134 results about "Liquid hydrocarbons" patented technology

A spectrophotometric system and method for quantifying water content in a liquid hydrocarbon stream is disclosed. The system can include at least one light source that produces a light having a desired wavelength and a flow chamber that allows passage of a sample of the liquid hydrocarbon stream. The light is configured to pass through the liquid hydrocarbon stream within the flow chamber. The system can also include at least one photosensitive detector array that measures an intensity of the light at one or more desired wavelengths of the light after it passes through the liquid hydrocarbon stream in the flow chamber. The intensity measurement of the at least one photosensitive detector array is used to quantify the undissolved water content of the liquid hydrocarbon stream.

Adsorbents which are more hydrothermally stable, less reactive, and have longer life are described. The adsorbent comprises 60 wt % to 95 wt % zeolite, wherein the zeolite is an LTA zeolite in hydrogen, ammonium, potassium, calcium or sodium form, wherein the zeolite has a ratio of silica / alumina in a range of 1 and 1.5; 5 wt % to 30 wt % binder; 0.1 to 5 wt % phosphorous in the form of phosphoric acid, or a phosphate salt, or a pyrophosphate salt, or combinations thereof; and 0.5 to 10 wt % silica. Processes of preparing the adsorbent, and methods of drying or purifying a liquid hydrocarbon, a gas hydrocarbon, a renewable feedstocks, carbon dioxide, or combinations thereof, using the adsorbent are also described.

The present invention relates to the field of dewaxing of hydrocarbon feeds. More in particular, it relates to the use of alkaline-treated mesoporous zeolites and catalysts encompassing the same for the dewaxing of hydrocarbon feeds. It was found that the zeolites and catalysts of the present invention can significantly reduce cracking of the hydrocarbon feed, and accordingly significantly reduce liquid hydrocarbon feed loss during processes such as dewaxing.

The invention relates to a method for obtaining hydrocarbon fluids from a fossil heavy hydrocarbon feedstock and a tyre oil, the method comprising: a) a step of providing a tyre oil or at least one fraction of a tyre oil; b) a step of thermal cracking in a visbreaking unit or a coking unit, during which the fossil heavy hydrocarbon feedstock, or a fraction of the heavy fraction of the fossil heavy hydrocarbon feedstock, is subjected to thermal cracking under visbreaking or coking conditions in the presence of tyre oil or the at least one tyre-oil fraction provided in step a), thereby producing an at least partially cracked effluent and a liquid or solid residue; c) a fractionation step in which the effluent from step b) is fractionated into at least one liquid hydrocarbon fraction.

The invention discloses a device and a method for deeply removing silicon from liquid hydrocarbon. The device comprises a supergravity mass transfer system and an ultra-deep adsorption system, the supergravity mass transfer system comprises a first supergravity reactor and a second supergravity reactor which are oppositely arranged up and down, and central rotating shafts of the reactors are on the same straight line; each of the first supergravity reactor and the second supergravity reactor comprises a reaction cavity and a rotor arranged in the reaction cavity, and the rotors are externally connected with a driving mechanism through respective central rotating shafts; a rotor of the first supergravity reactor is filled with a mass transfer filler, and a rotor of the second supergravity reactor is filled with a separation filler; the first supergravity reactor reaction cavity and the second supergravity reactor reaction cavity are communicated through a liquid rising channel and a liquid falling channel; a raw material distributor is axially arranged in the inner side area of the mass transfer filler, and a desiliconizing agent distributor is axially arranged in the outer side area of the mass transfer filler; the top of the first supergravity reactor is provided with a light phase outlet connected with the ultra-deep adsorption system, and the bottom of the second supergravity reactor is provided with a heavy phase outlet.

A process is described for synthesising hydrocarbons comprising the steps of: (a) feeding a gas mixture comprising hydrogen and carbon dioxide to a reverse water-gas shift unit to form a crude synthesis gas comprising hydrogen, carbon monoxide carbon dioxide and steam, (b) cooling the crude synthesis gas to condense water and removing water, and optionally carbon dioxide, from the crude synthesis gas to produce a feed stream comprising hydrogen and carbon monoxide, (c) passing the feed stream though a hydrocarbon synthesis unit comprising a reactor containing a Fischer-Tropsch catalyst to form a product stream comprising a mixture of liquid hydrocarbons, a co-produced water stream, and a tail gas stream containing hydrogen, carbon monoxide and gaseous hydrocarbons, and (d) upgrading the product stream in an upgrading unit to produce an upgraded product stream, wherein a naphtha stream is separated from the product stream or the upgraded product stream, at least a portion of the tail gas stream is fed with steam to a first derichment vessel containing a derichment catalyst to form a first gas mixture containing methane, at least a portion of the naphtha stream is fed with hydrogen and steam to a second derichment vessel containing a derichment catalyst to form a second gas mixture containing methane, and the first and second gas mixtures containing methane are fed to the reverse water gas shift unit. A system for performing the process is also provided.

