyanine composite material. As a carrier, the carbon dots improve the dispersity of the metal phthalocyanine and prevent the metal phthalocyanine from being gathered, and the conductivity of the carbon dots promotes charge transfer of the metal phthalocyanine in catalysis or sensing; in addition, the electron storage and transfer capabilities of the carbon dots are combined with the redox active center of the metal phthalocyanine, so that the adsorption energy of a reaction intermediate can be optimized, and electron transfer is accelerated, thereby synergistically promoting the catalytic reaction. The preparation method is simple in process and low in cost, and the prepared composite material is regular in morphology and excellent in stability and can be effectively applied to the field of electro-catalysis, such as electro-catalysis nitric acid reduction and carbon dioxide reduction.

The invention provides a palladium-based catalyst and a preparation method and application thereof, and belongs to the technical field of methane catalytic combustion. The preparation method comprises the following steps: firstly, dispersing palladium salt and a silicon-containing compound in a solvent to prepare a precursor solution; the precursor solution is sprayed into flames through jet flow atomization for a combustion reaction, then calcination treatment is carried out, and the palladium-based catalyst is obtained. The palladium-based catalyst is prepared by adopting a flame spray pyrolysis method, the high-dispersion and anti-sintering palladium-based catalyst is obtained by optimizing the composition of a precursor solution and flame spray pyrolysis process parameters, and the catalyst shows excellent activity and stability in catalytic combustion of low-concentration methane, and has a good application prospect. The catalyst is suitable for catalytic combustion reaction of low-concentration methane in coal mine ventilation air methane.

The invention provides a modified lithium-rich manganese-based precursor as well as a preparation method and application thereof. The preparation method comprises the following steps: firstly, enabling a mixed metal salt solution, an indium salt solution and a precipitant solution to flow into a reaction base solution in parallel, and carrying out coprecipitation reaction to obtain a half-step precursor material with a target particle size; mixing the half-step precursor material with a solution containing an organic niobium compound to obtain a precursor material; and finally, carrying out spray pyrolysis treatment on the precursor material and a phosphate solution to obtain the modified lithium-rich manganese-based precursor. According to the invention, the surface and interface stability and the structural stability of the lithium-rich manganese-based precursor material are enhanced through a composite modification technical means of combining multi-metal co-doping and phosphate coating, so that the effective capacity, the cycling stability and the electrochemical performance consistency of the lithium-rich manganese-based positive electrode material are improved.

The invention discloses a preparation method of spherical manganous-manganic oxide particles for well drilling or well cementation, which is characterized in that manganese nitrate and manganese acetate are compounded to realize the coupling of rapid oxidation and mild decomposition, effectively inhibit shell burst and hollow structure and improve the density and integrity of the particles; the introduced polyvinyl alcohol and citric acid can make the fog drop drying process more stable, and the problems of carbon residues and impure phases caused by a traditional surfactant are avoided. Furthermore, a three-stage spray pyrolysis method is adopted, stable evaporation, rapid phase formation and low-temperature curing of the solvent are achieved, and the problems of agglomeration, secondary sintering and insufficient crystal form development in the prior art are solved. The prepared spherical manganous-manganic oxide particles are concentrated in particle size, high in density and good in sphericity degree, can effectively reduce the viscosity of cement paste and reduce the settlement risk, have excellent suspension stability and flowability, are suitable for weighting requirements of high-density oil well cement paste and drilling fluid, and have wide application prospects in oil and gas drilling and well cementation.

A transparent composite conductive film electrode for ultraviolet photoelectric devices is composed of an electrode bottom layer and a top layer on the surface of the electrode bottom layer, the electrode bottom layer is a silver nanowire film, and the top layer is a pyrolysis zirconium acetylacetonate protective layer, the pyrolysis zirconium acetylacetonate protective layer is a precursor solution prepared by taking zirconium acetylacetonate as a solute and taking ethanol and dimethylformamide as a composite solvent, the precursor solution is deposited on the surface of the silver nanowire film through atomization pyrolysis, and finally vacuum annealing is carried out to obtain the pyrolysis zirconium acetylacetonate protective layer which is decomposed into a complex component. By dissolving zirconium acetylacetonate in a composite solvent composed of DMF and ethanol, a transparent conductive film is formed on the surface of the Ag nanowire film through spray pyrolysis deposition, the light transmittance of the conductive film under 310 nm ultraviolet light reaches 97.7% of the Ag nanowire film without a protective layer, and the composite electrode effectively improves the charge collection capacity and transmission stability of the electrode.

