112 results about "Current regulator" patented technology

The invention relates to the technical field of backlight control, in particular to an LED display-oriented adaptive PWM backlight control method and a backlight driving system, which are suitable for the backlight driving system comprising a boost converter, a brightness controller and an LED channel, and the method comprises the following steps: the brightness controller outputs a control voltage, a peak current control word and a duty ratio signal, and receives a state signal. Receiving brightness data, determining a nominal peak current and a duty ratio, and initializing the nominal peak current and the duty ratio; adjusting the control voltage to change the boost output, monitoring the state, locking the working point when all states are converted from the first state to the second state, and taking the final switching channel as a reference; a peak current word is increased for the non-reference channel under the working point, and when the state returns to the first state from the second state, an optimized peak current is taken back; and adjusting the duty ratio according to the ratio of the nominal peak current to the optimized peak current to enable the average current of each channel to be consistent. According to the invention, the problem that excessive voltage drop of a linear current regulator causes extra power consumption and heating and influences the brightness consistency between channels is solved.

The invention discloses a motor control method, device and equipment and a medium, and relates to the field of motor control, when a mode switching condition is met, switching operation is not executed immediately, and the switching time is set at the commutation time of a motor, so that natural transition of a phase angle of a reference voltage vector is ensured; meanwhile, based on the running state of the motor in the first control mode, an integral initial value of the current regulator in the second control mode is preset, so that smooth connection of the amplitude of the reference voltage vector is realized. Through cooperative control of the phase angle and the amplitude, the problems of unstable motor operation, speed fluctuation, equipment stress damage and the like caused by discontinuous jump of the reference voltage vector at the switching point are solved, and the effect of improving the motor control performance and the system operation reliability is achieved.

The invention discloses a whole vehicle electric drive resolver zero position identification and whole vehicle electric drive resolver zero position self-inspection method, and relates to the field of new energy electric drive control systems.The whole vehicle electric drive resolver zero position identification method comprises the steps that a direct-axis current instruction and a quadrature-axis current instruction are generated by receiving a torque instruction of a whole vehicle controller; sampling a motor phase current and performing coordinate transformation to obtain a feedback current; inputting the current instruction and the feedback current into a current regulator, and outputting direct-axis and quadrature-axis voltage components; injecting a high-frequency square-wave voltage signal into the direct-axis voltage component to generate a synthesized direct-axis voltage component, and performing PWM (Pulse-Width Modulation) to generate a driving signal; sampling the phase current again, extracting the high-frequency quadrature-axis response current, calculating the rotor position deviation, and inputting the rotor position deviation into the position observer to obtain the absolute position information of the rotor; wherein the PWM wave sending time sequence is aligned with the phase current sampling time sequence. According to the invention, the precision and efficiency of whole vehicle electric-drive rotary transformer zero position identification can be improved.

The smart torque simulation device includes: a bracket; a shaft center; a winding wheel which having a winding wheel spinning encoder; an outer flywheel which an outer flywheel spinning encoder, the winding wheel and the outer flywheel are relatively coupled with a magnetic plate and a magnet; an inner flywheel with a field magnet, the inner flywheel has a power transmission relationship with the outer flywheel; a coil set, having a coil fixing frame which has an armature coil, and the armature coil is coupled to the field magnet of the inner flywheel, the armature coil has an electric current regulator; and a control system, receiving a winding wheel spinning data from the winding wheel spinning encoder and receiving an outer flywheel spinning data from the outer flywheel spinning encoder, and then sending an armature electric current control data to the electric current regulator.

The application discloses a kind of self-adaptive power energy storage converter control method and system, this method can effectively solve the problem of overvoltage and under-voltage of grid-connected point and overcharge and overdischarge of energy storage battery by controlling the adaptive charge and discharge of energy storage battery.First, the grid voltage is sampled and the effective value is processed to obtain the grid voltage effective value feedback signal U gf_rms , and it is sent to the inverting input end of voltage error amplifier, and the grid voltage reference U ref Is sent to the non-inverting input end of voltage error amplifier.The output U e Of voltage error amplifier is obtained by positive and negative limiting link U e1 Is sent to one input end of multiplier.The state signal J of range determination is obtained by the state of charge signal Soc of energy storage battery, and the other input end of multiplier is sent.The output I ref Of multiplier is sent to the non-inverting input end and inverting input end of current regulator respectively with the charging current sampling signal I bf Of energy storage battery.The output of current regulator is used as modulation signal, and it is sent to PWM modulator.