The invention relates to the technical field of low-temperature liquefied hydrocarbon gasification, in particular to a system and method for normal-temperature storage and low-temperature C1-C4 liquefied hydrocarbon gasification. The system comprises a low-temperature liquefied hydrocarbon storage raw material tank, a low-temperature liquid booster pump, a liquefied hydrocarbon gasifier, a circulating air heater and a circulating fan which are sequentially connected through pipelines and necessary pipe fittings, and the circulating fan is connected with the liquefied hydrocarbon gasifier to form a low-temperature liquefied hydrocarbon gasification flow path and a circulating gas flow path. The low-temperature liquefied hydrocarbon gasification flow path is a flow path for heating and gasifying liquid hydrocarbon by the liquefied hydrocarbon gasifier to form gas hydrocarbon to an external production device; and the circulating gas flow path is a flow path through which circulating gas circulates between the liquefied hydrocarbon gasifier and the circulating air heater under the pressurization of the circulating fan. The system is safe, reliable, feasible in industrialization and stable in operation, the frosting problem of the air temperature type vaporizer can be effectively solved, the process is simple, and a heating medium is safe, environmentally friendly and easy to obtain.

The present invention relates to an apparatus for thermally decomposing a fluid hydrocarbon into one or more hydrocarbon products, comprising: at least one recycle pump for transporting the fluid hydrocarbon; and at least one recycle heat exchanger providing at least one tube through which the fluid hydrocarbon passes; wherein at least one recycle pump and / or recycle heat exchanger is configured to establish a flow velocity of at least 1 m / s of the fluid hydrocarbon in at least one tube.

The application relates to a method for producing jet fuel from oil and fat raw materials, wherein the oil and fat raw materials are reacted with a hydrotreating catalyst in a hydrotreating reaction zone, the obtained liquid hydrocarbons are introduced into a first hydroisomerization reaction zone, an optional second hydroisomerization reaction zone is arranged, the obtained diesel oil fraction is recycled into the first hydroisomerization reaction zone or introduced into the second hydroisomerization reaction zone for reaction, and the reaction effluent is separated to obtain jet fuel. The application can produce high-quality biological jet fuel at a high yield.

The present disclosure provides a method and apparatus for high purity hydrogen combustion liquid hydrocarbon cracking. In one embodiment, the method may include: preheating a liquid hydrocarbon feedstock in a first heat exchanger external to the furnace; adding steam to the preheated liquid hydrocarbon feedstock to form a fully or substantially fully vaporized stream; heating the fully or substantially fully vaporized stream in a second heat exchanger external to the furnace; and cracking the heated fully or substantially fully vaporized stream after preheating the heated fully or substantially fully vaporized stream in the furnace to form a cracked gas stream comprising ethylene and hydrogen.

The application discloses a method for determining hydrocarbon saturation of a logging reservoir and related equipment, and relates to the field of oil and gas exploration. The method comprises the following steps: obtaining gas logging data and logging porosity data; obtaining natural gas volume and gas-oil ratio data under surface conditions based on the gas logging data, wherein the gas-oil volume ratio data comprises gas volume coefficient, crude oil volume coefficient, gas-oil ratio, and gas-oil ratio when the formation pressure is the bubble point pressure; the reservoir hydrocarbon saturation comprises at least one of gas saturation, oil saturation and total hydrocarbon saturation; calculating oil and gas property parameters under surface conditions; calculating oil and gas property parameters under reservoir conditions based on formation temperature and pressure conditions; judging the saturation state of the reservoir based on the bubble point line temperature and pressure conditions, and judging the oil and gas reservoir saturation state according to the formation pressure and the reservoir bubble point pressure, wherein the oil and gas saturation state comprises liquid hydrocarbon single-phase state, gaseous hydrocarbon single-phase state and oil-gas mixed-phase state; and obtaining the reservoir hydrocarbon saturation based on the reservoir saturation state, the natural gas volume under the surface conditions, the logging porosity data and the gas-oil volume ratio data.

