674 results about "Carbon oxide" patented technology

The present invention is directed to systems and processes for operating molten carbonate fuel cell systems. A process for operating the molten carbonate fuel cell includes providing a hydrogen-containing stream comprising molecular hydrogen to a molten carbonate fuel cell anode; heating a hydrocarbon stream, at least a majority of which is comprised of hydrocarbons that are liquid at 20° C. and atmospheric pressure, with a heat source comprising an anode exhaust from the molten carbonate fuel cell anode; contacting at least a portion of the heated hydrocarbon stream with a catalyst to produce a steam reforming feed comprising gaseous hydrocarbons, hydrogen, and at least one carbon oxide; separating at least a portion of the molecular hydrogen from the steam reforming feed; and providing at least a portion of the separated molecular hydrogen to the molten carbonate fuel cell anode as at least a portion of the stream comprising molecular hydrogen.

A compact hydrogen generator is coupled to or integrated with a fuel cell for portable power applications. Hydrogen is produced via thermocatalytic decomposition (cracking, pyrolysis) of hydrocarbon fuels in oxidant-free environment. The apparatus can utilize a variety of hydrocarbon fuels, including natural gas, propane, gasoline, kerosene, diesel fuel, crude oil (including sulfurous fuels). The hydrogen-rich gas produced is free of carbon oxides or other reactive impurities, so it could be directly fed to any type of a fuel cell. The catalysts for hydrogen production in the apparatus are carbon-based or metal-based materials and doped, if necessary, with a sulfur-capturing agent. Additionally disclosed are two novel processes for the production of two types of carbon filaments, and a novel filamentous carbon product. The hydrogen generator can be conveniently integrated with high temperature fuel cells to produce an efficient and self-contained source of electrical power.

A process has been developed for producing diesel boiling range fuel from renewable feedstocks such as plant and animal fats and oils, the process providing for sulfur management. The process involves catalytically treating a renewable feedstock by hydrogenating and deoxygenating to provide a hydrocarbon fraction useful as a diesel boiling range fuel. The hydrocarbon fraction is isomerized to improve cold flow properties. A selective separation such as a hot high pressure hydrogen stripper is used to remove at least the carbon oxides from the first zone effluent before entering the isomerization zone, and to provide liquid recycle to the treating zone at pressure and temperature. A vapor stream is separated from the isomerization effluent and at least carbon dioxide is removed using at least one selective or flexible amine solution absorber. The resulting hydrogen-rich stream is recycled to the deoxygenation reaction zone

Materials that are useful for absorption enhanced reforming (AER) of a fuel, including absorbent materials and catalyst materials. The materials can be fabricated by spray processing. The use of the materials in AER can produce a H₂ product gas having a high H₂ content and a low level of carbon oxides.

The invention relates to a process for preparing butadiene from n-butenes, which comprises the following steps:

• • A) provision of a feed gas stream a comprising n-butenes;
  • B) introduction of the feed gas stream a comprising n-butenes and an oxygen-comprising gas into at least one dehydrogenation zone and oxidative dehydrogenation of n-butenes to butadiene, giving a product gas stream b comprising butadiene, unreacted n-butenes, water vapor, oxygen, low-boiling hydrocarbons, possibly carbon oxides and possibly inert gases;
  • C) cooling and compression of the product gas stream b in at least one cooling stage and at least one compression stage, with the product gas stream b being brought into contact with a circulated coolant to give at least one condensate stream c1 comprising water and a gas stream c2 comprising butadiene, n-butenes, water vapor, oxygen, low-boiling hydrocarbons, possibly carbon oxides and possibly inert gases;
  • D) separation of incondensable and low-boiling gas constituents comprising oxygen, low-boiling hydrocarbons, possibly carbon oxides and possibly inert gases as gas stream d2 from the gas stream c2 by absorption of the C₄-hydrocarbons comprising butadiene and n-butenes in a circulated absorption medium, giving an absorption medium stream loaded with C₄-hydrocarbons and the gas stream d2, and subsequent desorption of the C₄-hydrocarbons from the loaded absorption medium stream to give a C₄ product gas stream d1;
  • E) separation of the C₄ product stream d1 by extractive distillation using a solvent which is selective for butadiene into a stream e1 comprising butadiene and the selective solvent and a stream e2 comprising n-butenes;
  • F) distillation of the stream e1 comprising butadiene and the selective solvent to give a stream f1 consisting essentially of the selective solvent and a stream f2 comprising butadiene;
  • where samples are taken from the circulated coolant in step C) and/or the circulated absorption medium in step D) and the peroxide content of the samples taken is determined by means of iodometry, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) or microcalorimetry.