The application provides a real-time monitoring device and method for air supplement amount of a Francis turbine unit of a hydropower plant, and relates to the field of Francis turbine units of hydropower plants.The device comprises a thermistor, an air supplement pipe, a current generator, a thermistor temperature sensor, a current regulator and a wind speed regulator, wherein the thermistor is fixed in the middle of the air supplement pipe, and the current generator generates rated voltage to heat the thermistor; the current regulator is used for real-time measurement of output current of the thermistor and records the change frequency of the output current; the wind speed regulator is used for measurement of wind speed at the air supplement pipe opening; and the thermistor temperature sensor is used for measurement of the temperature of the thermistor. The application fixes the thermistor in the air supplement pipe, determines the relationship curve between the air supplement amount and the output current, solves the problem that the air supplement amount of the Francis turbine unit cannot be monitored, and uses the thermistor principle to realize accurate measurement, is durable and not easy to be damaged, is convenient to install, can be introduced into a monitoring system, and can be monitored in real time on a host computer.

The application relates to the technical field of photovoltaic equipment detection, in particular to a testing device for photovoltaic engineering protection equipment and a method thereof, which comprises a stand, a photovoltaic frame, a photovoltaic panel group arranged on the photovoltaic frame, a plurality of overcurrent testing groups arranged on one side of the top of the stand; the photovoltaic panel group comprises a plurality of photovoltaic panels installed on the photovoltaic frame, a turnover group installed between the middle part of the stand and the photovoltaic frame and a servo cylinder; the servo cylinder drives the turnover group to drive the photovoltaic frame to turn over and unfold; the overcurrent testing group comprises a fuse connected in series with a row of photovoltaic panels, a current regulator and a short-circuit generator connected in parallel to the electrodes of the current regulator. The turnover group driven by the servo cylinder is linked with the photovoltaic frame, the inclination angle of the photovoltaic panel is adjusted and the photovoltaic panel is stored, the lower support frame and the upper support frame are cooperatively driven by the servo cylinder, the photovoltaic frame can be unfolded to 30 DEG to 90 DEG to receive light or be folded to reduce the occupied space, and the photoelectric output characteristics of the photovoltaic panel in a real scene are simulated.

The utility model discloses a real-time positioning system for implanting a catheter in a potential guiding sheath. The real-time positioning system comprises a positioning electrode plate, a potential guiding instrument and a guide wire body, the positioning electrode plate comprises an adhesive tape adhered to the body of a patient and a plurality of electrode plates arranged on the adhesive tape; the potential guiding instrument comprises a shell, positive and negative electrodes, a current change display and a voltage and current regulator are arranged on the shell, and a current signal receiver and a signal amplifier are arranged in the shell; the guide wire body comprises an insulating sleeve and a metal guide wire arranged in the insulating sleeve, the front end and the rear end of the insulating sleeve are closed, and a plurality of through holes are formed in the side wall; the head end of the metal guide wire is exposed, and the other part is wrapped by the insulating layer. The positioning electrode plate and the wire guide body are respectively connected with positive and negative electrodes to form a closed loop. The intrathecal infusion system solves the problems that in the implantation operation process of the intrathecal infusion system, the position of the catheter needs to be adjusted in a perspective mode repeatedly, real-time monitoring cannot be achieved, and the developing quality is not high, operation precision and efficiency are improved, and the X-ray exposure amount of a patient is reduced.

The present application relates to a kind of permanent magnet shielding motor vector control energy efficiency optimization method considering magnetic field lagging phase angle, belong to permanent magnet shielding motor control field.It is characterized by: by analyzing shield sleeve eddy current effect, the analytical expression of magnetic field lagging phase angle is derived using electromagnetic field theory;The lagging phase angle is introduced into permanent magnet flux linkage term to be corrected, and the eddy current loss of shield sleeve and stator iron loss are combined into equivalent iron loss component, and a system controllable loss model is constructed;Under the constraint of constant torque, the analytical expression of total controllable loss about direct-axis current is derived and the optimal direct-axis current given value is solved.The actual application introduces angle compensation in the coordinate transformation link of vector control system, and the optimal direct-axis current given value is sent into current regulator, the accurate decoupling of dq axis current is realized, the total loss of motor is reduced, so as to improve the overall efficiency of motor control system.