A process for converting hydrocarbons utilizes a reactor including a central axis, a feed assembly, and a reactor vessel defining a reaction chamber. A fuel gas feed and an oxidant gas feed are introduced into the feed assembly in a swirling fluid flow pattern, which combust to form a swirling combustion gas. A raw C4 hydrocarbon stream received from an upstream hydrocarbon processing system and a hydrocarbon reactant feed of liquid hydrocarbons are introduced into the central chamber. The liquid feed is introduced as a liquid spray in a flow pattern that is not perpendicular to the central axis. A hydrocarbon feed is mixed with the swirling combustion gas to form a swirling heated mixture that passes from the central chamber through convergent-divergent conduits and into the reaction chamber to react to form a converted hydrocarbon product.

The invention relates to the field of oxidative desulfurization of oil and sulfur-containing liquid hydrocarbon fuels (including diesel fuel) and can be used to reduce harmful emissions and exhausts (in the form of sulphur oxide and carbon monoxide - SO2 and CO) of oil refineries, as well as various industrial enterprises (including energy), facilities and engines using hydrocarbon fuels. Method of oxidative desulfurization of oil and liquid hydrocarbon fuel and reducing harmful emissions of sulfur oxides and carbon provides a process of oxidation in tanks or pipelines by ozone (O3) or ozone-containing gases, in which sulfur oxides (SO2 and SO), without releasing them into the atmosphere, mix in a closed vessel or pipeline with carbon monoxide (CO) and by means of chemical reactions of sulfur monoxide decomposition (2SO↑ → SO2↑+S↓) and sulfur recovery (SO2↑ + 2CO↑ → S↓ + 2CO2↑) elemental sulfur (S) is extracted from oil or liquid hydrocarbon fuel and carbon monoxide (CO) is converted into its dioxide (CO2). The oxidation, also decomposition and recovery reactions are carried out one-step or sequentially, in the presence of oxidation-recovery group catalysts corresponding to these reactions, such as tert-Butyl hydroperoxide (C₄H₁₀O₂). Ozonized atmospheric air is used as ozone-containing gas.

The invention discloses an adsorbent for removing methanol from liquid hydrocarbon as well as a preparation method and application of the adsorbent, belongs to the technical field of liquid hydrocarbon dealcoholization, and can effectively remove methanol from liquid hydrocarbon through combination of active adsorption species and a porous carrier in a specific proportion. The mass loading amount of the active adsorption species is in the range of 5-50%, enough adsorption capacity is ensured, meanwhile, the stability and mechanical strength of the adsorbent are kept, the adsorbent can effectively adsorb methanol in liquid hydrocarbon, the technical problem that the methanol content in the liquid hydrocarbon is high, and consequently products such as ethane, liquefied petroleum gas and stable light hydrocarbon contain methanol is solved, and the method is suitable for industrial production. The adsorbent with excellent methanol removal performance can be efficiently prepared through simple preparation steps including dissolving, mixing, drying by distillation under reduced pressure and drying. The method is low in cost and easy for industrial production, and the liquid hydrocarbon raw material containing trace methanol is treated by the solid adsorbent bed layer, so that methanol can be efficiently removed, and a liquid hydrocarbon product meeting requirements is obtained.

The present invention relates to a process for converting a feed comprising at least a biomass fraction into hydrocarbons, said process comprising a step a) of pretreatment of the feed, a step b) of electrolysis of water into oxygen and hydrogen allowing the obtaining of a hydrogen stream, and an oxygen stream, in which the water is obtained, at least in part, from a step e) of Fischer-Tropsch synthesis, a step c) of gasification of the feed pretreated in step a), in the presence of all or part of the oxygen stream from step b) of water electrolysis so as to obtain a gaseous effluent comprising a synthesis gas,an optional step d) of conditioning the gaseous effluent comprising a synthesis gas from step c) and a step e) of Fischer-Tropsch synthesis of the gaseous effluent from step c) or possibly from step d) in the presence of all or part of the hydrogen from step b) of water electrolysis so as to produce a stream comprising synthetic liquid hydrocarbons and at least one gaseous effluent. Figure to be published: Figure 1,

