1416 results about "Propane" patented technology

The invention relates to the technical field of oilfield chemistry, and discloses a graft modified cellulose filtrate reducer and a preparation method thereof.The preparation method comprises the following steps that modified hydroxyethyl cellulose, 2-acrylamide-2-methyl propane sulfonic acid, dimethyl diallyl ammonium chloride, alkenylated cardanol and N, N '-methylene bisacrylamide are added into deionized water, stirring is conducted, and a mixture is obtained; the preparation method comprises the following steps: adding cellulose into a reaction kettle, stirring for 10-15 minutes at the temperature of 40-60 DEG C at the speed of 300-400 rpm, dropwise adding ammonium persulfate and sodium hydrogen sulfite into a system, and continuously reacting for 4-6 hours to obtain the grafted modified cellulose filtrate reducer. The filtrate reducer disclosed by the invention has good high temperature resistance and salt resistance.

The invention relates to a method for continuously producing 1, 1, 1, 3-tetrachloropropane, which comprises the following steps: adopting a loop reactor in which a beam pipe is arranged in the reactor, mixing reaction raw materials ethylene and carbon tetrachloride at a Venturi nozzle at the lower part of the reactor through a gas circulation loop and a liquid circulation loop outside the reactor, and spraying into the reactor filled with a main catalyst. A cocatalyst and a chelating agent are added into a carbon tetrachloride raw material in advance, are pumped into a liquid loop by a feeding pump and then enter a reactor. Reaction raw materials are circularly stirred under the action of a beam pipe in the reactor, so that solid, liquid and gas phases are fully mixed. By adopting the method disclosed by the invention, the selectivity and the production efficiency of the 1, 1, 1, 3-tetrachloropropane can be greatly improved, and the method also has the advantages of simplicity in operation, environment friendliness, long service life of the catalyst and low cost.

Disclosed in the present invention is a method for co-producing 3,3,3-trifluoropropene and 2,3,3,3-tetrafluoropropene. The method comprises: introducing 1,1,1,3-tetrachloropropane, 1,1,1,2,3-pentachloropropane, and hydrogen fluoride into a first reactor, and reacting under the action of a first catalyst to obtain a first reactor reaction product; performing rectification on the first reactor reaction product to obtain a 3,3,3-trifluoropropene product and a tower kettle product, mixing the tower kettle product with hydrogen fluoride, and then introducing the mixture into a second reactor, and reacting under the action of a second catalyst to obtain a second reactor reaction product; and separating the second reactor reaction product from hydrogen chloride, water washing, alkaline washing, and drying to obtain a 2,3,3,3-tetrafluoropropene product. The present invention has the advantages of simple process, high efficiency, flexible operation, low investment, and low energy consumption.

An article for joule heating is described, including a three-dimensional substrate on and / or in which a pyrolyzate of a phenolic resin or polymer forms an electrically conductive carbon network. Such articles may be incorporated in structured materials applications, which may include support, sorbent, and or catalyst components. Also described are methods of fabricating such articles and structured materials, and apparatus comprising same, and methods of use of such articles and structured materials and apparatus for conducting material transformation processes requiring input of heat for their performance, such as CO2 adsorption, methane pyrolysis for hydrogen and carbon production, hydrogen-assisted conversion of CO2 to hydrocarbons, including catalytic conversion of CO2 to olefins, catalytic conversion of CO2 to propane (liquefied petroleum gas), and catalytic conversion of CO2 to renewable natural gas, reverse water gas shift reaction, steam ethane cracking, propane cracking, steam methane reforming, and dry methane reforming.

The invention discloses an oil field desulfurizer and a preparation method thereof. The preparation method comprises the following steps: dissolving 1, 3-propane sultone in toluene, dropwise adding equimolar 1-methylimidazole under an ice-water bath, and heating to room temperature for reaction after dropwise adding; separating out a product after the reaction is finished, and dropwise adding equimolar concentrated sulfuric acid to obtain imidazole ionic liquid; mixing the imidazole ionic liquid with a catalytic promoter to obtain a catalyst; the preparation method comprises the following steps: adding paraformaldehyde, a triazine compound and a catalyst into a solvent, heating to 50-90 DEG C, controlling a reflux reaction for 6-9 hours, and after the reaction is finished, carrying out reduced pressure distillation to remove the solvent and separate out the catalyst, thereby obtaining the oil field desulfurizer. The desulfurizer is a modified triazine compound with a novel structure, N and lateral branch functional groups on a triazine ring of the desulfurizer can react with hydrogen sulfide, and compared with a conventional triazine desulfurizer, a plurality of desulfurization points are added, so that the sulfur capacity is greatly improved.