The disclosure relates to a battery system. The battery system comprises a first battery cell unit and a second battery cell unit, each one comprising a respective current regulator arrangement configured to control charging of a respective battery cell unit. The battery system further comprises a control arrangement. The control arrangement is configured to selectively control charging of the first and second battery cell units, by controlling the current regulator arrangement of the first battery cell unit to charge the first battery cell unit, and simultaneously by controlling the current regulator arrangement of the second battery cell unit to heat said second battery cell unit. The heating is performed by a pulsed charging cycle, preferably wherein the pulsed charging cycle is delivered by pulses having a frequency of 1 Hz – 1 MHz, preferably 10 Hz – 100 kHz. The disclosure further relates to a computer program and a computer-readable medium.

The application discloses a current source inverter high-speed permanent magnet synchronous motor control method and system based on LADRC, and the system part comprises a position estimation module, a rotating speed regulator, a current sensor, a voltage sensor, a coordinate transformation matrix, a current regulator, a current generation module and a space vector pulse width modulation module; the control method part calculates an inverter current reference value through design of a second-order LADRC current regulator, realizes d-q axis decoupling in the regulator, improves the dynamic performance of the current source inverter, effectively reduces current harmonics, and improves the anti-interference ability and robustness of the system. The application can not only solve the system instability problem caused by high control order and serious coupling of the motor under high-speed working conditions, improve the robustness and dynamic performance of the system, but also solve the problems of high cost and low reliability of the traditional position sensor under high-speed operation, reduce the hardware cost of the system, and speed up the response speed. The application relates to motor control technology.

On-board electrical system arrangement (2) comprising at least one primary on-board electrical system (4) and one secondary on-board electrical system (5) for supplying a plurality of consumers (10.n) in a vehicle (1), characterized by the fact that the primary electrical system (4) for providing primary power (4.11) for supplying consumers (10.n) can be coupled to an electrical system battery (3) or is coupled and the secondary on-board network (5) is coupled to the on-board network battery (3) to provide a secondary power supply (5.11) for the redundant supply of a part (11.nm) of the consumers (10.n). wherein a switchable balancing device (8) is arranged between the primary electrical system (4) and the secondary electrical system (5), which couples or keeps coupled or decouples or keeps decoupled the primary electrical system (4) and the secondary electrical system (5) depending on the power supply, wherein in normal operation (100) of primary on-board network (4) and secondary on-board network (5) the balancing device (8) is open in order to decouple the primary on-board network (4) and the secondary on-board network (5) from each other, wherein in the coupled state of primary on-board network (4) and secondary on-board network (5) a current regulator for providing the primary power (4.11) is provided in the primary on-board network (4) as a regulator (20) and a voltage regulator for providing the secondary power (5.11) is provided in the secondary on-board network (5) and in the uncoupled state both in the primary on-board network (4) and in the secondary on-board network (5) a voltage regulator for providing the primary power (4.11) and the secondary power (5.11) is provided as a regulator (20, 22).

An audio converter power supply is provided with a cascade regulator comprising a current regulator (140) in an inner loop, which operates in the audio frequency range, and a voltage regulator (150) in an outer loop, which only operates below the audio frequency range and essentially does not operate in the audio frequency range. The audio frequency range is between 20 Hz and 22 kHz.

The invention relates to the technical field of electric energy conversion and control, and provides a bus voltage fluctuation suppression system and method based on voltage ANF orthogonal phase shift compensation. The system comprises a direct-current bus, a common direct-current bus open winding power converter electrically connected with the direct-current bus, a direct-current bias vernier reluctance generator electrically connected with the common direct-current bus open winding power converter, and a control loop. The control loop comprises a voltage self-adaptive notch filter detection module, a 0-axis current self-adaptive notch filter controller, a current distribution module, a dq-axis current regulator, a rotary / static coordinate transformation module, a pulse width modulation module and a voltage / current signal processing module. The method has the effect of improving the bus voltage quality and the operation stability of a power generation loop.