A gas recovery and reuse/recycle method is disclosed which can readily and economically recover valuable and/or environmentally hazardous gases from a manufacturing or chemical process and then return the gas to the process for reuse, and repeat this many times without significant contamination or degradation of the gas or the produced products. All gas transport, compression and storage equipment is designed and maintained so that it is non-contaminating to the process gas. Commonly the process gas will be a Group VIII gas, preferably He, Ne, Kr or Xe, or a gas which comprises a hazard to the ambient environment or beings therein, such as a carbon oxide gas, a halocarbon gas, an acid-precursor gas, a biologically hazardous gas, or a radioactive gas.

The invention discloses electronic cigarette liquid capable of effectively improving sensory quality of an electronic cigarette, and the electronic cigarette liquid is prepared by uniformly mixing 5 to 10 percent of extract of red-flower Dajinyuan tobacco leaves produced in Yunnan province, 5 to 9 percent of essence for cigarettes, 1 to 5 percent of spice for the cigarettes, 5 to 15 percent of deionized water, 10 to 20 percent of glycerol and balance of propylene glycol. The electronic cigarette liquid is used for atomizing the electronic cigarette, no tar and carbon oxide (CO) is produced, harm on consumers can be greatly reduced, and no harm of second-hand smoking is produced through the application of the product; the extract of the red-flower Dajinyuan tobacco leaves not only provide nicotine, but also provide abundant tobacco characteristic fragrant substances, so that the sensory quality of the electronic cigarette is closer to that of the traditional cigarette; and due to the adoption of the essence and the spice for the cigarette, the fragrance quality and the fragrance quantity of the electronic cigarette can be enhanced, and the satisfactory of the consumers can be improved.

A gel polymer electrolyte according to the present invention comprises a polymer selected from the group consisting of vinyl acetate copolymer, poly(ethylene/vinylacetate/carbon oxide: EVACM), and poly(ethylene/vinylacetate/maleic acid anhydride: EVAMA); an inorganic filler; and a liquid electrolyte that a lithium salt is dissolved in an aprotic solvent. It is preferable that the polymer material in a gel polymer electrolyte according to the present invention is in the range of 20 to 30% by weight, the inorganic material filler is in the range of 5 to 20% by weight, and the liquid electrolyte is in the range of 60 to 80 % by weight. As a specific functional group which has a high compatibility with a liquid electrolyte in the present invention is contained in the polymer material, a lithium ion becomes to move with ease in electrolyte, and the ionic conductivity is over 0.5 mS/cm which is the demand level of a gel polymer electrolyte. Also, it provides the gel polymer electrolyte material with a high film formability, a good property of containing an electrolyte, a good adhesion, and a good mechanical strength.

A process for synthesising methanol comprises the steps of: (i) reforming a hydrocarbon feedstock and separating water to generate a make-up gas comprising hydrogen and carbon oxides, the make-up gas mixture having a stoichiometric number, R, R=([H₂]−[CO₂])/([CO₂]+[CO]) of less than 2.0, (ii) combining the make up gas with an unreacted synthesis gas to form a synthesis gas mixture, (iii) passing the synthesis gas through a bed of methanol synthesis catalyst to generate a product stream, (iv) cooling the product stream to recover a crude methanol stream from the unreacted synthesis gas, (v) removing a portion of the unreacted synthesis gas as a purge gas, and (vi) feeding the remaining unreacted synthesis gas to step (ii), wherein hydrogen is recovered from a portion of the purge gas and the make up gas, and the recovered hydrogen is included in the synthesis gas mixture.