The invention discloses a pure silicon Beta molecular sieve packaging metal catalyst and a preparation method and application thereof, and the preparation method comprises the following steps: dissolving a silicon source, a template agent, a ligand, a metal salt and a mineralizer in water, carrying out a crystallization reaction at 120-200 DEG C, and carrying out calcination treatment and reduction treatment on the crystallized solid to obtain the pure silicon Beta molecular sieve packaging metal catalyst. The pure silicon Beta molecular sieve packaged metal catalyst is obtained. The pure silicon twelve-membered ring macroporous Beta molecular sieve encapsulated metal catalyst is prepared through a ligand protection in-situ hydrothermal synthesis strategy, so that the size of a metal nanocluster can be reduced, the high-temperature thermal stability of the metal nanocluster is improved, the adsorption and diffusion processes of guest molecules can be regulated and controlled, and the stability of the metal nanocluster is improved. Furthermore, the catalyst shows excellent catalytic performance when being used for catalyzing a propane dehydrogenation reaction and a methyl cyclohexane dehydrogenation reaction, and efficient and stable propane and methyl cyclohexane dehydrogenation performance is achieved.

The present invention provides a method for preparing large-pore spherical alumina, and relates to the technical field of spherical alumina. The preparation method of the present invention comprises the following steps: mixing pseudo-boehmite powder with water to obtain a suspension, adding a peptizing agent for peptization to prepare an aluminum hydroxide sol; adding cross-linking molecules to the aluminum hydroxide sol to form a system to be cross-linked; adding a cross-linking agent to the system to be cross-linked to obtain a sol containing a prepolymer; and subjecting the sol to oil-ammonia column molding, drying and roasting to obtain large-pore spherical alumina. The present invention adopts an oil-ammonia column molding method, which does not require the addition of a pore-expanding agent or new equipment, and the preparation process is simple and does not introduce new impurities, so it is suitable for industrial production. The large-pore spherical alumina prepared by the present invention has a pore volume of up to 0.60cm 3 / g or more, and can be used as a propane dehydrogenation catalyst carrier.

The invention relates to the technical field of catalyst carriers, and discloses reticular porous spherical aluminum oxide as well as a preparation method and application thereof. The preparation method comprises the following steps: (1) mixing an aluminum source, acid, a pore-forming agent, a surfactant and water to obtain pseudo sol; (2) performing ultrasonic treatment and oil ammonia column forming treatment on the pseudo sol obtained in the step (1) to obtain gamma-Al2O3 spherical gel beads; and (3) aging, washing, drying and calcining the gamma-Al2O3 spherical gel beads obtained in the step (2) to obtain the reticular porous spherical alumina. The spherical aluminum oxide prepared by the method has abundant communicated reticular pore channels, is obviously distributed in mesopore and macropore ranges, is beneficial to obviously improving dispersion and loading of a catalyst in an aluminum oxide carrier and improving the performance of petroleum reforming and propane dehydrogenation, and has industrial production utilization value and commercial value.

The invention relates to a self-heating catalysis propane partial oxidation reforming coupling tube type solid oxide fuel cell system and a preparation method of a catalyst and a carrier thereof. The system comprises a fuel cell tube and a honeycomb type catalyst carrier with the catalyst, the fuel cell tube comprises a cathode layer, an electrolyte tube and an anode layer; the anode layer is located on the inner wall of the electrolyte tube, and the cathode layer is located on the outer wall of the electrolyte tube; the honeycomb type catalyst carrier is mounted at a gas inlet end of a fuel cell tube and is communicated with an inner cavity of the fuel cell tube, the catalyst is a ruthenium-based active component, comprises RuO or metal Ru and is doped with CeO as a dispersing aid, the loading capacity of Ru is 0.5-5wt%, and the proportion of CeO is 0.5-3wt%. The method has the advantages that the mechanical stability is good, the influence of the anode reduction process on the starting time is eliminated, the influence of anode carbon deposition on the performance of the SOFC is reduced, and rapid heating and rapid power generation are realized.