The present disclosure relates to an inverter operating at a high switching frequency and a method for operating an inverter. A motor controller performing a current regulator and a modulation routine in separate update intervals provides an improved fundamental voltage waveform to a motor controlled by the motor controller. The current regulator is performed at a first periodic update rate and the modulation routine is performed at a second periodic update rate, where the frequency at which the modulation routine is performed is at least twice the frequency at which the current regulator is performed. Performing the current regulator and the modulation routine at different frequencies results in the current regulator generating a single voltage reference signal over multiple cycles of the modulation routine. To reduce voltage ripple caused by decoupling the performance of the current regulator and the modulation routine, the motor controller extrapolates the voltage reference generated by the current regulator as multiple voltage reference signals, where a unique voltage reference signal is provided for each cycle of the modulation routine.

Embodiments of the present application disclose a kind of overmodulation processing method, device, electronic equipment and storage medium.The method comprises: obtaining the initial voltage output by current regulator, and determining the initial voltage state of the initial voltage;In the case where it is determined that the initial voltage state is transient saturation state, a preset adjustment angle is obtained, and the target voltage direction of the initial voltage in overmodulation process is determined based on the preset adjustment angle;Determine the limit voltage of the initial voltage on the voltage hexagon circumscribed circle, and determine the target voltage output after overmodulation of the initial voltage based on the limit voltage.The technical scheme disclosed in the embodiments of the present application improves the accuracy of the output result after overmodulation by considering the case where the voltage is in transient saturation, thereby improving the dynamic response of the vehicle control system.

A medium voltage inrush current (MVIC) regulator and interconnection control system for interposing between a distributed power generation facility and a utility grid. The facility has a designated generator step-up (GSU) transformer and is connected to the utility grid at a point of interconnect. The system includes a pre-insertion impedance injection transformer, a low voltage first switch connected between the pre-insertion transformer and secondary coils of the designated GSU transformer, a medium voltage second switch connected inline between the pre-insertion transformer and primary coils of the designated GSU transformer, and a controller. In response to restoration of the utility grid following a loss-of-grid event, the controller opens and closes the first and second switches according to an automated pre-energization switching sequence such that magnetic flux in the designated GSU transformer occurs at a reduced rate, thereby reducing inrush of current and undesirable power quality phenomena.

The invention discloses a single-phase dual-active bridge micro-inverse controller with preset internal phase shift and external phase shift in the technical field of power electronics and electricians. A power grid voltage phase-locked loop obtains a phase signal of power grid voltage; generating an inner phase shift angle and an outer phase shift angle preset quantity by the inner phase shift preset law and the outer phase shift preset law; a grid-connected current peak value output by the MPPT voltage loop is multiplied by a power grid voltage phase signal generated by the power grid voltage phase-locked loop to obtain a grid-connected current given value, a current PI regulator of the grid-connected current loop generates an external phase-shift angle compensation amount of a corresponding switch tube, and the external phase-shift angle compensation amount is superposed with an external phase-shift angle preset amount to obtain an external phase-shift angle of the corresponding switch tube; the internal phase shift angle and the external phase shift angle are sent to a phase shift controller to generate phase shift pulse control signals corresponding to on-off of a switching tube in the single-phase dual-active bridge micro inverter, power generation of photovoltaic energy to a power grid is realized, stable adjustment of the single-phase dual-active bridge micro inverter is facilitated, and the response speed of the system is improved.

The utility model relates to the technical field of circuit board processing, in particular to a current adjusting device for circuit board electroplating, which comprises an electroplating box, a portal frame is mounted in the middle of the top of the electroplating box, an electric cylinder is mounted in the middle of the top of the portal frame, and the output end of the electric cylinder is fixedly mounted in the middle of the top of a transverse plate. A rotating shaft is rotatably mounted on the side, away from the anode, of the transverse plate, a clamping assembly is arranged at the bottom of the rotating shaft, a conductive slip ring connected with the cathode of the current regulator is mounted at the top of the rotating shaft, a stirring shaft is rotatably mounted on the other side of the transverse plate, and a plurality of stirring rods are mounted below the outer side wall of the stirring shaft. The electric cylinder drives the transverse plate to ascend, the U-shaped plate can be driven to ascend, the U-shaped plate drives a circuit board to ascend to leave electroplating liquid in the electroplating box, when a worker takes the circuit board, fingers do not need to stretch into the electroplating liquid, and harm to the fingers is reduced.

