The invention belongs to the field of optical detection, and particularly relates to a synchronous calibration method for a geometric
pose and an
optical axis error of a reflective phase deflection
system, which comprises the following steps of: taking a
plane mirror pose as a reference, establishing redundant geometric constraints under a plurality of poses through
mirror image reflection, and jointly solving geometric external parameters of the
system; and meanwhile, a reverse
ray tracing model and a normal
integral model are synchronously constructed in a calibration stage,
surface shape data are actually measured by combining an interferometer, a
system optical axis error field is explicitly stripped, and decoupling separation of a
system structure error and a
surface shape error is realized. According to the method, the
system building process is greatly simplified, the dependence of a high-precision mechanical auxiliary device is avoided, and the overall detection precision and the low-frequency error control capability of the reflective phase deflection system are effectively improved by synchronously modeling and compensating the
optical axis error of the system in the calibration stage; and a technical basis with
engineering adaptability is provided for high-precision free-form surface optical detection.