The invention discloses a gradient frame membrane and separation application thereof. An integrated gradient membrane material is constructed in a mode of functional group sharing, metal node sharing or skeleton interpenetration, and target molecule recognition sites are designed by utilizing the advantage that a framework material is easy to modify, so that the separation performance is remarkably improved. The gradient film structure comprises a metal organic-metal organic framework gradient film, a metal organic-covalent organic framework gradient film and a covalent organic-metal organic framework gradient film. The invention introduces a new structure of a metal organic framework-covalent organic framework gradient film and a construction strategy thereof in detail. The preparation method comprises the steps of preparing a bottom layer film structure from bottom to top, then preparing a top layer film structure on the bottom layer film structure, performing post-modification and the like. By designing a specific asymmetric porous structure and adsorption sites, the membrane shows excellent ethylene / ethane, propylene / propane, ion screening and organic matter dehydration separation performance under the dual action of adsorption selection and shape-selective screening.

The invention discloses a cable fault diagnosis method and system based on ablation gas of a semi-conductive resistance water buffer zone, and the method comprises the steps: extracting gas in a to-be-detected cable buffer layer through a gas collection assembly disposed outside a main insulation part of a cable body; analyzing the gas in the buffer layer of the to-be-detected cable through a cable characteristic gas analysis instrument to obtain the concentrations of hydrogen and propane in the buffer layer of the to-be-detected cable; and comparing the hydrogen concentration with the hydrogen concentration of the cable in a normal operation state, and determining the operation state of the cable to be detected according to the propane content. The problem that the detection time is interfered or missed in the prior art is solved, and whether the semi-conductive resistance water buffer strip is ablated or not can be rapidly and accurately detected and judged.

The invention discloses an alkynyl functionalized hydrogen bond organic framework (HOF) material for efficient reverse separation of propylene / propane as well as a preparation method and application of the alkynyl functionalized hydrogen bond organic framework (HOF) material. The preparation method comprises the following steps: dissolving a tetracarboxylic acid type organic ligand H4L in a benign organic solvent to obtain an H4L solution, then placing the H4L solution in a poor solvent steam atmosphere, and obtaining an HOF material through a gas phase diffusion method; after a low-boiling-point reagent is adopted to carry out solvent exchange on the HOF material, solvent molecules in pore channels of the HOF material are removed through an activation method, and then the alkynyl functionalized HOF material for propylene / propane efficient reverse separation is obtained. The material shows the characteristics of high propane adsorption capacity, excellent propylene / propane reverse separation performance, good cycle performance, easy repair and reproducibility, fills the technical blank of the HOF material in the field of efficient reverse separation of propylene / propane mixed gas, and provides a brand new thought and technical support for research and development in the field of light hydrocarbon separation.

The invention relates to the technical field of thickening agents for fracturing fluids, and particularly discloses a composite fracturing fluid thickening agent for an oil and gas well and a preparation process of the composite fracturing fluid thickening agent. The invention relates to a composite fracturing fluid densifier for oil and gas wells. The composite fracturing fluid densifier comprises 30-50 parts of acrylamide; 20 to 35 parts of 2-acrylamide-2-methyl propane sulfonic acid; 10 to 25 parts of acryloyl morpholine; 3-8 parts of a polyether amine modified organic zirconium cross-linking agent; 2-6 parts of sulfonated konjac gum; 1-5 parts of a salt-tolerant synergistic aid; 0.5-2 parts of a composite initiator; 0.1 to 0.8 part of an inhibitor; and 150 to 180 parts of deionized water. The fracturing fluid thickening agent provided by the invention has the advantages of high viscosity, high temperature resistance and high salt resistance.

The invention belongs to the technical field of catalytic materials and hydrocarbon reforming, and particularly relates to a high-entropy catalyst as well as a preparation method and application thereof. The preparation method comprises the following steps: mixing a metal salt solution containing lanthanum, chromium, copper, zinc, manganese, nickel, iron and cobalt ions with a chelating agent and a dispersing agent for reaction, carrying out ultrasonic cavitation treatment to obtain sol, adjusting the pH value, gelatinizing under an oil bath heating condition to obtain a colloidal precursor, drying, and calcining in an air atmosphere to obtain a perovskite type high-entropy oxide precursor; and then treating in a reducing atmosphere to obtain the FeZnCuNiCo perovskite type high-entropy alloy catalyst which contains metal components of La, Cr, Ni, Mn, Fe, Zn, Cu and Co and takes a multi-metal alloy active center of Fe-Zn-Cu-Ni-Co as a main component. The high-entropy catalyst can meet the harsh requirements of high temperature, strong carbon deposition driving force and long-period operation in a propane dry reforming reaction, and is suitable for industrial application scenarios of continuous production of high-temperature synthesis gas.