A PFC controller for a PFC switching power supply is disclosed. The PFC controller includes a peak controller configured to receive a feedback signal that is indicative of input power provided to a downstream power converter. The peak current controller is configured to generate a first reference current signal, while a first multiplier generates a product signal by multiplying a reference sign with the first reference current signal. A second multiplier generates a second reference current based on the product signal and a voltage error signal. A current regulator generates a current regulation signal using the second reference current and a line current. A modulator is configured to regulate the output power produced by the PFC switching power supply using the current regulation signal.

The present application relates to the technical field of double three-phase permanent magnet synchronous motor harmonic current control, and discloses a double three-phase permanent magnet synchronous motor harmonic current control method and device, the present application is through to the motor voltage equation implementation modeling domain conversion and discretization processing, constructs the harmonic current loop controlled object of adaptation digitization control, complex vector current regulator and low pass filter discrete domain model, combines current signal multi-dimension pretreatment and accurate regulation transformation, fully compensates the delay of digital control, effectively offsets the influence of harmonic coupling and speed correlation. Compared with the prior art, the present application avoids the adaptive deviation of continuous domain design and digital control, solves the system instability problem caused by low pass filter delay and discretization error, and ensures that the motor has high harmonic current control precision and fast dynamic response in the full speed range.

The invention relates to a control unit (1) for controlling the operation of a three-phase electric machine (4), having a current regulator (2) which is designed to receive a three-phase target signal (iSoll) and a three-phase measurement signal (imess) and to generate and output a three-phase actuation signal (u) in accordance with the three-phase target signal (iSoll) and the three-phase measurement signal (imess) in order to control the three-phase electric machine (4) correspondingly. The control unit (1) comprises a PLL filter (5) designed to: receive, from one phase of the three-phase electric machine (4), a current value having a time-varying curve (iU) and a phase angle (phiel), and to rotate the current value by a predetermined phase angle to obtain a current value of the remaining phase; or receiving current values each having a time-varying curve (iU) and a phase angle (phiel) from two phases of the three-phase motor (4), and rotating one of the current values or a combined current value combined by the two current values by a predetermined phase angle to obtain a current value of the remaining phase; and outputting the obtained current value together with the received current value or the obtained current value together with the received current value as a three-phase measurement signal (imess).

The utility model provides a kind of lifting type water conservancy steel gate, it is related to steel gate field, comprising: gate frame, the gate frame inside slide connection has gate leaf, gate leaf upper end is connected with lifting rod, and the upper end of lifting rod is connected with hydraulic cylinder, the upper end of gate frame is equipped with oil tank, and installation cavity and oil storage cavity are set in the inside of oil tank, and installation cavity inside is equipped with controller and current regulator, and the inside of oil storage cavity is equipped with hydraulic oil, heating rod is simultaneously arranged in the inside of oil storage cavity, the outside of heating rod is connected with heat conduction plate, and the upper end of heating rod is electrically connected with current regulator by wire, the outside of oil tank is connected with hydraulic pump, and hydraulic pump is connected with hydraulic cylinder by oil pipe, and heat preservation cover is simultaneously wrapped in the outside of oil pipe and hydraulic cylinder, the front side of gate frame is connected with filter assembly. The utility model has the use effect of guaranteeing hydraulic cylinder in low temperature environment, and has the cleaning effect of filter plate without disassembly.

A direct current, DC, voltage source arranged for providing a DC voltage based on an input voltage between two input terminals, wherein the DC voltage source comprises: a transformer arranged for receiving a supply current at a first side of the transformer and for converting the supply current into a circulating current at a second side of the transformer; a first input terminal and a second input terminal for receiving an input voltage for setting the DC voltage to be provided by the DC voltage source; a first diode, wherein an anode of the first diode is connected to a first end of the second side of the transformer, and wherein a cathode of the first diode is connected to the first input terminal; a current regulator circuit for ensuring that an amount of current of the circulating current is shunted from the first diode.

According to an embodiment of the invention, a backlight driver of driving a light-emitting diode (LED) string via a driving transistor in a load path is provided. The LED string, the driving transistor, and an electrical load are coupled to form the load path. The backlight driver includes a current regulator and a headroom detection circuit. The current regulator is coupled to the driving transistor and the first terminal of the electrical load to control a driving current flowing through the load path according to at least a feedback voltage from a first terminal of the electrical load. The headroom detection circuit is coupled to the first terminal of the electrical load and a voltage regulator to control the voltage regulator to regulate a supply voltage to a first terminal of the LED string according to at least the feedback voltage.