The utility model discloses an integrated spray pyrolysis device, which belongs to the technical field of spray pyrolysis, and comprises a box body, a material stirring tank, an atomizing mechanism, a gas carrying mechanism and a control panel, the material stirring tank is arranged on the outer side of the box body; the atomizing mechanism comprises a mist particle output pipe and an atomizer, the atomizer is arranged in the box body, one end of the atomizer is communicated with a material conveying pipe arranged on the material stirring tank, and the other end of the atomizer is communicated with the mist particle output pipe; the carrier gas mechanism comprises a gas inlet assembly and a gas pump, the gas pump is arranged in the box body, a gas inlet of the gas pump is communicated with the gas inlet assembly, a first gas outlet of the gas pump is communicated with the mist particle output pipe, and a second gas outlet of the gas pump is communicated with a gas flow output pipe arranged on the material stirring tank. The micro-nano carbon material uniform in size can be stably prepared, and the operability and adaptability of the device are improved.

The invention relates to a doped and coated ternary positive electrode material, a preparation method thereof and a lithium ion battery. The doped and coated ternary positive electrode material comprises a nickel-cobalt-manganese ternary positive electrode material core and a coating layer, the core of the nickel-cobalt-manganese ternary positive electrode material comprises doped metal elements, and the doped metal elements comprise any one or a combination of at least two of Mg, Zr or Mo; and the material of the coating layer comprises at least one metal oxide. The nickel-cobalt-manganese ternary positive electrode material is doped and coated at the same time, the electrochemical performance of the material is improved, the obtained material shows excellent cycle performance, and the voltage attenuation of the material in the discharge process is greatly reduced. The invention also adopts a preparation method of spray pyrolysis, the ternary oxide precursor with uniform particle size can be prepared in one step, no liquid phase product is generated, the preparation efficiency is high, the cost is low, and the realization of batch production is facilitated.

The application provides a high-temperature-resistant mercury adsorbent and a preparation method thereof. The method for preparing the high-temperature-resistant mercury adsorbent is completed by a flame synthesis method, comprising the following steps: preparing a precursor solution, wherein the precursor solution comprises a precursor and a solvent, and the precursor comprises tetrabutyl titanate, cerium 2-ethylhexanoate, copper acetate and tungsten hexacarbonyl; introducing the precursor solution into a first communication hole of a flame spray pyrolysis burner at a predetermined rate, while introducing a dispersion gas into a second communication hole of the flame spray pyrolysis burner and introducing a fuel gas into a third communication hole of the flame spray pyrolysis burner; the dispersion gas disperses the precursor solution into dispersed droplets, and the dispersed droplets are sprayed into a flame combusted by the fuel gas; the dispersed droplets form precursor vapor in the flame, the precursor vapor forms nucleation particles, and the nucleation particles are condensed by cooling to obtain the high-temperature-resistant mercury adsorbent. Thus, the high-temperature-resistant mercury adsorbent prepared by the above method has excellent high-temperature resistance and excellent mercury adsorption performance.

The application relates to a single-crystal high-nickel ternary positive electrode material, a preparation method, a positive electrode sheet and a lithium ion battery, and the preparation method comprises the following steps: mixing a first lithium source, a nickel salt, a manganese salt and a cobalt salt to obtain a lithium-containing metal salt solution; performing spray pyrolysis on the lithium-containing metal salt solution to obtain a lithium-containing oxide precursor; mixing the lithium-containing oxide precursor with a second lithium source, and performing sintering to obtain the single-crystal high-nickel ternary positive electrode material; and in the lithium-containing metal salt solution, the molar ratio of the content of lithium to the total amount of nickel, cobalt and manganese is (0.65-0.75):1. In the application, the lithium source and the nickel, cobalt and manganese source are mixed in a solution, and a lithium-containing oxide precursor with atomic-level uniform distribution of lithium, nickel, cobalt and manganese is obtained by using a spray pyrolysis process, the number and uniformity of ordered superlattice structures in the lithium-containing oxide precursor are improved, the mixing of anions and cations in the sintering process is reduced, the release of lattice oxygen is reduced, and the structural stability of the single-crystal high-nickel ternary positive electrode material is improved.