The present invention relates to the field of catalyst technology, discloses a supported noble metal catalyst and its preparation method and application, the catalyst includes a first carrier and a coating loaded on the first carrier, the raw material composition for preparing the coating includes a second carrier, an active component precursor, an auxiliary agent precursor, a binder and a dispersant; the first carrier is cordierite, mullite or cordierite-mullite; the second carrier is titanium dioxide and / or aluminum oxide; the active component precursor is selected from at least one of a platinum precursor, a palladium precursor and a rhodium precursor; the auxiliary agent precursor is a combination of a cerium precursor, a zirconium precursor and a neodymium precursor; the binder is a mixture of an organic binder, an inorganic binder and a coupling agent. The supported noble metal catalyst has low production cost, high catalytic activity, strong anti-poisoning ability and long service life, can be used for the removal of volatile organic compounds, and is particularly suitable for the removal of flue gases such as ethylene and propane with large air volume and low concentration of organic small molecule hydrocarbons.

Systems herein separate an inlet gas stream containing methane, C2 components, C3 components and optionally heavier hydrocarbons into a volatile gas fraction containing methane and a less volatile hydrocarbon fraction containing C2+ components. The system may include piping, valving, and controls configured to flexibly allow the system to operate in a high ethane recovery mode, a high throughput mode, or in some embodiments, a high propane recovery mode.

The invention discloses a chromium catalyst for propane dehydrogenation and a preparation method and application thereof, the catalyst is composed of an active component Cr2O3, an auxiliary agent, a modifier and an Al2O3-ZrO2 complex, the modifier is Y or Nd, and the auxiliary agent is at least one of Mn2O7, In2O3, CoO, OsO4 and MoO3. The catalyst is high in catalytic activity, strong in anti-coking capability, good in stability, low in cost and high in economical efficiency.

The invention relates to the technical field of gas membrane separation, in particular to a metal-organic framework mixed matrix membrane and a preparation method and application thereof. The mixed matrix membrane is prepared by taking a water-stable metal-organic framework material Zn-bzc-2CH3 synthesized by a solvothermal method as a filler dispersion phase and cross-linked polyethylene glycol XLPEO as a polymer matrix continuous phase through ultraviolet cross-linking polymerization. The Zn-bzc-2CH3 material has a dynamic screening capability on propylene / propane, so that the mixed matrix membrane shows enhanced propylene / propane separation performance.

The invention discloses a polyurethane blue light protection optical material and a preparation method thereof. The polyurethane blue light protection optical material is formed by polymerizing a three-component system of isocyanate, a thiopropane trithiol compound and a light absorber mixture, has the advantages of high refractive index and high light transmittance, also has excellent blue light selective protection capability, can perform accurate regulation and control protection on blue light with different wavelengths of 385-500nm, and has good application prospects. The refractive index of an optical lens made of the blue-light-resistant material is larger than or equal to 1.71, the transmittance of short-wave blue light of 385-445 nm is smaller than or equal to 32.2%, the transmittance of long-wave blue light of 475-500 nm is larger than or equal to 70%, the transmittance of visible light of 600-780 nm is larger than or equal to 90%, and a wider material selection range is provided for application of high-end blue-light-resistant optical components.

The invention belongs to the technical field of octafluoropropane purification, particularly relates to a device and a method for purifying octafluoropropane, and provides the following scheme aiming at the problems that gas flows to easily generate bubbles and the bubbles wrap impurities in the processes of octafluoropropane rectification and the like: the device comprises a rectifying tower, the bottom of the rectifying tower is fixedly connected with an extraction liquid box, and a round hole is formed in the outer side of the rectifying tower; a purification outlet is fixedly connected to the interior of the round hole, a spraying head is arranged in the rectifying tower, and an input pipe is fixedly connected to the top end of the spraying head. According to the device and method for purifying the octafluoropropane, the bubble breaking piece accurately breaks bubbles, impurities and the octafluoropropane are thoroughly separated, the spoiler strengthens the separation effect, the impurities are evenly enriched, the liftable suction outlet is matched, the impurities are accurately sucked away, impurity residues in a finished product are greatly reduced, and the product quality is improved. And the purity of the perfluoropropane is assisted to stably reach a high standard.