This invention relates to the field of chemical / energy fuel technology, specifically disclosing a method for upgrading and recycling waste plastics to prepare renewable liquid hydrocarbon fuels. This method integrates steps such as pretreatment, solvent dissolution, impurity separation, catalytic degradation, and product separation and purification. On one hand, it precisely controls the molecular chain breaking process of various types of waste plastics through catalytic degradation, ensuring that the carbon number of the degradation products is mainly concentrated in the C5~C5 range. 18+ Within this range, high-quality components, mainly liquid hydrocarbon fractions, are obtained that can be directly used as recycled gasoline and sustainable aviation fuel. On the other hand, through the efficient separation and recycling of solvents and ionic liquid catalysts, the closed-loop use of solvents / ionic liquid catalysts and the high selective enrichment of products are realized, forming a closed-loop path of "waste plastics - liquid fuels - carbon cycle", realizing the high-value and low-carbon transformation of waste plastics into renewable liquid hydrocarbon fuels.

A process for converting hydrocarbons utilizes a reactor system including a central shaft, a feed assembly, and a reactor vessel defining a reaction chamber. A fuel gas feed and an oxidant gas feed are introduced into the feed assembly in a swirling fluid flow pattern, which combust to form a swirling combustion gas. A hydrocarbon reactant feed of liquefied natural gas (NGL), natural gas condensate or associated petroleum gas, and liquid hydrocarbons is introduced into the central chamber. The liquid feed is introduced as a liquid spray in a flow pattern that is not perpendicular to the central axis. A hydrocarbon feed is mixed with the swirling combustion gas to form a swirling heated mixture that passes from the central chamber through convergent-divergent conduits and into the reaction chamber to react to form a converted hydrocarbon product.

This application relates to a method for preparing liquid hydrocarbons from waste plastics, comprising the following steps: S1: mixing waste plastics and a pyrolysis catalyst to obtain a first mixture; S2: subjecting the first mixture to a multi-stage pyrolysis reaction to obtain a first mixed oil-gas component and a first solid product; S3: separating the first mixed oil-gas component and the first solid product; S4: catalytically recombining the first mixed oil-gas component to obtain a second mixed oil-gas component; S5: fractionating and refining the second mixed oil-gas component to obtain gaseous hydrocarbons and liquid hydrocarbons. This application also relates to a system for preparing liquid hydrocarbons from waste plastics. This application solves the technological challenges of chemical recycling of waste plastics, enabling its catalytic conversion reaction to generate more industrial raw materials, addressing the environmental pollution caused by the incineration of waste plastics, and enhancing the utilization value of waste plastic cracking catalysts, bringing significant economic and social benefits to the petrochemical industry.

Disclosed is a method and device for treatment of liquid hydrocarbons including purification and desulfurization of the liquid hydrocarbons using metallic sodium. The device comprises a vessel having attached a pressurizable pump and dispersing circuit comprising a pumping unit, a dispersing unit, a flow pipe and a throttle valve. The sodium together with the liquid hydrocarbons to be treated is circulated constantly through the pressurizable pump and dispersing circuit, wherein, by passing through the pressurizable pump and dispersing circuit, the sodium is dispersed directly in the stream of the hydrocarbons to be treated. Compared to conventional sodium dispersion desulfurizing processes, the disclosed method and device open up additional fields of application and significantly improve economy and achievable results.

A liquid-liquid reactor for the production of hydriodic acid and sulfur dioxide from sulfur-containing hydrocarbons or hydrogen sulfide dissolved in liquid hydrocarbon streams, iodine and water as part of a larger process for the production of hydrogen is described. Methods and equipment for the removal of sulfur from liquid hydrocarbons and the use of an iodine chemical cycle to produce hydrogen gas from the byproducts of this purification are described.