A highly transparent conductive film comprises an electrode substrate and a top layer. The electrode substrate is a silver nanowire film, and the top layer is a pyrolytic zirconium acetylacetonate protective layer. The pyrolytic zirconium acetylacetonate protective layer is a precursor solution prepared using zirconium acetylacetonate as a solute and ethanol and dimethylformamide as a composite solvent. This precursor solution is deposited onto the surface of the silver nanowire film via atomization pyrolysis, followed by vacuum annealing to obtain a pyrolytic zirconium acetylacetonate protective layer composed of complex components. This invention achieves a transparent conductive film by dissolving zirconium acetylacetonate in a composite solvent of DMF and ethanol, and then depositing it onto the surface of an Ag nanowire film via spray pyrolysis. This transparent conductive film achieves a transmittance of 97.7% at 310 nm ultraviolet light, comparable to that of an unprotected Ag nanowire film, effectively improving the charge collection capacity and transport stability of the electrode.

The invention provides a phosphorus-tungsten co-doped positive electrode precursor material as well as a preparation method and application thereof. The preparation method comprises the following steps: mixing a tungsten source, a phosphorus source, a nickel-cobalt-manganese mixed salt and a solvent to obtain a mixed solution, and performing spray pyrolysis on the mixed solution to obtain the phosphorus-tungsten co-doped positive electrode precursor material. According to the preparation method, specific positive and negative ions of phosphorus and tungsten are cooperatively matched with spray pyrolysis, so that on the premise of ensuring that the ternary positive electrode material has high energy density, the effects of inhibiting lithium-nickel mixing, reducing an irreversible phase change process, stabilizing a lattice structure and improving the diffusion efficiency of lithium ions are achieved; therefore, the energy density, the cycle performance and the rate capability of the battery are improved.

The invention provides a doped sodium electric precursor as well as a preparation method and application thereof. The preparation method comprises the following steps that a nickel-manganese-iron mixed salt solution and doped metal salt are mixed, and a mixed solution is obtained; wherein doped metal ions in the doped metal salt comprise titanium ions, magnesium ions and zinc ions; and carrying out spray pyrolysis on the mixed solution to obtain the doped sodium electric precursor. The preparation method provided by the invention is simple in process, the doped sodium electric precursor with the characteristics of high entropy effect and the like can be directly prepared through one-step spray pyrolysis, the efficiency is high, the energy consumption is low, and the cost advantage is obvious; in addition, the process route also realizes uniform atomic-scale doping of various elements. The sodium ion layered oxide positive electrode material prepared based on the method is uniform in component and stable in structure, and the rate capability and the cycling stability of the sodium ion layered oxide positive electrode material are remarkably improved.

This invention belongs to the field of inorganic functional material preparation technology, and specifically relates to a method for preparing α-Fe₂O₃ nanopowder by salt-assisted ultrasonic spray pyrolysis. First, an auxiliary salt and a ferric salt are dissolved in deionized water and ultrasonically prepared to form a precursor solution with an iron concentration of 0.01–1 mol / L. Then, the precursor solution is atomized in an ultrasonic atomizer with an ultrasonic frequency of 1.7–3 MHz, and the resulting droplets are collected. After collection, the droplets are ultrasonicated, filtered, and dried to obtain α-Fe₂O₃ nanopowder. This invention, by adding an auxiliary salt as a high-temperature solvent, solves the problems of severe agglomeration, large particle size, and poor uniformity in powders prepared by spray pyrolysis. The α-Fe₂O₃ powder obtained by the above method not only has small particle size, good uniformity and dispersibility, but the added auxiliary salt can also be recycled and reused.