A process for producing propylene and hydrogen from propane, the process comprising the steps of: a) reacting a mixture comprising propane and bromine to produce a first reaction mixture comprising bromopropane and hydrogen bromide, b) subjecting the first reaction mixture obtained in step a) to at least one separation step to obtain a bromopropane-rich composition and to obtain a hydrogen bromide-rich composition, c) subjecting the bromopropane-rich composition obtained in step b) to a catalytic reaction to produce a second reaction mixture containing propylene and hydrogen bromide, d) subjecting the second reaction mixture obtained in step c) to at least one separation step to obtain a hydrogen bromide-rich composition and to obtain propylene, and e) subjecting the hydrogen bromide-rich composition obtained in step b) and / or the hydrogen bromide-rich composition obtained in step d) to electrolysis to obtain hydrogen and a bromine-containing composition, wherein preferably at least a portion of the bromine-containing composition is recycled back to step a).

The utility model discloses a heat energy utilization system of a C3 and C4 mixed dehydrogenation device, and relates to the technical field of heat energy utilization. According to the utility model, heat generated by a heat pump compressor is respectively used as a heat source of materials extracted from the side lines of a propane tower reboiler and a C3 and C4 separation tower A, heat of an aromatic solvent pipe system is used as a heat source of the reboiler of the C3 and C4 separation tower A, and heat of materials at the bottom of a C3 and C4 separation tower B is used as a heat source to exchange heat with materials at the inlet of the C3 and C4 separation tower A; surplus heat of the dehydrogenation device is fully utilized, steam consumption is reduced, and the purpose of saving energy is achieved.

The invention discloses a renewable alkane dehydrogenation catalyst as well as a preparation method and application thereof. The preparation method of the catalyst comprises the following steps: activating the molecular sieve carrier by adopting high-temperature heat treatment, mechanically and uniformly mixing the activated carrier with the active metal salt, the auxiliary metal salt and the alkali metal salt, and finally carrying out high-temperature oxidation treatment. And through high-temperature activation heat treatment, the pore structure of the molecular sieve is reconstructed, oxygen vacancies are introduced, rich defect sites are formed, then active metal is effectively anchored, and the metal-carrier interaction is optimized. Meanwhile, auxiliary metal and alkali metal are added to achieve a synergistic effect, sintering agglomeration of active metal is further inhibited, and the high-temperature stability and the recyclability of the catalyst are remarkably improved. The method is simple in process route, less in wastewater discharge and low in investment cost, the obtained catalyst is not inactivated after 50 times of circulation in propane dehydrogenation high-temperature reaction-regeneration, long-time sustainable use and recycling can be realized, and a new technical reference is provided for synthesis of novel industrial catalysts.

The invention belongs to the technical field of organic synthesis, and particularly relates to a method for continuously synthesizing 2-chloropropane, which comprises the following steps: uniformly mixing preheated hydrogen chloride gas and vaporized isopropanol through a mixer, introducing into a fixed bed reactor filled with a solid catalyst, and contacting with the catalyst to start reaction to generate mixed gas containing 2-chloropropane; and carrying out gas-liquid separation on the mixed gas containing 2-chloropropane, and standing and layering the liquid phase to obtain the 2-chloropropane product on the upper layer. According to the method, the problem of continuous synthesis of 2-chloropropane is solved, the production efficiency is greatly improved, meanwhile, the problem that high-price special material equipment is needed in the reaction is solved, and the production cost is reduced. The problems of high reaction temperature, low selectivity and low yield are solved, the product purity of the reaction exceeds 99%, and the yield reaches more than 98.5%.

Provided herein is a system and method for refilling refillable pressurized fluid tanks. The system includes a source tank, having a source fluid, a target refillable tank, a valve assembly, and a fill hose. The valve assembly is affixed to the refillable fluid tank and is fluidly attached to the source fluid tank with the fill hose. The fluid from the source fluid tank is transferred to the target refillable fluid tank via the fill hose and the valve assembly. When the target refillable fluid tank is filled to capacity, excess propane is dispensed from the valve assembly through an overfill valve.