To provide a process for modification of methane and / or other hydrocarbons to form a synthetic gas product material including H2 and CO and accompanying a downstream conversion to a liquid hydrocarbon.SOLUTION: Provided herein is a process for formation of a C4+ hydrocarbon, wherein the process includes: (a) a step for formation of a synthetic gas product material by bringing a gaseous mixture including methane and an oxidizer into contact with a modification catalyst in a modification stage, (b) a step of converting H2 and CO in the synthetic gas product material to a hydrocarbon including the C4+ hydrocarbon given as a Fischer-Tropsch (FT) product material of a Fischer-Tropsch (FT) reactor, and (c) a step of converting at least about 75% of a normal C20+ hydrocarbon in a wax fraction to a C4-C19 hydrocarbon by supplying the FT product material including the C4+ hydrocarbon to a finishing reactor.SELECTED DRAWING: Figure 3

The invention relates to the technical field of liquid hydrocarbon measuring devices, in particular to a device for measuring the gas forming amount of liquid hydrocarbon without being discharged out of hydrocarbon source rocks, which comprises a machine compartment, a measuring tank, a gap making driving mechanism, a plurality of high-pressure injection components, an exhaust measuring component and a gap maker, the measuring tank is arranged in the machine compartment, and a hydrocarbon source rock sample block is stored in the measuring tank; a plurality of forming holes are uniformly distributed in the hydrocarbon source rock sample block, the gap making driving mechanism can drive the gap making device to extend into the forming holes and perform wall breaking and gap making on the inner walls of the forming holes, and the high-pressure injection assembly can convey liquid hydrocarbon into pores from the forming holes at high pressure. The device is reasonable and compact in structure and convenient to use, different fractures are constructed through the gap maker, and liquid hydrocarbon is injected into the fractures through the high-pressure injection assembly, so that the migration path of the liquid hydrocarbon in an underground fracture network is simulated, the gas forming amount of the liquid hydrocarbon which is not discharged out of hydrocarbon source rocks in multiple environment conditions is simulated and measured, and the reduction simulation degree is high.

The application discloses a method for carbon dioxide hydrogenation driven by renewable energy, which comprises the following steps: a renewable energy power generation device generates power by using renewable energy; the generated electric energy is stored and used by a renewable energy storage device; carbon dioxide collected by a carbon dioxide collecting device and hydrogen obtained by electrolyzing water are introduced into a raw material buffer tank, mixed and then introduced into a micro-reactor hydrogenation device to perform carbon dioxide hydrogenation reaction; reaction products are separated by a three-phase separator to obtain product water as raw material for electrolyzing water; liquid products are introduced into a liquid hydrocarbon separation system to separate C5 + gasoline products; gas products are introduced into a gas separation system to separate unreacted carbon dioxide and hydrogen, lean dry gas, low-carbon olefins and liquefied gas; the unreacted carbon dioxide and hydrogen are recycled to the system.

Measuring and actively managing gas production in a downhole electrical submersible pump, such as for liquid hydrocarbon well production. A controller monitors pump motor electrical current data and performs a motor current signature analysis to calculate a Gas Production Index (GPI) value indicating a relative amount of gas being produced by the well at a particular time. The controller then responsively uses the calculated present GPI value as a synthetic process variable in a closed control loop, by dynamically adjusting the pump motor speed to achieve a target amount of liberated gas as estimated by a future GPI value.

Methods, systems and devices that utilize a mobile offshore drilling unit (MODU) with other integrated equipment, hereinafter a mobile offshore production unit (MOPU) or a traditional floating production unit (FPU) to produce oil and natural gas from an oil and gas containing subsea geological formation are described. When the MOPU / FPU consumes all produced natural gas in one or more processes onsite to produce products selected from power, liquid petroleum products, hydrogen gas, solid carbon, and combinations thereof, then the production unit is transformed into a Modular MOPU™. Some produced natural gas is used to generate electricity for normal facility operations and additional natural gas consumed to generate electricity for various 4th-phase processes or used as feedstock for the production of value added products in processing equipment such as pyrolysis units, and / or gas-to-liquids units. Maximizing consumption of produced natural gas onsite, optimizes oil production without flaring, and without any export pipelines.

This invention relates to the technical field of oil and gas recovery and treatment, and discloses an oil and gas condensation recovery system and method with refrigerant precooling and cascaded cold energy recovery. The system consists of a refrigerant precooling unit, a cryogenic liquefaction unit, a cold energy recovery unit, a refrigerant circulation system, a liquid hydrocarbon recovery unit, a tail gas treatment unit, and an automatic control unit. The precooling heat exchanger uses a refrigerant at -3℃ to -10℃ for indirect heat exchange, stably reducing the oil and gas temperature to -2℃ to -4℃, removing water vapor and heavy hydrocarbons. The primary and secondary cryogenic heat exchangers operate alternately in dual channels, working in conjunction with a cascade refrigeration unit to gradually cool the oil and gas to -20℃ to -40℃ and -65℃ to -75℃, respectively. The high-temperature refrigerant in the unit self-defrosts, ensuring continuous operation. The refrigerant circulation system and the cryogenic refrigeration system operate independently without interference, reducing the overall system failure risk and improving long-term reliability and maintenance convenience. This invention features precise temperature control, high cold energy utilization, no frost or blockage, continuous and stable operation, and combines environmental and economic benefits.

