1967 results about "Root mean square" patented technology

An exemplary embodiment provides a current regulator for controlling variable brightness levels for solid state lighting. The current regulator is couplable to a phase-modulating switch, such as a dimmer switch, which is coupled to an AC line voltage. An exemplary current regulator includes a rectifier; a switching power supply providing a first current; an impedance matching circuit; and a controller. The impedance matching circuit is adapted to provide a second current through the phase-modulating switch when a magnitude of the first current is below a first predetermined threshold, such as a holding current of a triac of the phase-modulating switch. The controller is adapted to determine a root-mean-square (RMS) voltage level provided by the phase-modulating switch from the AC line voltage and to determine a duty cycle for pulse-width current modulation by the switching power supply in response to the comparison of the RMS voltage level to a nominal voltage level.

A thin film battery including an anode layer, a cathode layer and a solid electrolyte layer. The battery also includes, a planarization layer applied to the thin film battery. The planarization layer has a surface roughness of no more than about 1.0 nanometers root mean square and a flatness no larger than about 0.005 cm/inch. A barrier layer is applied to the planarization layer. The barrier layer is provided by one or more layers of material selected from the group consisting of polymeric materials, metals and ceramic materials. The planarization layer and barrier layer are sufficient to reduce oxygen flux through the barrier layer to the anode layer to no more than about 1.6 μmol/m²-day, and H₂O flux through the barrier layer to the anode layer to less than about 3.3 μmol/m²-day thereby improving the life of the thin film battery.

Al_xGa_yIn_zN, wherein 0≦x≦1, 0≦y≦1, 0≦z≦1, and x+y+z=1, characterized by a root mean square surface roughness of less than 1 nm in a 10×10 μm² area. The Al_xGa_yIn_zN may be in the form of a wafer, which is chemically mechanically polished (CMP) using a CMP slurry comprising abrasive particles, such as silica or alumina, and an acid or a base. High quality Al_xGa_yIn_zN wafers can be fabricated by steps including lapping, mechanical polishing, and reducing internal stress of said wafer by thermal annealing or chemical etching for further enhancement of its surface quality. CMP processing may be usefully employed to highlight crystal defects of an Al_xGa_yIn_zN wafer.

A jitter measurement technique utilizing a high-bandwidth undersampling voltage measurement instrument is presented. A trigger is derived from the a signal having a repetitive signal pattern. The signal is compared with a threshold at a plurality of times relative to the trigger during multiple repetitions of the signal pattern to produce measurement samples indicative of signal level relative to the threshold. The measurement samples are used to determine the probability of signal edge states as a function of time for the multiple repetitions. The probability of signal edge states are used to determine an edge probability density as a function of time. A histogram of signal state transition times can be prepared from the edge probability density. Mean deviation of edge transitions of the signal can be estimates, and standard deviation of edge transitions of the signal can be estimated to give the root-mean-square (rms) jitter of the signal.

Methods and articles are disclosed in which a substrate is provided with a photo-induced hydrophilic surface by forming a photo-induced hydrophilic coating on the substrate by spray pyrolysis, chemical vapor deposition, or magnetron sputter vacuum deposition. The coating can have a thickness of 50 Å to 500 Å, a root mean square roughness of less than 5, preferably less than 2, and photocatalytic activity of less than 3.0×10⁻³ cm⁻¹ min⁻¹±2.0×10⁻³ cm⁻¹ min⁻¹. The substrate includes glass substrates, including glass sheets and continuous float glass ribbons.

This invention provides a light-emitting diode chip with high light extraction, which includes a substrate, an epitaxial-layer structure for generating light by electric-optical effect, a transparent reflective layer sandwiched between the substrate and the epitaxial-layer structure, and a pair of electrodes for providing power supply to the epitaxial-layer structure. A bottom surface and top surface of the epitaxial-layer structure are roughened to have a roughness not less than 100 nm root mean square (rms). The light generated by the epitaxial-layer structure is hence effectively extracted out. A transparent reflective layer not more than 5 μm rms is formed as an interface between the substrate and the epitaxial-layer structure. The light toward the substrate is more effectively reflected upward. The light extraction and brightness are thus enhanced. Methods for manufacturing the light-emitting diode chip of the present invention are also provided.

A method and device for improving the efficiency of an envelope tracking transmitter in which a power amplifier for coupling modulated signals in a carrier frequency to an antenna for transmission. The transmitter comprises a power supply for providing a supply voltage to the power amplifier, and a computation means for providing a waveform indicative of the envelope of the modulated signal to the power supply in order to modify the supply voltage. A lower limit is imposed to the waveform so that the supply voltage to the power supply is always greater than a predetermined value. Moreover, when information is transmitted in times slots which are started and ended by ramp periods, a constant signal, based on the root-mean-square value of the waveform, is used to modify the waveform so that the supply voltage to the power amplifier includes a constant voltage level in the ramp periods.