The present application relates to a kind of spray pyrolysis device system and the method for synthesizing metal oxide, the device system includes pyrolysis reaction unit, dust collection unit and flue gas recovery unit connected in order along material flow direction;The pyrolysis reaction unit includes automatic feeding device, carrier compression device, atomizing device and pyrolysis device connected in order along material flow direction, and the side wall bottom of the pyrolysis device is connected with combustion device.The present application can ensure that the actual decomposition temperature and residence time of raw material are accurately controlled by setting automatic feeding device, while using reasonable feeding and pyrolysis process parameters;Metal oxide and flue gas can be efficiently separated by using dust collection unit, high-purity metal oxide preparation can be realized, and it can be used for industrial scale production.

The invention provides a high-entropy oxide porous catalytic electrode and a preparation method and application thereof, and relates to the technical field of water electrolysis hydrogen production, and the preparation method comprises the following steps: carrying out spray pyrolysis on a precursor solution through a molten salt bath to obtain a precursor, taking the precursor, carrying out millisecond-level instantaneous curing on the precursor, depositing the precursor on foamed nickel, and carrying out electrochemical activation to obtain the high-entropy oxide porous catalytic electrode. And performing heat treatment to obtain the high-entropy oxide porous catalytic electrode. According to the invention, the technical problems of uneven element distribution, difficult pore structure regulation and poor binding force between the active layer and the metal substrate during preparation of the high-entropy oxide electrode in the prior art are solved, and the technical effects of high efficiency, energy conservation and high universality of electrode preparation are achieved.

This application relates to the field of oxide target technology, specifically disclosing an ITZO target and its preparation method. The preparation method of the ITZO target includes the following steps: applying an In-containing... 3+ Sn 4+ Zn 2+ A complexing agent is added to the solution to obtain a mixed solution; the mixed solution is then added dropwise to an ammonia solution and aged to obtain a precursor precipitate; the precursor precipitate is then subjected to spray pyrolysis, cold isostatic pressing, and warm isostatic pressing to obtain an ITZO preform; the ITZO preform is then subjected to programmed temperature calcination and programmed temperature cooling to obtain an ITZO target. This application obtains a uniformly composed and highly dense ITZO target by dynamically controlling the composition of the mixed gas during the programmed temperature cooling process through two static pressing treatments; using this target, a transparent conductive film with high visible light transmittance and excellent electrical properties can be prepared by sputtering, solving the technical problems of uneven composition, low density, and poor quality of sputtered films in existing targets.

The present invention relates to a nickel monoxide as a hole-conducting material and a perovskite solar cell containing the hole-conducting material as a hole-conducting layer, as well as a method for producing the nickel monoxide. The hole-conducting nickel monoxide (NiO) according to the invention x The composition is characterized by the addition of magnesium or of magnesium and lithium together as dopants. The mole fractions of the dopants are in the range of 2% to 4% for magnesium alone and 2% to 4% for magnesium together with 0.75% to 1.25% for lithium, and in particular 2.5% to 3.5% for magnesium and 0.9% to 1.1% for lithium. The NiO doped according to the invention x is of increased stability. A perovskite solar cell, which consists of a NiO doped with magnesium and lithium. xThe inventive method for producing a NiO-doped layer, comprising a hole-conducting layer, exhibits increased stability and improved efficiency. x is based on spray pyolysis in an oxidizing atmosphere. In the process according to the invention, the applied layer is doped with NiO. x First annealed and then cooled, after which further processing or storage is possible.

This invention discloses a method for the efficient recovery of hydrochloric acid through spray pyrolysis to prepare rare earth chloride for catalytic oxidation. The rare earth chloride production apparatus includes a rare earth chloride feeding unit, a rare earth chloride pyrolysis furnace, a separation unit, a negative pressure forming unit, and a hydrogen chloride absorption unit. The rare earth chloride pyrolysis furnace has a feeding port and a gas-solid mixture outlet at the top, a solid product inlet at the bottom, and a solid product outlet at the bottom. The separation unit separates the gas-solid mixture to obtain a gas containing hydrogen chloride and a rare earth chloride solid product, with the solid product discharged from the solid product outlet. The negative pressure forming unit is located between the separation unit and the hydrogen chloride absorption unit. The hydrogen chloride absorption unit absorbs hydrogen chloride from the gas. Using the rare earth chloride production apparatus and method of this invention can largely avoid rare earth chloride agglomeration, improve product purity, and also recover high-concentration hydrochloric acid solutions.