The invention discloses a satellite-borne remote sensor radiation calibration method based on atmospheric parameter remote sensing retrieval. The method includes nine steps. A surface reflectance is obtained through ground synchronous actual measurement during satellite crossing or historical data, imaging time and observation geometry parameters are obtained through remote sensing data head files, atmospheric parameters during imaging of synchronous crossing meteorological satellite sensors or related load retrieval remote sensors are utilized, the entrance pupil radiance of the remote sensors is calculated by an atmospheric radiation transmission model according to retrieval results of the atmospheric parameters, a calibration coefficient is calculated through a radiation calibration model, and thereby the on-orbit radiation calibration for a satellite-borne remote sensor is achieved. The satellite-borne remote sensor radiation calibration method based on the atmospheric parameter remote sensing retrieval is a pixel-level calibration method and has the advantages that the accuracy is high, the costs are low, simultaneously, the high frequency calibration can be achieved, historical remote sensing data can be calibrated, and the method has a wide application prospect to remote sensing data processing methods and application technical fields.