A system and method for finding electromigration (EM), self heat (SH) and voltage drop/droop violations of an integrated circuit, when its design and electrical characterization are not complete, are disclosed. The method includes analyzing polygons for average, root-mean-square (RMS) and Ipeak current densities and voltages of a mask layout block and obtaining one or more electromigration, self heat and/or voltage drop/droop rules associated with the polygon from a technology and an external constraints file. The system reads the available design simulation data to calculate the average, RMS and Ipeak current densities and voltages, and estimates the current densities and voltages when no data available. The method also includes topological analysis of the mask layout and analysis of the electrical circuit elements of the design. The method finds the polygons where the current densities are higher than electromigration and self heat rules as taken from technology or external constraints file. The method also finds the polygons where the current densities are higher than in other polygons, by the defined threshold. The method also finds the nodes where the voltage drop/droop is larger than the rule. The method also finds the polygons where the voltage drop/droop is larger than in other polygons by the defined threshold. The method and system work on GDSII, GDSIII format files and on industry standards layout editors' database.

A method of detecting battery degradation level detects charging and discharging current flow in the battery and determines battery degradation level (state of health, SOH) from the charging and discharging current. The method detects the battery degradation level (SOH) from the root-mean-square of the charging and discharging current flow (I_rms) in the battery, which is designated effective current.

The invention relates to an intermediate frequency direct sequence spread spectrum receiver for satellite ranging, which consists of 37 parts of a front-end A/D, an FFT module, a local PN code generator, a correlator, an automatic threshold calculation module and the like. The connection relationship is as follows: the output of the front-end A/D and the output of a carrier tracking loop NCO are respectively connected to an in-phase branch multiplier and an orthogonal branch multiplier, the input of the front-end A/D and the input of the carrier tracking loop NCO enter into an in-phase branch FIR low-pass filter and an orthogonal branch FIR low-pass filter, consequently, on the one hand, the output is sent to an integral zero clearing device, then the output which is sent to the FFT module, a branch 1 local PN code memory ROM and a branch 2 local PN code memory ROM enters into a branch 1 complex multiplier and a branch 2 complex multiplier, the output is sent to a branch 1 root mean square module and a branch 2 root mean square module, the output is sent to the threshold calculation module and a capturing and judging module for carrying out code catching; and on the other hand, the output is sent to the correlator and the local PN code generator for carrying out code tracking. The output of the correlator is simultaneously sent into a frequency discriminator/phase discriminator of the carrier tracking loop and then enters into a loop filter of the carrier tracking loop, and the output of the loop filter of the carrier tracking loop enters into the carrier tracking loop NCO for carrying out carrier tracking.

The invention relates to methods and computer-readable medium to implement computing the propagation velocity of seismic waves in the earth. The invention computes the true propagation velocity of seismic waves in the earth, which is a condition of obtaining an accurate image of subsurface geology that can be used to prospect for oil and gas deposits. In an embodiment, the method of computing the propagation velocity of seismic waves in earth, includes providing an estimate of the propagation velocity, generating a time shift gather using a depth migration at a plurality of locations of the earth, converting each of the time shift gathers to a semblance gather, transforming each semblance gather into a velocity gather whose energy peaks represent a root-mean-square average of the propagation velocity along the forward and backward path between earth's surface and a point of the subsurface geology, and converting the energy peaks to the propagation velocity.

The invention discloses a parameter monitor of a base station antenna and an automatic monitoring method. A digital gravity acceleration sensor is used for measuring an antenna downtilt accurately on the basis of gravity acceleration; an angular displacement sensor is used for measuring an antenna azimuth on the basis of the relationship between the linear characteristic of a resistor in the angular displacement sensor and a divider resistor; a GPS (Global Position System) carrier phase sensor is used for accurately measuring the suspension height and longitude and latitude coordinates of an antenna by a carrier phase difference algorithm; an RMS (Root Mean Square) voltage sensor is used for monitoring antenna signal transmitting power through RMS voltage; GPRS (General Packet Radio Service) / CDMA (Code Division Multiple Access) / 3G (the Third Generation) or Ethernet is used for automatically transmitting measured data to a network management center in the form of an IP (Internet Protocol) package. By the invention, the problems of low accuracy, large manual measuring error and unstable measured result in installation and adjustment of a base station antenna in a traditional way can be solved; the problem that the changes of the azimuth angle, the downtilt and the radiation power of an antenna cannot be detected in time can be solved, the problem of remote automatic control of electric tilted antenna based on AISG (Antenna Interface Standards Group) can be solved, and the problem that the antenna information is time and labor consuming to obtain can be solved.