Methods for converting hydrocarbon fuels to hydrogen-rich reformate that incorporate a carbon dioxide fixing mechanism into the initial hydrocarbon conversion process. The mechanism utilizes a carbon dioxide fixing material to remove carbon dioxide from the reformate product stream. The removal of carbon dioxide from the product stream shifts the reforming reaction equilibrium toward higher hydrocarbon conversion with only small amounts of carbon oxides produced. Repeated absorption/desorption of carbon dioxide by the fixing materials tends to decrease the fixing capacity of the materials. Hydration of the carbon dioxide fixing materials between one or more cycles serves to sustain their fixing capacity and to enhance the efficiencies of the reforming and shift reactions occurring in the catalyst bed. Hydration can occur during reactor start-up or shut down, periodically over a number of cycles, and/or upon a monitored change in the reformate composition.

Apparatus and methods for converting hydrocarbon fuels to hydrogen-rich reformate that incorporate a carbon dioxide fixing mechanism into the initial hydrocarbon conversion process. The mechanism utilizes a carbon dioxide fixing material within the reforming catalyst bed to remove carbon dioxide from the reformate product. The removal of carbon dioxide from the product stream shifts the reforming reaction equilibrium toward higher hydrocarbon conversion with only small amounts of carbon oxides produced. Fixed carbon dioxide may be released by heating the catalyst bed to a calcination temperature. A non-uniform distribution of catalysts and carbon dioxide fixing material across catalyst bed yields higher conversion rates of hydrocarbon to hydrogen-rich reformate.

A method for the production of a hydrogen-containing gas composition, such as a synthesis gas including hydrogen and carbon monoxide. The molar ratio of hydrogen to carbon monoxide (H₂:CO) in the synthesis gas can be well-controlled to yield a ratio that is adequate for the synthesis of useful products such as methane or methanol, without the need to remove carbon oxides from the gas stream to adjust the ratio.

Methods of producing fibrous solid carbon forests include reacting carbon oxides with gaseous reducing agents in the presence of a catalyst having a predetermined grain size to cause growth of fibrous solid carbon forests upon a surface of the metal. The fibrous solid carbon forests are substantially perpendicular to the surface of the metal thus creating the “forests”. A bi-modal forest composition of matter is described in which a primary distribution of fibrous solid carbon comprises the forest and a secondary distribution of fibrous solid carbon is entangled with the primary distribution. A reactor includes a catalyst, a means for facilitating the reduction of a carbon oxide to form solid carbon forests on a surface of the catalyst, and a means for removing the solid carbon forest from the surface of the metal catalyst.

A method of treating an offgas includes purifying the offgas to remove particulate matter, water, undesirable gaseous components and inert gases to produce a dried carbon oxide gas feedstock, and converting at least a portion of carbon oxides in the dried carbon oxide gas feedstock into solid carbon. In other embodiments, a method includes passing a dried carbon oxide gas feedstock through a multi-stage catalytic converter. A first stage is configured to catalyze methane-reforming reactions to convert methane into carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide and hydrogen with residual methane. A second stage is configured to catalyze the Bosch reaction and convert carbon oxides and hydrogen to solid carbon and water.

A method is provided for additionally oxidizing a thin-film oxide. The method includes: providing a substrate; depositing an MyOx (M oxide) layer overlying the substrate, where M is a solid element having an oxidation state in a range of +2 to +5; treating the MyOx layer to a high density plasma (HDP) source; and, forming an MyOk layer in response to the HDP source, where k>x. In one aspect, the method further includes decreasing the concentration of oxide charge in response to forming the MyOk layer. In another aspect, the MyOx layer is deposited with an impurity N, and the method further includes creating volatile N oxides in response to forming the MyOk layer. For example, the impurity N may be carbon and the method creates a volatile carbon oxide.