This utility model relates to the field of biosynthetic gas treatment technology, specifically disclosing a process system for the co-production of solid wax, liquid hydrocarbons, and hydrogen from biosynthetic gas Fischer-Tropsch synthesis. The system comprises a pretreatment system, a blower system, a compression system, a shift converter system, a desulfurization system, an MDEA decarbonization system, a PSA hydrogen extraction system, a desorbed gas compression system, a fine desulfurization and pressurization system, and a Fischer-Tropsch synthesis system, connected in sequence. This process system utilizes biosynthetic gas from the pyrolysis and gasification of municipal solid waste, producing solid wax, liquid hydrocarbons, and hydrogen through a combination of technologies including Fischer-Tropsch synthesis and pressure swing adsorption. This system converts organic matter in waste into high-value-added chemicals such as solid wax, liquid hydrocarbons, and hydrogen, achieving resource utilization and reducing environmental pollution. Furthermore, the process system can adjust the types and quantities of products according to market demand to maximize economic benefits.

The invention relates to a process for the recovery of aliphatic hydrocarbons from a liquid hydrocarbon feedstock stream comprising aliphatic hydrocarbons, heteroatom containing polar components and optionally aromatic hydrocarbons, said process comprising the steps of: a) mixing the liquid hydrocarbon feedstock stream with a solvent resulting in a liquid mixture; b) cooling the liquid mixture obtained in step a) to a temperature in the range of from +5° C. to −30° C. to obtain wax crystals in the mixture; c) separating wax crystals from the cooled liquid mixture obtained in step b) to produce a wax comprising aliphatic hydrocarbons and a dewaxed liquid mixture comprising solvent, heteroatom containing polar components and optionally aromatic hydrocarbons; d) separating solvent from the liquid mixture obtained in step c) and optionally recycling the separated solvent to step a). Further, the present invention relates to a process for the recovery of aliphatic hydrocarbons from plastics, and to a process for steam cracking a hydrocarbon feed.

The invention discloses a desiliconization device and method for silicon-containing liquid hydrocarbon. The desilicication device comprises emulsification mass transfer equipment and a deep adsorption system; an emulsification area, an enhanced mass transfer area and an accelerated settlement area which are sequentially communicated from top to bottom are arranged in the emulsification mass transfer equipment; two jet pipes which are oppositely and coaxially arranged are arranged in the emulsification area; the inlet end of the jet pipe is externally connected with a mixed material of a silicon-containing liquid hydrocarbon raw material and a desiliconizing agent, and the outlet end of the jet pipe is fixedly connected with a plurality of atomizing nozzles for jetting the mixed material to collide for emulsification; a feeding chamber, a rotational flow cone and a settling pipe which are sequentially communicated from top to bottom are arranged in the accelerated settling area; the feeding chamber performs tangential feeding and is used for receiving materials from the enhanced mass transfer area; multiphase separation of a liquid hydrocarbon phase, a desiliconizing agent phase and a solid slag phase is completed on the material discharged from the settling pipe at the lower part of the emulsification mass transfer equipment, the desiliconizing agent phase and the solid slag phase are discharged from a slag slurry discharge port at the bottom end of the emulsification mass transfer equipment together, and the liquid hydrocarbon phase is discharged from a liquid outlet at the lower part of the emulsification mass transfer equipment and enters a deep adsorption system.

The present invention relates to a method for homogeneous marking of petroleum hydrocarbon stored within a reservoir on a vehicle with at least one marker. The method comprises inserting a loading arm comprising a marker injection conduit having a free end being operative to dispense a pulsating, pressurised marker stream and a gas injection conduit having a free end being operative to dispense a pulsating, pressurised gas stream into a reservoir of a vehicle. The method further comprises positioning the free end of the marker injection conduit at a marker height from a lowest surface of the reservoir and the free end of the gas injection conduit at a gas height from a lowest surface of the reservoir within petroleum hydrocarbon within the reservoir, wherein the free end of the marker injection conduit is located at the marker height which is larger than the gas height.