It limits the heating that would be induced if a remote accessory were to be completely shorted, providing excellent energy efficiency. [Solution] An electrical industrial equipment (1) comprising a main device (3) and a remote accessory (5) of the main device (3), the main device (3) comprising a fluid circuit (7) configured to control at least one element and a central control unit (17) powered by a power grid, the remote accessory (5) being powered by the main device (3) via a power cable (19) connected to an auxiliary power port (17a) of the central control unit (17) of the main device (3), the central control unit (17) comprising a current regulator for limiting current in the event of a short circuit in the remote accessory (5), the current regulator comprising a switching circuit whose switching duty cycle is controlled as a function of the peak input current of the switching circuit.

The invention discloses a flexible LED (light-emitting diode) lamp strip capable of actively deforming, which comprises a plurality of LEDs (2) arranged to emit light when current passes through; a flexible base band (3) arranged to receive a plurality of LEDs; at least one electrical conductor, which is provided for passing an electrical current through the LEDs and is located inside the strip between the base strip (3) and the protective coating; a pair of pads (4) of electrical conductors located at each end of the LED strip to easily connect the strip to a power supply or other LED strip; and an external power source for providing current. In particular, the flexible base strip (3) of the LED strip is provided with at least one series of holes (6) which are arranged outside the rows of LEDs and are parallel to the LEDs in the longitudinal direction. The holes (6) have any configuration, size and spacing from each other, are arranged along a straight line on the sides of the LEDs and allow at least a portion of the outside of the LEDs to be bendable to 90 DEG, thereby enabling the strip to enter a support channel (7) having a reduced cross-section with respect to the strip width. In addition, in the LED lamp strip, the electric conductors are arranged on the two sides, and a power line with the section far larger than that of a common lamp strip with the length being 3-4 mm is kept. Furthermore, an LED strip electronic component (5), such as a resistor, is provided for regulating the current flowing through the LEDs and ensuring correct operation, or a driver (current regulator) thereof, which can have variable shape, size and position on the flexible base strip (3), so that the position and configuration of said electronic component can be modified according to the settings to be achieved. When the individual LEDs are placed next to one another, the electronic component (5) is arranged outside the hole (6). The LED strip is arranged to be inserted in a linear or curvilinear configuration into the support channel (7) so as to enable a configuration of shapes with various configurations of different configurations, with different linear and / or curvilinear shapes.

The invention relates to a silicon photomultiplier device and an operation method thereof, a light detection and distance measurement sensor and a vehicle. Silicon photomultiplier linearity using bias current. A silicon photomultiplier (SiPM) device includes a single photon avalanche detector (SPAD) configured to selectively conduct an output current in response to detecting a photon; a current source defining a microcell power supply node and configured to supply an output current to the microcell power supply node; and at least one active device connected between the microcell power supply node and the SPAD and configured to selectively conduct an output current between the microcell power supply node and the SPAD. The current source has a first load capacitance at the microcell supply node and the at least one active device has a second load capacitance. The SiPM device also includes a current regulator configured to conduct a pre-charge current from the microcell power supply node to pre-charge each of the first load capacitance and the second load capacitance.

The invention provides a hybrid module power flow transfer device and a power operation domain extension method, and belongs to the technical field of flexible power flow transfer of a middle-high voltage power distribution network. The device is formed by connecting an active module, a suspension module and a standby module in series. When running in a tidal current transfer mode, receiving a power instruction, generating a voltage reference through a power and current regulator, obtaining active voltage parallel to current and vertical reactive voltage according to current phase decomposition, enabling the active module to bear all the active voltage and bear part of reactive power in a limited manner, and enabling the residual reactive voltage to be provided by the suspension module; the standby module maintains the DC voltage through narrow pulses. When the active voltage is larger than the voltage boundary of the active module, an active operation domain expansion method based on active module overmodulation is provided, and a reverse harmonic voltage is generated through the suspension module to compensate harmonic waves caused by overmodulation, so that current height sine is realized. When the system fails, the IGBTs of all modules of the device are locked, and the anti-parallel diodes are connected in series with a line, so that rapid current limiting is realized.