The invention belongs to the technical field of LNG (liquefied natural gas) cold energy utilization, and provides an LNG gasification station cold energy utilization system coupled with liquid air energy storage, which comprises a first LNG heat exchange assembly, a second LNG heat exchange assembly and a third LNG heat exchange assembly, the second LNG heat exchange assembly comprises a second heat exchange subsystem, and a cold source and a heat source of the second heat exchange subsystem are LNG and power plant warm discharged water correspondingly; the ORC power generation assembly comprises a sixth heat exchanger and a first turbine generator, a cold source of the sixth heat exchanger is LNG, the LNG is output through an LNG outlet of the sixth heat exchanger, and a driving medium flowing part is arranged between a propane outlet of the sixth heat exchanger and the first turbine generator; and the air energy release assembly comprises a liquid air storage tank, and the output end of the liquid air storage tank communicates with a power generation mechanism. Liquefied air energy storage is conducted through LNG, meanwhile, the ORC cold energy power generation system is coupled, LNG cold energy is efficiently recycled, and self-generation and self-use of electric power are achieved.

The invention relates to the technical field of reactors, in particular to a partition annular electric heat tracing radial propane dehydrogenation reactor and a heating method thereof.The partition annular electric heat tracing radial propane dehydrogenation reactor comprises a reactor shell, a reaction cavity is formed in the reactor shell, and a heat preservation layer is arranged in an interlayer in the reactor shell; the radial bed layer structure is arranged in the reaction cavity and comprises an inner cylinder and an outer cylinder which are concentrically arranged, as well as a catalyst bed layer and an electric heat tracing system which are filled between the inner cylinder and the outer cylinder, and the electric heat tracing system comprises a plurality of electric heat tracing assemblies and a power supply module; the temperature control system comprises temperature sensors arranged in the annular heating areas in a distributed mode and a controller. Compared with the prior art, the electric heat tracing assembly is directly buried in the catalyst bed layer, energy is supplied to all the areas through the independent power supply branch circuits, power is independently adjusted through the controller, partition differentiation heat compensation can be implemented according to the difference that heat dissipation of the outer ring is higher and heat absorption of the inner ring is higher, and the radial temperature difference and local temperature fluctuation of the bed layer are remarkably reduced.

The invention belongs to the technical field of ethylene storage and transportation, and particularly discloses a liquid low-temperature ethylene gasification heating and boosting system which comprises a low-temperature ethylene storage tank, an ethylene gasifier, an ethylene superheater and an ethylene buffer tank, an ethylene immersed pump column is arranged in the low-temperature ethylene storage tank, and the upper portion of the ethylene immersed pump column is communicated with an immersed pump ethylene delivery pipeline. An outlet of the immersed pump ethylene delivery pipeline is connected to a tube bundle inlet on the ethylene gasifier, and a tube bundle outlet on the ethylene gasifier is connected to the ethylene superheater through a pipeline. The invention provides a liquid low-temperature ethylene gasification heating and boosting system and method, and an ethylene gasifier provided by the invention uses propane as a medium, cools chilled water after heat exchange of a downstream production device, and recycles the cooling capacity of ethylene at the same time; the ethylene superheater selects steam as a heat source, and the unique structural design is combined, so that the defects that the vaporizer is easy to frost and freeze are overcome.

A modular utility system integrates clean power generation, thermal management, and security monitoring within a standardized shipping container format. The system comprises a generator set (70 kW-600 kW) configured for operation with multiple fuel sources including natural gas, propane, methane, or hydrogen, coupled to a water-fired absorption chiller utilizing waste heat recovery. A closed-circuit evaporative cooler enhances thermal efficiency without chemical additives. The system incorporates a 360-degree security camera and remote monitoring capabilities for tracking operational parameters. A power distribution panel (460V, 3-phase) supports both building power supply and electric vehicle charging stations. The modular architecture enables scalable deployment through dual-module configurations, with separate power generation and thermal management units. The system provides sustainable, off-grid power generation while maximizing energy efficiency through integrated waste heat utilization and advanced thermal management protocols.

Environmentally friendly refrigerant blends utilizing refrigerants including 2,3,3,3-tetrafluoropropene (HFO-1234yf), 1,2-difluoroethylene, at least one hydrocarbon selected from the group consisting of propane, cyclopropane, propylene, isobutane, and n-butane, and optionally 1,1-difluoroethane (HFC-152a). The blends have low GWP, low toxicity, and low flammability with low temperature glide for use in a hybrid, mild hybrid, plug-in hybrid, or full electric vehicles for thermal management (transferring heat from one part of the vehicle to the other) of the passenger compartment providing air conditioning (A / C) or heating to the passenger cabin.